NAVIGA1ING 1nL 1CL

unlL 2: 1he 1oL

C: Pow do we navlgaLe Lhe 1oL?
L|ement:
1he bulldlng blocks" of mauer
CannoL be broken down by physlcal or chemlcal means


C: Pow do we navlgaLe Lhe 1oL?

er|ods: 8ows on 1oL, numbered 1-8


C: Pow do we navlgaLe Lhe 1oL?
Groups (aka "Iam|||es")
numbered 1-18
1hey can also be
grouped A and 8
A Croups (1A - 8A) = maln
group or representanve
e|ements
8 Croups (18 - 88) =
trans|non e|ements
Culck Check: WhaL's Lhe LlemenL?
Croup 2, erlod 3?
Croup 16, erlod 4?
Croup 3A, erlod 2?
Croup 38, erlod 3?
noL all perlodlc Lables look Lhe same.
: Pow do we group elemenLs?
Meta|s
Cood conducLors of heaL
and elecLrlclLy
Plgh lusLer (shlne)
uucule, malleable.
Non-Meta|
oor conducLors of heaL
and elecLrlclLy
uull and brlule
: Pow do we group elemenLs?
Meta||o|ds
LocaLed on Lhe '"sLalrcase" of
Lhe perlodlc Lable.
Cenerally have properues
slmllar Lo meLals and
nonmeLals
Medlocre conducLors of
elecLrlclLy
Aka semlconducLors
: Pow do we group elemenLs?
1hese ls anoLher way we can classlfy
elemenLs. wheLher Lhey are solld,
llquld, or gas aL room temperature.
Color-Codlng
uslng crayons or colored penclls, color your
perlodlc Lable
Color Lhe meta|s, meta||o|ds, and non-meta|s.
llnd some way (a symbol or shape or some way
you wlll undersLand) Lo ldenufy elemenLs based
on wheLher Lhey are so||d, ||qu|d, or gas aL room
LemperaLure.
uon'L forgeL Lo add a key!
use Lhe perlodlc Lable ln Lhe back of your
book ln case you geL sLuck
LxlL 1lckeL
1. MeLals
2. nonmeLals
3. MeLallolds
4. oor conducLors of elecLrlclLy
3. Cases aL room LemperaLure
6. Sollds aL room LemperaLure
7. Capable of belng drawn lnLo
wlre or hammered lnLo Lhln
sheeLs
8. Llqulds aL room LemperaLure
9. Pave properues of boLh of
meLals and nonmeLals
Mg, S|, C|, Cd, kb, b, A|, Sb, Ar, C, W, 8r
lor Lhe elemenLs llsLed above, whaL ls/are:
Pomework
1oL Scavenger PunL
Use the 1oL you [ust co|ored to he|p you!
EXIT TICKET
What group of elements have properties
of both metals and non-metals?
What element is in group 2, period 5?
Warm up
Wednesday | SepLember 10, 2014
Na, Ag, 8r, Se, Ne, ne, Cs, ng
Cf Lhe elemenLs above, whlch
elemenLs are:
1. MeLals
2. MeLallolds
3. nonmeLals
4. Cood conducLors of heaL and
elecLrlclLy
3. SemlconducLors
6. Malleable and ducule
7. Llqulds aL room LemperaLure



nIS1Ck CI 1nL A1CM
unlL 2: 1he 1oL
: WhaL ls Lhe PlsLory of Lhe ALom?
?ou have your rsL webquesL!
use Lhe webslLes llsLed Lo dlscover Lhe followlng
lnformauon
?ou may use Lhe deskLops, Ms. llelds lapLop/lad
and your phones Lo do Lhe search.
?ou have 3S mlnuLes Lo compleLe Lhe search
WhaL you do noL nlsh wlll be for homework!
Progression of the Atomic Model

The structure of an atom, according to:

