LCH S PHT TRIN.

a CD bt u c pht trin t nhng nm 1979 bi hai hng: Sony v Philips ghi m thanh. Ban
u mi hng pht trin theo mt hng ring, n nm 1980 chng c hp nht thnh mt chun a
CD cha m thanh (thng dng cho n ngy nay).
nh du s pht trin v a ra cc tiu chun chung cho vic pht trin loi a ny cc hng
cng xut bn mt cun Sch (Red Book) m trong nu r tng bng sng ch cng ngh ca
tng hng.
Phin bn gn nht ca cun sch ny vo thng 5 nm 1999.
Tip sau , hai hng Sony v Philips v mt s hng khc dn cho ra cc nh dng a mi v c
pht trin cho n ngy nay (Xem phn Cc loi nh dng ca a CD)
Lch s[sa]
Hai nh sng lp ra cng ty Sony l Masaru Ibuka v Akio Morita.
Thng 6-1957, mt tm bng ln mang tn Sony c dng gn sn bay Haneda Tokyo. Thng 1-
1958, Cng ty Totsuko chnh thc tr thnh Cng ty Sony. Thng 12 nm , tn Sony c nim yt
ti S Giao dch chng khon Tokyo. Mt trong nhng vic u tin m Morita v cc ng nghip ngh
n l ln lt ng k thng hiu Sony ti 170 nc, vng lnh th v ng k nhiu ngnh sn xut
khc nhau ngoi ngnh chnh l in t. iu cho thy s nhn xa trng rng ca cc nh sng lp v
qua cng bc l kht vng s chinh phc th gii ca h.
Hai nh sng lp Sony u c gc gc l dn k thut, rt gii vi nhng sng ch. Hn ai ht, h
thc c tm quan trng ca vic lun phi tin phong trong lnh vc sng to ra nhng sn phm mi.
Con ng pht trin ca Sony l lun lun tm ti, nghin cu to ra nhng sn phm mi phc v
i sng. Nh m cc sn phm in t tr nn ht sc phong ph v a dng, p ng cc nhu
cu ca ngi tiu dng. Khong 6%-10% doanh thu hng nm ca Sony c trch ra dnh cho vic
nghin cu. Cc sn phm khng ch nhm vo cc nhu cu hin ti m cn dnh cho c cc nhu cu
cha ny sinh.
Cn nhc li l sn phm u tin c sn xut di thng hiu Totsuko l chic my ghi m dng
bng t tnh, ra i nm 1950 v hai nm sau quen mt vi th trng. Nm nm sau, sn phm th
hai ca Morita v cc ng nghip c nh gi l mt trong nhng bc t ph n tng nht, l
chic radio bn dn nhn hiu TR-55 chy bng transistor u tin ca nc Nht, m u k nguyn
bn dn pht trin rm r vo thp nin 1960. Chic truyn hnh transistor u tin
Thng 5-1960, Sony cho ra i chic my truyn hnh (TV) transistor u tin ly tn l TV8 -301. Thnh
qu trn c s cng nhn ca c th gii, vinh d khng ch ring ca Sony, m cn ca c nn cng
nghip in t ca Nht Bn. u nhng nm 1960, Morita v cc ng nghip bt u quan tm n
mt sn phm khc. l my s dng bng video VTR (Video Tape Recorder) do
hng Ampex ca M ch to v cung cp cho cc i pht thanh.
V s dng cho mc ch pht thanh nn my rt cng knh, mi my chim din tch c mt cn phng,
cn gi thnh hn 100.000 USD/chic th ch nhng c quan c ngn sch di do mi sm ni. Mc
tiu m Ibuka v Morita nhm n l nhng chic my VTR gn nh, gi c ph hp vi ti tin ca a
s ngi tiu dng trong nc.
