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This document provides an overview of key provisions and concepts in the Philippine Constitution based on relevant Supreme Court cases. It discusses:
1) Key definitions and principles for interpreting the Constitution based on cases such as when provisions become effective and the intent of the framers.
2) Processes for amending the Constitution through Congress, a constitutional convention, or people's initiative and requirements for amendments.
3) Distinctions between self-executing and non-self-executing provisions and discussions of sovereignty of the people, social justice, human rights, and separation of powers.
This document provides an overview of key provisions and concepts in the Philippine Constitution based on relevant Supreme Court cases. It discusses:
1) Key definitions and principles for interpreting the Constitution based on cases such as when provisions become effective and the intent of the framers.
2) Processes for amending the Constitution through Congress, a constitutional convention, or people's initiative and requirements for amendments.
3) Distinctions between self-executing and non-self-executing provisions and discussions of sovereignty of the people, social justice, human rights, and separation of powers.
This document provides an overview of key provisions and concepts in the Philippine Constitution based on relevant Supreme Court cases. It discusses:
1) Key definitions and principles for interpreting the Constitution based on cases such as when provisions become effective and the intent of the framers.
2) Processes for amending the Constitution through Congress, a constitutional convention, or people's initiative and requirements for amendments.
3) Distinctions between self-executing and non-self-executing provisions and discussions of sovereignty of the people, social justice, human rights, and separation of powers.
A. Constitution: efectivity, defnition, nature and concepts De Leon v. Esguerra (1987) De Leon, whose term as Barangay Captain was to epire on !une 7, 1988, was rep"a#e$ as Captain %y &overnor Esguerra un$er the 'ree$om Constitution, whi#h grante$ the &overnor the power to appoint su##essors to "o#a" government posts unti" 'e%. (), 1987. *owever, the +upreme Court he"$ that the power no "onger eiste$ upon e,e#tivity o- the 1987 Constitution. .n turn, the 1987 Constitution %e#ame e,e#tive on 'e%. (, 1987, when the p"e%is#ite was he"$, an$ not when the resu"ts were announ#e$. 1. .nterpretation o- the Constitution 'ran#is#o v. *ouse o- /epresentatives ((001) 'ran#is#o #ha""enge$ the 2"ing o- a +e#on$ .mpea#hment Comp"aint within the same year against +C Chie- !usti#e Davi$e, !r., on the groun$ that it was %arre$ %y Art. 3., +e#tion 1 ()) o- the Constitution. 4he +upreme Court uphe"$ the $ismissa", an$ gave the -o""owing ru"es -or the interpretation o- the Constitution5 1) 6er%a "egis7whenever possi%"e, the wor$s use$ in the Constitution must %e given their or$inary meaning e#ept where te#hni#a" terms are emp"oye$. () /atio "egis et anima7the wor$s o- the Constitution shou"$ %e interprete$ in a##or$an#e with the intent o- the -ramers. 1) 8t magis va"eat 9uam pereat7the Constitution has to %e interprete$ as a who"e. (. De2nition o- +tate (to %e re"ate$ with :.L $is#ussion) C./ v. Campos /ue$a (1971) Campos /ue$a $ie$ in 4angier, ;oro##o, an internationa" <one in =orth A-ri#a. 4he C./ assesse$ her estate -or $e2#ien#y taes. /ue$a>s $e-ense was a ta treaty %etween 4angiers an$ the :hi"ippines. 4he +upreme Court he"$ that 4angier was a state, $e2ning su#h as ?a po"iti#a""y organi<e$ sovereign #ommunity in$epen$ent o- outsi$e #ontro" %oun$ %y pena"ties o- nationhoo$, "ega""y supreme within its territory, a#ting through a government -un#tioning un$er a regime o- "aw. 4he stress is on its %eing a nation, its peop"e o##upying a $e2nite territory, po"iti#a""y organi<e$, eer#ising %y means o- its ( government its sovereign wi"" over the in$ivi$ua"s within it an$ maintaining its separate internationa" persona"ity.@ B. :arts C. Amen$ments an$ revisions .n &enera" (Art. 36..)5 By Congress as Constituent Assem%"y &on<a"es v. Come"e# (19A7) .n !une 19A7, /epu%"i# A#t B911 was passe$. 4his "aw provi$e$ -or the CC;ELEC to ho"$ a p"e%is#ite -or the propose$ amen$ments to the Constitution. .t was provi$e$ in the sai$ "aw that the p"e%is#ite sha"" %e he"$ on the same $ay that the genera" nationa" e"e#tions sha"" %e he"$. &on<a"es #ha""enge$ the propriety o- the a#t. 4he +C uphe"$ /A B911. Congress has "egis"ative power whi#h is p"enary in nature %ut the power to amen$ the Constitution is not in#"u$e$. 4he power to amen$ is within the #onstituent power o- the peop"e. 4he Congress possesses #onstituent power as it is a $e"egation o- the peop"e o- their #onstituent power.
By Constitutiona" Convention .m%ong v. Come"e# (1970) 4he 1971 Constitutiona" Convention A#t was ena#te$ %y Congress a#ting as a "egis"ative %o$y. .m%ong #ha""enge$ its #onstitutiona"ity. 4he +C uphe"$ the a#t. 4he power to ena#t the imp"ementing $etai"s o- the Constitutiona" Convention DD as oppose$ to the e#"usive authority o- Congress as a Constituent Assem%"y to #a"" -or the ConCon DD is within the #ompeten#y o- Congress eer#ising its #omprehensive "egis"ative power, as "ong as the statutory $etai"s $o not #"ash with any spe#i2# provision in the Constitution. Congress #ontinue$ to eer#ise its "egis"ative powers even i- it was a"rea$y the Constituent Assem%"y an$ it $i$ not a%an$on its "egis"ative $uties. By :eop"e>s .nitiative +antiago v. Come"e# (1997) /epu%"i# A#t =o. A71) provi$e$ -or the system o- initiative an$ re-eren$um -or "o#a" "egis"ation an$ nationa" statutes, without provi$ing -or initiative -or the amen$ment o- the Constitution. A petition was 2"e$ to amen$ the #onstitution regar$ing term "imits. *owever, the +C he"$ that the #onstitutiona" provision on peop"eEs initiatives un$er the 1 1987 Constitution (Arti#"e 36.. F () re9uire$ imp"ementing "egis"ation to %e ee#utory. /.A. A71) "a#Ge$ the imp"ementing ru"es -or peop"eEs initiatives an$ su#h "a#G #ou"$ not %e #ure$ %y Come"e# provi$ing ru"es. Congress a"so #ou"$ not $e"egate its "egis"ative authority to Come"e#, so Come"e# #ou"$ not va"i$"y promu"gate ru"es on the matter as it was not empowere$ to $o so un$er "aw. Comp"eteness on its -a#e Lam%ino v. Come"e# ((00A) Lam%ino ma$e a petition to amen$ the 1987 Constitution via peop"e>s initiative. *owever, his petition $i$ not in#"u$e the -u"" tet o- the propose$ amen$ments. 4he +C ru"e$ that the initiative $i$ not meet the re9uirements o- the Constitution. An amen$ment is ?$ire#t"y propose$ %y the peop"e through initiative upon a petition@ on"y i- the peop"e sign a petition that #ontains the -u"" tet o- the propose$ amen$ments. 4o $o otherwise wou"$ %e $e#eptive an$ mis"ea$ing an$ wou"$ ren$er the initiative voi$, sin#e there shou"$ %e %oth $ire#t proposa" an$ authorship %y the person aHing their signature to the petition. +u%mission o- :ropose$ Amen$ments ;ust %e ma$e as a who"e. =o pie#emea" su%mission a""owe$. 4o"entino v. Come"e# (1971) 4he 1971 Constitutiona" Convention or$ere$ the ho"$ing o- a p"e%is#ite -or the rati2#ation o- the propose$ amen$ment to "ower the voting age without su%mitting the other amen$ments to the Constitution -or rati2#ation. 4he +C he"$ this to %e un#onstitutiona".. 4he "anguage o- the 1971 Constitution>s provision on amen$ments is #"ear on the matter o- how many ?e"e#tions@ may %e he"$ to rati-y any amen$ments propose$ %y a #onstituent assem%"y or #onstitutiona" #onvention5 one. .t is important that the parts o- the Constitution must have harmony as an integrate$ who"e. .n or$er -or a p"e%is#ite -or the rati2#ation o- amen$ments to %e va"i$"y he"$, it must provi$e voters not on"y suH#ient time %ut means -or sai$ voter to inte""igent"y appraise the nature o- the amen$ment per se as we"" as its re"ation to other parts o- the Constitution with whi#h it -orms a who"e. D. +e"-Dee#uting an$ nonDse"-Dee#uting provisions 1. +e"-DEe#uting (. =onD+e"-Dee#uting E. &enera" provisions B II. ENE!"L CONSI#E!"TIONS A. =ationa" territory 1. Ar#hipe"agi# $o#trine B. +tate immunity C. &enera" prin#ip"es an$ state po"i#ies (. +overeignty o- the :eop"e an$ /epu%"i#anism 1. A$heren#e to .nternationa" Law B. +uprema#y o- Civi"ian Authority ). &overnment as prote#tor o- :eop"e I :eop"e as De-en$ers o- the +tate A. +eparation o- Chur#h an$ +tate 7. .n$epen$ent -oreign po"i#y an$ a nu#"earD-ree :hi"ippines 8. A Just an$ $ynami# so#ia" or$er 9. +o#ia" Justi#e Ca"a"ang v. Ki""iams (19B0) An or$inan#e was passe$ preventing anima"D$rawn vehi#"es -rom passing through #ertain thorough-ares. Ca"a"ang #ha""enge$ the or$inan#e. 4he +upreme Court he"$ that it was a va"i$ eer#ise o- po"i#e power, in the interests o- so#ia" Justi#e. De2ning +o#ia" !usti#e, it is neither #ommunism, nor $espotism, nor atomism, nor anar#hy, %ut the humani<ation o- "aws an$ the e9ua"i<ation o- so#ia" an$ e#onomi# -or#es %y the state so that Justi#e in its rationa" an$ o%Je#tive"y se#u"ar #on#eption may at "east %e approimate$. .t is the promotion o- the we"-are o- a"" the peop"e, the a$option %y the government o- measure #a"#u"ate$ to insure e#onomi# sta%i"ity o- a"" the #ompetent e"ements o- so#iety, through the maintenan#e o- a proper e#onomi# an$ so#ia" e9ui"i%rium in the interre"ations o- the mem%er o- the #ommunity, #onstitutiona""y, through a$option o- measures "ega""y Justi2a%"e, or etraD#onstitutiona""y, through the eer#ise o- powers un$er"ying the eisten#e o- a"" governments. .t is -oun$e$ upon the re#ognition o- the ne#essity o- inter$epen$en#e among $iverse units o- a so#iety an$ o- the prote#tion that shou"$ %e e9ua""y an$ even"y eten$e$ to a"" groups as a #om%ine$ -or#e in our so#ia" an$ e#onomi# "i-e #onsistent with the -un$amenta" an$ paramount o%Je#tive o- the state o- promoting the hea"th, #om-ort an$ 9uiet o- a"" persons, an$ o- %ringing a%out the greatest goo$ to the greatest num%er. La%or Agrarian an$ natura" resour#es re-orm 8r%an "an$ re-orm an$ housing *ea"th ) Cposa v. 'a#toran (1991) Cposa, et a". 2"e$ a petition to prevent -urther "ogging "i#enses -rom %eing issue$. 4he +upreme Court, re#ogni<ing the intergenerationa" e9uity o- the petitioners as the %asis o- their stan$ing, he"$ that the right to a %a"an#e$ an$ hea"th-u" e#o"ogy is ep"i#it"y provi$e$ in Art. .. F 1A o- the Constitution. Khi"e it is -oun$ un$er the De#"aration o- :rin#ip"es an$ +tate :o"i#ies, not Bi"" o- /ights, %ut it is not any "ess important than any #ivi" an$ po"iti#a" rights enumerate$ in the "atter. .t #on#erns nothing "ess than se"-D preservation an$ se"-Dperpetuation an$ is assume$ to eist -rom the in#eption o- manGin$. 4hus, those provisions are se"-Dee#uting. Komen :eop"e>s organi<ations /espe#t -or human $ignity an$ human rights E$u#ation Language +#ien#e an$ te#hno"ogy Arts an$ #u"ture 4he -ami"y D. +eparation o- powers E. Che#Gs an$ %a"an#es '. De"egation o- powers &. 'orms o- government 1. De Jure v. De 'a#to (. :resi$entia" v. :ar"iamentary 1. 8nitary v. 'e$era" A .... LEISL"TI$E #EP"!T%ENT &'o (ay e)ercise *e+is*ative po,ers Con+ress #e*e+ation 4o "o#a" governments 4o the :eop"e through initiative an$ re-eren$um 4o the :resi$ent un$er martia" "aw ru"e or in a revo"utionary government. +ani$a$ v. Come"e# (197A) :resi$ent ;ar#os, in eer#ise o- his emergen#y powers, propose$ amen$ments to the Constitution an$ proposa"s to set up the ma#hinery an$ pro#e$ures re9uire$ -or the rati2#ation o- his proposa"s %y the peop"e. :a%"o an$ :a%"ito +ani$a$ #ha""enge$ the va"i$ity o- the amen$ments, as the power to amen$ is "egis"ative. 4he +C uphe"$ the amen$ments, %e#ause the governmenta" powers in a #risis government are more or "ess #on#entrate$ in the :resi$ent. 4he presi$entia" eer#ise o- "egis"ative powers in time o- martia" "aw is a va"i$ a#t. 4his is not to say that the :resi$ent has #onverte$ his oH#e into a #onstituent assem%"y norma""y #onstitute$ %y the "egis"ature. /ather, with the interim =ationa" Assem%"y not #onvene$ an$ on"y the :resi$en#y an$ the +upreme Court in operation, the urges o- a%so"ute ne#essity ren$er it imperative upon the :resi$ent to a#t as agent -or an$ in %eha"- o- the peop"e to propose amen$ments to the Constitution. 4he +upreme Court possesses no #apa#ity to propose #onstitutiona" amen$ments. A"though the :resi$ent has nothing to $o with the proposition or a$option o- amen$ments to the #onstitution, it is permissi%"e to grant more powers to the :resi$ent in times o- emergen#y in the interest o- restoring norma"#y. Con+ress T'e Senate Composition, Lua"i2#ations, an$ 4erm o- CH#e Dimaporo v. ;itra (1991) Dimaporo, whi"e serving as /epresentative o- Lanao $e" +ur, 2"e$ a CCC -or the post o- A/;; &overnor. *e "ost the "atter e"e#tion, an$ $espite maGing Gnown his $esire to #ontinue as /epresentative, was not a%"e to return to that oH#e. 4he +upreme Court $i$ not a""ow him to taGe oH#e as /epresentative again. .t $i,erentiate$ a term, i.e. the perio$ an oH#ia" may serve as provi$e$ -or %y "aw -rom tenure, i.e. the perio$ that an oH#ia" a#tua""y serves. 4he Constitution prote#ts the term, not the tenure. By 2"ing the #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y, Dimaporo shortene$ his tenure. 4hus, there is no vio"ation o- the 7 Constitution when he was prevente$ -rom reDassuming his post. A term o- oH#e pres#ri%e$ %y the Constitution may not %e eten$e$ or shortene$ %y "aw, %ut the perio$ $uring whi#h an oH#er a#tua""y serves (tenure) may %e a,e#te$ %y #ir#umstan#es within or %eyon$ the power o- the oH#er. T'e House o- !epresentatives A9uino v. CC;ELEC (199))