Democritus &
John Dalton
J.J. Thomson Ernest Rutherford Neils Bohr Erwin Schrodinger James Chadwick
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
-
- -
-
-
-
+
Electron Cloud
+
Electron Cloud
LL1'S kLVISI1 1nL 1CL ICk A SLC.
C: Pow do we classlfy Lhe elemenLs?
Croup 1: Alkall MeLals
Plghly reacuve, so sollds
Croup 2: Alkallne LarLh
MeLals
Croups 3-12: 1ransluon
MeLals
Croup 17: Palogens
Croup 18: noble Cases
SLable and unreacuve
: Pow do we classlfy Lhe elemenLs?
A|ka|| Meta|s: Group 1
Ll, na, k, 8b, Cs, lr
P = noL lncluded because lL rarely exhlblLs slmllar behavlor
Alkall" = reacL wlLh waLer Lo form hydroxlde lons creaung
a baslc soluuon (pP>7)
roperues:
very reacuve, donaLe e- easlly
So, sllver ln color, low bolllng/melung polnL
Malleable and someumes so enough Lo be cuL w/ a knlfe
.and how Lhey reacL.

: Pow do we classlfy Lhe elemenLs?
A|ka||ne Larth Meta|s: Group 2
8e, Mg, Ca, Sr, 8a, 8a
ropernes:
More meLalllc ln characLer Lhan Croup 1
2 e- ln valence shell = can easlly lose elecLrons
2
nd
mosL reacuve group on LoL
SLupld Lhlngs people do.

: Pow do we classlfy Lhe elemenLs?
na|ogens: Group 17
ll, Cl, 8r, l, AL
ropernes:
7 e- ln ouLer shell = can comblne wlLh many
elemenLs
very reacuve
ll = mosL reacuve, comblnes wlLh mosL elemenLs
8eacuvlLy decreases as you move down Lhe Lable

: Pow do we classlfy Lhe
elemenLs?
Nob|e Gases: Croup 18
Pe, ne, Ar, kr, xe, 8n
ropernes:
lull elecLron shells
Inert: rarely comblne wlLh oLher elemenLs
WhaL are colorful llL slgns made ouL of?

C: Pow do we classlfy Lhe elemenLs?
LlemenLs are sorLed lnLo groups or famllles !"#$% '(
)*$+, -*$.+-"/ 0,'0$,1$#
LlemenLs on Lhe far rlghL (Lhe noble gases) are Lhe
leasL reacuve
LlemenLs on Lhe far le (Lhe alkall meLals) are Lhe
mosL reacuve.
2 !3) 4*") %$)$,.+($# )*$#$ -*$.+-"/ 0,'0$,1$#5
Warm up
1hursday | September 11, 2014
1. WhaL ls Lhe mosL reacuve and leasL reacuve group
on Lhe perlodlc Lable?
2. name an elemenL ln each of Lhe followlng groups:
alkall meLal, alkallne earLh meLal, halogen, and
noble gas.
3. Pow many elecLrons does Ca
2+
have?
Pow many elecLrons does n
3-
?
4. Chemlcal properues of all elemenLs depends on
Lhelr whaL?

VALLNCL LLLC1kCNS &
CCNIIGUkA1ICNS
unlL 2: 1he 1oL
: LeL's 8ack up for a Second.
8ohr recelved Lhe nobel rlze for dlscoverlng LhaL
elecLrons are noL [usL !"#$%&'( surroundlng Lhe
nucleus.
1he 8ohr Mode| says LhaL elecLrons exlsL ls very
speclc $($,67 /$8$/# surroundlng Lhe nucleus.
LlecLrons CnL? exlsL aL Lhese levels, noL ln
beLween.
We call Lhese levels SnLLLS
: LeL's 8ack up for a Second.
LlecLrons wlll ll Lhe shells nearesL Lo Lhe nucleus rsL!
Pow shells ll:




