Dien Tu Co Ban

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.
com Hy cng nhau nghin cu

1

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com

I in Tr_Bin Tr_Quang Tr
1 : in Tr:
a) Khi Nim:
+in tr l s cn tr dng in ca mt vt dn in , nu c mt vt dn in tt th
in tr nh v ngc li , vt cch in c in tr cc ln.
+in tr dy dn l s ph thuc vo cht liu v tit din ca dy dn c tnh theo
Cng thc:
R = L/ S
Trong : R l in tr c n v l Omh ( )
L l chiu di ca dy
S l tit din ca dy dn
b) in tr trong thc t v trong cc mch in t:
* ) Hnh dng v k hiu: Trong thc t in tr l mt loi linh kin in t khng
Phn cc n l mt linh kin quan trng trong cc mch in t , chng c lm
T hp cht ca ccbon v kim loi v c pha theo t l m to ra cc con in
Tr c in dung khc nhau.

Nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com Hy cng nhau nghin cu

2

Hnh dng ca in tr trong cc s mch in t

n v ca in tr c o bng : , k , M
1M = 1000k = 1000
*) Cch nghi tr s ca in tr:
Cc in tr c kch thc nh c nghi bng cc vch mu theo quy nh chung ca Th
gii.

Cn cc in tr c kch thc ln hn c cng sut ln hn 2 W thng c nghi trc tip
ln thn VD: in tr cng sut, in tr s

*) Cch c tr s in tr trong thc t:
c theo quy c mu sc theo qui c ca quc t:

Mu Tr s Sai s

3
Bc 10%
Vng 5%
en 0
Nu 1 1 %
2 2%
Cam 3
Vng 4
Xanh 5 0.5%
Lc 6 0.25%
Tm 7 0.1 %
Xm 8
Trng 9

Gi tr ca in tr c v trn thn in tr . i vi in tr c 4 vch mu th 3 vch u
tin l ch gi tr ca in tr cn vch th 4 l ch sai s ca in tr.
*) Cch c:

+ i vi in tr 4 vch mu : 3 vch gi tr th 2 vch u l s , vch th 3 l vch m ,
cn vch cui cng l sai s ca in tr


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+ i vi in tr c 5 , 6 vch : 3 vch u l c gi tr ca in tr , vch th 4 l m , vch
th 5 l sai s

+ i vi in tr dn(Chip resistor) gi tr ca in tr bng 2 s u, 10 m s th 3
v d:

5

+ i vi cc loi in nh hn 10: Gi tr ca in tr bng : vch 1 + vch 2 chia cho 10 m
vch 3 . Vch 3 : en= 0 ; vng = 1; bc = 2
v d:

6

Ch : in tr l con linh kin khng phn cc nn khi mc vo mch in ta khng cn
n u dng m lm g(u no cng nh u no)

2: Bin Tr v Trit p
Bin tr l in tr c th thay i gi tr v c k hiu l VR v c hnh dng nh sau

Bin tr thung c lp dp trong my phc v cho qu trnh sa cha , cn chnh ca k thut
vin v c cu to nh sau:

7

Bin tr nhit l c in tr thay i theo nhit . Trong thc t m ta hay gp loi bin tr c
gi tr thay i bng cch xoay vt

Trit p : cng c cu to tng t nh in tr nhng c thm cn chnh v thng b tr
trc mt my cho ngi iu chnh d s dng n c cng dng trit ra 1 phn in p t u
vo tu theo mc quy nh nh: Volume , Bass

8
k hiu trn s
Trit p trong thc t c dng:
Hnh
dng v cu to ca Trit p

3: Quang Tr:
L loi in tr c gi tr thay i khi chiu cc cng nh sng vo.

II: T in

9
T in l mt linh kin th ng v c s dng rt rng ri trong cc mch in t , c s
dng trong cc mch lc ngun , lc nhiu mch truyn tn hiu mch xoay chiu, mch dao
ng..
1: Khi nim:
T in l linh kin dng cn tr v phng np khi cn thit v c c trng bi dung
khng ph thuc vo tn s in p:

K hiu ca t in trong s nguyn l l:

T khng phn cc l t c 2 cc c vai tr nh nhau v gi tr thng nh (pF)
T phn cc l t c 2 cc tnh m v dng v khng th dng ln ln nhau c. C gi tr ln
hn so vi t khng phn cc
2: Cu to:
Cu to ca t in gm hai bn cc t song song , gia c 1 lp cch in gi l in mi
nh t giy , t ho , t gm.