Tt c chuyn vin, k s ca Sony tp trung n lc theo hng ny, thit k v sn xut th nhiu mu
sn phm khc nhau, mu sau gn nh, tin li hn mu trc. Chiu ngang bng video rng hn 5 cm
ca hng Ampex c thu nh cn khng n 2 cm. Chic my VTR nguyn mu c t tn l U -
Matic, c s n nhn kh tch cc ca ngi tiu dng, ch ring hng xe hi Ford t mua
mt ln 5.000 chic dng trong cng tc hun luyn nhn vin. Thnh cng ny khuyn khch Morita
v cc chuyn vin tin xa thm bc na, l tip tc ci tin my VTR, h gim gi thnh bng cch
dng bng video nh hn na, c chiu rng mt bng khng n 1,3 cm v s dng 100% linh kin bn
dn.
Nm 1964, mt ton chuyn vin do Nobutoshi Kihara dn u ch to c chic CV-2000, my thu
pht bng video cassette (VCR) s dng trong gia nh u tin ca th gii. Bng t tnh ghi pht hnh
khng cn l hai cun bng nm ring r bn ngoi my ghi pht hnh na, m chng c lp t
trong mt hp bng duy nht t bn trong my, gn gng v d s dng. Gi bn mt chic CV-2000
ch cn bng khng ti 1% gi mt chic my VTR (my ghi pht hnh dng bng video c cun bng
bn ngoi my: open reel) s dng trong cc h thng pht thanh, truyn hnh, v bng khng n 10%
gi mt chic my s dng trong ngnh gio dc.
Thng 10-1968, Sony cho ra i chic TV mu nh gn s dng n hnh trinitron, mt cng ngh mi
m gip n c hiu nng cao. Chnh sng kin v trinitron ny c Hn Lm vin quc gia M v
ngh thut truyn hnh v khoa hc tng gii thng Emmy cho tp on Sony vo nm 1972. Nhng
nm gn y, pht trin sn phm hng in t gia dng, Sony c bit ch trng n vic vn ln
v tr hng u trong lnh vc lin quan.
Nm 1988, Sony tip nhn cng ty CBS Records Inc thnh lp nn Sony Music Entertainment v nm
1989 tip tc mua li Columbia Pictures thnh lp nn Sony Picture Entertainment. Sony PlayStation khai
trng vo nm 1995 a tp on Sony tr thnh tp on chim v tr hng u trong lnh vc tr chi
in t. Hin nay Tp on Sony c 168.000 nhn vin lm vic ti khp cc chu lc trn tan cu. L
nh sn xut in t hng u th gii, Sony t nhiu thnh cng trong lnh vc in t dn dng
nh tivi mu, sn phm audio & video, tr chi in t, lnh vc in t chuyn dng nh thit b pht
thanh truyn hnh, y t, gio dc, nghin cu khoa hc. Ngy nay, danh mc ca Sony c trn 5.000 sn
phm bao gm u DVD, my chp nh, my tnh c nhn, TV, cc thit b m thanh ni, thit b bn dn
v chng c thit lp thnh nhng danh mc c thng hiu nh my nghe nhc c
nhn Walkman, TV Trinitron, dng in thoi di ng Xperia, my vi tnh Vaio, TV mn nh rng Wega,
my ghi hnh HandyCam, my chp nh k thut s Cybershot v b tr chi PlayStation. Trong thi i
bng n cng ngh thng tin, Sony l mt trong nhng tn tui ni bt ca lnh vc ch to my tnh,
vin thng v dch v Internet.
Sony cn l nh sn xut kinh doanh hng u th gii v m nhc v in nh vi hot ng ca cng
ty nh Sony Picture Entertainment, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony BMG, v.v
Tham kho[sa]
1. ^ Sony Global Corporate Information. Truy cp ngy 13 thng 8 nm 2012.
2. ^ Li ch thch: Th <ref> sai; khng c ni dung trong th ref c tn FY
3. ^ http://www.sony.net/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/
2. Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

Website philips.com

3. Philips l tn gi ph bin nht ca Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. (Royal Philips
Electronics), l mt cng ty in t a quc gia H Lan.