8u1 **cannot have more than 8 e|ectrons |n the
outermost she||**


LLLC1kCN SnLLL MAk NUM8Lk
CI LLLC1kCNS
1
S1
(k) 2
2
nu
(L) 8
3
rd
(M) 18
4
Lh
(n) 32
: WhaL are valence elecLrons?
LlecLrons ln Lhe ouLermosL shell = va|ence
e|ectrons
8ased on whaL you've learned.why do you
Lhlnk elemenLs ln Lhe same group behave
Lhe same chemlcally?
! 1hls ls all because e|ements |n the same group
have the same number of va|ence e|ectrons!
1
2
3
4 S
6 7
8
1 or 2
1 or 2
CuanLum Mechanlcal Model 1926
LlecLrons are ln probablllLy zones called
orblLals" (noL orblLs) and Lhe locauon
cannoL be plnpolnLed
LlecLrons are parucles and waves aL Lhe
same ume
ueveloped quanLum numbers based on
Lheorles of LlnsLeln and lanck
: What came aher the 8ohr Mode|?
: What came aher the 8ohr Mode|?
Better than any previous model,
quantum mechanics does explain
how the atom behaves.
Quantum mechanics treats electrons
not as particles, but more as waves
(like light waves) which can gain or
lose energy.
But they cant gain or lose just any
amount of energy. They gain or lose
a quantum of energy.
A quantum is just an amount of energy that the electron
needs to gain (or lose) to move to the next energy level.
In this case it is losing the energy and dropping a level.
: What came aher the 8ohr Mode|?
Can noL speclfy Lhe energy and posluon of
Lhe elecLron
CrblLals are probab|||ty maps of e- locauon
1hlnk of orblLals as sorL of a "border for spaces
around Lhe nucleus lnslde whlch elecLrons are
allowed.
aull Lxcluslon rlnclple = no more Lhan 2
elecLrons can ever be ln 1 orblLal.
: What are energy |eve|s?
CuanLum mechanlcs has a prlnclpal
quanLum number (n) = Lhe energy level
n=1 descrlbes Lhe rsL energy level
n=2 descrlbes Lhe second energy level

Lach energy level represenLs a perlod or
row on Lhe perlodlc Lable.
: What are energy |eve|s?
Red n = 1
Orange n = 2
Yellow n = 3
Green n = 4
Blue n = 5
Indigo n = 6
Violet n = 7
: WhaL are Sub-levels?
= Speclc ALomlc CrblLals
Lach energy level has 1 or more sub-levels whlch
descrlbe Lhe speclc aLomlc orblLals for LhaL level.
n = 1 has 1 sub-level (Lhe s orblLal)
n = 2 has 2 sub-levels (s and p)
n = 3 has 3 sub-levels (s, p and d)
n = 4 has 4 sub-levels (s, p, d and f)
1here are 4 Lypes of aLomlc orblLals:
s, p, d and f
lL's easy Lo remember, buL Some eople Do IorgeL!
: Pow are CrblLals lllled?
LlecLrons ll orblLals ln a way Lo mlnlmlze Lhe
energy of an aLom.
LlecLrons ll prlnclple energy levels ln order of
lncreaslng energy (e- gemng faLher from nucleus)

Crder of sub|eve|s:
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 3s, 4d, 3p, 6s, 4f, 3d,
6p, 7s, 3f, 6d, 7p

: WhaL are LlecLron Congurauons?
WhaL do l mean by elecLron congurauon?
1he elecLron congurauon ls Lhe speclc way ln
whlch Lhe aLomlc orblLals are lled.
1hlnk of lL as belng slmllar Lo your address.
1he elecLron congurauon Lells me where all
Lhe elecLrons llve.
Lower energy orblLals are occupled 1
sL

CrblLals can hold a maxlmum of 2 elecLrons, and elecLrons
occupylng Lhe same orblLal musL have opposlLe splns.
()"*'+,- /01'*-+%# 2!+#1+2'/)

LlecLrons LhaL occupy orblLals of Lhe same energy wlll have
Lhe maxlmum number of elecLrons wlLh Lhe same spln
(3*#$,- !*'/)
: Pow do we wrlLe orblLal dlagrams?
Crb|ta| D|agrams:
A vlsual way Lo reconsLrucL
Lhe elecLron congurauon
by showlng each of Lhe
separaLe orblLals and Lhe
splns on Lhe elecLrons.
1o do Lhls:
llrsL deLermlne Lhe
subshell (s,p,d, or f)
1hen drawlng ln each
elecLron accordlng Lo Lhe
sLaLed rules above.
Slide 12 Fig. 10-9, p. 274
LLLC1kCN CCNIIGUkA1ICNS
: WhaL ls an LlecLron Congurauon?
A deLalled, shorLhand way of
showlng Lhe order ln whlch
elecLrons ll sublevels
L|ectron Conhguranon
1s
2