Cu to t gm.

10

Cu to t ho
Hnh dng ca t trong thc t:

T gm

T ho:
3: Cch c gi tr ca in tr

11
+ Vi T Ho : Th gi tr c nghi trc tip ln thn t
T ho c phn cc v lun c hnh tr
T ho c phn cc m dng , cc m c nghi ngay trn v t . T ho c tr s nm
trong(0,47uF-4700uF) v c s dng nhiu trong mch c tn s thp v dng lc ngun.
v d: T nghi: 185uF 320V ngha l: in dung ca t l 185uF in p cc i a vo t l
320V.

+T giy , T gm: c gi tr nghi bng tr s v l t khng phn cc

Cch c : Ly 2 ch s u nhn vi 10 m s th 3
v d : Trn hnh nh t nghi l 470K 220V ngha l gi tr = 47 x 10^4 = 470000pF
in p cc i l 220V
ch J hoc K l ch sai s 5% hay 10%
ngoi ra trn t cn nghi ra tr cc i ca in p a vo.
+T xoay : Dng thay i gi tr in dung v c dng trong cch mch d

12

.
III: Cun Cm
L linh kin to ra t trng
1: Cu to
Cun cm c cu to bi dy dn di qun nhiu vng ,dy dn c sn cch in , li c
th l khng kh , thp k thut , li Ferit.

Cun dy qun li khng kh.

Cun dy qun li Ferit
K hiu cun cm trong mch nguyn l:


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L1 l li khng kh
L2 l li Ferit
L3 l li iu chnh c
L4 li thp k thut

2: Cc i lng c trng cho cun dy:
a) H s t cm l i lng c trng cho sc in ng cm ng khi c dng bin thin chy
qua. V k hiu l L n v l H(henri)

L = ( r.4.3,14.n2.S.10-7 ) / l
r l h s t them ca vt liu lm li
l l s vng dy trong 1 m chiu di
S l din tch ca li
n l s vng dy
b)Cm khng
l i lng c trng cho s cn tr ca cun dy khi c dng in

ZL = 2.3,14.f.L
ZL l cm khng.
L l h s t cm
f l tn s(Hz)
c) in tr thun : l in tr trong lng cun dy. tiu th in nng sinh ra nhit
in tr ny c th o bng ng h .
d) Nng lung t trung: Cun dy c th tch lu nng lung t trng
W = Li^2/2 (w)

14
v d:
Cc b n lm th nghim nh trn hnh v:
u tin cc bn ng kho K1 n sng 1 lc sau bn m kho k1 v ng ngay K2 th ta
vn thy n sng.

IV: Transitor
1 Khi nim : l linh kin in t c cu to t cc cht bn dn dung khuych i tn hiu
2 Cu to:
*Gm 3 lp bn dn ghp vi nhau hnh thnh hai mi tip gip P-N . Nu ghp theo th t PNP
ta c Transitor thun , Nu ghp theo th t NPN ta c Transitor nghich . V phung din cu
to th Transitor tng ng vi hai iode c du ngc chiu nhau


15
Ba lp c ni thnh 3 cc : Lp gia gi l cc gc k hiu l B (Base), cn hai lp bn
ngoi ni thnh cc pht E (Emitter) v cc thu l C (Collector). Cc B rt mng v c nng
tp cht thp , cn vng bn dn E v C c bn dn cng loi (N hay P) nhng c nng tp
cht khc nhau nn khng hon v c.
*Nguyn tc hot ng ca Transitor:
i vi NPN ta xt hot ng ca N theo hnh v sau

Ta cp ngun mt chiu U
CE
vo hai cc C v E trong cc C ni vi (+) cn cc E ni (-)
nh hnh v.
Ta cp ngun U i qua cng tc v hn tr dng vo hai cc B v E trong (+) vo chn B
cn (-) vo chn E .
BE
Khi ta m cng tc ta thy rng khi hai cc C v E c dng in nhng n li khng sng
lc ny dng qua C =0
Khi cng tc ng mi P_N c phn cc thun do c dng in chy t (+) ngun U qua
cng tc ri qua mi BE v cc m to thnh dng baso .Khi dng baz xut hin th ngay lp
tc cng c dng C lm cho bng n sng v dng C mnh hn gp nhiu ln dng B. Do
dng C ph thuc hon ton vo dng B c tnh theo cng thc :
BE

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I
B C
I =
Vi I c l dng chy qua CE
I b l dng chy qua BE
l h s khuych i
Cn i vi Transitor PNP l Thun th ta lm ngc li v phi i li cc tnh

Qua ta thy : Transitor nh l mt kho in t trong B l cc iu khin . Dng
EC ph thuc hon ton vo in p a vo B.

