:

2008

) ( H 2O2 q = 12C .

2 H 2O2( aq) = 2 H 2O( l ) + O2( g ) :

) ( VM = 24 L.mol -1
t = 0 VS = 500mL . [ H 2O2 ]0 = 8, 0 10 -2 mol.L-1

) (

VO2 :
40

36

32

28

24

20

16

12

) t ( min

300

294

288

276

253

234

204

162

114

60

) VO2 ( mL

[ H 2O2 ] mol.L-1
.1 .
.2 ] [ H 2O2 t . VO2 VM VS [ H 2O2 ]0 :
.3 - .
- ) [ H 2O2 ] = f ( t .
- .
- t1 = 16 min . t2 = 24 min .
- t1 2 .
.4 q ' = 35C ] [ H 2O2 . .

.1 .

) 2 H 2O2 (aq ) O2 ( g ) + 2 H 2O(l

. n = [ H 2O2 ]0 .VS = 8, 0 10-2 0,5

. n = 4 10-2 mol
.2 ] [ H 2O2
t . VO2 VM VS [ H 2O2 ]0 :

) 2x ( t

) x (t

) n - 2x (t

) x (t

2x f

xf

n - 2x f

xf

) x (t
t n( H O ) ( t ) = ni ( H O ) - 2 x ( t ) :
2 2
2 2
VS
VO
2
n ( O2 ) = 2 = x : .VO2 :
VS .VM
VM

) ( mol

= [ H 2O2 ]0 - 2.

. [ H 2O2 ] = [ H 2O2 ]0 -

.3 - .

2
1
.VO :
[ H 2O2 ] = 8, 0 10-2 . [ H 2O2 ] = 8,0 10-2 - .VO2 :0, 5 24 2
6
1

) ni ( H 2O2 ) - 2 x ( t
VS

= ] [ H 2O2

40

36

32

28

24

20

16

12

) t ( min

3,0

3,1

3,2

3,4

3,8

4,1

4,6

5,3

6,1

7,0

8,0

[ H 2O2 ] 10-2 mol.L-1

- ) [ H 2O2 ] = f ( t .

- .

1 dx
.
:
VS dt

= vvol

1 d
2 dx
:
= )( n - 2xVS dt
VS dt

] d [ H 2O2
dt

] 1 d [ H 2O2
vvol = - .
:
dt
2
] d [ H 2O2
:
) [ H 2O2 ] = f ( t . t
dt
- t1 = 16 min . t2 = 24 min
-3

= 7, 5 10 -4 mol.L-1 .min -1

1 ( 7, 0 - 4, 6 ) 10
vvol ( t1 ) = - .
2
16 - 0

1 ( 7, 0 - 5,5 ) 10
vvol ( t2 ) = - .
= 3,1 10-5 mol.L-1.min -1
2
24 - 0
.
-3

- t1 2 .
xmax
:
2

= ) x ( t1/ 2 :

0, 08
= 40mmol .L-1 :
2

[ H 2O2 ]0
2

= ) ) . [ H 2O2 ] ( t1/2 (

= ) [ H 2 O2 ] ( t1/2 ) t1/ 2 20 min : ( .

.4 ] [ H 2O2 ) q ' = 35C ( .

,

2008

) ( .
) Mg ( S m = 36mg 30mL
.
.1 .

.2 H + ( aq ) / H 2( g ) :

) . Mg 2 + ( aq ) / Mg( s

.3 :
18

16

14

12

10

) t ( min

37,2

37,2

36,0

34,8

32,4

28,8

25,2

19,2

12,0

) VH 2 ( mL
) x ( mol

 - x .
- ) x = f ( t .
- . t = 0
.4 pH = 1 .
: M ( Mg ) = 24 g .mol -1 . VM = 24, 0 L.mol -1

:
.1 .

.
) ( .
.2 .
. Mg( S ) Mg 2+ ( aq ) + 2e- :
. 2 H + ( aq) + 2e - H 2( g ) :

Mg( S ) + 2 H + ( aq ) Mg 2+ ( aq ) + H 2( g ) :
.3 - .
:

m 36 10-3
=
1,5 10-3 mol
M
24

) Mg( S ) + 2 H + ( aq ) Mg 2+ ( aq ) + H 2( g

= . n1

x
:

VH 2
VM

= ) . x = n ( H2

- .