Lnergy Leve|
Sub Leve|
(s, p, d, f )
# of e
-
|n
sub |eve|
: WhaL ls an LlecLron Congurauon?
1. nd Lhe elemenL on Lhe perlodlc Lable
2. Ask yourself..
a. whaL ls Lhe row #?
b. how many shells?
c. whaL ls Lhe group #?
d. how many valence elecLrons?
e. whaL subshell(s)?
3. uL lL all LogeLher for Lhe e- congurauon
: Pow do we wrlLe noble gas
congurauons?
WhaL ls Lhe congurauon for Anumony?








1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
Ss
2
4d
10
Sp
3

Wouldn'L lL be MuCP easler Lo wrlLe lL shorLhanded??

Nob|e Gas Conhguranon allows us Lo shorLen Lhe LlecLron Congurauon for any
aLom by uslng Lhe LAS1 NC8LL GAS 8LICkL that atom.
: Pow do we wrlLe noble gas
congurauons?
1he chemlcal properues of Lhe elemenLs are
largely deLermlned by Lhe number of valence
elecLrons Lhey conLaln.
Lach group has Lhe same number of valance
elecLrons & Lhey also have slmllar properues.
Lverybody wants to be a "Nob|e Gas" w|th 8
va|ence e|ectrons.
A LI11LL MCkL 8Cnk.
ln Summary.
AuempLs Lo gure ouL why P only gave o speclc
frequencles of llghL = quanLum Lheory
Whenever an exclLed P aLom falls back from an
exclLed sLaLe Lo lLs ground sLaLe or Lo a lower-energy
exclLed sLaLe, lL emlLs a phoLon of radlauon.
hoton: bundles of llghL energy
1he energy of Lhls phoLon ls equal Lo Lhe dlerence ln
energy beLween Lhe aLoms ground sLaLe and lLs nal
sLaLe
hoLon energy = ground sLaLe - nal sLaLe
: WhaL ls ALomlc SpecLra?
Ground state: lowesL posslble energy
of an elecLron (n=1)
Lnergy ls ralsed Lo
anoLher when lL absorbs
energy
Lxc|ted state: a sLaLe ln whlch an
aLom has a hlgher poLenual energy
Lhan lL has ln lLs ground sLaLe
Lnergy ls released as llghL
when an elecLron drops
an energy level.



1o sum |t up.
When energy ls supplled Lo an aLom Lhe elecLrons
move Lo an exclLed sLaLe
When Lhey reLurn Lo Lhelr ground sLaLe" Lhey
emlL energy by radlaung llghL
ulerenL colors of llghL are emlued based on Lhe
energy levels LhaL Lhe elecLron falls from
: WhaL ls Lhe LlecLromagneuc
SpecLrum?
WnA1 DCLS L- MCVLMLN1 LCCk
LIkL?
: WhaL does e- movemenL look llke?
!ump from hlgher
(exclLed sLaLe) Lo a
lower energy level.
1PlS AC1lCn
ClvLS Cll
LlCP1!!!
Plgher (n) = more
exclLed sLaLe or
energy level!
SeL up your noLes!
C: WhaL ls radloacuve decay?
!"#$ &$ &'() *(+#+ (,
-&.$+ /,('($+0 .' '1,$+ .$'(
&$('"#, #*#)#$'

2".+ /,(3#++ .+ 3&**#4
567896:28;< 7<:6=
C: WhaL ls radloacuve decay?
>()# &'()+ -( '",(1-" ,&4.(&3'.?# 4#3&@ A#3&1+# '"#@
&,# BC>26DE<
F #.'"#, '(( )&$@ $#1',($+ (, $(' #$(1-" $#1',($+

C: WhaL are Lhe Lypes of radloacuve decay?
G 2@/#+ (H 5&4.(&3'.?# 7#3&@
2&I# & H#J $('#+K !"&' 4.4 @(1 *#&,$L
!"#$%
!"#$ &$ &'() #).'+ &*/"& /&,'.3*#+
&'(%
!"#$ &$ &'() #).'+ A#'& /&,'.3*#+
)%**%
!"#$ &$ &'() #).'+ -&))& ,&@+