* Hnh dng v k hiu ca Transitor
K hiu ca Transitor trong cc mch s nguyn l l:

Trong cc mch in t th Tran c hnh dng sau

Transitor Cng sut ln Tran cng sut nh


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Hin nay trn th trng ph bin vi 3 loi Transitor vi 3 hng sn sut : Nht Bn , Trung
Quc , M.
+ Nht Bn th trn Transitor ch u tin Thng l cc ch ci A, B, C, D. sau au l cc
s .nh D846 , A 564 , C1815, B7333 .Transitor no c bt u l ch ci A , B l transitor
thun PNP cn Transitor no c bt u bng ch ci C, D l Transitor nghch NPN . Tran c
ch ci l A , C l Tran c cng sut ln. Cn B,D l tran c cng sut nh v tn s lm vic
thp hn.
+ M th khc cc Tran sitor thung c bt u bng 2N v d nh : 2N 2222 ;
2N3904Tran no c 2 s sau ch 2N l cng chn hoc cng l th l NPN. Cn ngc li hai
s m cng chn l khc nhau th l Transitor PNP.
Cn mt s loi khc 2N th cch xc nh li l khc
+ Trung Quc th trn Transitor c bt u bng s 3 sau l cc ch ci . Trong A,B l
PNP, cn C,D l NPN . cn sau cc ch ci A, B, C ,D nu l X,P cho bit Transitor cng sut
nh cn sau l A, G l Transitor cng sut ln nh 3CP25, 3AP20

Qua th ta thy Transitor cng sut nh thng b hn Transitor cng sut ln.

+Phto Transitor l mt loi Transitor c bit khi chiu nh sng vo th Transitor m . Khi
in p gia BE l 0,6 V , CE l 0,2 V

* Cch xc nh chn cho Transitor:
Hin nay trn th trng c rt nhiu loi transitor v chng loi ca chng th v cng
phong ph sau y mnh s hng dn cch xc nh chn ca tng loi :

i vi ca Nht Bn sn xut th cch xc nh chn nh sau:
Transitor cng sut nh th cc bazo thuong o bn Phi sau mi n C v E nh hnh v
Mnh phi Tran nh hnh v nh

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Cn i vi Tran Cng sut ln Th cc bazo thung bn tri, v C gia , E bn phi theo
hnh v

Cn i vi Trung Quc th khc chn B gia cn C bn tri , E bn phi nu ta t Transitor
nh trn
Cn i vi M th ngc li so vi Trung Quc , Chn B gia , Chn E bn tri , C bn
phi , nu mnh t transitor nh trn
Ni chung l Tran th n a dng nn vic xc nh chn l rt kh khn cc bn pha dng
ng h th mi bit c trn mnh ch gii thiu cch xc nh chn ca mt s Transito
thng dng m chng ta hay gp trn thc t.
Nhng hin nay trn t trng c 1 s Tran c lm nhi nn cc chn khng theo qui nh m
phi dng ng H vn nng o.

MosFet

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Mosfet l Transitor c hiu ng trng l mt con in t c cu to v hot ng khc so vi
loi Transitor thng thung c nguyn tc hot ng da trn hiu ng trng l linh
kin c tr khng vo ln dng khuych i tn hiu yu v c s dng nhiu trong
Tivi v ngun my tnh
Transitor hiu ng trng Mosfet

1) Cu to v k hiu ca Mosfet

Trong cc mch in nguyn l Mosfet c k hiu nh sau:

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Qua ta thy Mosfet cng c 3 cc nh Transitor

Cu to ca Mosfet knh N
G gi l Gate l cc cng v cng l cc iu khin
D l Drain l cc mng
S l Source l cc ngun

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Mosfet c in tr Gia cc G v S v gia cc G v D l v cng ln Cn in tr gia cc D
v S cn ph thuc vo in p chnh lch gia G v S
Khi in p UGS =0 th in tr gia D v S l rt ln . Khi in p UGS >0 do hiu ng t
trng lm cho in tr DS gim , cn in p GS m cng ln th in tr DS cng nh.
2) Nguyn tc hot ng ca Mosfet