Agapito A9uino 2"e$ a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y -or the position o- /epresentative o- the ( n$ $istri#t o- ;aGati. *owever, it was shown that he ha$ %een a resi$ent o- Con#ep#ion, 4ar"a#, -or the previous )( years. /u"ing that A9uino was not a resi$ent o- ;aGati -or the 1 year perio$ re9uire$ in the Constitution, 4he +upreme Court he"$ that the resi$en#e re9uirement in Constitution #onnotes $omi#i"e. Domi#i"e is the p"a#e ?where a party a#tua""y or #onstru#tive"y has his permanent home,@ where he, no matter where he may %e -oun$ at any given time, inten$s to return an$ remain. A person may have severa" resi$en#es %ut Just one $omi#i"e. An intention to return is esta%"ishe$ %y $etermining (1) whether there was a%an$onment o- $omi#i"e o- origin, an$ (() whether there was esta%"ishment o- permanent resi$en#e in the $istri#t #istrict !epresentatives and .uestions on "pportion(ent and !eapportion(ent Baga%uyo v. CC;ELEC A::C/4.C=;E=4D/EA::C/4.C=;E=4 #ase /A 9171, whi#h provi$e$ -or apportionment o- "one $istri#t o- City o- Cagayan $e Cro was assai"e$ on #onstitutiona" groun$s, on the groun$ that it is not reDapportionment "egis"ation %ut that it invo"ves the $ivision an$ #onversion o- an L&8. 4he +upreme Court he"$ that /A 9171 is simp"y a reapportionment "egis"ation passe$ in a##or$an#e with the authority grante$ to Congress un$er Arti#"e 6., se#tion )(B). !eapportion(ent is the rea"ignment or #hange in "egis"ative $istri#ts %rought a%out %y #hanges in popu"ation an$ man$ate$ %y the #onstitutiona" re9uirement o- e9ua"ity o- representation. LE&.+LA4.6E A::C/4.C=;E=4 C/EA4.C=, D.6.+.C=, ;E/&E/, ABCL.4.C=, AL4E/A4.C= C' BC8=DA/M C' L&8s Constitutiona* Provision Arti#"e 6., +e#. ) Arti#"e 3, +e#. 10 %eanin+ Determination o- the Con#erne$ with 8 num%er o- representatives whi#h a state, #ountry or other su%$ivision may sen$ to a "egis"ative %o$y #ommen#ement, termination, an$ mo$i2#ation o- an L&8>s #orporate eisten#e an$ territoria" #overage !e.uire(ent Legis"ation provi$ing -or apportionment ?Ea#h #ity with a popu"ation o- at "east ()0, 000 sha"" have one representative.@ #riteria esta%"ishe$ in Lo#a" &overnment Co$e Approva" %y a maJority o- the votes #ast in a p"e%is#ite in the po"iti#a" units a,e#te$ !esu*t LE&.+LA4.6E D.+4/.C4 =o "ega" persona"ity :urpose5 representation LCCAL &C6>4 8=.4 :o"iti#a" su%$ivision Can $is#harge gov>t -un#tions *as po"iti#a" an$ e#onomi# e,e#ts on inha%itants *as own ./AN #an generate own revenue T'e Party List Syste( BA=A4 v. CC;ELEC ((009) 4he Barangay Asso#iation -or =ationa" A$van#ement an$ 4ransparen#y (BA=A4), a partyD "ist #an$i$ate, 9uestione$ the pro#"amation o- partyD"ist representatives re"ease$ %y the CC;ELEC, as we"" as the -ormu"a %eing use$. BA=A4>s #"aims were that the (O thresho"$ is inva"i$, an$ that the (0O a""otment to partyD"ist representatives is a man$atory re9uirement, not mere"y a #ei"ing. Cn the other han$, BAMA= ;8=A, another partyD"ist #an$i$ate, 9uestions the va"i$ity o- the 1 seat ru"e (+e#tion 11a o- /A 79B1). .t a"so raise$ the issue o- whether or not maJor po"iti#a" parties are a""owe$ to parti#ipate in the partyD"ist e"e#tions or is the sai$ e"e#tions "imite$ to se#tora" parties. 4he +upreme Court, granting the positions, "ai$ $own the -o""owing gui$e"ines5 4he :hi"ippineDsty"e partyD"ist e"e#tion has at "east -our invio"a%"e parameters5 9 1. 4he (0O a""o#ationDDDthe #om%ine$ num%er o- a"" partyD"ist #ongressmen sha"" not e#ee$ (0O o- the tota" mem%ership o- the *ouse o- /epresentatives, in#"u$ing those e"e#te$ un$er the partyD"ist. (. 4he (O thresho"$DDDon"y those parties garnering a minimum o- (O o- the tota" va"i$ votes #ast -or the partyD"ist system are ?9ua"i2e$@ to have a seat in the *ouse o- /epresentatives. 1. 4he threeDseat "imitDDD ea#h 9ua"i2e$ party, regar$"ess o- the num%er o- votes it a#tua""y o%taine$, is entit"e$ to a maimum o- three seatsN that is, one 9ua"i-ying an$ two a$$itiona" seats. B. :roportiona" representationDDDthe a$$itiona" seats whi#h a 9ua"i2e$ party is entit"e$ to sha"" %e #ompute$ ?in proportion to their tota" num%er o- votes.@ *ow to A""ot +"ots to :arty List /epresentatives5 1. Find total number of Party List Representatives 'o""owing the Constitution, the tota" num%er o- seats a""o#ate$ to party "ist is in re-eren#e to the seats -or representatives o- "egis"ative $istri#ts. 4he #om%ine$ num%er o- a"" partyD"ist #ongressmen s'a** not e)ceed /01 o- the tota" mem%ership o- the *ouse o- /epresentatives, in#"u$ing those e"e#te$ un$er the partyD"ist. 4his #ei"ing is provi$e$ in Arti#"e 6., +e#. )((). 2 nd level of analysis: Allocation of Seats for Party List Representatives 4he a""o#ation o- party "ist seats was "e-t to the wis$om o- Legis"ature. Congress ena#te$ /A 79B1 (:arty List +ystem A#t). +e#. 11, /A 79B15 1. :arties shou"$ %e ranGe$ -rom highest to "owest %ase$ on the num%er o- votes garnere$. (. :arties re#eiving at "east /1 o- the tota" votes #ast sha"" %e entit"e$ to one seat. 3 rd level of analysis: Allocation of Additional Seats 4he Court $eparts -rom the 6eterans pro#e$ure in a""o#ating a$$itiona" seats. (O thresho"$ in ( n$ roun$ o- a""o#ation is $e#"are$ un#onstitutiona". 4he (O thresho"$ set %y 6eterans in the ( n$ roun$ o- a""o#ation o- seats prevents 2""ing o- the seats a""o#ate$ -or party "ist. 4he num%er o- a$$itiona" seats to %e a""o#ate$ is P;aimum num%er o- seats -or party "istQ DPguarantee$ seatsQ. 10 .n a""o#ating a$$itiona" seats, even the parties who $i$ not garner (O #ou"$ %e entit"e$ to a$$itiona" seats. :ro#e$ure in se#on$ roun$ o- seat a""o#ation5 1. Corre#t -ormu"a in $etermining the num%er o- a$$itiona" seats5 P=um%er o- votes re#eive$Rtota" num%er o- votesQ /emaining avai"a%"e seats (. +eat is assigne$ to ea#h o- the parties net in ranG unti" a"" avai"a%"e seats are #omp"ete"y $istri%ute$. 1. 23seat cap is app"ie$ to $etermine to $etermine the num%er o- seats ea#h 9ua"i2e$ partyD"ist #an$i$ate is entit"e$. Participation of major political parties in Party list elections =either the Constitution nor /A 79B1 prohi%its maJor po"iti#a" parties -rom parti#ipating in the partyD"ist system. But, %y a vote o- 8D7, Court $e#i$es to #ontinue with the ru"ing in 6eterans, $isa""owing maJor po"iti#a" parties -rom parti#ipating in the party "ist e"e#tion. =C4E5 But in Atong :ag"aum the Court "ai$ $own new gui$e"ines on the parti#ipation o- maJor po"iti#a" parties as -o""ows5 A4C=& :A&LA8; v. CC;ELEC ((011) 1. 4hree $i,erent groups may parti#ipate in the partyD"ist system5 (a) nationa" parties or organi<ations, (%) regiona" parties or organi<ations, an$ (#) se#tora" parties or organi<ations. (. =ationa" parties or organi<ations $o not nee$ to organi<e a"ong se#tora" "ines an$ $o not nee$ to represent any ?margina"i<e$ an$ un$errepresente$@ se#tor. 1. :o"iti#a" parties #an parti#ipate in partyD"ist e"e#tions provi$e$ they register un$er the partyD"ist system an$ $o not 2e"$ #an$i$ates in "egis"ative $istri#t e"e#tions. A po"iti#a" party that 2e"$ #an$i$ates in "egis"ative $istri#t e"e#tions #an parti#ipate in partyD"ist e"e#tions on"y through its se#tora" wing. B. +e#tora" parties or organi<ations may either %e ?margina"i<e$ an$ un$errepresente$@ or "a#Ging in ?we""D$e2ne$ po"iti#a" #onstituen#ies.@ ). A maJority o- the mem%ers o- se#tora" parties or organi<ations that represent the ?margina"i<e$ an$ un$errepresente$@ must %e"ong to the ?margina"i<e$ an$ un$errepresente$@ se#tor they represent. 11 A. =ationa", regiona" an$ se#tora" parties or organi<ations sha"" not %e $is9ua"i2e$ i- some o- their nominees are $is9ua"i2e$, provi$e$ that they have at "east one nominee who remains 9ua"i2e$. Le+is*ative Privi*e+es, In'i4itions and #is.ua*ifcations +a"aries :hi"#onsa v. ;athay (19AA)
:hi"#onsa #ha""enge$ the appropriation o- sa"aries o- the mem%ers o- Congress set out in the &AA -or 19A)D19AA, whi#h ha$ %een in#rease$ the year %e-ore (19AB). 4he #ontroversy #ame %e#ause the +enators who tooG part in the approva" o- the "aw wou"$ %e in oH#e unti" 19A9. 4he +C agree$ with :hi"#onsa. 4he ?term@ mentione$ in the provision re-ers to the term o- the Congress as a who"e. ;em%ers o- Congress who approve$ the in#rease wi"" not have the sa"ary in#rease. 5reedo( -ro( "rrest 6 "rtic*e $I, Sec. 77 Khi"e Congress is in session (Art. 6., +e#. 1)) ;artine< v. ;or-e (197() An in-ormation was 2"e$ against ;artine< -or -a"si2#ation o- pu%"i# $o#uments, an$ ( in-ormations Bautista -or vio"ations o- the /evise$ E"e#tion Co$e. As mem%ers o- the Constitutiona" Convention, they invoGe$ the prote#tion o- the Constitution against sear#h an$ arrest against mem%ers o- Congress. *owever, the +C he"$ that ;artine< an$ Bautista were not #overe$ %y the privi"ege. :ar"iamentary immunity grante$ to the mem%ers o- the "egis"ature an$ the Constitutiona" Convention was never meant to shie"$ them -rom #rimina" "ia%i"ity, on"y to prote#t them -rom possi%"e harassment. Any privi"eges eten$e$ to the "egis"ature shou"$ not harm the +tate. .mmunity -rom arrest $oes not #over any prose#ution -or treason, -e"ony an$ %rea#h o- pea#e. *ere, petitioners are #harge$ with -e"oniesN hen#e, the immunity $oes not app"y to them. Speec' and #e4ate !imene< v. Ca%ang%ang (19AA) Ca%ang%ang was a mem%er o- the *ouse o- /epresentatives an$ Chairman o- its Committee on =ationa" De-ense. *e #ause$ the pu%"i#ation o- an open "etter a$$resse$ to the :hi"ippines, a""eging that there were p"ans to ho"$ a #oup $>Stat. !imene< then 1( 2"e$ a #ase against Ca%ang%ang -or $amages $ue to the Ca%ang%ang>s "i%e""ous statements. .n response, Ca%ang%ang invoGe$ the par"iamentary immunity -rom suit. 4he +C he"$ that he was not entit"e$ to the privi"eges. 4he epression Tspee#hes or $e%ates hereinT in Art. 6. F 1) (191) Constitution) on"y re-ers to utteran#es ma$e %y Congressmen in the per-orman#e o- their oH#ia" -un#tions, su#h as spee#hes (sponsorship, interpe""ation, privi"ege uttere$ in Committees or to Congress in p"enary session), statements an$ votes #ast whi"e Congress is in session, as we"" as %i""s intro$u#e$ in Congress. .t a"so in#"u$es other a#ts per-orme$ %y the same either in or out o- Congressiona" premises whi"e in the oH#ia" $is#harge o- their $uty when they per-orme$ the a#ts. .t $oes not in#"u$e a#ts not #onne#te$ with the $is#harge o- their oH#e. #is.ua*ifcations and Ot'er Pro'i4itions a. 'rom ho"$ing any other oH#e or emp"oyment in &overnment $uring term without -or-eiting seat %. 'rom appointment to any oH#e whi#h may have %een #reate$ or its emo"uments in#rease$ $uring his term #. 'rom persona""y appearing as #ounse" $. 'rom 2nan#ia" interest in any #ontra#t with, or in any -ran#hise grante$ %y the government $uring his term e. 'rom intervening in any matter %e-ore any oH#e o- the &overnment -or his pe#uniary %ene2t or where he may %e #a""e$ upon to a#t on a##ount o- his oH#e #uties -. Duty to Dis#"ose g. 'u"" $is#"osure o- 2nan#ia" an$ %usiness interests h. =oti-y the *ouse o- potentia" #onUi#t o- interest -rom propose$ "egis"ation o- whi#h they are authors '"ores v. Dri"on (1991) 4he Bases Conversion an$ Deve"opment A#t o- 199( that a""owe$ the ;ayor o- C"ongapo City to %e appointe$ as Chairman o- the +u%i# Bay ;etropo"itan Authority was #ha""enge$ on the groun$ that it vio"ate$ the #onstitutiona" pros#ription against appointment or $esignation o- e"e#tive oH#ia"s to other government posts. 