4. Philips l mt trong nhng cng ty in t ln nht th gii. Trong nm 2010, doanh thu ca
cng ty ny t 25,42 t euro. Cng ty c 119.000 nhn vin ti hn 60 quc gia.
[1]

5. Philips hot ng mt s lnh vc: in t tiu dng, chiu sng, thit b y t,...

Cng ngh[sa]
Xem t mc Cng ngh trong bi a quang
Hu ht tt c cc a CD u lm vic cng vi mt thng s nh nhau (ch ngoi tr trng hp
miniCD c kch thc khc bit mt cht hoc vi mt s nh dng c bit khc, cn li cc dng
a CD cn li c cc kch thc im, ng...u nh nhau).
a CD s dng cng ngh quang hc c v ghi d liu: Mt cch n gin nht chng dng
tialade chiu vo b mt a nhn li cc phn x nh sng (hoc khng) tng ng vi cc
dng tn hiu nh phn (0 v 1).

CD-DA[sa]
CD-DA (Compact Disc-Digital Audio) c gii thiu ln u tin vo nm 1980 bi hai hng Sony v
Philips. nh dng CD ny l mt dng chun cho cc loi thit b gii tr dn dng c a CD thng
thng. CD-DA l loi a CD ch cha cc d liu m thanh, chng n thun cha ni dung cc bi
ht, bn nhc m khng cha bt k mt loi d liu no khc.
CD-DA (''Compact Disc-Digital Audio'') c gii thiu ln u tin vo nm 1980 bi hai hng [[Sony]]
v Philips. nh dng CD ny l mt dng chun cho cc loi thit b gii tr dn dng c a CD thng
thng.
CD-DA l loi a CD ch cha cc d liu m thanh, chng n thun cha ni dung cc bi ht, bn
nhc m khng cha bt k mt loi d liu no khc.
: ''Bi nh dng (format) a ny tun theo cc tiu chun trong qun Red Book nn c th c gi l
a CD Red Book''
Bi nh dng (format) a ny tun theo cc tiu chun trong qun Red Book nn c th c
gi l a CD Red Book
5.1 Music Disc[sa]
5.1 Music Disc hay cn c cc tn khc l: DTS-CD, DTS Audio CD: L loi a CD audio cha m
thanh c nh dng loi lp th (surround) m c th pht y 6 ng ting cho cc b thit
b m thanh gii tr gia nh hoc trn cc my tnh c nhn (Xem thm phn loa 5.1 trong bi loa
my tnh).
5.1 Music Disc l nhng th loi a cha m thanh lp th u tin trc khi ra i loi a DVD
audio.
5.1 Music Disc ===
'''5.1 Music Disc''' hay cn c cc tn khc l: DTS-CD, DTS Audio CD: L loi a CD audio cha
m thanh c nh dng loi lp th (surround) m c th pht y 6 ng ting cho cc b
thit b m thanh gii tr gia nh hoc trn cc my tnh c nhn ''(Xem thm phn loa 5.1 trong bi
[[loa my tnh]])''.<br />
5.1 Music Disc l nhng th loi a cha m thanh lp th u tin trc khi ra i loi a DVD
audio.
SACD[sa]
SACD (Super Audio CD) l a CD m thanh c cht lng cao hn loi a CD-DA thng thng.
N c hng Sony v Philips gii thiu vo nm 1999
CD-Text[sa]
CD-Text l dng m rng ca CD-DA m trn c th cha mt s d liu dng vn bn (text)
cha mt s ni dung hoc thng tin ca a CD (v d nh: Tn album, tn cc bi ht,tc
gi, ca s...), nhng d liu text ny c cha ti vng lead-in ca a CD.
CD-ROM[sa]
CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory) l loi a CD cha d liu ch c. CD-ROM c
gii thiu ln u tin vo nm 1983 bi hai hng Sony v Philips. Chng khng ging nh cc a
CD-DA pht trin trong thi gian u (ch cha ni dung v m thanh) m m rng cha cc loi d
liu khc ca my tnh.