Mnh xt th nghim nh s thy c nguyn tc hot ng ca n

Ta cp ngun mt chiu UD qua mt bng n D vo 2 cc D v S ca Mosfet Q (Phn cc
thun cho Mosfet ngc ) Ta thy bng n khng sng ngha l khng c dng in chy qua
DS
Khi cng tc K1 ng nguon UG cp vo hai cc GS lm in p GS >0 th n sng
sng ca dn cn ph thuc vo mc in p a vo cc G
i vi knh P th in p a vo G l in p (-)
i vi knh N th in p a vo G l in p dng

2Cch xc nh chn ca Mosfet
Khng ging nh Transitor chn ca Mosfet c quy nh chung l G l bn tri, D l
gia , S l bn phi theo hnh v

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Trn th trung Mosfet cng c nhiu loi vi mi loi in p v cng sut khc nhau.
v d:
IRF 540 chi c in p 15A v cng sut 40W

IODE
iot l c cu to t hai lp bn dn tip xc nhau . Diode c hai cc l Anot v Ktot . N ch
cho dng i theo 1 chiu t Ant(A) sang Katot(K) v n c coi nh l van 1 chiu trong
mch in v c ng dng rng ri trong cc my thu thanh thu hnh , cc mch chnh lu ,
n nh in p.


23

Hnh dng cc loi Diot trong thc t.

K hiu it trong cc mch nguyn l:

Nguyn tc hot ng ca Dit: iot ch cho dng chy t A n K ch khng cho dng chy
ngc li

3) Phn Loi cc loi Dit.
Theo chc nng th iot c nhiu loi chun . Nhng cc loi Diot thng gp trong thc t


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Cc Diot thng dng trong thc t: 4001, 4007.
+ Led l loi iot pht sng c cc Led nh 7 mu , 1mu .. Led 7 thanh dng hin s
Cn led ma trn dng hin th bt k ca g m mnh mun

+ Zenner l Diot hot ng trong ch phn cc ngc (KA) trong mch in th Zenner c
mc ngc so vi Diot tc l cc dng c ni vi K v cc m c ni vi A . Trong thc t
th Zenner cng c nhiu loi ng vi nhng dng khc nhau.
+ Photo Diode l loi iot thng khi chiu nh sng vo . Khi thng th in p gia AK l
1,4 V


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4) Cch xc nh Cc Anot v Ktot ca Diode trong thc t.

i vi iot bnh thng th Katot l u sn trng cn li l Anot

i vi Zenner th u sn en l Katot cn li Ant

OPTO
OpTo hay cn gi l cch ly quang l linh kin tch hp c cu to gm 1 Led v 1 photo Diode
hay mt Phto Transitor . c s ng cch ly gia cc khi chnh lch nhau v in hay
cng sut nh khi cng sut nh (dng nh , in p 5V ) vi khi in p ln c hng ampe
hoc vi chc ampe.
Trn mch nguyn l n c k hiu nh sau

26

* Nguyn l hot ng: Khi c dng nh i qua hai u ca Led c trong opto lm cho Led pht
sng . Khi led pht sng th lm thng 2 cc ca Photo Transitor hay Photo iode m cho dng
in chy qua
*Cc Opto thng dng hin nay:
a) Opto P512:
L linh kin c 4 chn v c k hiu

27

Cch xc nh chn ca opto P251 :
Chn 1 l chn gn du chm trn mt opto( du chm nh lm xung) , gn chn 1 l
chn 2 , i din vi chn 1 l chn 3 , cnh chn 3 l chn4
b) OpTo 4N35:
L loi Opto c 6 chn c k hiu nh sau

Cch xc nh chn nay n cng tng t nh P512

28

ROLE
Role l mt thit b bo v h thng hot ng trn nguyn l ng ct. N c vai tr nh l
mt kho.
K hiu v cu to:

Nguyn tc hot ng : l bin i dng in thnh t trng thng qua cun dy , T trng li
to thnh lc c hc thng qua lc ht thc hin mt ng tc v c kh nh ng m cc
hnh trnh ca cc thit b t ng.
a) Phn Loi
C mt s loi RoLe nh sau:
+ Role in: ng ct bng in
+ Role t : ng ct bng t
+ Role nhit : ng ct bng nhit
+ Role thi gian: sau 1 thi gian th Role s ng ct.
b) ng ct Role:
ng Rle bng cch cho in vo hai cc ca nam cham in .c tu loi Role m ta
a in p vo Role v d nh 5 V , 12 V .
Sau y l mch biu th hot ng ca Role.