11 4he +C agree$ an$ $e#"are$ the provisions un#onstitutiona". Art. .3DB F 7 o- the Constitution epresses the po"i#y against #on#entrating severa" pu%"i# positions in one person, so that a pu%"i# oH#ia" may serve -u""Dtime with $e$i#ation an$ eH#ien#y. Khi"e the provision a""ows appointive oH#ia"s to ho"$ mu"tip"e oH#es within "imits, par. 1 -or e"e#tive oH#ia"s is more stringent in not a""owing e#eptions un"ess the Constitution itse"- says so. Khi"e the ine"igi%i"ity o- an e"e#tive oH#ia" -or appointment remains throughout his tenureRin#um%en#y, the oH#ia" may resign 2rst -rom his e"e#tive post to #ast o, the #onstitutiona""yDatta#he$ $is9ua"i2#ations. 4he respon$ent $oes not automati#a""y -or-eit his e"e#tive oH#e when he is appointe$ to another position. 8uoru( and $otin+ %a9orities Ave"ino v. Cuen#o (19B9) +enator 4aVa$a invoGe$ his right to speaG on the +enate Uoor to -ormu"ate #harges against then +enate :resi$ent Ave"ino. *owever, Ave"ino an$ his #amp emp"oye$ $i"atory an$ $e"aying ta#ti#s to -oresta"" 4aVa$a -rom $e"ivering his pie#e. Ave"ino>s #amp then move$ to a$Journ the session $ue to the $isor$er. Ave"ino %ange$ his gave" an$ he hurrie$"y "e-t his #hair an$ he was imme$iate"y -o""owe$ %y his -o""owers. 4he remaining mem%ers vote$ to #ontinue the session in or$er not to para"y<e the -un#tions o- the +enate. Later, Arran< yie"$e$ to +ani$a$>s /eso"ution (=o. A8) that Cuen#o %e e"e#te$ as the +enate :resi$ent. 4his was unanimous"y approve$ an$ was even re#ogni<e$ %y the :resi$ent o- the :hi"ippines the -o""owing $ay. Cuen#o tooG his oath o- oH#e therea-ter. Ave"ino then 2"e$ a 9uo warranto pro#ee$ing %e-ore the +C to $e#"are him as the right-u" +enate :resi$ent. Cn the issue o- 9uorum, the +C he"$ that as there were (1 senators #onsi$ere$ to %e in session that time (in#"u$ing +oto, e#"u$ing Con-esor), twe"ve senators #onstitute a maJority o- the +enate o- twenty three senators. Khen the Constitution $e#"ares that a maJority o- ?ea#h *ouse@ sha"" #onstitute a 9uorum, ?the *ouse@ $oes not mean ?a""@ the mem%ers. Even a maJority o- a"" the mem%ers #onstitute ?the *ouse@. 4here is a $i,eren#e %etween a maJority o- ?a"" the mem%ers o- the *ouse@ an$ a maJority o- ?the *ouse@, the "atter re9uiring "ess num%er than the 2rst. 4here-ore an a%so"ute maJority (1() o- a"" the mem%ers o- the +enate "ess one ((1), #onstitutes #onstitutiona" maJority o- the +enate -or the purpose o- a 9uorum. 'urthermore, even i- the twe"ve $i$ not #onstitute a 9uorum, they #ou"$ have or$ere$ the arrest o- one, at "east, o- the a%sent mem%ersN i- one ha$ %een so arreste$, there wou"$ %e no $ou%t a%out Luorum then, an$ +enator Cuen#o wou"$ have %een e"e#te$ Just the same inasmu#h as there wou"$ %e e"even -or Cuen#o, one against an$ one a%staine$ #iscip*ine o- %e(4ers Csme a !r. v. :en$atun, et a". (19A0) 1B Congressman CsmeVa !r ma$e a privi"ege spee#h entit"e$, ?A ;essage to &ar#ia,@ in whi#h he a##use$ &ar#ia o- #orruption. A +pe#ia" Committee was -orme$ through *ouse /eso"ution )9, to investigate an$ $is#ip"ine CsmeVa. CsmeVa asGe$ -or the annu"ment o- the reso"ution on the groun$ o- in-ringement upon his par"iamentary immunity through a petition -or $e#"aratory re"ie-. 4he +C $enie$ his petition. 4he ru"es a$opte$ %y $e"i%erative %o$ies are su%Je#t to revo#ation, mo$i2#ation, or waiver at the p"easure o- the %o$y a$opting them. :ar"iamentary ru"es are mere"y pro#e$ura", an$ with their o%servan#e, the #ourts have no #on#ern. 4hey may %e waive$ or $isregar$e$ %y the "egis"ative %o$y. Arroyo v. De 6ene#ia (1997) A petition was 2"e$ #ha""enging the va"i$ity o- /A 8(B0, whi#h amen$s #ertain provisions o- the =ationa" .nterna" /evenue Co$e. Arroyo et a"., a"" mem%ers o- the *C/, #"aime$ that there was a vio"ation o- the ru"es o- the *ouse whi#h petitioners #"aim are #onstitutiona""yDman$ate$ so that their vio"ation is tantamount to a vio"ation o- the Constitution. 4hey #"aime$ that the passage o- the %i"" was rai"roa$e$. 4he +C ru"e$ that it $i$ not have the power to in9uire into a""egations that Congress -ai"e$ to #omp"y with its own ru"es whi"e ena#ting a "aw when no #onstitutiona" provision or rights o- private in$ivi$ua"s were vio"ate$. Kithin the "imits o- #onstitutiona" restraints, -un$amenta" rights an$ a reasona%"e re"ation %etween the means o- pro#ee$ing an$ the inten$e$ resu"ts, a"" matters o- metho$s -or interna" pro#e$ures are open to the $etermination o- the *ouse an$ #annot %e su%Je#t to Ju$i#ia" in9uiry. 4here was no grave a%use o- $is#retion, on"y a matter o- interna" pro#e$ure. &ar#i""ano v. *ouse Committees ((008) A "egis"ative in9uiry was #arrie$ out regar$ing the ?*e""o &ar#i@ tapes in re"ation to e"e#tion -rau$. 4he propriety o- the "egis"ative in9uiry was #ha""enge$ %ase$ on the nonD pu%"i#ation o- the +enate ru"es o- pro#e$ure in a##or$an#e with Art. 6. F (1. 4he +C stru#G $own the pro#ee$ings -or "a#G o- pu%"i#ation o- the ru"es. .t wou"$ %e an inJusti#e i- a #iti<en is %ur$ene$ with vio"ating a "aw or ru"e he $i$ not get noti#e o-. .t #onsists o- ?pu%"i#ation either in the CH#ia" &a<ette or in a newspaper o- genera" #ir#u"ation in the :hi"ippines@ (Civi" Co$e Art. () an$ the "aw sha"" on"y taGe e,e#t 1) $ays a-ter sai$ pu%"i#ation. :u%"i#ation via the .nternet a"one is #onsi$ere$ inva"i$ sin#e the provisions state that the ru"es must %e pu%"ishe$ in the C& or in a newspaper. A##or$ing to /A 879(, an e"e#troni# $o#ument serves as the -un#tiona" e9uiva"ent o- a written 1) $o#ument -or evi$entiary purposes. 4hus, it $oes not maGe the .nternet a me$ium -or pu%"ishing "aws, ru"es, an$ regu"ations. 4he ru"es must a"so %e repu%"ishe$ %y the +enate a-ter every epiry o- the term o- 1( +enators as it is a #ontinuing %o$y in$epen$ent o- the +enate %e-ore it, an$ its own ru"es state that they epire a-ter every +enate. +antiago v. +an$igan%ayan ((001) De-ensorD+antiago was preventive"y suspen$e$ %y the +B -or 90 $ays in a##or$an#e with /A 1019. +he assai"e$ the +B>s authority to $o so, #"aiming #ontravention o- Art. 6., +e#. 1A(1) whi#h provi$es -or suspension on"y -or A0 $ays ma. 4he +C he"$ that the +B ha$ the authority to suspen$ +antiago. +uspension in Art 6., +e#. 1A(1) is $i,erent -rom preventive suspension un$er /A 1019, +e#. 11. :reventive suspension is not a pena"ty an$ thus is not a suspension un$er the purview o- the Constitution. De 6ene#ia v. +an$igan%ayan ((00() De 6ene#ia, as *ouse +peaGer, was #ite$ in #ontempt o- #ourt -or not imp"ementing the preventive suspension %y +an$igan%ayan against one o- the *ouse ;em%ers. Khi"e the +upreme Court he"$ the #ase moot an$ a#a$emi#, sin#e the term o- the mem%er epire$ whi"e the #ase was pen$ing, -urther $i,eren#es %etween Art. 6., +e#. 1A(1) an$ /A 1019, +e#. 11 were $is#usse$, to wit5 o Art. 6., +e#. 1A(1)5 *ouseDimpose$ san#tion :ena"ty -or $isor$er"y %ehavior to en-or#e $is#ip"ine, maintain or$er in pro#ee$ings or vin$i#ate honor an$ integrity o /A 1019, +e#. 115 :revent a##use$ -rom inUuen#ing witnesses :revent tampering with $o#umentary evi$en#e :revent #ommitting -urther #rimes whi"e in oH#e 1A +essions /egu"ar +essions +pe#ia" +ession /estri#tions A$Journment -or more than 1 $ays As to venue Emergen#y +essions 6a#an#y in :resR 6:res oH#e A%i"ity o- :resi$ent to $is#harge powers an$ $uties o- oH#e :resi$entia" pro#"amation o- martia" "aw or suspension o- ha%eas #orpus E*ectora* Tri4una*s and t'e Co((ission on "ppoint(ents Po,ers o- Con+ress Khite Light v. City o- ;ani"a ((009) 4he City o- ;ani"a issue$ an or$inan#e $isa""owing the operation o- mote"s as we"" as o,ering 9ui#GDtime rates. Khite Light as we"" as various other mote"s #ha""enge$ the #onstitutiona"ity o- the or$inan#e. 4he +upreme Court stru#G $own the or$inan#e -or %eing un#onstitutiona". :o"i#e power, whi"e in#apa%"e o- an ea#t $e2nition, has %een purpose"y vei"e$ in genera" terms to un$ers#ore its #omprehensiveness to meet a"" eigen#ies an$ provi$e enough room -or an eH#ient an$ Uei%"e response as the #on$itions warrant. :o"i#e power is %ase$ upon the #on#ept o- ne#essity o- the +tate an$ its #orrespon$ing right to prote#t itse"- an$ its peop"e. Agustin v. E$u (1979) LC. ((9 was issue$ %y :res. ;ar#os, re#ommen$ing the ena#tment o- "o#a" "egis"ation -or the insta""ation o- roa$ sa-ety signs an$ $evi#es. 8pon #onstitutiona" #ha""enge, the +C he"$ there was no un"aw-u" $e"egation o- po"i#e power. 4o avoi$ the taint o- un"aw-u" $e"egation o- po"i#e power, there must %e a stan$ar$ whi#h imp"ies at the very "east that the "egis"ature itse"- $etermines matters o- prin#ip"e an$ "ays $own the -un$amenta" po"i#y. 4he stan$ar$ "ays $own the "egis"ative po"i#y, marGs its "imits, maps out %oun$aries, an$ spe#i2es the pu%"i# agen#y to app"y it. Kith this stan$ar$, the ee#utive or a$ministrative agen#y $esignate$ to #arry out the "egis"ative po"i#y may promu"gate supp"ementa" ru"es an$ regu"ations. 17 &enera" :"enary :owers Legis"ative :ower +u%stantive Limitations Epress +u%stantive Limitations Bi"" o- /ights Appropriations 4aation (in-ra) :u%"i# ;oney in a +pe#ia" -un$ .n#rease o- appe""ate Juris$i#tion o- the +C without its a$vi#e an$ #on#urren#e &ranting tit"e o- roya"ty or no%i"ity .mp"ie$ +u%stantive Limitations De"egation o- "egis"ative powers Criterion o- va"i$ $e"egation A%aGa$a &uro v. Ee#. +e#. ((00)) 4he grant o- stan$D%y authority to the :resi$ent to in#rease the 6A4 un$er #ertain #ir#umstan#es was #ha""enge$ -or %eing un$ue $e"egation o- "egis"ative power, as 6A4 was not mentione$ in Art 6., +e# (8. 4he +C he"$ that there was no un$ue $e"egation. Congress $i$ not give :resi$ent the power to eer#ise $is#retion in maGing a "aw, on"y the power to as#ertain the -a#ts ne#essary to eer#ise the "aw. 4he #riteria -or va"i$ $e"egation are that5 Law is #omp"ete in itse"-, setting -orth therein the po"i#y to %e ee#ute$, #arrie$ out or imp"emente$ %y the $e"egate Law 2es a stan$ar$, the "imits o- whi#h are $eterminate an$ $etermina%"e to whi#h the $e"egate must #on-orm in the per-orman#e o- his -un#tions 8n$ue $e"egation o- "egis"ative power :e"ae< v. Au$itor &enera" (19A)) By virtue o- severa" :Ds, 11 muni#ipa"ities were #reate$. :e"ae< #ha""enge$ the #onstitutiona"ity o- their #reation. 4he +C agree$ with him, ru"ing that whi"e the power to 2 #ommon %oun$aries o- a$Joining muni#ipa"ities to avoi$ or sett"e #onUi#ts o- Juris$i#tion may %e a$ministrative in nature, the authority to #reate muni#ipa" #orporations is essentia""y "egis"ative in nature. 4he 9uestione$ statutes $i$ not meet the re9uirements -or a va"i$ $e"egation o- power to 2 $etai"s in en-or#ing a "aw. 4hey neither enun#iate$ a po"i#y to %e imp"emente$ %y the 18 :resi$ent nor gave a suH#ient"y pre#ise stan$ar$ to avoi$ the vio"ation. 4he phrase ?as t'e pu4*ic ,e*-are (ay re.uire@ is so over%roa$ that it rests in the :resi$ent a virtua""y un-ettere$ $is#retion that is tantamount to a $e"egation o- "egis"ative power. 'or the :resi$ent to #reate muni#ipa"ities wi"" %e -or him to eer#ise the power o- #ontro" over "o#a" government units $enie$ to him %y the Constitution. :roper $e"egation %y epress authority o- the #onstitution De"egation to the presi$ent to 2 tari,s, rates, et#. &ar#ia v. Ee#utive +e#retary (199() EC B7) (re$u#ing the rate o- a$$itiona" $uty on a"" importe$ arti#"es -rom 9O to )O a##or$ing to their va"ue, e#ept -or #ru$e oi" an$ other oi" pro$u#ts whi#h #ontinue to have a 9O a$$itiona" $uty) an$ E.C. B78 (whi#h "ai$ a spe#ia" $uty on importe$ #ru$e oi" an$ oi" pro$u#ts) were #onstitutiona""y #ha""enge$. 4he +C uphe"$ the va"i$ity o- the ECs. 8n$er Art. 6. F (B o- the Constitution, the ena#tment o- appropriation revenue an$ tari, %i""s is within the provin#e o- the "egis"ative an$ not the ee#utive %ran#h. Art. 6. F (8(() a""ows Congress to authori<e the :resi$ent to 2 within spe#i2# "imits, among others, tari, rates an$ other $uties. 4here is ep"i#it #onstitutiona" permission to a""ow the E.C.s to %e issue$. 4he 4ari, an$ Customs Co$e a"so "ai$ $own suH#ient"y $eterminate %ene2ts -or the va"i$ $e"egation o- "egis"ative power. De"egation to the :resi$ent in times o- war or nationa" emergen#y De"egation to Lo#a" government De"egation o- power to #arry out $e2ne$ po"i#y to pres#ri%e stan$ar$s /a-ae" v. Em%roi$ery Boar$ (19A7) /A 1117 (#reating an em%roi$ery an$ appare" #ontro" an$ inspe#tion %oar$ an$ provi$ing -or a spe#ia" assessment to %e "evie$ upon a"" entities engage$ in an amount to %e 2e$ %y the Boar$) was #onstitutiona""y #ha""enge$ -or %eing an un$ue $e"egation o- "egis"ative power. 