) ( mol

n0

n1

) x (t

) x (t

) n0 - 2 x ( t

) n1 - x ( t

) x (t

xf

xf

n0 - 2 x f

n1 - x f

xf

18

16

14

12

10

0 0,50 0,80 1,05 1,20 1,35 1,45 1,50 1,55 1,55

) . x = f ( t
- . t = 0
dx
:
dt

= v t = 0 :

17 10-4 - 0
= 2,83 10-4 mol .min -1
6-0
.4 .
= .v

. x f = 1,55 10 -3 mol

H + n f ( H + ) = H + .V = 10 - pH .V = 10 -1 30 10 -3 : . n f ( H + ) = 3 10-3 mol :
f
n f ( H + ) = n0 ( H + ) - 2 x f : n0 ( H + ) = n f ( H + ) + 2 x f :

6,110-3
= H +
0, 2mol.L-1 : n0 ( H + ) = 3 10-3 + 2 1,55 10-3 = 6,1 10-3 mol :
-3
0
30 10
3

) t ( min
) x ( mmol

2008

Mg :

) Mg( s ) + 2 H 3O + ( aq ) = 2 H 2O( l ) + Mg 2+ ( aq) + H 2( g

m = 1,0 g V = 60mL C = 5, 0mol.L-1
.
.
8

) t ( min

985

985

985

970

910

810

625

336

) VH 2 ( mL
) x ( mol

.1 .
.2 x .
.3 ) x = f ( t .
.4 x f .
.5 ) . ( t = 3min ) ( t = 0 min
.6 . t1 2

.7 ) ( H 3O +
M ( Mg ) = 24,3 g.mol -1 : . VM = 24 L.mol -1

.1 .
: :
m
1
=
M 24

= 2 H 2O( l ) + H 2( g ) + Mg

) ( aq

= . n1

n1 4,1 10-2 mol

:
. n0 = C.V = 5 60 10-3 = 0,3mol
.2 .
x
:

) ( aq

2+

VH 2
VM

x
xf

x
xf
8

Mg( s ) + 2 H 3O

) ( mol

n0

n1

n0 - 2 x

n1 - x

n0 - 2 x f

n1 - x f

x
xf
2

0 14,0 26,0 33,7 37,9 40,4 41,0 41,0 41,0

= ) . x = n ( H2

.3 ) . x = f ( t

.4 x f .
) n1 ( H 3O +
) n0 ( Mg
-2
= 4,110 mol
= 0, 3mol :
2
1

+
) n0 ( Mg ) n1 ( H 3O
x f = 4,110 mol : . Mg
<

2
1

-2

) t ( min
) x ( mmol

 : .
.5

) ( t = 3min ) ( t = 0 min

dnH 2 dx 35 - 0
dx 33, 7 - 17
=
= ) 5, 6mmol.min -1 vH 2 ( 0
=
=
= 17,5mmol.min -1
dt
dt
dt
3-0
2-0
.6 . t1 2
20, 05mmol :

xf
2

dnH 2
dt

= )vH 2 ( 3

= ) x ( t1 2 . t1 2 = 1,5 min

.7 ) ( H 3O +

4,110 -2
x f = 4,110-2 mol : :
-3
60 10

= 5, 0 - 2

xf
V

=C -2

n0 - 2 x f
V

= H 3O +
f

. H 3O + ; 3, 6mol.L-1 :
f

2008

) ( S1 ) 2 K + ( aq ) + S2 O82 - ( aq ) ( S2

) K + ( aq ) + I -( aq .
t = 0 V1 = 50mL ) ( S1 C1 = 2, 0 10-1 mol.L-1 V2 = 50mL
) ( S2 . C2 = 1, 0mol.L-1 S 2O82 -
. -3-
:
). 2 I -( aq ) + S2O82-( aq) = I 2( aq ) + 2SO42-( aq
.1 ox / red .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 t 1 .
2

.5
. t 1
2

.6
. t = 10 min

.1 ox / red .