29

IC
*Trong thc th IC c rt nhiu loi , mi loi li c chc nng khc nhau
* IC l mt khi gm rt nhiu cc linh kin nh in tr , Transitor, T in..
Cu to thnh mt khi gi 1 chc nng nht nh.
Mt s IC thng dng

1) IC khuych i thut ton : c chc nng khuych i tn hiu
v d: LM 324 , LM 393, LM386..
K hiu

2) IC logic : l thc hin mt php ton logic: (ni n IC ngi ta ch quan tm
quan h gia u ra v u vo)
k hiu:


30
Cng NAND:7400

Cng NOR : 7402

Cng NOT: 7404

Cng AND: 7408

31

Cng OR:

3) IC ngun: Dng n nh ngun nh : LM 7805 , LM 7809,
4 )IC c kh nng lp trnh : n c rt nhiu chn v mi chn li c chc nng khc nhau
nh CY8C 29466, 8051; AT89C2051..
Ni chung chp lp trnh a dng mi loi li c cu hnh chn v cng khc nhau mun
hc c th mnh phi i tm hiu su v n hn.

78XX
78xx l dng h in t dng bin i hiu in th t cao n thp tu thuc vo c
tnh ca tng loi ca h 78.
V d : 7805, 7806 , 7812..
Thc t h 78 c dng:
Trong s nguyn l n c k hiu nh hnh v gii .
78 c ng dng nhiu trong cc mch in t iu khin


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Ta xt nguyn l hot ng ca h 78 xt mch in:

Ta thy h 78 c 3 chn : c 2 chn vo v 1 chn ra (c chung nhau dy m)
Khi t hiu in th nht nh vo chn 1 (hiu in th chn vo phi ln hn
Chn ra) Khi ti chn ra s cho ta hiu in th m chng ta cn theo tng
loi chc nng ca loi 78
Cch c chn ca h 78
Cc bn nu m gp con linh kin no nh trn m c s 78 ng u th l con bin i
ngun .cn hai s cn li l hiu in th ca u ra.
v d : 7812 l in p ca ra l 12V (in p da vo >12V)
cc bn lu y l mt chiu .Cc bn khng nn a in p u vo qu cao
nu 7812( u vo nm {12-36}) nu cc bn cho cao th 78 ca cc bn khng hot
ng c lu . Cc 78 cc bn phi tn nhit cho n.
c chn : Nu ta t 78 nh hnh v gii y :

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Chn 1 gi l chn vo (in)
Chn 2 gi l chn chung (GND)
Chn 3 gi l chn ra (out)

79xx

Khc vi h 78 th h 79 li cho dng in u ra l m(-) dng in ca u ra tu thuc
vo tng loi ca 79 .
v d : 7912 , 7905..

Nguyn tc hot ng ca 79 cng ging nh78 nhng in p u ra l in p m(-)
79 c ng dng nhiu trong cc mch iu khin

Cch xc nh chn ca 79 nh ca 78 nhng chn 3 l chn out in p u ra l m

7912 l in p u ra l -12v


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Thrysito
1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca Thyristor

Cu to Thyristor K hiu ca Thyristor S tng tng

Thyristor c cu to gm 4 lp bn dn ghp li to thnh hai Transistor mc ni tip, mt
Transistor thun v mt Transistor ngc ( nh s tng ng trn ) . Thyristor c 3 cc
l Anot, Katot v Gate gi l A-K-G, Thyristor l Diode c iu khin , bnh thng khi c phn
cc thun, Thyristor cha dn in, khi c mt in p kch vo chn G => Thyristor dn cho n
khi in p o chiu hoc ct in p ngun Thyristor mi ngng dn..

Th nghim sau y minh ho s hot ng ca Thyristor


35

Th nghim minh ho s hot ng ca Thyristor.

Ban u cng tc K2 ng, Thyristor mc d c phn cc thun nhng vn khng c dng
in chy qua, n khng sng.

Khi cng tc K1 ng, in p U1 cp vo chn G lm n Q2 dn => ko theo n Q1 dn =>
dng in t ngun U2 i qua Thyristor lm n sng.

Tip theo ta thy cng tc K1 ngt nhng n vn sng, v khi Q1 dn, in p chn B n Q2
tng lm Q2 dn, khi Q2 dn lm p chn B n Q1 gim lm n Q1 dn , nh vy hai n nh
thin cho nhau v duy tr trang thi dn in.

n sng duy tr cho n khi K2 ngt => Thyristor khng c cp in v ngng trang thi hot
ng.