Loi a ny thng c ghi d liu bng cc thit b ghi a chuyn dng (c th sn xut nhiu
a trong mt thi gian ngn). Ngi s dng khng th ghi thm d liu vo cc loi a ny.
Tc c v truyn d liu a CD-ROM
[2]

CD-i (Compact Disc-interactive) c Sony v Philips gii thiu nm 1986. N bao gm s ci tin:
Cha bao gm c m thanh v cc on phim (ting+hnh).
CD-i khng c s dng thng dng. Chng cn khng s dng c vi cc my tnh thng thng.
CD-i tun theo nh dng Greed Book.
CD-ROM XA[sa]
CD-ROM XA (Extended Architecture) c gii thiu nm 1989 bi Sony, Philips v Microsoft.
Chng kt hp hai loi CD-ROM v CD-i c th cho php my tnh pht c cc a ca nhc c
hnh (ting + video).
CD-i Bridge[sa]
CD-i Bridge c gii thiu bi hai hng Sony v Philips pht hnh da trn s kt hp ca CD-i v
CD-ROM XA. Chng pht c c trn cc my pht CD-i v c trn cc PC thng thng.
CD-R[sa]
Loi ny bao gm CD-R (recordable) v CD-RW (rewritable) c gii thiu vo nhng nm 1989
v 1996 bi cc hng Sony v Philips.
CD-P[sa]
CD-P (hoc tn khc l Photo-CD) c gii thiu nm 1990 bi cc hng Philips v Kodad l s
kt hp ca CD-ROM XA vi loi CD-R c th cha thm cc bc nh vo a cha m thanh v
hnh nh. y l mt chun cha cc bc nh trn cc a CD-R.
Video CD[sa]
Video CD (hoc vit tt l VCD) c gii thiu nm 1993 bi cc hng: Philips, JVC, Matsushita,
v Sony trn c s ca CD-i v CD-ROM XA. a ny cha khong 74 pht video theo nh dng
MPEG-1 (hoc cha m thanh k thut s dng ADPCM)
SVCD[sa]
SVCD (Super Video Compact Disc) l mt nh dng cha video phn gii cao hn so vi
chun Video CD.
CD EXTRA[sa]
CD EXTRA c gii thiu nm 1995 bi cc hng Sony v Philips.
CD Double-Density[sa]
c gii thiu nm 2000 bi cc hng Philips v Sony.
CD+G[sa]
CD+G (CD+Graphics) l loi a CD cha ni dung m thanh nhng c lu thm cc ni dung v
ho, chng c th c pht m thanh bnh thng trn cc thit b pht m thanh thng thng,
tuy nhin nu pht (play) trn cc thit b c bit (nh trn my tnh vi cc phn mm ring, trn
cc u pht c bit c kt ni vi mn hnh hoc tivi) chng c th hin th ho hoc c th
ht karaoke.
MiniCD[sa]
MiniCD l loi a CD thng thng nhng kch thc ng knh ngoi ca n ch l 80 mm, dung
lng nh hn a CD ng knh chun 120 mm.
MiniCD c y cc loi nh a CD thng thng (CD-DA, CD-ROM, CD-R...).
Nguyn l lu tr d liu
Khng ging nh cc a cng c ghi d liu ln b mt bng t, a
quang s dng cc tnh cht quang hc lu tr d liu. Khi nim
track trn a quang cng ging nh a cng, mi track l mt vng
trn, tuy nhin a quang cc track l cc vng trn h ni tip nhau.
Trn a quang c cc rnh theo hnh xon chn c t trong ra ngoi
cha cc chm sng v ti, tia nh sng thng l tia laser c cc chm
v chuyn sang tn hiu nh phn.
Tia sng khi chiu vo b mt a quang nu gp mt im sng, tia
sng s c phn x ngc l ngun pht sng, khi gp mt im ti,
tia lade khng phn x ngc li bi im ti hp th tia sang.