4he +C uphe"$ the "aw. Arti#"e 36. F B (() sets a reasona%"e %asis un$er whi#h the spe#ia" assessment may %e impose$. 4he true $istin#tion %etween $e"egation o- power to "egis"ate an$ #on-erring o- authority as to the ee#ution o- the "aw is that the -ormer invo"ves a $is#retion as to what the "aw sha"" %e, whi"e in the "atter, the authority as to its ee#ution has to %e eer#ise$ un$er an$ in pursuan#e o- the "aw. CsmeVa v. Cr%os (1991) 19 :D 19)A, whi#h empowere$ the Energy /egu"atory Boar$ (E/B) to approve the in#rease o- -ue" pri#es or impose a$$itiona" amounts on petro"eum pro$u#ts whi#h pro#ee$s sha"" a##rue to the Ci" :ri#e +ta%i"i<ation 'un$ (C:+'). 4he C:+' was esta%"ishe$ to reim%urse ai"ing oi" #ompanies in the event o- su$$en pri#e in#reases. 4he $e#ree was #ha""enge$ on the groun$ o- un$ue $e"egation o- "egis"ative powers to the E/B. 4he +C uphe"$ the :D. 4he provision #on-erring authority upon the E/B to impose a$$itiona" amounts on petro" pro$u#ts provi$es a suH#ient stan$ar$ %y whi#h the authority must %e eer#ise$. 4he stan$ar$ to whi#h the $e"egate o- "egis"ative authority has to #on-orm may %e imp"ie$ -rom the po"i#y an$ purpose o- the a#t, not on"y spe""e$ out spe#i2#a""y. 4he #ha""enge$ "aw sets -orth a $etermina%"e stan$ar$ that governs the eer#ise o- power grante$ to the E/B. :romu"gation o- .nterna" /u"es an$ /egu"ations :rohi%ition Against :assage o- .rrepea"a%"e Laws :ro#e$ura" Limitations (see part on Legis"ative pro#ess -or more $etai") Cversight 1. Congressiona" +#rutiny (. Congressiona" .nvestigation W 1. Legis"ative +upervision W Luestion *our (Art. 6., +e#. (() Legis"ative .nvestigations Arnau"t v. =a<areno (19)0) A "egis"ative in9uiry into the a#9uisition %y the :hi"ippine &overnment o- the Buenavista an$ 4am%o%ong estates was un$ertaGen. During the +enate investigation, one witness, Arnau"t, re-use$ to revea" the i$entity o- the representative o- the ven$or to whom he $e"ivere$ money, at the same time invoGing his #onstitutiona" right against se"-D in#rimination. 4he +enate a$opte$ a reso"ution ho"$ing Arnau"t in #ontempt an$ or$ere$ him imprisone$ in the #usto$y o- the +ergeantDatDArms an$ imprisone$. Arnau"t petitione$ -or a writ o- *a%eas Corpus. 4he +C $i$ not issue the writ. Cn#e an in9uiry is a$mitte$ or esta%"ishe$ to %e within the Juris$i#tion o- the "egis"ative %o$y to maGe, the investigating #ommittee has the power to re9uire a witness to answer any 9uestion pertinent to that in9uiry, su%Je#t to his #onstitutiona" right against se"-Din#rimination. 4he 9uestion su%Je#t o- the re-usa" -or whi#h the petitioner was he"$ in #ontempt %y the +enate is pertinent to the matter un$er in9uiry. .t is not ne#essary -or the "egis"ative to show that every 9uestion a$$resse$ to a witness is materia" to any propose$ "egis"ation, (0 %ut it is re9uire$ that ea#h 9uestion %e pertinent to the matter un$er in9uiry. .- the su%Je#t o- investigation %e-ore the Committee is within "egitimate "egis"ative in9uiry an$ the propose$ testimony o- the witness re"ates to the su%Je#t, o%e$ien#e to the pro#ess may %e en-or#e$ %y the Committee %y imprisonment. 4he power to ho"$ a nonDmem%er o- Congress in #ontempt is a power ne#essary to ena%"e Congress to per-orm its -un#tion without o%stru#tion. 4here-ore, the Court 2n$s no soun$ reason to "imit su#h power whi#h has a"rea$y %een re#ogni<e$ as an appropriate aui"iary power o- Congress. Beng<on v. +enate B"ue /i%%on Committee (1991) A +enate B"ue /i%%on Committee .nvestigation was #ommen#e$ regar$ing XoGoy /omua"$e<> parti#ipation in various #orporations put up %y the ;ar#oses. 4he investigation was starte$ %ase$ on a privi"ege$ spee#h $e"ivere$ %y +en. Enri"e. Beng<on, #a""e$ as a witness, #ha""enge$ the propriety o- the investigation. 4he +C ru"e$ that the investigation $i$ not have a va"i$ "egis"ative purpose. .nvestigations must %e in ai$ o- "egis"ation in a##or$an#e with $u"y pu%"ishe$ ru"es o- pro#e$ure an$ must respe#t the rights o- the persons appearing in or a,e#te$ %y the in9uiries. +enator Enri"e>s privi"ege spee#h that prompte$ the #ommittee investigation #ontaine$ no suggestion o- #ontemp"ate$ "egis"ation, on"y a #a"" to "ooG into a possi%"e vio"ation o- the AntiD&ra-t an$ Corrupt :ra#ti#es A#t. 4he #a"" seems to -a"" un$er the Juris$i#tion o- the #ourts rather than the "egis"ature, su#h as the #ase 2"e$ with the +an$igan%ayan. 'or the Committee to pro%e an$ in9uire into the same Justi#ia%"e #ontroversy a"rea$y %e-ore the +an$igan%ayan wou"$ %e an en#roa#hment into the e#"usive $omain o- the #ourt. +enate v. Ee#utive +e#retary ((00A) .n (00), s#an$a"s invo"ving anoma"ous transa#tions a%out the =orth /ai" :roJe#t as we"" as the &ar#i tapes sur-a#e$, prompting the +enate to #on$u#t pu%"i# hearings to investigate the sai$ anoma"ies. 4he investigating +enate #ommittee issue$ invitations to #ertain $epartment hea$s an$ mi"itary oH#ia"s to speaG %e-ore the #ommittee as resour#e persons. +u%se9uent"y, &;A issue$ EC BAB whi#h tooG e,e#t imme$iate"y. EC BAB prohi%ite$ Department hea$s, +enior oH#ia"s o- ee#utive $epartments who in the Ju$gment o- the $epartment hea$s are #overe$ %y the ee#utive privi"ege. EC BAB was #ha""enge$ -or #ontravening the power o- in9uiry veste$ in Congress. 4he +C he"$ that it $i$. Ee#utive privi"ege is %ase$ on the #onstitutiona" $o#trine o- separation o- powers an$ is one o- the eemptions to the power o- "egis"ative in9uiry. .t eempts the ee#utive -rom $is#"osing in-ormation to the pu%"i#, Congress an$ the #ourts. 4o $etermine the va"i$ity o- a #"aim o- privi"ege, the 9uestion that must %e asGe$ (1 is not on"y i- the re9ueste$ in-ormation -a""s within one o- the tra$itiona" privi"eges, %ut a"so i- that privi"ege shou"$ %e honore$ in a given pro#e$ura" setting. :resumption in#"ines heavi"y against ee#utive se#re#y an$ in -avor o- $is#"osure. (Luestion hour vs. "egis"ative in9uiry) Cn the va"i$ity o- F 1 o- E.C. BAB (whi#h app"ies spe#i2#a""y to hea$s o- ee#utive $epartments)5 the re9uire$ prior #onsent is groun$e$ on Art. 6. F (( or what is Gnown as 9uestion hour. ConCom re#or$s show that it was #onsi$ere$ $istin#t -rom in9uiries in ai$ o- "egis"ation. .n 9uestion hour, atten$an#e is meant to %e $is#retionary. .n ai$ o- "egis"ation, atten$an#e is #ompu"sory. .n the a%sen#e o- a man$atory 9uestion perio$, it %e#omes a greater imperative to en-or#e Congress> right to ee#utive in-ormation in the per-orman#e o- its "egis"ative -un#tion. Khen Congress eer#ises its power o- in9uiry, $epartment hea$s #an on"y eempt themse"ves %y a va"i$ #"aim o- in9uiry. 4he on"y oH#ia"s eempt are the :resi$ent on whom the ee#utive power is veste$ an$ mem%ers o- the +upreme Court on whom the Ju$i#ia" power is veste$ as a #o""egia" %o$y as #oD e9ua" %ran#hes o- government. 'or F 1, the re9uirement -or :resi$entia" #onsent is "imite$ on"y to appearan#es o- $epartment hea$s in the 9uestion hour %ut not in in9uiries in ai$ o- "egis"ation un"ess a va"i$ #"aim o- privi"ege is ma$e %y the :resi$ent or Ee#utive +e#retary. A"though some ee#utive oH#ia"s ho"$ in-ormation #overe$ %y ?ee#utive privi"ege@, there #an %e no imp"ie$ #"aim o- ee#utive privi"ege there%y eempting some oH#ia"s -rom atten$ing in9uiries in ai$ o- "egis"ation. Congress has a right to Gnow the reasons %ehin$ the #"aim o- ee#utive privi"ege %e-ore an oH#ia" wou"$ %e eempt -rom the investigation. A#t as Boar$ o- Canvassers -or :resi$entia" an$ 6i#eD:resi$entia" E"e#tions Ca"" spe#ia" e"e#tion -or :resi$ent an$ 6i#eD:resi$ent /evoGe or eten$ suspension o- privi"ege o- writ o- ha%eas #orpus an$ $e#"aration o- martia" "aw Approve presi$entia" amnesties Con2rm #ertain appointments C-. Commission on Appointments (Art. 6., +e#. 18) Con#ur in treaties (+enate) Bayan v. Yamora ((000) 4he 6'A was #ha""enge$ on the groun$ o- Art. 36... F () on mi"itary %ases in the :hi"ippines. (( 4he presen#e o- 8.+. Arme$ 'or#es in the :hi"ippines pursuant to the 6'A is a""owe$ un$er Art. 36... F () -or ( reasons5 1. 4he 6'A was $u"y #on#urre$ in %y the :hi"ippine +enate an$ has %een re#ogni<e$ as a treaty %y the 8.+. sin#e it was atteste$ an$ $u"y #erti2e$ %y a 8.+. government representative. 4hat it was not su%mitte$ -or a$vi#e an$ #onsent o- the 8.+. +enate $oes not $etra#t -rom its status as a %in$ing internationa" agreementRtreaty re#ogni<e$ %y the 8.+. sin#e it is a matter o- interna" 8.+. "aw, where the 8.+. su%mits to its +enate po"i#ymaGing agreements -or a$vi#e or #onsent, whi"e those that -urther imp"ement these po"i#ymaGing agreements are mere"y su%mitte$ to Congress within A0 $ays o- rati2#ation. (. !oint /.:.D8.+. mi"itary eer#ises -a"" un$er the provisions o- the ear"ier /.:.D8.+. ;utua" De-ense 4reaty o- 19)1 that was signe$ an$ $u"y rati2e$ with %oth #ountries> senates #on#urringN the 6'A is simp"y an imp"ementing agreement to the main ;i"itary De-ense 4reaty, so it was not ne#essary to su%mit it to the 8.+. +enate, %ut on"y to its Congress. 4his is why the 8.+. #erti2e$ it as a %in$ing internationa" agreement (treaty) that su%stantia""y #omp"ies with Art. 36... F (). De#"aration o- war an$ $e#"aration o- emergen#y powers Be Ju$ge o- presi$ent>s physi#a" 2tness (1A) :ower o- impea#hment (17) Amen$ment or revision o- the Constitution (supra) :. T'e *e+is*ative process /e9uirement as to %i""s As to tit"e Em%ra#e on"y one su%Je#t whi#h sha"" %e epresse$ in the tit"e thereo-. Li$asan v. Come"e# (19A7) /.A. B790 (An A#t Creating the ;uni#ipa"ity o- Dianaton in the :rovin#e o- Lanao $e" +ur) was #ha""enge$ -or -a""ing short o- the #onstitutiona" re9uirement that %i""s sha"" em%ra#e 1 su%Je#t that must %e epresse$ in the tit"e. 4he +C ru"e$ that the A#t was un#onstitutiona". 4he Constitution has ( "imitations -or %i""s5 1) Congress #an not #ong"omerate un$er 1 statute heteregeneous su%Je#ts, an$, () 4he tit"e o- the %i"" must %e #ou#he$ in "anguage suH#ient to noti-y "egis"ators an$ the pu%"i# o- the import o- the sing"e tit"e. Comp"ying with the se#on$ $ire#tive is imperative (1 sin#e the Constitution $oes not re9uire Congress to rea$ a %i"">s entire tet $uring $e"i%erations. 'or *.B. 1(B7R/.A. B790, on"y its tit"e was rea$ -rom its intro$u#tion to its 2na" approva" in the *ouse. 4he test o- the suH#ien#y o- a tit"e a %i"" is whether or not it is mis"ea$ing. .- the "anguage is so un#ertain that an average person rea$ing it is not in-orme$ o- its purpose, or i- it is mis"ea$ing %y re-erring to one su%Je#t when another is em%ra#e$ in the a#t or %y omitting any in$i#ation o- its rea" su%Je#tRs#ope, it is mis"ea$ing. .t is not re9uire$ that the tit"e use "anguage o- su#h pre#ision that it -u""y #ata"ogues a"" its #ontents an$ minute $etai"s, %ut that it serves its #onstitutiona" purpose o- in-orming a"" intereste$ persons o- the nature, s#ope an$ #onse9uen#es o- the propose$ "aw an$ its operation. :ower o- taation an$ re9uirement as to ta "aws Lut< v. Araneta (19))) Commonwea"th A#t )A7 +e#tion provi$e$ -or an in#rease o- the eisting ta on the manu-a#ture o- sugar on a gra$uate$ %asis, whi"e se#tion 1 "evie$ on owners or persons in #ontro" o- "an$s $evote$ to #u"tivating sugar #ane an$ #e$e$ to others -or a #onsi$eration a ta e9uiva"ent to the $i,eren#e %etween the va"ue o- the #onsi$eration #o""e#te$ an$ the amount representing 1(O o- the assesse$ va"ue o- the "an$. 4he A#t was #ha""enge$ on #onstitutiona" groun$s. 4he +C uphe"$ the A#t. Commonwea"th A#t )A7 was not pure"y an eer#ise o- taing power %ut was an eer#ise o- the po"i#e power, sin#e ta was "evie$ with a regu"atory purpose, to provi$e means -or reha%i"itating an$ sta%i"i<ing the threatene$ sugar in$ustry. .t is rationa" that the ta %e taGen -rom those who wi"" %ene2t when it is spent. .t is inherent in the power to ta that a state is -ree to #hoose who to ta. 4an v. De" /osario (199B) :etitioners #ha""enge$ the #onstitutiona"ity o- /A 7B9A (+imp"i2e$ =et .n#ome 4aation +#heme) amen$ing #ertain provisions o- the =./C an$ // =o. (D91A promu"gate$ %y respon$ent pursuant to /A 7B9A. 4he +C uphe"$ the /A. 4he #ontention that /A 7B9A goes against the #onstitutiona" re9uirement that taation %e uni-orm an$ e9uita%"e ignores that su#h a system o- in#ome taation where sing"e proprietorship an$ pro-essiona"s %e tae$ $i,erent"y -rom #orporations an$ partnership ha$ "ong %een the prevai"ing ru"e. 8ni-ormity o- taation mere"y re9uire$ that a"" su%Je#ts o- o%Je#ts o- taation simi"ar"y situate$ were to %e treate$ a"iGe %oth in privi"eges an$ "ia%i"ities an$ $i$ not $is#ount #"assi2#ation as "ong as5 the stan$ar$s are su%stantia" maGing rea" $i,eren#esN (B the #ategori<ation is germane to a#hieve "egis"ative purposeN the "aw app"ies, #eteris pari%us, to %oth present an$ -uture #on$itionsN an$ the #"assi2#ation app"ies e9ua""y to the same #"ass. !uris$i#tion o- the +upreme Court (in-ra, un$er !u$i#iary) 'irst Lepanto Cerami#s v. CA (199B) 4he Cmni%us .nvestments Co$e gave the +C appe""ate Juris$i#tion over BC. $e#isions. 