S 2O 8-2(aq ) + 2e - = 2SO 4-2( aq ) : / SO4-2 ) :

2I - (aq ) = I 2(aq ) + 2e - : / I - ) :

.2 .
:
n1 = C1.V1 = 0, 2 50 10-3 = 10-2 mol

. n1 = 10mmol :

(I

(S O

-2
8

) + I 2( aq

-2
) 4 ( aq

= 2SO

) (aq

+ 2I

-2
) 8 (aq

S 2O

mmol
0

x
xf

2x
2x f

n2 = 50

n1 = 10

n2 - 2 x

n1 - x

n2 - 2 x f

n1 - x f

x
xf

 I - n2 = C2 .V2 = 1, 0 50 10-3 = 5 10-2 mol : . n2 = 50mmol :

.3 .
n1 - xmax = 0 : n2 - 2 xmax = 0 . xmax = n1 = 10mmol
: . S 2O 8-2
.4 t 1 .
2

xf
n1 10
:
=
= ) x ( t1/ 2 = 5mmol :
2
2
2
nS O-2 = 5mmol . t1/2 = 17,5 min :

= nS O -2
2 8

2 8

.5 . t 1
2

t 1
2

n -x
S2O8-2 = 1 1/2
V1 + V2

n - 2x1/2
I - = 2
V1 + V2

2 x1/ 2
= SO4-2
V +V

10 - 5
100
S2O8-2 = 0,05mol.L-1

50 - 10
100
-1
I = 0, 4mol.L

10
100
-2
SO4 = 0,1mol.L-1

= ] [I2

2n + n
K + = 1 2
V1 + V2

5
100
[ I 2 ] = 0, 05mol.L-1

20 + 50
100
+
K = 0, 7 mol.L-1

x1/ 2
V1 + V2

.6 . t = 10 min
dnS O-2
dx
2 8
nS O-2 = n1 - x : :
=2 8
dt
dt
1 dx
1 dnS2O8-2
== vvol
:
V dt
V dt
dnS O-2
2 8
. t = 10 min

dt

1 6,6 - 9,3
= 2,7mmol.L-1.min -1 :
0,1 10 - 0

= vvol 2009

S2O82- ) ( I - :

)S 2O82- ( aq) + 2 I -( aq ) = 2SO42- ( aq ) + I 2( aq

.I

) (q = 35C ) ( t = 0 V1 = 100mL
) ( 2K + + S 2O82 - C1 = 4, 0 10-2 mol.L-1 V2 = 100mL
) ( K + + I - C2 = 8, 0 10-2 mol.L-1 . VT = 200mL

- .
- S2O82- V2 V1 C1 ] [ I 2 ) ( I 2
.

S O ) ( t = 0 ) ( S O ) ( I

28
0

28

.II . ti ........ t2 t1 V0 = 10mL

ti ) ( 2Na + + S2 O32 -
6

 C ' = 1,5 10-2 mol.L-1 ' V :

60

45

30

20

15

10

) t ( min

16,7

15,3

13,1

10,4

8,7

6,7

4,0

) V ' ( ml

) [ I 2 ] ( mmol / l
-
- S 4O62-( aq) / S 2O32-( aq ) : ). I 2( aq) / I -( aq

' 1 C ' V
- :

V0
2

= ] [ I2

- .
- ) . [ I 2 ] = f ( t

- ) . ( t = 20 min

:
.I

- .

28

S 2O

)+ I 2( aq

. n1 = C1.V1 = 4, 0 10-2 10-1 :

n1 = 4, 0 10 -3 mol = 4mmol

I - :
. n2 = C2 .V2 = 8, 0 10-2 10-1
n2 = 8, 0 10-3 mol = 8mmol

2) 4 ( aq

= 2SO

) ( aq

+ 2I

2) 8 ( aq

S 2O

) ( mmol

) x (t

) 2x ( t

) 8 - 2x (t

) 4 - x (t

) x (t

xf

2x f

8 - 2x f

4-xf

xf

- S2O82- .
n - x C1.V1
x
S 2O82- = 1
) ( :
=
VT
V1 + V2 V1 + V2
C .V
x
= ] . [ I 2 S 2O82- = 1 1 - [ I 2 ] :
nI 2 = x : :
V1 + V2
V1 + V2
- . S 2O82-
0

4 10-2 10-1
C .V
= S2O82-
S 2O82- = 1 1 : = 2 10-2 mol.L-1 :
-1
-1
0
0
V1 + V2
10 + 10

.II - ) ( I 2 .

- .
. 2S 2O32- ( aq ) S4O62-( aq) + 2e - :
. I 2(aq ) + 2e - 2 I - (aq ) :

2S 2O32-( aq ) + I 2( aq) S4O62- ( aq ) + 2 I - ( aq ) :

- .
.
n0 - x E = 0 : n '- 2 xE = 0
'n
:
= xE = n0
2

) 2S 2O32-( aq ) + I 2( aq) S4O62- ( aq ) + 2 I - ( aq

0
2x E

0
xE
7

n0
n0 - x E

) ( mol
'n
n '- 2 xE

0
xE

' 1 C '.V
n
. [ I2 ] = .
[ I 2 ] = 0 : :
2 V0
V0
- .

