HunterReinseth

10/8/14

PeriodicalsCovalentCompound

CovalentCompoundSelected:PolyethyleneTerephthalate(PET)
WhydidyouselectthisCovalentCompound?IsitPolarorNonpolarCovalent:Idecided
tochoosearandomone.
HowisthisCovalentCompoundimportant/relevanttoyourlife:Itisatypeofclothing
materialanditisatypeofplastic.

FactsontheCovalentCompound

Source1Title:FactsOnPET
MLACitation:"FactsonPET."FactsOnPet.FactsOnPET,n.d.Web.15Oct.2014.

1. PETplastic(alsoknownasPETEanddesignatedbyarecyclable1)doesnotcontain
BPA
2. Mostsingleserveplasticbottles,includingthoseforwater,softdrinksandjuices,are
madewithPET.
3. PETisgloballyrecognizedasasafe,recyclablepackagingmaterial
4. NumeroustestshavecreatedabroadscientificconsensusthatPETisnontoxicandisa
safematerialforthestorageoffoodandbeverages
5. PETisacosteffectiveandenvironmentallyfriendlypackagingoption.
6. ArecentLifeCycleAnalysisconductedbytheAlliedDevelopmentCorporation
determinedhowtheenvironmentalfootprintandgreenhousegasemissionsof
manufacturingandtransportingPETrelatestoalternativeformsofpackaging.
7. ThefirststudyfoundthatinNorthAmerica,PETisthemostfavorablealternativewhen
comparedtoaluminumcansandglassbottlesfora355mlcarbonatedsoftdrink
application
8. Whenmeasuringgreenhousegasemissionsandenergyconsumption,PETcontainers
hadthebestperformance
9. Halfliterplasticwaterbottlesnowuseaslittleas12gramsofPET,nearly40%lessthan
theaverageamountjustafewyearsago
10. Likewise,softdrinkbottles,thoughheaviertokeepincarbonation,arebecoming
increasinglylighter.

FactsonthefirstNONMETALinyourCompound

Source2Title:EthyleneGlycol
MLACitation:EPA."EthyleneGlycol."EPA.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,18Oct.2013.
Web.16Oct.2014.

1. Ethyleneglycolhasmanyuses,includingasantifreezeincoolingandheatingsystems,
inhydraulicbrakefluids,andasasolvent
2. Acute(shortterm)exposureofhumanstoethyleneglycolbyingestinglargequantities
causesthreestagesofhealtheffects:centralnervoussystem(CNS)depression,
followedbycardiopulmonaryeffects,andlaterrenaldamage
3. Theonlyeffectsnotedinonestudyofindividualsexposedtolowlevelsofethyleneglycol
byinhalationforaboutamonthwerethroatandupperrespiratorytractirritation
4. Ratsandmicechronically(longterm)exposedtoethyleneglycolintheirdietexhibited
signsofkidneytoxicityandlivereffects
5. Severalstudiesofrodentsexposedorallyorbyinhalationshowedethyleneglycoltobe
fetotoxic
6. Anepidemiologicstudyonrenalcancermortalitydidnotfindanincreasedriskfor
workersexposedtoethyleneglycol
7. EPAhasnotclassifiedethyleneglycolforcarcinogenicity.
8. Ethyleneglycolisalsousedtodeiceairportrunwaysandaircraft.
9. Ethyleneglycolisusedasantifreezeincoolingandheatingsystems,inhydraulicbrake
fluids,asanindustrialhumectant,asaningredientofelectrolyticcondensers,asa
solventinthepaintandplasticsindustries,intheformulationsofprinters'inks,stamppad
inks,andinksforballpointpens,asasofteningagentforcellophane,andinthesynthesis
ofsafetyexplosives,plasticizers,syntheticfibers,andsyntheticwaxes
10. Dermalorinhalationexposuretoworkersmayoccurduringthemanufactureoruseof
thechemical

FactsonthesecondNONMETALinyourCompound

Source2Title:terephthalicacid
MLACitation:"TerephthalicAcid."PubChem.N.p.,n.d.Web.16Oct.2014.

1. ProducedcommerciallyprimarilybytheAmocoprocess.Inhibitionoftheoxidationofthe
secondmethylgroupofpxyleneissuppressedwiththeaidofaddedbrominecontaining
promotersascocatalysts.Theoxidationtakesplaceinairandproducesrawterephthalic
acid,whichisdissolvedathightemperatureunderpressureinwater,hydrated,andthus
purified
2. Preparedbyoxidationofpmethylacetophenone.
3. Oxidationofparaxyleneorofmixedxylenesandotheralkylaromaticsreactingbenzene
andpotassiumcarbonateoveracadmiumcatalyst.
4. Reactingcarbonmonoxideormethanolwithtoluenetoformvariousintermediateswhich,
uponoxidation,fromterephthalicacid.
5. pXyleneisthefeedstockforallterephthalicacid/production/....Oxidationcatalystsand
conditionshavebeendevelopedwhichgivenearlyquantitativeoxidationofthemethyl
groups,leavingthebenzeneringvirtuallyuntouched.Thesecatalystsarecombinations
ofcobalt,manganese,andbromine,orcobaltwithacooxidant,e.g.,acetaldehyde.
Oxygenistheoxidantinallprocesses.Aceticacidisthereactionsolventinallbutone
process.Giventheseconstantfactors,thereisonlyoneindustrialoxidationprocess,with
differentvariations,twoseparatepurificationprocesses,andoneprocesswhich
intermixesoxidationandesterificationsteps.
6. Theconcentrationsofurineterephthalicacidinratsaftersingleoraladministrationin
doseof100mg/kgbwweredeterminedbyhighpressureliquidchromatography.
7. Terephthalicacidisabsorbedfromthegastrointestinaltractandisexcretedintheurine
apparentlyunchanged.Dermalorocularabsorptionisnegligible.
8. ThepharmacokineticsofterephthalicacidweredeterminedinFischer344ratsafteriv
andoraladministration.Afterivinjection,theplasmaconcentrationtimedatawerefitted
withathreecompartmentpharmacokineticmodel
9. Terephthalicacidproductionandusetoproducesaturatedpolyestersmayresultinits
releasetotheenvironmentthroughvariouswastestreams
10. Terephthalicacidisreleasedtotheenvironmentinparticulateemissionsfrommotor
vehicles,industrialscaleboilersandburningofrefuse