Ti a quang, trn ng chiu ca tia sng c h lng knh phn
x tia sng truyn ngc li khng chuyn tia sng ny v ngun
pht, m i hng chng n mt b cm bin nhn tn hiu.
Tn hiu nhn c dng nh phn, tng ng vi im sng v ti s
cho kt qu 1 v 0.
Cu to v thng s:
a quang c nhiu loi khc nhau, ghi d liu mt mt a hoc
ghi c hai mt da, do chng c cu to rt khc nhau.
cc loi a quang khc nhau, xem c th cu to ca chng ti
tng bi c th.
Cu to Mt cch chung nht, a quang c cu to gm:
Lp nhn a
Lp ph chng xc.
Lp bo v tia t ngoi.
Lp cha d liu.
Lp polycarbonat trong sut.
i vi loi a quang ghi d liu c hai mt, cc lp c b
tr i xng nhau m bo ghi d liu c hai mt a.
Kch thc
Tu tng loi a quang khc nhau m chng c cc kch thc
khc nhau.Chng thng c chia thnh cc loi chnh sau:
a lade c kch thc ln nht: ng knh ngoi n
300 mm.
a CD/DVD c cng kch thc: ng knh ngoi n
120 mm.
Mt s loi a quang c hnh dng thit k m thut: hnh
dng bn ngoi c th gn ging hnh trn nh qu bng, tri
tim... nh mt s c o.
Thng s
Thng s hai loi a CD thng dng



Cc loi nh dng ca a CD
CD-DA
CD-DA (Compact Disc-Digital Audio) c gii thiu ln u tin vo nm 1980 bi hai hng Sony
v Philips. nh dng CD ny l mt dng chun cho cc loi thit b gii tr dn dng c a CD
thng thng. CD-DA l loi a CD ch cha cc d liu m thanh, chng n thun cha ni dung
cc bi ht, bn nhc m khng cha bt k mt loi d liu no khc.
Bi nh dng (format) a ny tun theo cc tiu chun trong qun Red Book nn c th c gi
l a CD Red Book
Music Disc
Music Disc hay cn c cc tn khc l: DTS-CD, DTS Audio CD: L loi a CD audio cha m
thanh c nh dng loi lp th (surround) m c th pht y 6 ng ting cho cc b
thit b m thanh gii tr gia nh hoc trn cc my tnh c nhn
Music Disc l nhng th loi a cha m thanh lp th u tin trc khi ra i loi a DVD
audio.
SACD
SACD (Super Audio CD) l a CD m thanh c cht lng cao hn loi a CD-DA thng thng.
N c hng Sony v Philips gii thiu vo nm 1999.
CD-Text
CD-Text l dng m rng ca CD-DA m trn c th cha mt s d liu dng vn bn (text)
cha mt s ni dung hoc thng tin ca a CD (v d nh: Tn album, tn cc bi ht, tc gi,
ca s...), nhng d liu text ny c cha ti vng lead-in ca a CD.
CD-ROM
CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read Only Memory) l loi a CD cha d liu ch c. CD-ROM c
gii thiu ln u tin vo nm 1983 bi hai hng Sony v Philips. Chng khng ging nh cc a
CD-DA pht trin trong thi gian u (ch cha ni dung v m thanh) m m rng cha cc loi d
liu khc ca my tnh.
Loi a ny thng c ghi d liu bng cc thit b ghi a chuyn dng (c th sn xut nhiu
a trong mt thi gian ngn). Ngi s dng khng th ghi thm d liu vo cc loi a ny.
Tc c v truyn d liu a CD-ROM
CD-i
CD-i (Compact Disc-interactive) c Sony v Philips gii thiu nm 1986. N bao gm s ci tin:
Cha bao gm c m thanh v cc on phim (ting+hnh).
CD-i khng c s dng thng dng. Chng cn khng s dng c vi cc my tnh thng
thng.
CD-i tun theo nh dng Greed Book.