60

30

45

20

10

15

0 3,0 5,0 6,5 7,8 9,8 11,5 12,5

1,5 10-2
' 1 C '.V
:
[ I 2 ] = . V ' = 0, 75 V ' :
-3
2 10 10
2 V0

) t ( min

) [ I 2 ] ( mmol.L-1

= ] ) . [ I 2 ' V mL ] [ I 2 ( mmol.L-1

- ) . [ I 2 ] = f ( t

- ) . ( t = 20 min

1 dx
] d x d [I2
= vvol :
:
=
VT dt
dt VT
dt
] d [ I2

= vvol . t = 20 min
dt
7,8 - 3, 2
= . v vol
= 0, 23mmol .min -1 .L-1 :
20 - 0

= . vvol

2009

) ( H + + Cl - . 2,0g
CaCO3 100mL . C = 1,0 10-1 mol.L-1
:

) (1L

T = 25C :
:

100

60

20

)t (s

7170

5560

2280

) P(CO2 ) ( Pa
) n( CO2 ) ( mol

) . CaCO3( s ) + 2 H + ( aq ) = CO2( g ) + H 2O( l ) + Ca 2+ ( aq

) x ( mol

.1
.2

nCO2 ) ( x .

.3 ) ( P.V = n.R.T .

.4 ) . x = f ( t . 1L = 10-3 m3 R = 8,32SI
:

) ( H + :
.1 ) (n H + .

) (

.2 ) (n H +

) (

100

60

20

0,040

0,056

0,080

) ( x ) ( n0 .

.3 ) ( x .

)t (s

H ( mol.L

-1

) n H + ( mol

) (

) x ( mol

.4 ) x = f ( t
.5 .
.6 t1/ 2 .
.7 . t = 50s

. M ( Ca ) = 40 g .mol -1 M ( C ) = 12 g .mol -1 M ( O ) = 16 g .mol -1

) 2 H + ( aq ) = CO2( g ) + Ca 2+ ( aq ) + H 2O(l

.1 .
:

CaCO3( s ) +

) ( mol

n0 = C .V = 0,1 0,1

n0 = 10-2

n = 2 10-2

. n0 = 10-2 mol :

n0 - 2 x

n- x

xmax

xmax

n0 - 2 xmax

n - xmax

xmax

m
2
=
M 100

=n

. n = 2 10-2 mol :
.2 . nCO2 = x :
.3 .

PCO2 .VCO2 = nCO2 .R.T : PCO2 :

110-3
.PCO2 :
)8,32 . ( 25 + 273

VCO2
R.T

= nCO2

)t (s

100

60

20

2,89

2,24

0,92

) n( CO2 ) ( mmol

2,89

2,24

0,92

) x ( mmol

= nCO2 nCO2 = 4, 03 10-7.PCO2 :

.4 ) . x = f ( t .
:

.1 ) (n H + .

) (

. n H + = H + .V = 0,1 H + :
) (
.2 ) (n H +

) (

) ( x ) ( n0

. n H + = n0 - 2 x :

) (

.3 ) ( x .

n( H + ) = n0 - 2 x : n0 - n( H + ) :

2
.4 ) . x = f ( t .

=x

100

60

20

)t (s

4,0

5,6

8,0

) n H + ( mmol

3,0

2,2

1,0

) x ( mmol

) (

1 -2

10 - n( H + ) :

2
: ) . ( .
=. x

.5 .
n n
n
n
0 = 5 10-3 mol : = 2 10-2 mol 0 < : ) ( H + = 5mmol :
2 1
1
2
.6 t1/ 2 .
) x ( mmol
x
5
x t 1 = max = = 2,5mmol :
2
2
2

) (

) (

x t 1 = 2,5mmol . t 1 70s :
2

.7 . t = 50s
1 dx
dx
. t = 50s
= vvol
:
dt
V dt
-3
dx (1,95 - 0, 45 ) 10
=
= 3 10-5 mol.s -1 :
50 - 0
dt
1
3 10-5 :
= vvol . vvol = 3 10-4 mol.L-1.s -1 :
0,1
9

)t ( s

xmax

2009

) ) ( H 2O2( aq .
) (10V ) (1L 10L
. Vm = 22, 4 L.mol -1
.1 . 2 H 2O2( aq) = 2 H 2O( l ) + O2( g ) :
- . C = 0,893mol.L-1 :
- V1 . 100mL

V1 . C1 = 0,1mol.L-1

.2 ) (10V 20mL ) K +( aq ) + MnO4-( aq

C0 = 0, 02mol.L-1 . VE = 38mL

- O2( g ) / H 2O2 ( aq ) :

) . MnO4-( aq ) / Mn 2 + ( aq

- .