4he +C issue$ a #ir#u"ar giving the CA that Juris$i#tion, on the groun$ that its appe""ate Juris$i#tion #ou"$ not %e in#rease$ without its #on#urren#e. A-ter the 1987 Constitution tooG e,e#t, Congress was now %arre$ -rom in#reasing +upreme Court>s appe""ate Juris$i#tion without its #on#urren#e. 4his was $one in or$er to give the Court a measure o- #ontro" over the #ases p"a#e$ un$er its appe""ate Juris$i#tion. 4he in$is#riminate ena#tment o- "egis"ation en"arging the Court>s appe""ate Juris$i#tion #ou"$ unne#essari"y %ur$en the Court an$ un$ermine its essentia" -un#tion o- epoun$ing the "aw in pro-oun$ nationa" aspe#t. #. Le+is*ative veto I$. E;ECUTI$E #EP"!T%ENT Lua"i2#ations, E"e#tion, 4erm an$ Cath :rivi"eges, inhi%itions, an$ $is9ua"i2#ations :resi$entia" .mmunity .n /e5 Bermu$e< (198A) Bermu$e< 2"e$ a petition -or $e#"aratory re"ie- on whether the provisions o- the 'ree$om Constitution re-erre$ to the in#um%ent :resi$ent or the previous"yDe"e#te$ presi$ent. 4he +upreme Court $ismisse$ the a#tion, ho"$ing 2rst that it re-erre$ to the in#um%ent presi$ent, an$ se#on$"y that a suit #annot %e %rought against the in#um%ent :resi$ent. 4he petition -or $e#"aratory re"ie- was essentia""y a suit against :resi$ent A9uino, an$ Bermu$e< ha$ no stan$ing to 2"e it. +o"iven v. ;aGasiar (1988) () +o"iven was sue$ %y :res. A9uino -or "i%e". +o"iven a""ege$ that %e#ause the :resi$ent is immune -rom suit, neither #an she 2"e a suit. 4he +C $isagree$. 4he immunity may %e invoGe$ C=LM %y the ho"$er o- the oH#e. =othing prevents the :resi$ent (an$ on"y the :resi$ent) -rom waiving the privi"ege an$ su%mitting to #ourtEs Juris$i#tion. C"inton v. !ones (1997) :res. C"inton was #harge$ with seua" harassment %y :au"a !ones -or a#ts $one whi"e he was &overnor o- ArGansas. 4he +C he"$ that the sitting presi$ent #an %e invo"ve$ in a "awsuit $uring his tenure -or a#tions not re"ate$ to his oH#ia" $uties as :resi$ent, an$ %e-ore his term #ommen#e$. :resi$entia" :rivi"eges =eri v. +enate Committee on A##ounta%i"ity o- :u%"i# CH#ers an$ .nvestigations ((008) =eri, a"ong with other oH#ers, was invite$ to testi-y %e-ore the +enate B"ue /i%%on Committee regar$ing the =B=DY4E proJe#t. *owever, when pro%e$ -urther on what they $is#usse$ a%out the =B= :roJe#t, =eri re-use$ to answer, invoGing ?ee#utive privi"ege@. .n parti#u"ar, he re-use$ to answer the 9uestions on (a) whether or not :resi$ent Arroyo -o""owe$ up the =B= :roJe#t, (%) whether or not she $ire#te$ him to prioriti<e it, an$ (#) whether or not she $ire#te$ him to approve. *e "ater re-use$ to atten$ the other hearings an$ Ermita sent a "etter to the +B/C averring that the #ommuni#ations %etween &;A an$ =eri is privi"ege$ an$ that the Jurispru$en#e "ai$ $own in +enate v. Ermita %e app"ie$. 4he +B/C #ite$ =eri -or #ontempt. 4he +C uphe"$ the invo#ation o- privi"ege. 4he oversight -un#tion o- Congress may %e -a#i"itate$ %y #ompu"sory pro#ess on"y to the etent that it is per-orme$ in pursuit o- "egis"ation. 4he #ommuni#ations e"i#ite$ %y the three (1) 9uestions are #overe$ %y the presi$entia" #ommuni#ations privi"ege. 1st, the #ommuni#ations re"ate to a ?9uintessentia" an$ nonD$e"ega%"e power@ o- the :resi$ent, i.e. the power to enter into an ee#utive agreement with other #ountries. 4his authority o- the :resi$ent to enter into ee#utive agreements without the #on#urren#e o- the Legis"ature has tra$itiona""y %een re#ogni<e$ in :hi"ippine Jurispru$en#e. (n$, the #ommuni#ations are ?re#eive$@ %y a #"ose a$visor o- the :resi$ent. 8n$er the ?operationa" proimity@ test, petitioner #an %e #onsi$ere$ a #"ose a$visor, %eing a mem%er o- :resi$ent Arroyo>s Ca%inet. An$, 1r$, there is no a$e9uate showing o- a #ompe""ing nee$ that wou"$ Justi-y the "imitation o- the privi"ege an$ o- the unavai"a%i"ity o- the in-ormation e"sewhere %y an appropriate investigating authority. (A Asi$e -rom these, other ee#utive privi"eges in#"u$e5 1. De"i%erative pro#ess privi"ege (. ;i"itary or +tate +e#rets 1. .$entity o- government in-ormers in some #ir#umstan#es B. .n-ormation re"ate$ to pen$ing investigations ). 'oreign re"ations AXBAMA= v. A9uino ((008) AXBAMA= an$ the other petitioners 2"e$ a petition asGing -or the government to re"ease the re#or$s o- the negotiations "ea$ing up to the !:E:A. 4he +C $enie$ the petition. Khi"e there was in$ee$ a right to in-ormation on matters o- pu%"i# #on#ern, this was on"y on a #ase %y #ase %asis. 4he va"i$ity o- ee#utive privi"ege $epen$s on groun$ invoGe$ to Justi-y it an$ #ontet in whi#h it is ma$e. 4he privi"ege$ status o- a privi"ege$ $o#ument rests not on the nee$ to prote#t nationa" se#urity %ut on the o%vious rea"i<ation that oH#ia"s wi"" not #ommuni#ate #an$i$"y among themse"ves i- peop"e wi"" 2n$ out what they ta"G a%out anyway. *ere, the negotiations o- the !:E:A -a""s un$er the $ip"omati# negotiations privi"ege. :rohi%ition -rom ho"$ing other appointments E#eptions to prohi%ition -rom ho"$ing another oH#e CL8 v. Ee#utive +e#retary, supra. (1991) De"a Cru< v. CCA ((001) 4he payment o- sa"aries to eDoH#io mem%ers o- the =*A Boar$ who were in the Ca%inet, or their a"ternates, was $enie$ %y the CCA. 4he propriety o- that CCA $e#ision was #ha""enge$. 4he +C uphe"$ the $e#ision. *owever, whi"e it was #orre#t to ru"e that the payment o- #ompensation was not a""owe$, the prohi%ition against mu"tip"e oH#es was not interprete$ to app"y to posts o- ee#utive oH#ia"s in an eDoH#io #apa#ity as provi$e$ %y "aw as re9uire$ %y the primary -un#tion o- their oH#e an$ without a$$itiona" #ompensation. 4he term eDoH#io re-erre$ to authority $erive$ -rom oH#ia" #hara#ter, not mere"y #on-erre$ upon the in$ivi$ua" #hara#ter %ut rather annee$ to the oH#ia" position. *owever, sin#e the position is an a#tua" an$ "ega" part o- the prin#ipa" oH#e, it -o""owe$ that the oH#ia" #on#erne$ ha$ no right to re#eive a$$itiona" #ompensation -or servi#es in the same position sin#e the servi#es were a"rea$y pai$ -or %y the #ompensation atta#he$ to the prin#ipa" oH#e. (7 :owers an$ 'un#tions o- the :resi$ent Ee#utive :ower :ower to ee#ute "aws Cp"e v. 4orres (1998) AC 108 was issue$, a$opting a nationa" #omputeri<e$ i$enti2#ation system. Cp"e #ha""enge$ the AC>s #onstitutiona"ity. 4he +C stru#G $own the AC. Ee#utive power to en-or#e an$ a$minister the "aws into pra#ti#a" separation is veste$ in the :resi$ent. As Chie- Ee#utive, the :resi$ent is a"so grante$ a$ministrative power over %ureaus an$ oH#es un$er his #ontro" to ena%"e him to $is#harge his $uties e,e#tive"y. A$ministrative power is #on#erne$ with the worG app"ying po"i#ies an$ en-or#ing or$ers as $etermine$ %y proper #onstitutiona" organs. *owever, the a$ministrative or$er shou"$ %e issue$ in re"ation to spe#i2# aspe#ts in the a$ministrative operation o- the government. .t shou"$ not impair #iti<en>s rights an$ privi"eges or impose a $uty on them, an$ must not su%stitute -or genera" po"i#yDmaGing that Congress ena#t as "aws. Po,er o- "ppoint(ent .n genera" +armiento v. ;ison (1987) ;ison was appointe$ as the Commissioner o- the Bureau o- Customs an$ Carague as the +e#retary o- the Department o- Bu$get, without the #on2rmation o- the Commission on Appointments. +armiento assai"e$ the appointments as un#onstitutiona" %y reason o- its not having %een #on2rme$ %y CoA. 4he +C uphe"$ the appointment. :ositions to %e 2""e$ %y the :resi$ent %y appointment are $ivi$e$ into B groups5 1) hea$s o- ee#utive $epartment, am%assa$ors, other pu%"i# ministers an$ #onsu"s, oH#ers o- the arme$ -or#es -rom the ranG o- #o"one" or nava" #aptain an$ other oH#ers whose appointments are veste$ in him in the Constitution, () a"" other oH#ers o- the government whose appointments are not otherwise provi$e$ %y "aw, 1) those whom the :resi$ent may %e authori<e$ %y "aw to appoint, I B) oH#ers "ower in ranG whose appointments the Congress may %y "aw vest in the :resi$ent a"one. Cn"y the 2rst group is appointe$ with the #onsent o- the Commission on Appointments. 4he Customs #ommissioner was not one o- those within the 2rst group. (8 ;ana"o v. +isto<a (1999) +isto<a 9uestione$ the #onstitutiona"ity an$ "ega"ity o- the appointments %y -ormer :res. Cora<on A9uino o- senior oH#ers o- the :=:, who were promote$ to the ranG o- Chie- +uperinten$ent an$ Dire#tor without their appointments su%mitte$ to the Commission on Appointments -or #on2rmation. 4he +C uphe"$ the appointments. Congress #annot %y "aw epan$ the power o- #on2rmation o- the CA an$ re9uire #on2rmation o- appointments to other positions not within the Constitution. 4he :=: is separate -rom the A':. .t is $i,erent -rom an$ in$epen$ent o- the A':. .ts mi"itary ranGs are not simi"ar to the A':, thus $ire#tors an$ #hie- superinten$ents o- the :=: $o not -a"" un$er the 2rst #ategory o- presi$entia" appointees re9uiring CA #on2rmation %. Commission on Appointments #on2rmation #. ;i$night Appointments $. :ower o- remova" Po,er o- Contro* and Supervision a. Do#trine o- Lua"i2e$ :o"iti#a" Agen#y %. Contro" over Ee#utive $epartments an$ oH#es La#sonD;aga""anes Co. v. :aVo (19A7) ;aga""anes was permitte$ to use an$ o##upy a "an$ use$ -or pasture in DavaoN he "ater #e$e$ his rights to L;C o- whi#h he is a #oDowner. :aVo asserte$ his #"aim over the same pie#e o- "an$. 4he Dire#tor o- Lan$s $enie$ :aVo>s re9uest. 4he +e#retary o- Agri#u"ture "iGewise $enie$ his petition hen#e it was e"evate$ to the CH#e o- the :resi$ent. Ee#utive +e#retary :aJo ru"e$ in -avor o- :aVo. L;C #ha""enge$ the $e#ision o- the Ee#utive +e#retary as an un$ue $e"egation o- power. 4he +C $i$ not agree. 4he :resi$entEs $uty to ee#ute the "aw is o- #onstitutiona" origin. +o, too, is his #ontro" o- a"" ee#utive $epartments. 4hus it is, that $epartment hea$s are men o- his #on2$en#e. .mp"i#it is his authority to go over, #on2rm, mo$i-y or reverse the a#tion taGen %y his $epartment se#retaries. .n this #ontet, it may not %e sai$ that the :resi$ent #annot ru"e on the #orre#tness o- a $e#ision o- a $epartment se#retary. :arentheti#a""y, it may %e state$ that the right to appea" to the :resi$ent reposes upon the :resi$entEs power o- #ontro" over the ee#utive $epartments. An$ #ontro" simp"y means ?the power o- an oH#er to a"ter or mo$i-y or nu""i-y or set asi$e what a (9 su%or$inate oH#er ha$ $one in the per-orman#e o- his $uties an$ to su%stitute the Ju$gment o- the -ormer -or that o- the "atter.@ 4he Chie- Ee#utive may $e"egate to his Ee#utive +e#retary a#ts whi#h the Constitution $oes not #omman$ that he per-orm in person. 4he :resi$ent is not epe#te$ to per-orm in person a"" the mu"ti-arious ee#utive an$ a$ministrative -un#tions. 4he oH#e o- the Ee#utive +e#retary is an aui"iary unit whi#h assists the :resi$ent. BuG"o$ ng ;anggagawang E..B v. Ee#utive +e#retary ((000) :resi$ent Cora<on A9uino #reate$ the E#onomi# .nte""igen#e an$ .nvestigation Bureau (E..B) to primari"y #on$u#t antiDsmugg"ing operations in areas outsi$e the Juris$i#tion o- the Bureau o- Customs. .n the year (000, :resi$ent Estra$a issue$ an or$er $ea#tivating the E..B. *e su%se9uent"y or$ere$ the emp"oyees o- E..B to %e separate$ -rom the servi#e. 4herea-ter, he #reate$ the :resi$entia" AntiD+mugg"ing 4asG 'or#e ?A$uana@, whi#h E..B emp"oyees #"aim to %e essentia""y the same as E..B. 4he emp"oyees o- E..B, through the BuG"o$ ng Xawaning E..B, invoGe$ the +upreme Court>s power o- Ju$i#ia" review in 9uestioning the sai$ or$ers. E..B emp"oyees maintaine$ that the :resi$ent has no power to a%o"ish a pu%"i# oH#e, as that is a power so"e"y "o$ge$ in the "egis"atureN an$ that the a%o"ition vio"ates their #onstitutiona" right to se#urity o- tenure. 