Khi Thyristor ngng dn, ta ng K2 nhng n vn khng sng nh trng hp ban u.

ng dng ca Thyristor

Thyristor thng c s dng trong cc mch chnh lu nhn i t ng ca ngun xung Ti vi
mu

Thirito thuc te .

36

Hng Dn o ng H Vn Nng
1. Gii thiu v ng h vn nng ( VOM)

ng h vn nng ( VOM ) l thit b o khng th thiu c vi bt k mt k thut vin in t
no, ng h vn nng c 4 chc nng chnh l o in tr, o in p DC, o in p AC v o
dng in.

u im ca ng h l o nhanh, kim tra c nhiu loi linh kin, thy c s phng np
ca t in , tuy nhin ng h ny c hn ch v chnh xc v c tr khng thp khong
20K/Vol do vy khi o vo cc mch cho dng thp chng b st p.

2. Hng dn o in p xoay chiu.


37

S dng ng h vn nng o p AC

Khi o in p xoay chiu ta chuyn thang o v cc thang AC, thang AC cao hn in p cn
o mt nc, V d nu o in p AC220V ta thang AC 250V, nu ta thang thp hn in
p cn o th ng h bo kch kim, nu thanh qu cao th kim bo thiu chnh xc.

* Ch - ch :

Tuyt i khng thang o in tr hay thang o dng in khi o vo in p xoay chiu =>
Nu nhm ng h s b hng ngay lp tc !

nhm thang o dng in, o vo
ngun AC => s hng ng h


38

nhm thang o in tr, o vo ngun AC
=> s hng cc in tr trong ng h

* Nu thang o p DC m o vo ngun AC th kim ng h khng bo , nhng ng h
khng nh hng . (i khi kim ln)


39

thang DC o p AC ng h khng ln kim
tuy nhin ng h khng hng
Cc ni dung cp : Cc tc dng ca thang o in tr, o kim tra in tr than, dng thang
o in tr kim tra phng np v cc h hng ca t in.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Hng dn o in tr v tr khng.
Vi thang o in tr ca ng h vn nng ta c th o c rt nhiu th.

o kim tra gi tr ca in tr
o kim tra s thng mch ca mt on dy dn
o kim tra s thng mch ca mt on mch in
o kim tra cc cun dy bin p c thng mch khng
o kim tra s phng np ca t in
o kim tra xem t c b d, b chp khng.
o kim tra tr khng ca mt mch in
o kim tra i t v bng bn dn.
* s dng c cc thang o ny ng h phi c lp 2 Pn tiu 1,5V bn trong, x
dng cc thang o 1Kohm hoc 10Kohm ta phi lp Pin 9V.

o in tr :


40
o kim tra in tr bng ng h vn nng

o tri s in tr ta thc hin theo cc bc sau :

Bc 1 : thang ng h v cc thang o tr, nu in tr nh th thang x1 ohm hoc x10
ohm, nu in tr ln th thang x1Kohm hoc 10Kohm. => sau chp hai que o v chnh
trit o kim ng h bo v tr 0 ohm.

Bc 2 : Chun b o .

Bc 3 : t que o vo hai u in tr, c tr s trn thang o , Gi tr o c = ch s thang
o X thang o
V d : nu thang x 100 ohm v ch s bo l 27 th gi tr l = 100 x 27 = 2700 ohm = 2,7 K
ohm

Bc 4 : Nu ta thang o qu cao th kim ch ln mt cht , nh vy c tr s s khng chnh
xc.

Bc 5 : Nu ta thang o qu thp , kim ln qu nhiu, v c tr s cng khng chnh xc.

Khi o in tr ta chn thang o sao cho kim bo gn v tr gia vch ch s s cho chnh xc
cao nht.

Dng thang in tr o kim tra t in

Ta c th dng thang in tr kim tra phng np v h hng ca t in , khi o t in ,
nu l t gm ta dng thang o x1K ohm hoc 10K ohm, nu l t ho ta dng thang x 1 ohm
hoc x 10 ohm.


41

Dng thang x 1K ohm kim tra t gm

Php o t gm trn cho ta bit :

T C1 cn tt => kim phng np khi ta o

T C2 b d => ln kim nhng khng tr v v tr c

T C3 b chp => kim ng h ln = 0 ohm v khng tr v.