.1 - . C = 0,893mol.L-1 :

10
) (1L 0, 4464mol :
22, 4

VO2
Vm

= nO2

ni ( H 2O2 ) = 2n f ( O2 ) = 2 0, 4464 0,893mol :

ni ( H 2O2 ) 0,893
=
= 0,893mol.L-1 :
VH 2O2
1

=.C

- .
-

. V1

0,1
C
CV1 = C1V : V1 = 1 .V : .100 = 11, 2mL :
0,893
C
.2 - .

= . V1

. 2 MnO4- ( aq ) + 8H + ( aq ) + 5e - Mn 2 + ( aq ) + 4 H 2O( l ) :
. 5 ( H 2O2( aq ) O2( g ) + 2 H + ( aq ) + 2e - ) :
. 2MnO4- ( aq ) + 5H 2O2( aq ) + 6 H +( aq) 2Mn 2+( aq) + 5O2( g ) + 8H 2O( l ) :
- .

) n ( MnO4-

) n ( H 2 O2
n ( MnO4- ) - 2 xmax = 0 : n ( H 2O2 ) - 5 xmax = 0 :
2
5
5
5
) n ( H 2 O2 ) = n ( MnO4- ) n( H 2 O2 V0 = 20mL . n ( H 2 O2 )( t ) = C0 .VE :
2
2
5 C .V
5 0, 02 38
C ' = [ H 2 O2 ] = . 0 E = .
= 0, 095mol.L-1 :
2 V0
2
20
=

10

= . xmax

C '.V 0, 095 100

=
= 0,848mol.L-1 :
V1
11, 2

= '' C

C '' C

2009

SO2 . SO2 20m3

1L ) ) ( S0 SO2 ( . V = 50mL ) ( S0

) K +( aq ) + MnO4-( aq . C1 = 2, 0 10-4 mol.L-1

( )

.1 SO42 -( aq ) / SO2( g ) : ) . MnO4-( aq ) / Mn 2 + ( aq

.2

.3 ) K +( aq ) + MnO4-( aq VE = 9,5mL ) ( C .
.4 SO2 .
.5 SO2 250m g.m -3 .
M ( S ) = 32 g .mol -1 : . M ( O ) = 16 g .mol -1

.1 :

. 5 SO2( g ) + 2 H 2O( l ) SO42 -( aq ) + 4 H + ( aq ) + 2e - :

:

) . 2 MnO4-( aq ) + 8H +( aq ) + 5e - Mn 2 + ( aq ) + 4 H 2 O( l

5SO2( g ) + 2 MnO4-( aq ) + 2 H 2O( l ) 5SO42-( aq ) + 2Mn 2+ ( aq ) + 4 H + ( aq ) :

.2 ) ( . MnO 4-

.3 ) ( C .
) n ( SO2 ) n0 ( MnO4
C.V C1 .VE
=
0 :
=
) ( :
5
2
5
2
-

5 C1.VE 52 10-4
=
9.5
2 50
2 V
.4 SO2 .

= C

g/L

-5

-5

C = 9,5 10 mol / L

-5

Cm = C M = 9,5 10 64 = 608 10

.5
m 6080
3
= t
=
SO2 = 304 microg / m :
20
Vair
:

340 > 250

2010

) Zn( s ) + 2 H + ( aq) = Zn 2+ (aq ) + H 2( g

t = 0 m = 1, 0 g V = 40mL
. C = 5, 0 10-1 mol.L-1 . VM = 25 L.mol -1 :
11

 VH 2 :
750

500

400

300

250

200

150

100

50

)t (s

200

170

154

132

120

104

86

64

36

) VH 2 ( mL
) x ( mol

.1 x . VH 2
.2 .

.3 ) x = f ( t 1cm 100s :

. 1cm 1, 0 10-3 mol

.4 . t2 = 400s t1 = 100 s : .
.5 .
- xmax .