CD-ROM XA
CD-ROM XA (Extended Architecture) c gii thiu nm 1989 bi Sony, Philips v Microsoft.
Chng kt hp hai loi CD-ROM v CD-i c th cho php my tnh pht c cc a ca nhc c
hnh (ting + video).
CD-i Bridge
CD-i Bridge c gii thiu bi hai hng Sony v Philips pht hnh da trn s kt hp ca CD-i v
CD-ROM XA. Chng pht c c trn cc my pht CD-i v c trn cc PC thng thng.
CD-R
Loi ny bao gm CD-R (recordable) v CD-RW (rewritable) c gii thiu vo nhng nm 1989
v 1996 bi cc hng Sony v Philips.
CD-P
CD-P (hoc tn khc l Photo-CD) c gii thiu nm 1990 bi cc hng Philips v Kodad l s
kt hp ca CD-ROM XA vi loi CD-R c th cha thm cc bc nh vo a cha m thanh
v hnh nh. y l mt chun cha cc bc nh trn cc a CD-R.
Video CD
Video CD (hoc vit tt l VCD) c gii thiu nm 1993 bi cc hng: Philips, JVC, Matsushita,
v Sony trn c s ca CD-i v CD-ROM XA. a ny cha khong 74 pht video theo nh dng
MPEG-1 (hoc cha m thanh k thut s dng ADPCM)
SVCD
SVCD (Super Video Compact Disc) l mt nh dng cha video phn gii cao hn so vi
chun Video CD.
CD EXTRA
CD EXTRA c gii thiu nm 1995 bi cc hng Sony v Philips.
CD Double-Density
c gii thiu nm 2000 bi cc hng Philips v Sony.
CD+G
CD+G (CD+Graphics) l loi a CD cha ni dung m thanh nhng c lu thm cc ni dung v
ho, chng c th c pht m thanh bnh thng trn cc thit b pht m thanh thng
thng, tuy nhin nu pht (play) trn cc thit b c bit (nh trn my tnh vi cc phn mm
ring, trn cc u pht c bit c kt ni vi mn hnh hoc tivi) chng c th hin th ho
hoc c th ht karaoke.
MiniCD
MiniCD l loi a CD thng thng nhng kch thc ng knh ngoi ca n ch l 80 mm, dung
lng nh hn a CD ng knh chun 120 mm.
MiniCD c y cc loi nh a CD thng thng (CD-DA, CD-ROM, CD-R...).
CD v DVD ngy nay qu ph bin, chng c dng ghi nhc, d
liu hoc cc chng trnh my tnh. N tr thnh cng c lu tr thng tin
chun vi s lng ln, ng tin cy vi gi r v d sn xut. Ch vi mt
my tnh c nhn v mt CD-R, ngi s dng c th t to ra cc a CD
vi bt k thng tin g h mun. Mt CD c th lu ti 74 pht nhc tng
ng vi lng d liu dng s l 783 MB. lu hn 783 MB trn mt
a kch thc 4,8 inches (tng ng 12 cm) i hi cc Byte d liu
ring l phi ht sc nh. V mt vt l a CD ging nh mt vt lm bng
Plastic ch dy khong 0,25 inches (1,2 mm) c mt lp Polycarbonate trong
sut. CD c mt rnh ghi n (Track) hnh xon c lu d liu, rnh ghi
ny dng xon c trn hng lin tc t pha trong a ra ngoi. Trn thc
t, rnh ghi hnh xon c bt u gia, c ngha l CD c th nh hn kch
thc 4,8 inches. Do vy c mt s dng th Plastic nh Business Card c
th c bng CD Player. Mt CD Business Card c khong 2 MB khng
thuc rnh xon c. Trn a CD, cc rnh ghi c kch thc b rng rt nh
khong 0,5 micron v cc rnh ny cch nhau mt khong 1,6 micron. Vi
kch thc nh vy nhng nu tnh tng di ca c rnh ghi xon c trn
mt a CD ta s c mt con s ng kinh ngc khong 5 km.