4he +C uphe"$ the reorgani<ation. As a genera" ru"e, the power to a%o"ish an oH#e is "o$ge$ with the "egis"ative. *owever, the :resi$ent>s power o- #ontro" may Justi-y his $ea#tivating the -un#tions o- a parti#u"ar oH#e or #ertain "aws may grant him the %roa$ #ontinuing authority to #arry out reorgani<ation measures -or reasons o- e#onomy an$ pro$u#tivity. #. +upervision o- Lo#a" &overnments an$ Autonomous /egions :imente" v. Aguirre ((000) :resi$ent /amos issue$ AC 17( W 4he A$option o- E#onomy ;easures in &overnment -or 'M 1998, whi#h re9uire$ L&8s to re$u#e their epen$itures %y ()O -or their authori<e$ regu"ar appropriations o- nonDpersona" servi#es. +u%se9uent"y, :resi$ent Estra$a issue$ AC B1, amen$ing +e#tion B o- AC 17( re$u#ing to )O the amount o- the interna" revenues a""otment (./A) to %e withhe"$ -rom the L&8s. 4he #onstitutiona"ity o- the $ire#tive to withho"$ 10O o- this ./A is #ha""enge$ -or %eing in #ontravention o- +e#tion (8A o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e an$ o- +e#tion A, Arti#"e 3 o- the Constitution, provi$ing the automati# re"ease o- its share in the nationa" in#ome revenue. 10 4he +C uphe"$ +e#tion 1, whi#h $ire#te$ the L&8s to re$u#e epen$itures, as %eing part o- the :resi$ent>s supervision over "o#a" government. +upervision is meant to oversee, whi"e #ontro" meant to power to a"ter what a su%or$inate has $one an$ su%stitute one>s Ju$gment. 4he Chie- Ee#utive wie"$s no more authority than that o- #he#Ging whether "o#a" government were per-orming their $uties as provi$e$ %y Constitution an$ statutes. But L&8s #ontinue to %e agents o- the nationa" government. *owever, +e#tion B, whi#h withhe"$ )O o- the ./A -rom L&8s was stru#G $own -or %eing un#onstitutiona". .t is a %asi# -eature o- "o#a" government autonomy that their share o- the ./A shou"$ %e automati#a""y re"ease$. %i*itary Po,ers .B: v. Yamora ((000) .nvoGing his powers as Comman$erDinDChie- un$er Art. 6.., +e#. 18 o- the Constitution, :resi$ent Estra$a, in ver%a" $ire#tive, $ire#te$ the A': Chie- o- +ta, an$ :=: Chie- to #oor$inate with ea#h other -or the proper $ep"oyment an$ #ampaign -or a temporary perio$ on"y. 4he .B: 9uestione$ the va"i$ity o- the $ep"oyment an$ uti"i<ation o- the ;arines to assist the :=: in "aw en-or#ement. 4he +C uphe"$ $ep"oyment o- the ;arines. Ca""ing out arme$ -or#es is $is#retionary power so"e"y veste$ in the :resi$ent>s wis$om %ut the matter may %e reviewe$ %y the Court to see whether or not there was grave a%use o- $is#retion *ere, the $ep"oyment o- the ;arines in this #ase #onstitutes permissi%"e use o- mi"itary assets -or #ivi"ian "aw en-or#ement. 4he parti#ipation o- the ;arines in the #on$u#t o- Joint visi%i"ity patro"s is appropriate"y #ir#ums#ri%e$. .t is their responsi%i"ity to $ire#t an$ manage the $ep"oyment o- the ;arines. .t is, "iGewise, their $uty to provi$e the ne#essary e9uipment to the ;arines an$ ren$er "ogisti#a" support to these so"$iers. .n view o- the -oregoing, it #annot %e proper"y argue$ that mi"itary authority is supreme over #ivi"ian authority. ;oreover, the $ep"oyment o- the ;arines to assist the :=: $oes not unmaGe the #ivi"ian #hara#ter o- the po"i#e -or#e. =either $oes it amount to an ?insi$ious in#ursion@ o- the mi"itary in the tasG o- "aw en-or#ement in vio"ation o- Arti#"e 36., +e#. )(B) o- the Constitution. Lansang v. &ar#ia (1971) 4wo han$ grena$es were thrown at a Li%era" :arty #au#us in 1971, Gi""ing 8. :res. ;ar#os issue$ :: 889 whi#h suspen$e$ the privi"ege o- the writ o- ha%eas #orpus. ;ar#os urge$ that there is a nee$ to #urtai" the growth o- ;aoist groups. +u%se9uent"y, Lansang et a". were invite$ %y the :C hea$e$ %y &ar#ia -or interrogation an$ investigation. Lansang et 11 a". 9uestione$ the va"i$ity o- the suspension o- the privi"ege o- the writ averring that the suspension $oes not meet the #onstitutiona" re9uisites 4he +C -oun$ that there was va"i$ %asis -or the suspension o- the privi"ege o- the writ o- ha%eas #orpus. 4he re9uirements -or su#h a suspension are5 1. .nvasion, insurre#tion or re%e""ion or imminent $anger thereo- (. :u%"i# sa-ety re9uires the suspension. *ere, the eisten#e o- the =ew :eop"eEs Army is proo- o- re%e""ion regar$"ess o- how sma"" it is. 4he a%sen#e o- any other in#i$ent a-ter the %om%ing is not proo- o- "a#G o- re%e""ion. +an"aGas v. Ee#utive +e#retary ((00B) Cn !u"y (7, (001, the CaGwoo$ mutiny tooG p"a#e. :res. Arroyo issue$ :ro#"amation =o. B7 $e#"aring a Tstate o- re%e""ionT I &enera" Cr$er =o. B $ire#ting A': I :=: to suppress the re%e""ion. By that evening, so"$iers agree$ to return to %arra#Gs. &;A, however, $i$ not imme$iate"y "i-t the $e#"aration o- a state o- re%e""ion, on"y $oing so on August 1, (001 thru :ro#"amation =o. B1). 4he +C uphe"$ the $e#"aration o- a state o- re%e""ion. A#tua" invasionRre%e""ion an$ re9uirement o- pu%"i# sa-ety are not re9uire$ -or #a""ing out the arme$ -or#es. =othing prohi%its :resi$ent -rom $e#"aring a state o- re%e""ionN it springs -rom powers as Chie- Ee#utive an$ Comman$erDinDChie-. 'ina""y, #a""ing out o- the arme$ -or#es is not the same as a $e#"aration o- martia" "aw. &u$ani v. +enga ((00A) 4he +enate invite$ &en. &u$ani an$ Lt. Co". Ba"utan to #"ari-y a""egations o- (00B e"e#tion -rau$ an$ the sur-a#ing o- the ?*e""o &ar#i@ tapes. :&;A issue$ EC BAB enJoining oH#ia"s o- the ee#utive $epartment in#"u$ing the mi"itary esta%"ishment -rom appearing in any "egis"ative in9uiry without her #onsent. A': Chie- o- +ta, &en. +enga issue$ a ;emoran$um, prohi%iting &en. &u$ani, Co". Ba"utan et a". -rom appearing %e-ore the +enate Committee without :resi$entia" approva". *owever, the two appeare$ %e-ore the +enate in spite the -a#t that a $ire#tive has %een given to them. As a resu"t, the two were re"ieve$ o- their assignments -or a""ege$"y vio"ating the Arti#"es o- Kar an$ the time honoure$ prin#ip"e o- the ?Chain o- Comman$.@ &en. +enga or$ere$ them to %e su%Je#te$ to Court ;artia" pro#ee$ings -or wi""-u""y vio"ating an or$er o- a superior oH#er. 4he +C uphe"$ EC BAB. 4he :resi$ent as Comman$erDinDChie- has a%so"ute authority over persons an$ a#tions o- the mem%ers o- the arme$ -or#es. +igni2#ant #on#essions to persona" -ree$oms are epe#te$ in the mi"itary. :reventing mi"itary oH#ers -rom testi-ying %e-ore Congress springs -rom Comman$erDinD Chie- powers, not ee#utive privi"ege. Davi$ v. Arroyo ((00A) 1( As a resu"t o- the events o- ED+A .., :resi$ent Arroyo issue$ :: 1017, $e#"aring a state o- nationa" emergen#y, invoGing Arti#"e 6.., +e#. 18 o- the 1987 Constitution. Cn the same $ay, she a"so issue$ &enera" Cr$er =o. ) $ire#ting the A': an$ :=: to imme$iate"y #arry out appropriate a#tions to suppress an$ prevent the "aw"ess vio"en#e %y invoGing Arti#"e .., +e#. B o- the same, #iting e"ements o- the etreme "e-t an$ right %eing in a""ian#e to %ring $own the :resi$ent. A weeG "ater, the :resi$ent "i-te$ ::1017 via ::10(1. /an$y Davi$ an$ the petitioners assai" that various rights state$ in Arti#"e ... o- the 1987 Constitution have %een vio"ate$, thus the #ase at han$. .n re"ation to the va"i$ity o- the $e#"aration o- a state o- nationa" emergen#y, the +C ru"e$ that as there is no "aw $e2ning ?a#ts o- terrorism,@ it is :resi$ent Arroyo a"one, un$er &enera" Cr$er =o. ) who has the $is#retion to $etermine what a#ts #onstitute terrorism, without restri#tions. 4hus, the $ue pro#ess #"ause has %een vio"ate$ an$ that portion o- &enera" Cr$er =o. ) is un#onstitutiona". Pardonin+ Po,er a. =ature an$ "imitations %. 'orms o- Ee#utive C"emen#y #ip*o(atic Po,ers a. Contra#ting an$ guaranteeing -oreign "oans %. Deportation o- un$esira%"e a"iens !esidua* Po,ers ;ar#os v. ;ang"apus (1989) .me"$a ;ar#os wante$ to return home -rom *awaii. *er return was prevente$ %y :res. A9uino. +he invoGe$ her rights to trave" an$ a%o$e. 4he +C uphe"$ the $e#ision to prevent her -rom returning to the :hi"ippines as an eer#ise o- the :resi$ent>s resi$ua" powers. Khatever power inherent in the government that is neither "egis"ative nor Ju$i#ia" has to %e ee#utive. 4he :resi$entEs resi$ua" power is -or prote#ting peop"eEs genera" we"-are, preserving an$ $e-en$ing the Constitution, prote#ting the pea#e, atten$ing to $ayDtoD$ay pro%"ems. Even the /eso"ution propose$ in the *ouse urging the :resi$ent to a""ow ;ar#os to return shows re#ognition o- this power. /esi$ua" powers are imp"i#it in an$ #orre"ative to the paramount $uty to sa-eguar$ an$ prote#t genera" we"-are. Po,ers re*atin+ to appropriation %easures #e*e+ated po,ers $eto po,er 11 C. /u"es on +u##ession a. Constru#tive /esignation %. 4he 6i#e :resi$ent #. /ight o- +u##ession an$ ;em%ership in Ca%inet Estra$a v. Desierto ((001) A-ter the events o- ED+A .., where%y :resi$ent Estra$a "e-t ;a"a#aVang an$ &"oria Arroyo was sworn in as :resi$ent, Estra$a 2"e$ a petition -or prohi%ition to enJoin the Cm%u$sman -rom pro#ee$ing with any #ases against him an$ to $e#"are him to sti"" %e the in#um%ent presi$ent. 4he +C $enie$ the petition, ho"$ing that Estra$a ha$ #onstru#tive"y resigne$, %e#ause %oth e"ements o- resignation were present, name"y5 1. .ntent (. A#ts o- re"in9uishment (#a""ing -or snap e"e#tion in whi#h Estra$a wou"$ not %e a #an$i$ate, "istening to :imente"Es a$vi#e -or resignation, negotiation -or pea#e-u" an$ or$er"y trans-er o- power, $e#"aring his intent to "eave without anything a%out reassuming the presi$en#y, et#.) As -or prose#ution o- #ases against him, resignation or retirement is not a %ar to prose#ution. =either was there a pen$ing impea#hment #ase when he resigne$N i- this were a %ar to a #rimina" prose#ution, then he wou"$ %e perpetua""y immune. 'ina""y, Congress has a"rea$y re#ogni<e$ Arroyo as the new :resi$ent, an$ so the $e#ision #an no "onger %e reviewe$ %y the Court. 1B $. <U#ICI"L #EP"!T%ENT Concepts <udicia* Po,er. Mnot v. .AC (1987) EC A(ADA %anne$ the Gi""ing an$ intraDprovin#e transport o- #ara%ao an$ #ara%ee-. Mnot was #aught in vio"ation o- EC A(ADA as he was transporting A #ara%aos. *e went to tria" #ourt seeGing to $e#"are EC A(ADA un#onstitutiona". 4he 4ria" Court ru"e$ that they #annot answer 9uestions o- #onstitutiona"ity. *owever, the +C ru"e$ that it #ou"$. A"" #ourts in the hierar#hy #an eer#ise %oth Ju$i#ia" power an$ Ju$i#ia" review, su%Je#t to "ater review %y the +C (+e#. ) (() (a)) <udicia* !evie, a. De2nition, nature, prin#ip"es ;ar%ury v. ;a$ison (1801) As outgoing :resi$ent, !ohn A$ams, appointe$ Ju$ges, in#"u$ing ;ar%ury, to positions as Justi#es o- the pea#e, in ;ar%ury>s #ase in the Distri#t o- Co"um%ia,, with the #on#urren#e o- the +enate. *owever, the #ommissions were never serve$ upon the oH#es, so ;ar%ury was never a%"e to #arry out his $uties. *e appea"e$ to the +C -or a writ o- man$amus to #ompe" +tate +e#retary !ames ;a$ison to appoint him as a Ju$ge. 1. ;ar%ury has a right to the #ommission. :resi$entia" #ommission has three stages DDD nomination, appointment, an$ #ommission. Khen the :resi$ent signs the #ommission, it #reates a veste$ right. (. ;ar%ury has a re"ie- -or his right. Be#ause withho"$ing the #ommission wou"$ %e vio"ative o- the veste$ right, there must %e a reme$y. 1. 4he most appropriate re"ie- in this #ase is a writ o- man$amus. A##or$ing to the Constitution, the +C #an on"y have appe""ate Juris$i#tion over writs o- man$amus. *owever, the "aw that A$ams signe$ gave the +upreme Court origina" Juris$i#tion. 4here-ore, there was a $ispute over whi#h one shou"$ %e -o""owe$. 4he Constitution is the paramount "aw, an$ it is the Ju$i#iary that $e#i$es 9uestions o- #onstitutiona"ity. .t is emphati#a""y the provin#e an$ duty o- t'e 9udicia* $epartment to say what is "aw. 8sing this reasoning, the #ourt he"$ that it was the Constitution that must prevai", an$ so they #ou"$ not awar$ the writ o- man$amus. 1) 7. !e.uisites o- 9udicia* revie, a. "ctua* case or controversy Davi$ v. ;a#apaga"DArroyo, supra. o "n actua* case or controversy invo"ves a #onUi#t o- "ega" right, an$ opposite "ega" #"aims sus#epti%"e o- Ju$i#ia" reso"ution. .t is T$e2nite an$ #on#rete, tou#hing the "ega" re"ations o- parties having a$verse "ega" interestTN a rea" an$ su%stantia" #ontroversy a$mitting o- spe#i2# re"ie-. o " (oot and acade(ic case is one that #eases to present a Justi#ia%"e #ontroversy %y virtue o- supervening events, so that a $e#"aration thereon wou"$ %e o- no pra#ti#a" use or va"ue. &enera""y, #ourts $e#"ine Juris$i#tion over su#h #ase or $ismiss it on groun$ o- mootness. o !ipeness entai"s that something ha$ %y then %een a##omp"ishe$ or per-orme$ %y either %ran#h %e-ore a #ourt may #ome into the pi#ture. 4he 9uestione$ a#ts shou"$ have a"rea$y %een #arrie$ out o E)ception to t'e (ootness ru*e5 Court wi"" $e#i$e #ases, otherwise moot an$ a#a$emi#, i-5 rst! there is a grave vio"ation o- the ConstitutionN second, the e#eptiona" #hara#ter o- the situation an$ the paramount pu%"i# interest is invo"ve$N t"ird! when #onstitutiona" issue raise$ re9uires -ormu"ation o- #ontro""ing prin#ip"es to gui$e the %en#h, the %ar, an$ the pu%"i#N fourt"! the #ase is #apa%"e o- repetition yet eva$ing review. Cperative -a#t $o#trine ;oot Luestions &on<a"es v. =arvasa ((000) /amon &on<a"es, in his #apa#ity as a #iti<en an$ tapayer, assai"s the #onstitutiona"ity o- the #reation o- the :reparatory Commission on Constitutiona" /e-orm (:CC/) an$ o- the positions o- presi$entia" #onsu"tants, a$visers an$ assistants. 