M ( Zn ) = 65 g .mol -1 :

- t1/ 2 .

.1 :
:

) Zn( s ) + 2 H +( aq) = Zn 2+ ( aq) + H 2( g

1
m
=
= 1,54 10-2 mol
M 65
:

= . n1

n0 = C.V = 0, 5 40 10-3 = 2 10 -2 mol

x . VH 2

) ( mmol

20

15,4

x
xf

x
xf

20 - 2x
20 - 2 x f

15, 4 - x

VH
1
nH 2 = x : nH 2 = 2 : VH 2 :
25
VM

x
xf

15, 4 - x f

=. x

.2 .

750

.3 ) : x = f ( t

0 1,44 2,56 3,44 4,16 4,80 5,28 6,16 6,80 8,00

500

400

300

.
.4 . t2 t1 :
dx
1 dx
vvol = .
:
V dt
dt
: t1 = 100 s

t2 t1

( 2,56 - 0, 7 ) 10-3 :
1
40 10-3
100 - 0

= vvol

. vvol = 4, 6 10 -4 mol.L-1 .s -1
t1 = 400 s

( 6,16 - 3, 0 ) 10-3
1
40 10-3
400 - 0

= vvol

. vvol = 2, 0 10 -4 mol.L-1 .s -1
.

12

250

200

150

100

50

)t (s
) x ( mmol

 .5 - xmax .
15, 4 - xmax = 0 : = 0

max

20 - 2 x

xmax = 10mmol : .

- t1/ 2 .
xmax
:
2
10
x ( t1/2 ) = = 5mmol : . t1/2 270 s :
2

= ) . x ( t1/ 2

2010

) I 2( aq . C0 ) Zn( S
.

( )

.1 . Zn 2+ ( aq ) / Zn( S ) I 2( aq ) / I - ( aq ) :
.2 : 20C V = 50mL Zn I 2 ( aq )
t ) I 2( aq ) = f ( t . 4-
- .
- I 2 .
- I 2 .
.3 : V 20C
100mL
.
) I 2 ( aq ) = g ( t ) (2 )(1
. .

4-

.4 : V 80C ) I 2( aq ) = h ( t ) (3
.
.5

.1 .
. Zn( S ) Zn 2+ ( aq ) + 2e - :

. I 2( aq ) + 2e- 2 I -( aq ) :

Zn( S ) + I 2( aq ) Zn 2+ ( aq ) + 2 I -( aq) :
.2 :
- .
: .
:
) (
) (
) . (
13

 - . I 2

] 1 dnI 2 d [ I 2
I 2 :
=
V dt
dt

= ) . vvol ( I 2

] [ I 2 . t
- I 2 .
] [ I 2 I 2 .
.3 : )
( .
.4 :
.5

.
:

2010

t = 0 V1 = 200mL ) 2 K + ( aq ) + S2 O8-2 ( aq

(
( S O) )

C1 = 4, 00 10-2 mol.L-1 V2 = 200mL ) K + ( aq ) + I -( aq C2 = 4, 0 10-1 mol.L-1

.1 ) ( Ox / Re d / SO4-2( aq ) :

-2
) 8 ( aq

. I 2( aq ) / I - ( aq

- .
- . .
.2 I 2 .
) [ I 2 ] = f ( t )(1-

- . t = t 1
2

.3 ) (1-
V = 10mL
) (

) 2 Na + ( aq ) / S 2O3-2( aq
. C ' = 1, 0 10-2 mol.L-1
. I 2( aq) + 2S 2O32-( aq ) = 2 I - ( aq) + 2 S4O62-( aq) :
- .

- ] [ I 2 . C ' VE V : [ I 2 ] : . E
- VE . t = 1, 2 min

:
.1

- .

2I - (aq ) = I 2(aq ) + 2e - : . S 2O 8-2(aq ) + 2e - = 2SO 4-2( aq ) :

14

 . S 2O 8-2(aq ) + 2I - (aq ) = 2SO 4-2( aq ) + I 2( aq ) :

- :
:

) S 2O 8-2(aq ) + 2I - (aq ) = 2SO 4-2( aq ) + I 2( aq

mmol

80

x
xf

2x
2x f

80 - 2x
80 - 2x f

8-x
8- xf

x
xf

n1 = C 1 V
. 1 = 4 10-2 0, 2 = 8 10-3 mol

. n1 = 8mmol :
:
n2 = C 2 V
. 2 = 4 10-1 0, 2 = 8 10-2 mol

n 2 = 80mmol :
8 - x max = 0 : 80 - 2 xmax = 0 x max = 8 : . S 2O 8-2
- .