Dng thang x 10 ohm kim tra t ho

trn l php o kim tra cc t ho, t ho rt t khi b d hoc chp m ch yu l b kh (
gim in dung) khi o t ho bit chnh xc mc hng ca t ta cn o so snh vi mt t
mi c cng in dung.

trn l php o so snh hai t ho cng in dung, trong t C1 l t mi cn C2 l t c, ta
thy t C2 c phng np yu hn t C1 => chng t t C2 b kh ( gim in dung )

Ch khi o t phng np, ta phi o chiu que o vi ln xem phng np.

1. Gii thiu v ng h s DIGITAL
ng h s Digital c mt s u im so vi ng h c kh, l chnh xc cao hn, tr
khng ca ng h cao hn do khng gy st p khi o vo dng in yu, o c tn s
in xoay chiu, tuy nhin ng h ny c mt s nhc im l chy bng mch in t ln hay

42
hng, kh nhn kt qu trong trng hp cn o nhanh, khng o c phng np ca t.

ng h vn nng s Digital

Hng dn s dng :

* o in p mt chiu ( hoc xoay chiu )


43

t ng h vo thang o in p DC hoc AC

que ng h vo l cm " V mA" que en vo l cm "COM"

Bm nt DC/AC chn thang o l DC nu o p mt chiu hoc AC nu o p xoay chiu.

Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "V" hy thang o cao nht nu cha bit r in p, nu gi tr bo
dng thp phn th ta gim thang o sau.

t thang o vo in p cn o v c gi tr trn mn hnh LCD ca ng h.

Nu t ngc que o(vi in mt chiu) ng h s bo gi tr m (-)

* o dng in DC (AC)

Chuyn que ng h v thang mA nu o dng nh, hoc 20A nu o dng ln.

Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "A"

Bm nt DC/AC chn o dng mt chiu DC hay xoay chiu AC

t que o ni tip vi mch cn o

c gi tr hin th trn mn hnh.

* o in tr

Tr li v tr dy cm nh khi o in p .

Xoay chuyn mch v v tr o " ", nu cha bit gi tr in tr th chn thang o cao nht , nu
kt qu l s thp phn th ta gim xung.


44
t que o vo hai u in tr.

c gi tr trn mn hnh.

Chc nng o in tr cn c th o s thng mch, gi s o mt on dy dn bng thang o
tr, nu thng mch th ng h pht ra tin ku

* o tn s

Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "FREQ" hoc " Hz"

thang o nh khi o in p .

t que o vo cc im cn o

c tr s trn mn hnh.

* o Logic

o Logic l o vo cc mch s ( Digital) hoc o cc chn ln ca vi x l, o Logic thc cht l
o trng thi c in - K hiu "1" hay khng c in "0", cch o nh sau:

Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "LOGIC"

t que vo v tr cn o que en vo mass

Mn hnh ch "" l bo mc logic mc cao, ch "" l bo logic mc thp

* o cc chc nng khc

ng h vn nng s Digital cn mt s chc nng o khc nh o i t, o t in, o
Transistor nhng nu ta o cc linh kin trn, ta ln dng ng h c kh s cho kt qu tt hn
v o nhanh hn

1. Hng dn o in p mt chiu DC bng ng h vn
nng.
Khi o in p mt chiu DC, ta nh chuyn thang o v thang DC, khi o ta t que vo cc
dng (+) ngun, que en vo cc m (-) ngun, thang o cao hn in p cn o mt nc.
V d nu o p DC 110V ta thang DC 250V, trng hp thang o thp hn in p cn o
=> kim bo kch kim, trng hp thang qu cao => kim bo thiu chnh xc.


45

Dng ng h vn nng o in p mt chiu DC

* Trng hp sai thang o :

Nu ta sai thang o, o p mt chiu nhng ta ng h thang xoay chiu th ng h s
bo sai, thng thng gi tr bo sai cao gp 2 ln gi tr thc ca in p DC, tuy nhin ng h
cng khng b hng .

46

sai thang o khi o in p mt chiu => bo sai gi tr.

* Trng hp nhm thang o

Ch - ch : Tuyt i khng nhm ng h vo thang o dng in hoc thang o in tr
khi ta o in p mt chiu (DC) , nu nhm ng h s b hng ngay !!

Trng hp nhm thang o dng in
khi o in p DC => ng h s b hng !

Trng hp nhm thang o in tr khi o in
p DC => ng h s b hng cc in tr bn trong!

o Tran Si Tor

Transistor khi hot ng c th h hng do nhiu nguyn nhn, nh hng do nhit , m, do
in p ngun tng cao hoc do cht lng ca bn thn Transistor, kim tra Transistor bn
hy nh cu to ca chng.