4he :CC/ was #reate$ %y :res. Estra$a %y virtue o- EC B1 in or$er to stu$y an$ re#ommen$ propose$ amen$ments an$Ror revisions to the Constitution, an$ the manner o- imp"ementing them. 4he +C he"$ that the petition was moot an$ a#a$emi#. As the 9uestione$ #ommission ha$ %een $isso"ve$, it was impossi%"e to grant the re"ie- praye$ -or %y the petitioner. 4he Court #ou"$ no "onger enJoin a %o$y that no "onger eiste$ -rom a#ting. Any ru"ing 1A regar$ing the matter wou"$ simp"y %e in the nature o- an a$visory opinion an$ $e2nite"y %eyon$ the permissi%"e s#ope o- Ju$i#ia" power. :o"iti#a" Luestion Do#trine Ave"ino v. Cuen#o, supra! under #nternal $overnment of %on&ress: 'uorum 4he #ourt $i$ not have Juris$i#tion over the petition. Due to the separation o- powers, the po"iti#a" nature o- the #ontroversy an$ the Constitution giving the +enate the power to e"e#t its own :resi$ent, the Ju$i#iary #annot inter-ere with or taGe over the matter. 4he reme$y "ies with the +enate an$ not with the Court. ;iran$a v. Aguirre (1999) /A 77(0 e,e#te$ the #onversion o- the muni#ipa"ity o- +antiago, .sa%e"a, into an in$epen$ent #omponent #ity. /A 77(0 was approve$ %y the peop"e o- +antiago in a p"e%is#ite. .n 1998, /A 8)(8 amen$e$ /A =o. 77(0 to the e,e#t that the City o- +antiago was $owngra$e$ -rom an in$epen$ent #omponent #ity to a #omponent #ity. ;iran$a, et a"., assai" the #onstitutiona"ity o- /A =o. 8)(8 -or the "a#G o- provision to su%mit the "aw -or the approva" o- the peop"e o- +antiago in a proper p"e%is#ite. Cn the thresho"$ issue o- whether or not the #ase invo"ve$ a po"iti#a" 9uestion, the Court uphe"$ its Juris$i#tion. Luestions o- whether "aws passe$ %y Congress #omp"ie$ with the re9uirements o- the #onstitution pose$ a 9uestion on"y the Court #ou"$ $e#i$e. A po"iti#a" 9uestion #onnotes a 9uestion o- po"i#y an$ re-erre$ to those 9uestions whi#h un$er the #onstitution were 1) to %e $e#i$e$ %y the peop"e in their sovereign #apa#ity or () in regar$ to whi#h -u"" $is#retionary authority ha$ %een $e"egate$ to the "egis"ativeRee#utive %ran#h o- government. :o"iti#a" 9uestions are #on#erne$ with issues on the wis$om an$ not "ega"ity o- a parti#u"ar measure. A$$itiona""y, a po"iti#a" 9uestion has no stan$ar$s %y whi#h its "ega"ity or #onstitutiona"ity #ou"$ %e $etermine$. A pure"y Justi#ia%"e issue imp"ie$ a given right, "ega""y $eman$a%"e an$ en-or#ea%"e, an a#t or omission vio"ative o- su#h right an$ a reme$y grante$ an$ san#tione$ %y "aw -or sai$ %rea#h o- right. Sa-e+uards o- <udicia* Independence a. 'is#a" autonomy W Art. 6..., +e#. 1 i. appropriations sha"" not %e re$u#e$ %e"ow the amount appropriate$ -or the previous year 17 ii. Appropriations wi"" %e automati#a""y an$ regu"ar"y re"ease$. %. /eport on the Ju$i#iary W Art. 6..., +e#. 1A #. Automati# re"ease o- appropriation -or the Ju$i#iary W Art. 6..., +e#. 1 <udicia* !estraint "ppoint(ents to t'e <udiciary Supre(e Court En 4anc and division cases Procedura* !u*e3(a=in+ "d(inistrative Supervision over Lo,er Courts ;a#e$a v. 6as9ue< (1991) Boni-a#io ;a#e$a -a"si2e$ his #erti2#ate o- servi#e saying he ha$ su%mitte$ the $e#isions -or a"" his #ivi" an$ #rimina" #ases, when he ha$ not su%mitte$ anything. *is #"erG reporte$ him to the Cm%u$sman. 4he Court ru"e$ that the Cm%u$sman ha$ no Juris$i#tion over the matter. !u$ges are "ia%"e un$er the +upreme Court, not the Cm%u$sman. Cn"y the +C #an oversee Ju$ges> #omp"ian#e with the "aw an$ taGe proper a$ministrative a#tion. .n re Demetria ((001) !u$ge Demetria ha$ %een trying to inter#e$e on %eha"- o- $rug 9ueen Mu MuG Lai. 4he +upreme Court ru"e$ that the evi$en#e against Demetria prove$ her gui"ty. *owever, it is up to the +C to imp"ement the proper a$ministrative a#tions. Ori+ina* and "ppe**ate <urisdiction VI. CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS Constitutiona* Sa-e+uards to Ensure Independence o- Co((issions ;a#a"inta" v. CC;ELEC ((001) 4he #onstitutiona"ity o- /A 9189 (4he Cverseas A%sentee 6oting A#t o- (001) was #ha""enge$. 4he #ontroversia" provisions were5 18 o +e# )5 a""owe$ immigrants to register %y ee#uting aH$avit epressing intent to return Constitutiona". Does not vio"ate Art. 6, +e#. 1 (/esi$en#y /u"e). /ather, it en-ran#hises 'i"ipinos a%roa$ $omi#i"e$ in the :hi"ippines. o +e# 18.)5 empowere$ CC;ELEC to pro#"aim winning #an$i$ates 8n#onstitutiona". 6io"ates Art. 6.., +e#. BN winning #an$i$ates -or :resi$ent an$ 6: are to %e pro#"aime$ %y Congress. o +e# ()5 a""owe$ Congress, through oversight #ommittee, to review, revise, amen$ an$ approve .// o- CC;ELEC. 8n#onstitutiona". 6io"ates Art. .3DA, +e#. 1, on CC;ELEC in$epen$en#e. Congress may not intru$e into the Juris$i#tion o- the CC;ELEC %y eer#ising supervisory powers. Bri""antes v. Mora# (1990) Mora#, as Asso#iate CC;ELEC Chairman, was appointe$ %y the :resi$ent as Chairman o- the CC;ELEC. Bri""antes #ha""enge$ Mora#>s appointment -or %eing #ontrary to Arti#"e .3D C, +e#. 1(() o- 1987 Constitution, where T(.)n no #ase sha"" any ;em%er (o- the Commission on E"e#tions) %e appointe$ or $esignate$ in a temporary or a#ting #apa#ity.T 4he +C agree$. 4he appointment was un#onstitutiona". Arti#"e .3DA, +e#. 1 provi$es -or the in$epen$en#e o- ConCom -rom the ee#utive $epartment. Po,ers and 5unctions o- Eac' Co((ission Pro'i4ited O>ces and Interests '"ores v. Dri"on, supra. i. +tan$ar$i<ation o- pay an$ %an on $ou%"e #ompensation ii. Ban on partisan po"iti#a" a#tivities iii. /emova" or suspension on"y -or a #ause iv. /ight to se"-Dorgani<ation v. /ight to striGe5 &overnment emp"oyees, in#"u$ing mem%ers o- the C+C, $o not have the right to striGe. <urisdiction o- eac' Constitutiona* Co((ission 4an v. CC;ELEC ((001) 4an was $esignate$ %y CC;ELEC as 6i#eDChairman o- the City Boar$ o- Canvassers in Davao -or the ;ay 199( syn#hroni<e$ nationa" an$ "o#a" e"e#tions #on-orma%"y with provisions o- +e#tion (0 (a) o- /epu%"i# A#t AABA an$ +e#tion ((1 (%) o- the Cmni%us E"e#tion Co$e. ;anue" &ar#ia was pro#"aime$ Congressman o- ( n$ Dist. Davao. 19 A"tera$o 2"e$ a num%er o- #ases 9uestioning the va"i$ity o- the pro#"amation, in#"u$ing an a$ministrative #harge against the Boar$ o- Canvassers an$ 4an -or ?;is#on$u#t, =eg"e#t o- Duty, &ross .n#ompeten#e, an$ A#ts .nimi#a" to the +ervi#e@, %e-ore the CC;ELEC. Cn petition -or review, the +C uphe"$ the CC;ELEC>s Juris$i#tion over the a$ministrative #ase. CC;ELEC>s authority un$er Arti#"e .3, +e#. ((AD8) o- 1987 Constitution is a""D en#ompassing when it #omes to e"e#tion matters. 4he a$ministrative #ase is re"ate$ to the per-orman#e o- his $uties as E"e#tion #anvasser, not as a City :rose#utor. CC;ELEC>s man$ate in#"u$es the authority to eer#ise $ire#t an$ imme$iate suspension an$ #ontro" over nationa" an$ "o#a" oH#ia"s or emp"oyees, in#"u$ing mem%ers o- any nationa" an$ "o#a" "aw en-or#ement agen#y an$ instrumenta"ity o- the government, re9uire$ %y "aw to per-orm $uties re"ative to the #on$u#t o- e"e#tions. Da<a v. +ingson (1989) 4he La%an ng DemoGratiGong :i"ipino (LD:) was reorgani<e$ resu"ting in a po"iti#a" rea"ignment in the "ower house. LD: a"so #hange$ its representation in the Commission on Appointments. 4hey with$rew the seat o##upie$ %y Da<a (LD: mem%er) an$ gave it to the new LD: mem%er. 4herea-ter the #ham%er e"e#te$ a new set o- representatives in the CoA whi#h #onsiste$ o- the origina" mem%ers e#ept Da<a who was rep"a#e$ %y +ingson. Da<a 9uestione$ su#h rep"a#ement on the groun$ that the LD:>s reorgani<ation was not permanent an$ sta%"e. 4he +C $isagree$. 4he LD: has %een eisting -or more than one year an$ its mem%ers in#"u$e the :hi"ippine :resi$ent, an$ its interna" $isagreements are epe#te$ in any po"iti#a" organi<ation in a $emo#ra#y. 4he test that the party must survive a genera" #ongressiona" e"e#tion was never "ai$ $own in Jurispru$en#e. 4he Court ru"e$ in -avor o- the authority o- the *ouse to #hange its representation in the CoA to reUe#t at any time the permanent #hanges an$ not mere"y temporary a""ian#es or -a#tiona" $ivisions without severan#e o- "oya"tiesR-orma" $isaH"iation that may transpire in the po"iti#a" a"ignments o- its mem%ers. &uingona v. &on<a"es (199() A-ter the ;ay 11, 199( e"e#tions, the +enate was #ompose$ o- 1) LD: senators, ) =:C senators, 1 LAXA+D=8CD senators, an$ 1 L:D:D:DLABA= senator. 4o -u"2" the re9uirement that ea#h party must have a representatives in the CoA, the parties agree$ to use the tra$itiona" -ormu"a5 (=o. o- +enators o- a po"iti#a" party) 1( seats) Z 4ota" =o. o- +enators e"e#te$. 4he resu"t o- the #omputation un$er that -ormu"a was that 7.) mem%ers -or LD:, (.) mem%ers -or =:C, 1.) mem%ers -or LAXA+D=8CD, an$ 0.) mem%er -or L:D:D:DLABA= wou"$ %e part o- the CCA. /omu"o, as the maJority Uoor "ea$er, B0 nominate$ 8 senators -rom their partyN he roun$e$ 7.) up to 8N an$ $e#i$e$ that 4a[a$a -rom L:D:D:DLABA= shou"$ represent the same party in the CoA. &uingona, a mem%er o- LAXA+D=8CD, oppose$ the sai$ #ompromise. *e a""ege$ that the #ompromise is against proportiona" representation. 4he +C agree$ that the propose$ mem%ership was un#onstitutiona". 4he propose$ s#heme $oes not #omp"y with the re9uirement that 1( senators %e e"e#te$ on the %asis o- proportiona" representation o- the po"iti#a" parties in the +enateN to $istur% the resu"ting -ra#tiona" mem%ership o- po"iti#a" parties in the CoA %y a$$ing together ( ha"ves to maGe a who"e is a %rea#h o- the ru"e on proportiona" representation sin#e it gave the LD: an a$$e$ mem%er %y uti"i<ing the -ra#tiona" mem%ership o- the minority po"iti#a" party, whi#h is $eprive$ o- \ representation. .nstea$, the #orre#t ru"e is that in Coseteng v. ;itra7a po"iti#a" party must have at "east ( senators in the +enate to have a CoA representative. !evie, o- fna* orders, reso*utions and decisions (. .n the eer#ise o- 9uasiDJu$i#ia" -un#tions 1. .n the eer#ise o- a$ministrative -un#tions VII. BILL OF RIGHTS A. 'un$amenta" powers o- the state (po"i#e power, eminent $omain, taation) 1. Con#ept, app"i#ation an$ "imits (. /e9uisites -or va"i$ eer#ise 1. +imi"arities an$ $i,eren#es #ue process v. e(inent do(ain C'urc'i** v. !aferty ?7@7AB A#t (119 authori<e$ the C./ to remove any sign or %i""%oar$ that is o,ensive to the sight or otherwise a nuisan#e, an$ #o""e#t an annua" ta o- :B per s9m. 4he +C uphe"$ the provisions %e#ause what was %eing regu"ate$ was the use o- pu%"i# thorough-ares, an$ the po"i#e power measure va"i$"y prote#te$ the #om-ort an$ #onvenien#e o- the pu%"i#, parti#u"ar"y the prevention o- nuisan#e $ue to %i""%oar$s whi#h were o,ensive to the sight. 4hus, what was invo"ve$ here was not taGing that wou"$ re9uire Just #ompensation, %ut regu"ation in a##or$an#e with $ue pro#ess. U.S. v. Tori4io ?7@0AB 4ori%io was #harge$ -or vio"ation o- A#t no. 11B7, %e#ause he ha$ a #ara%ao s"aughtere$ -or human #onsumption. *e #"aime$ that the a#t #onstitute$ taGing without Just #ompensation. 4he #ourt he"$ that it was not taGing -or pu%"i# use in the #on#ept o- eminent $omain, %ut rather taGing in the eer#ise o- the +tate>s po"i#e power. B. De"egation B. :rivate a#ts an$ the Bi"" o- /ights B1 C. Due pro#ess W the rights to "i-e, "i%erty I property 1. /e"ativity o- $ue pro#ess (. :ro#e$ura" an$ su%stantive $ue pro#ess :ro#e$ura"5 Canco EspaDo*35i*ipino v. Pa*anca ?7@7EB Engra#io :a"an#a was in$e%te$ to E" Ban#o an$ he ha$ his par#e" o- "an$ as se#urity -or his $e%t. :a"an#a "e-t -or China an$ never returne$ unti" he $ie$. As :a"an#a was a nonD resi$ent, E" Ban#o ha$ to noti-y Engra#io a%out the suit -or the -ore#"osure o- his property %y pu%"i#ation. 4he "ower #ourt eventua""y a""owe$ Ban#o to ee#ute upon the property. 7 years "ater, 6i#ente sur-a#e$ on %eha"- o- Engra#io as his a$ministrator to petition -or the annu"ment o- the ru"ing. 6i#ente averre$ that there ha$ %een no $ue pro#ess as Engra#io never re#eive$ the summons. 