.2

[ I 2 ]f

20
= 10mmol .L-1
2
2
- . t1/2
=

= [ I 2 ]1/ 2 . t1/ 2 = 0,84 min :

10 - 3
] 1 dx d [ I 2
= v vol . t1/2 8,3mmolL .L-1 min -1 :
:
.
=
0,84 - 0
V total dt
dt
- : .
.3
- ] [ I 2

= v vol

VE V ' . C

nS O -2
nI
VE
1
2 = 2 3 : n I 2 = C '.V E : .C ' :
2V
2
1
2
- V E . t = 1, 2 min

nI2
V

= ] . [I 2

2 [ I 2 ]V
V
t = 1, 2 min [ I 2 ] = 13mmol .L-1 : [ I 2 ] = E .C ' : :
'C
2V
2 13 10 -3 10
= V E . V E = 26mL :
:
10-2

= VE

2010

) ( S V1 = 100mL H 2 O2 C1 = 4, 5 10-2 mol.L-1 V2 = 100mL

( )

) K + ( aq ) + I -( aq . C2 = 2, 0 10-1 mol.L-1 . H 2O2 ( aq ) / H 2O(l ) I 2( aq ) / I - ( aq ) :

.1 - .
- .

.2 ) ( S V = 20mL t = 3min

) I 2( aq ) 2 Na + ( aq ) / S2O32 -( aq C = 1, 0mol.L-1
. VE

.3 :
). I 2( aq) + 2S 2O32-( aq ) = 2 I - ( aq) + S4O62- ( aq
CVE
t :
2V
.4 )(1-

= ] . [I2

- [ I 2 ] f .

- I 2 . t = 8 min
- . t = 8 min

15

1-

.1 - .

+ 2e - 2 H 2O( l ) :

) ( aq

. 2 I - ( aq ) I 2 ( aq ) + 2e - :

. H 2O2( aq) + 2 H

. H 2O2 ( aq ) + 2 I - ( aq ) + 2 H + ( aq ) 2 H 2O( l ) + I 2 ( aq ) :
- :
:

) H 2O2( aq) + 2 I - ( aq ) + 2 H +( aq) I 2( aq ) + 2 H 2O( l

n1 = C1 .V1 = 4,5 10 -2 0,1

. n1 = 4,5 10-3 mol :

:
n2 = C2 V2 = 2, 0 10-1 0,1

. n2 = 2, 0 10-2 mol :

x
xf

) ( mmol

n2 = 20

n1 = 4,5

n2 - 2 x

n1 - x

n2 - 2 x f

n1 - x f

x
xf

-3

-3

4,5 10 - xmax = 0 xmax = 4,5 10 mol :

-2

-2

2, 0 10 - 2 xmax = 0 . xmax = 10 mol :

: xmax = 4,5 10-3 mol . H 2 O2

.2 I 2 ) t ( .
CV
.3 . [ I 2 ] = E :
2V
-2
) n ( I 2 ) n ( S2 O3
1
=
:
[ I 2 ].V = CVE :
2
1
2
CV
[ I 2 ] f = 5, 6 4 = 22, 4mmol.L-1 . [ I 2 ] = E :
2V
.4 - [ I 2 ] f .

) [ I 2 ] ( mmol.L-1
[ I2 ] f

. [ I 2 ] f = 5, 6 4 = 22, 4mmol .L-1 :

- I 2 . t = 8 min
:

] d [ I2
dt

= ) vvol ( I 2 . t = 8 min

18 - 11, 6
= 0,8mmol.L-1.min -1 :
8-0
- . t = 8 min
= ) vvol ( I 2

dx
= V .vvol = V .vvol ( I 2 ) :
dt

dnH2O2
dt

vH 2O2 = - . vH 2O2 = 0, 2 0,8 = 0,16mmol.L-1.min -1 :

2011

.
. 2 H 2O2( aq) = 2 H 2O( l) + O2( g ) :
.1 .
:
-

500mL S 0 ) 10V 1L 10L

( VM = 22, 4 L / mol

:
16

. 250mL 200mL 100mL 50mL :

10mL 5mL 1mL : .