47

Cu to ca Transistor

Kim tra Transistor ngc NPN tng t kim tra hai Diode u chung cc Ant, im chung l
cc B, nu o t B sang C v B sang E ( que en vo B ) th tng ng nh o hai diode
thun chiu => kim ln , tt c cc trng hp o khc kim khng ln.

Kim tra Transistor thun PNP tng t kim tra hai Diode u chung cc Katt, im chung l
cc B ca Transistor, nu o t B sang C v B sang E ( que vo B ) th tng ng nh o
hai diode thun chiu => kim ln , tt c cc trng hp o khc kim khng ln.

Tri vi cc iu trn l Transistor b hng.

Transistor c th b hng cc trng hp .
* o thun chiu t B sang E hoc t B sang C => kim khng ln l transistor t BE hoc t
BC
* o t B sang E hoc t B sang C kim ln c hai chiu l chp hay d BE hoc BC.
* o gia C v E kim ln l b chp CE.

* Cc hnh nh minh ho khi o kim tra Transistor.


48

Php o cho bit Transistor cn tt .

Minh ho php o trn : Trc ht nhn vo k hiu ta bit c Transistor trn l bng ngc,
v cc chn ca Transistor ln lt l ECB ( da vo tn Transistor ). < xem li phn xc nh
chn Transistor >

Bc 1 : Chun b o ng h thang x1

Bc 2 v bc 3 : o thun chiu BE v BC => kim ln .

Bc 4 v bc 5 : o ngc chiu BE v BC => kim khng ln.

Bc 6 : o gia C v E kim khng ln

=> Bng tt.

----------------------------------------------------------------------


49

Php o cho bit Transistor b chp BE

Bc 1 : Chun b .

Bc 2 : o thun gia B v E kim ln = 0

Bc 3: o ngc gia B v E kim ln = 0

=> Bng chp BE

-----------------------------------------------------------------


50

Php o cho bit bng b t BE

Bc 1 : Chun b .

Bc 2 v 3 : o c hai chiu gia B v E kim khng ln.

=> Bng t BE

---------------------------------------------------------


51

Php o cho thy bng b chp CE

Bc 1 : Chun b .

Bc 2 v 4 : o c hai chiu gia C v E kim ln = 0

=> Bng chp CE

Trng hp o gia C v E kim ln mt cht l b d CE
o kim tra Thyristor


52

o kim tra Thyristor

t ng h thang x1W , t que en vo Anot, que vo Katot ban u kim khng ln , dng
Tovit chp chn A vo chn G => thy ng h ln kim , sau b Tovit ra => ng h vn ln
kim => nh vy l Thyristor tt .

o IoDe
Phng php o kim tra Diode

o kim tra Diode

t ng h thang x 1 , t hai que o vo hai u Diode, nu :

o chiu thun que en vo Ant, que vo Katt => kim ln, o chiu o kim khng ln l =>
Diode tt

Nu o c hai chiu kim ln = 0 => l Diode b chp.

Nu o thun chiu m kim khng ln => l Diode b t.

php o trn th Diode D1 tt , Diode D2 b chp v D3 b t

Nu thang 1K m o ngc vo Diode kim vn ln mt cht l Diode b d.


53
o Kim Tra MosFET
o kim tra Mosfet
Mt Mosfet cn tt : L khi o tr khng gia G vi S v gia G vi D c in tr bng v cng (
kim khng ln c hai chiu o) v khi G c thot in th tr khng gia D v S phi l v
cng.

Cc bc kim tra nh sau :

o kim tra Mosfet ngc thy cn tt.

Bc 1 : Chun b thang x1KW

Bc 2 : Np cho G mt in tch ( que en vo G que vo S hoc D )

Bc 3 : Sau khi np cho G mt in tch ta o gia D v S ( que en vo D que vo S ) =>
kim s ln.

Bc 4 : Chp G vo D hoc G vo S thot in chn G.

Bc 5 : Sau khi thot in chn G o li DS nh bc 3 kim khng ln.

=> Kt qu nh vy l Mosfet tt.

54

o kim tra Mosfet ngc thy b chp

Bc 1 : ng h thang x 1KW

o gia G v S hoc gia G v D nu kim ln = 0 W l chp

o gia D v S m c hai chiu o kim ln = 0 W l chp D S

Chc cc bn hc tt nh: c vn g bn c th lin h vi mnh qua:

Mail : nguyenvanbientbd47@gmail.com

Dien Tu Co Ban

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