Alpha arucles
Alpha parucles = hellum nuclel
2 proLons, 2 neuLrons
Symbol: or o
Mass:
Charge:


!
2
4
He
D#'& M&,'.3*#+
D#'& /&,'.3*#+ N ".-" +/##4 #*#3',($+
>@)A(*O (,
P&++O
:"&,-#O

!
"1
0
e
!
"1
0
#
Q&))& M&,'.3*#+
Q&))& ,&@+ N ".-" #$#,-@ ,&4.&'.($
>@)A(*O (,
P&++O R
:"&,-#O R

C: WhaL ls Alpha Lmlsslon?
&*/"& /&,'.3*#+ N "#*.1) $13*#.
S /,('($+0 S $#1',($+
>@)A(*O (, T
P&++O
:"&,-#O


!
2
4
He
Alpha uecay
Law of Conservauon of Mass: Lhe aLomlc mass on le slde
musL LCuAL aLomlc mass on rlghL slde.
racuce: Alpha uecay
!"#$ *(+#+ &$ &*/"& /&,'.3*#0 J"&'
&'() J.** .' '1,$ .$'(L
!,.'# (1' '"# 6*/"& 4#3&@ H(,
P#.'$#,.1)FSUR
5"#$.1)FVWR
C.3I#*FXG
YO !"&' .+ D#'& <).++.($L
D#'& /&,'.3*#+ N ".-" +/##4 #*#3',($+
>@)A(*O (,
P&++O
:"&,-#O

!
"1
0
e
!
"1
0
#
YO !"&' .+ D#'& 7#3&@
Lxamp|e: 1he beLa decay of radloacuve carbon-14
lnLo nlLrogen-14
WhaL ls belng emlued?
racuce
CompleLe Lhe beLa decay reacuon

WrlLe ouL Lhe 8eLa decay for
Scandlum-47
Zlrconlum-94
1ungsLen-186
: 8adlauon Pelpful or Parmful?
I
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g

D
a
n
g
e
r

&

H
a
r
m

: 8adloacuvlLy and nuclear Lnergy?
1here are Lwo ways LhaL nuclear energy can be
released from an aLom:
I|ss|on: spllL Lhe nucleus of an aLom lnLo Lwo
smaller fragmenLs wlLh a neuLron
Ius|on: brlng Lwo smaller aLoms (usually hydrogen)
LogeLher Lo form a larger one
Lhls ls how Lhe sun produces energy
Cne new 1hlng.
na|f-L|fe (8adloacuve uecay)

1he average ume needed for half Lhe nuclel ln a sam
ple of a
radloacuve subsLance Lo undergo radloacuve decay
Can be calculaLed Lhrough a slmple ple charL
LkICDIC 1kLNDS
SeL up your noLes "
: WhaL ls Lhe aLomlc radlus?
Atom|c kad|us = slze of an aLom, from lLs nucleus
Lo lLs ouLermosL elecLrons

: WhaL ls Lhe aLomlc radlus?
Across Lhe erlod:
LlecLrons added Lo Lhe same energy level
experlence more pull from Lhe nucleus because
more proLons are added, so aLom geLs smaller
uown Lhe Croup:
Lach perlod on Lhe Lable adds a new energy level,
so Lhe aLom geLs larger
: WhaL ls lonlzauon Lnergy?
Ion|zanon energy
1he energy requlred Lo remove an
elecLron from a neuLral aLom
: WhaL ls lonlzauon Lnergy?
LlecLrons are harder Lo remove from small
aLoms because Lhey are closer Lo Lhe nucleus
Across Lhe erlod: lL lncreases
uown Lhe Croup: lL decreases
: WhaL ls LlecLronegauvlLy?

L|ectroneganv|ty: a measure of how ughLly
an aLom holds onLo lLs elecLrons
..Pow cllngy lL ls

: WhaL ls LlecLronegauvlLy?
Smaller aLoms ! closer elecLrons !
PlCPL8 elecLronegauvlLy

Larger aLoms ! farLher elecLrons !
LCWL8 elecLronegauvlLy