. 50mL :

. 250mL

. c ' = 2, 0 10-3 mol.L-1

. 98%

) ( A B C D :
: S 200mL 40 S 0 .
-1 . S
-2 ) . ( .
-3 . S 0 . S
: S :

-1

) ( mL
) H 2 O2 ( mL
) ( mL

49

45

50

48

50

50

50

50

-2 10mL

) (.
-
-3 ). (2-
- .
- S .
. S0
-

: 200mL . S
.1 .
V 200
V
=
= F = 5mL :
:
F
40
V0

2-

= . V0

S 0 . V0 = 5mL :
: 5mL V = 200mL .
: .
17

 : 5mL V0 = 5mL S 0 V = 200mL

.
.1 .

) 2 H 2O2 (aq ) O2 ( g ) + 2 H 2O(l

. x = n(O2 ) :
:

VO2
VM

VO2

= ) n(O2 :

VM

n0

) 2x ( t

) x (t

) n0 - 2 x ( t

) x (t

2x f

xf

n0 - 2 x f

xf

.2 . S 0

=. x

) ( mol

2x
V ' = 1L C0V '- 2 x = 0 : :
'V

= C0 :

2.VO2
V '.VM

C0 0,893
2 10
=
= C0 = 2, 23 10-2 mol .L-1 :
= 0,893mol.L-1 :
F
40
1 22, 4

= . C0

=.C

: .
.1 : .
: ) ( .
.2 - .
- .
.3 -

) . ( :

)(2

)(4

)(1

)(3

- S . S 0
t = 0 . C = 4 5 = 20mmol.L-1 :
C0 = F C : C0 = 40 20 = 800 mmol.L-1 : . C0 = 0,8mol.L-1 :
- : .

2011

) Cr2O72- ( aq ) . C 2 H 2O4( aq

t = 0s V1 = 40mL ) 2 K + ( aq ) + Cr2O72 -( aq c1 = 0, 2mol.L-1

V2 = 60mL . c2

( )

.1 CO2( aq ) / C2 H 2 O4 ( aq ) : ) . Cr2 O72 - ( aq ) / Cr 3+ ( aq

- - .
- .
.2 ) ( 1- ) Cr 3+ ( aq .
:
- ) Cr 3+ ( aq . t = 20 min
- . x f

- . t 1

1-

18

 .3 - .
- . c2

.1 - - :
. Cr2O72-( aq) + 14 H + ( aq ) + 6e- 2Cr 3+ ( aq ) + 7 H 2O( l ) :
. 3 ( C2 H 2O4( aq ) 2CO2( aq ) + 2 H (+aq ) + 2e - ) :
. Cr2 O72 - ( aq ) + 3C2 H 2 O4( aq ) + 8 H + ( aq ) 2Cr 3+ + 6CO2( aq ) + 7 H 2 O( l ) :
- .
) Cr2 O72 - ( aq ) + 3C2 H 2O4( aq ) + 8 H + ( aq ) 2Cr 3+ + 6CO2( aq ) + 7 H 2O( l

) ( mol

n2 = c2 .V2

n1 = 8.10-3

6x

2x

n2 - 3x

n1 - x

) x (t

6x f

2x f

n2 - 3x f

n1 - x f

xf

n1 = c1 .V1 = 0, 2 40 10-3 : . n1 = 8 10-3 mol :

. n2 = c2 V2 :
.2 - ) Cr 3+ ( aq . t = 20 min

dnCr 3+

= vCr 3+ . t = 20 min

:
dt
3, 7 - 2,9
= vCr 3+ = 4 10-2 mmol.min -1 :
:
20 - 0
- . x f
= 2 x f :

) ( Cr
3+

) (Cr
3+

. vCr 3+

nf

n 4 :
f Cr 3+ = 4mmol :
) (
2
- . t 1

) ( Cr
3+

nf

t1

= x f . x f = 2mmol :

) ( Cr
3+

nf

=) (

= 2mmol :
2
.3 - .

nCr 3+ t 1 : = 2mmol

) ( Cr
3+

nf

=) (

xmax = x f = 2mmol : = n1 - x f = 8 - 2 = 6mmol :

) (Cr O
22 7

. C2 H 2O4
- . c2
C2 H 2O4 . n f ( C2 H 2O4 ) = n2 - 3 xmax = 0 :
3 xmax 3 2 10 -3
c2 .V2 = 3 xmax : :
=
60 10 -3
V2

= c2

c2 = 0,1mol.L-1 :

19

n 3+ t 1 . t 1 ; 6 min :
Cr
2

n f Cr2 O72 - : .

nf