4he +C ru"e$ against :a"an#a, ho"$ing that the re9uisites -or Ju$i#ia" $ue pro#ess ha$ %een met. 4he re9uisites are5 1. 4here must %e an impartia" #ourt or tri%una" #"othe$ with Ju$i#ia" power to hear an$ $e#i$e the matter %e-ore it (. !uris$i#tion must %e "aw-u""y a#9uire$ over the person o- the $e-en$ant or over the property su%Je#t o- the pro#ee$ings. 1. 4he $e-en$ant must %e given the opportunity to %e hear$. B. !u$gment must %e ren$ere$ on"y a-ter "aw-u" hearing. "n+ Ti4ay v. CI! ?7@F0B Ang 4i%ay "ai$ o, worGers %e"onging to the =L8. =L8 proteste$ this a""ege$ un-air "a%or pra#ti#e to the C./, whi#h ru"e$ in its -avor $espite the "a#G o- evi$en#e. 4he +C in the instant #ase reman$e$ the #ase to the C./ -or a new tria", 2n$ing that the =L8 may have %een $eprive$ o- some primary rights when it trie$ to prove its #ase %e-ore the C./. 4his #ase is #onsi$ere$ to have #o$i2e$ the 7 e"ements o- A$ministrative Due :ro#ess, name"y5 1. *earing (. 4ri%una" must have #onsi$ere$ evi$en#e presente$. 1. De#ision must 2n$ support in evi$en#e. B. Evi$en#e must %e su%stantia". ). De#ision must %e ren$ere$ %ase$ on evi$en#e presente$ at the hearing. A. A$ministrative agen#y must a#t on its own opinion on the "aw an$ -a#ts o- the #ontroversy, an$ 7. 4he $e#ision must %e ma$e in su#h a manner that the parties Gnow the issues invo"ve$ an$ the reasons %ehin$ the $e#ision ma$e. #e Cissc'op v. a*an+ ?7@:2B Biss#hop, an Ameri#an #iti<en was a""owe$ to stay in the :hi"ippines -or 1 years, unti" August 1, 19)9. *is app"i#ation -or etension o- stay was $e#i$e$ %y the Boar$ o- Commissioners, whi#h or$ere$ him to $epart within ) $ays. =o $e#ision was promu"gate$. 4he C'. or$ere$ Commissioner &a"ang to $esist an$ re-rain -rom arresting an$ $eporting Biss#hop, unti" proper an$ "ega" pro#ee$ings are #on$u#te$ %y the Boar$ in #onne#tion with his app"i#ation -or etension o- stay. 4he +C overturne$ the C'.. A $ay in #ourt is not a matter o- right in a$ministrative pro#ee$ings. .n #ertain a$ministrative pro#ee$ings, the right to noti#e an$ hearing are not essentia" to $ue pro#ess o- "aw. B( #avid v. ".ui*iGan ?7@H@B Davi$ ha$ a "arge par#e" o- "an$ in :o"omo"oG, Cota%ato, whi#h he "e-t in the #are o- 'e"omeno an$ /i#ar$o !ugar. Davi$ "ater with$rew the "an$ -rom the %rothers an$ has not a""owe$ them to return. !usti#e A9ui"i<an han$"e$ the #ase 2"e$ %y the %rothers against Davi$. *e ren$ere$ a $e#ision in -avor o- the %rothers without any hearing. ! A9ui"i<an a$mitte$ that there was in$ee$ no hearing #on$u#te$ %ut he sai$ the $e#ision has a"rea$y %e#ome 2na" an$ ee#utory as the perio$ -or appea" has a"rea$y "apse$. 4he +C ru"e$ in -avor o- Davi$. A $e#ision ren$ere$ without a hearing is nu"" an$ voi$ an$ may %e atta#Ge$ $ire#t"y or #o""atera""y. 4he $e#ision is nu"" an$ voi$ -or want o- $ue pro#ess. An$ it has %een he"$ that a 2na" an$ ee#utory Ju$gment may %e set asi$e with a view to the renewa" o- the "itigation when the Ju$gment is voi$ -or "a#G o- $ue pro#ess o- "aw. .n "ega" #ontemp"ation, it is as i- no Ju$gment has %een ren$ere$ at a"". TaDada v. Tuvera, supra. 4here #an %e no 2n$ing o- a vio"ation o- a "aw i- the "aw has not %een pu%"ishe$, as that wou"$ %e vio"ative o- pro#e$ura" $ue pro#ess. Peop*e v. Po(ar ?7@/FB An a#t was ena#te$ %y Congress, provi$ing that emp"oyers shou"$ grant pregnant -ema"e emp"oyees maternity "eave. :omar a""owe$ his emp"oyee to taGe a va#ation -or her $e"ivery %ut re-use$ to pay her the wages $uring su#h perio$. 4he +C he"$ the pertinent provisions o- the A#t un#onstitutiona" -or in-ringing on one>s right to #ontra#t. 4he #onstitution o- the :hi"ippine .s"an$s guarantees to every #iti<en his "i%erty an$ one o- his "i%erties is the "i%erty to #ontra#t. 4he "aw wou"$ $eprive :omar an$ a"" other entities emp"oying women o- the sai$ "i%erty, without $ue pro#ess o- "aw. !u4i v. Provincia* Coard o- %indoro ?7@7@B /u%i 2"e$ a petition -or ha%eas #orpus a-ter he an$ the rest o- the ;angyans o- ;in$oro were re"o#ate$ %y the &overnment. 4he +C $i$ not grant the petition. .t he"$ that the re"o#ation o- nonDChristians was a va"i$ eer#ise o- the po"i#e power. N#C and "!I; v. P'i*. $eterans ?7@@0B :6B attempte$ to -ore#"ose a mortgage o- Agri, %ut the "atter #ompany invoGe$ :D1717, reha%i"itating Agri an$ $e#"aring a"" its o%"igations #an#e""e$ an$ its mortgages etinguishe$. 4he +C stru#G $own the :D. 4here was not a suH#ient pu%"i# interest invo"ve$. 4he #an#e""ation o- the o%"igations was vio"ative o- $ue pro#ess, %e#ause it etinguishe$ property rights an$ impaire$ #ontra#ts. Ca*acuit v. C5I, 7:2 SC!" 7E/ ?/ Cernas F7B C/ ?7@EEB 4he ;uni#ipa" Boar$ o- Butuan City issue$ Cr$inan#e AB0 to a$$ress the #omp"aint o- parents that it is too 2nan#ia""y %ur$ensome -or them to pay the -u"" a$mission pri#e -or their #hi"$ren. 4he Cr$inan#e provi$e$ that a$mission ti#Gets -or movies, pu%"i# ehi%itions, games, #ontests, an$ other per-orman#es, shou"$ %e so"$ at ha"- the pri#e -or #hi"$ren %etween 7 an$ 1( years o- age. 6io"ators wou"$ %e pena"i<e$ with imprisonment an$Ror a 2ne. 4he +C ru"e$ that Cr$inan#e AB0 is an inva"i$ eer#ise o- po"i#e power an$, as a #onse9uen#e, it vio"ates the $ue pro#ess #"ause o- the #onstitution. A va"i$ eer#ise o- po"i#e power re9uires that it shou"$ %e -or (a.) the pu%"i#>s interest, (%.) the means B1 emp"oye$ shou"$ %e reasona%"e an$ it shou"$ not %e oppressive. *ere, the #ourt $i$ not 2n$ a tangi%"e "inG %etween the or$inan#e an$ the promotion o- pu%"i# hea"th, se#urity, mora"s, or we"-are. 'urthermore, the means emp"oye$ were Ju$ge$ to %e un-air sin#e they unJust"y preJu$i#e the a,e#te$ %usinesses %y restraining their right to tra$e an$ even vio"ating their right to enter into #ontra#ts. "+ustin v. Edu, supra. 4he propose$ measure to #ompe" ea#h vehi#"e to supp"y reUe#tive sa-ety $evise is a va"i$ eer#ise o- po"i#e power, it having %een issue$ in or$er to prote#t pu%"i# sa-ety. Op*e v. Torres, supra. 4he propose$ nationa" .D system vio"ates the right to priva#y o- ea#h in$ivi$ua", as it $oes not sa-eguar$ the in-ormation therein #ontaine$. &'ite Li+'t Corporation v. City o- %ani*a, supra. 4he prohi%ition against 9ui#GDtime stays in hote"s is un#onstitutiona", %eing vio"ative o- $ue pro#ess an$ the right to priva#y. Khi"e upho"$ing mora"s is a va"i$ state purpose, there are other purposes -or renting a hote" -or "ess than ) hours. As an unreasona%"e means towar$s a va"i$ en$, the or$inan#e is un#onstitutiona" an$ voi$. 1. Constitutiona" an$ statutory $ue pro#ess B. *ierar#hy o- rights PC%E" v. PC% ?7@@2B 4he :hi"ippine B"ooming ;i""s Emp"oyees> Crgani<ation #arrie$ out a mass $emonstration at ;a"a#aVang on ;ar#h B, 19A9 in protest against a""ege$ a%uses o- the :asig po"i#e $epartment, against the wishes o- the :B; management. :B;EC was -oun$ gui"ty o- %argaining in %a$ -aith an$ its oH#ers were or$ere$ to %e $ismisse$. 4he +C $i$ not agree. 4he $emonstration was not a striGeN it was an eer#ise o- their rights to ?engage in #on#erte$ a#tivities -or ... mutua" ai$ or prote#tion.T 4hus, the #ompany>s a#tion #onstitute$ as inter-eren#e to their right to engage in #on#erte$ a#tivity. Khi"e it is true that :B;>s right to property was in-ringe, su#h rights must %e weighe$ against the human rights o- the worGers. .n the hierar#hy o- rights, human rights outweigh mere property rights. ). !u$i#ia" stan$ar$s o- review A. 6oi$D-orDvagueness $o#trine D. E9ua" prote#tion Peop*e v. $era ?7@2HB Cu 8nJieng app"ie$ -or pro%ation a-ter %eing #onvi#te$ %y the tria" #ourt in ;ani"a. !u$ge 4uason o- the ;ani"a C'. $ire#te$ the appea" to the .nsu"ar :ro%ation CH#e (.:C). 4he .:C $enie$ the app"i#ation. *owever, !u$ge 6era upon another re9uest %y Cu 8nJieng a""owe$ the petition to %e set -or hearing. 4he City :rose#utor #ountere$ a""eging that 6era has no power to p"a#e Cu 8nJieng un$er pro%ation %e#ause it is in vio"ation o- +e#. 11 o- A#t =o. B((1 whi#h grante$ provin#ia" %oar$s the power to provi$e a system o- pro%ation to #onvi#te$ persons. =owhere in the "aw is it state$ that the "aw is app"i#a%"e to a #ity "iGe ;ani"a. 4he +C stru#G $own the "aw -or %eing un#onstitutiona". 4he provin#ia" %oar$s are given a%so"ute $is#retion whi#h is vio"ative o- the Constitution an$ the $o#trine o- the non$e"ega%i"ity o- power. 'urther, it is a vio"ation o- e9ua" prote#tion provi$e$ -or in the BB Constitution. 4he #ha""enge$ se#tion o- A#t =o. B((1 means that on"y provin#es that #an provi$e appropriation -or a pro%ation oH#er may have a system o- pro%ation within their "o#a"ity. 4his wou"$ mean that #onvi#ts in provin#es where no pro%ation oH#er is institute$ may not avai" o- their right to pro%ation. Or(oc Su+ar Co(pany, Inc. v. Treasurer o- Or(oc City ?7@:EB 4he ;uni#ipa" Boar$ o- Crmo# City passe$ Cr$inan#e =o. B imposing ?on any an$ a"" pro$u#tions o- #entri-uga" sugar mi""e$ at the Crmo# +ugar Company, .n#., in Crmo# City a muni#ipa" ta e9uiva"ent to one per #entum (1O) per eport sa"e to 8+A an$ other -oreign #ountries.@ :ayments -or sai$ ta were ma$e, un$er protest, %y Crmo# +ugar Company, .n#. 4he #ompany 2"e$ %e-ore the C'. o- Leyte a #omp"aint against the City o- Crmo# as we"" as its 4reasurer, ;uni#ipa" Boar$ an$ ;ayor a""eging that the or$inan#e is un#onstitutiona" -or %eing vio"ative o- the e9ua" prote#tion #"ause an$ the ru"e o- uni-ormity o- taation. 4he +C ru"e$ that the or$inan#e was un#onstitutiona". 4he e9ua" prote#tion #"ause app"ies on"y to persons or things i$enti#a""y situate$ an$ $oes not %ar a reasona%"e #"assi2#ation o- the su%Je#t o- "egis"ation, su%Je#t to the %ayat re9uisites. A perusa" o- the re9uisites shows that the 9uestione$ or$inan#e $oes not meet them, -or it taes on"y #entri-uga" sugar pro$u#e$ an$ eporte$ %y the Crmo# +ugar Company, .n#. an$ none other. 4he taing or$inan#e shou"$ not %e singu"ar an$ e#"usive as to e#"u$e any su%se9uent"y esta%"ishe$ sugar #entra" -or the #overage o- the ta. Peop*e v. Cayat ?7@2@B Cayat was 2ne$ -or possessing AD1D1 gin in #ontravention o- the statute prohi%iting nonD Christian tri%es -rom possessing "i9uors asi$e -rom native wines an$ "i9uors. *e #ha""enge$ the statute on the groun$ o- vio"ation o- e9ua" prote#tion. 4he +C he"$ A#t #onstitutiona", as there was a va"i$ $istin#tion. 4his #ase "ai$ $own the #"assi# re9uisites -or reasona%"e #"assi2#ation, name"y 1. .t must rest on su%stantia" $istin#tions whi#h maGe rea" $i,eren#es, (. .t must %e germane to the purpose o- the "aw 1. .t must not %e "imite$ to eisting #on$itions on"y, an$ B. .t must app"y e9ua""y to a"" mem%ers o- the same #"ass. Internationa* Sc'oo* "**iance v. 8uisu(4in+ ?/000B A group o- "o#a" hire$ tea#hers worGing at the .nternationa" +#hoo" o- ;ani"a #"aim that the -a#t that they are pai$ "ess than their -oreign hire$ #ounterparts vio"ates e9ua" prote#tion. 4he +C agree$, not on the groun$ that "o#a" hires an$ -oreign hires shou"$ %e treate$ simi"ar"y, in -a#t ho"$ing that the -oreign hire$ tea#hers were part o- a $i,erent %argaining unit, %ut %e#ause it uphe"$ the prin#ip"e o- ?e9ua" pay -or e9ua" worG@ as enshrine$ in the .nternationa" Covenant on E#onomi#, +o#ia" an$ Cu"tura" /ights. 1. Con#ept (. /e9uisites -or va"i$ #"assi2#ation 1. +tan$ar$s o- Ju$i#ia" review a) /ationa" Basis 4est %) +tri#t +#rutiny 4est #) .nterme$iate +#rutiny 4est E. +ear#hes an$ sei<ures B) Peop*e v. %a*(stedt ?7@@7B ;a"mste$t ($e-en$ant) entere$ the :hi"ippines in 1988. .n 7 ;ay 1989, $e-en$ant went to Baguio an$ the -o""owing $ay, went to +aga$a an$ staye$ there -or ( $ays. 4he =A/CC; set up #he#Gpoints near +aga$a. .n-ormation was re#eive$ that a Cau#asian #oming -rom +aga$a ha$ in his possession prohi%ite$ $rugs. ;a"mste$t>s %us was stoppe$ an$ =A/CC; mem%ers #on$u#te$ inspe#tion. C.C &a"utan noti#e$ a %u"ge on $e-en$ant>s waist an$ suspe#ting that it was a gun, he asGe$ -or $e-en$ant>s passport an$ other $o#uments %ut the "atter -ai"e$ to #omp"y. 4hereupon, &a"utan or$ere$ $e-en$ant to %ring out whatever it was that was %u"ging on his waist. .t turne$ out to %e a pou#h %ag, whi#h #ontaine$ B suspi#iousD"ooGing o%Je#ts wrappe$ in %rown pa#Ging tape. 4he wrappe$ o%Je#t #ontaine$ hashish, a $erivative o- mariJuana. ;a"mste$y was thus #onvi#te$ -or a vio"ation o- Dangerous Drug A#t o- 197(. 4he +C uphe"$ the sear#h an$ the #onvi#tion. 4here was suH#ient pro%a%"e #ause -or sai$ oH#ers to %e"ieve that a##use$ was then an$ there #ommitting a #rime, arising -rom a) persistent reports o- $rugs %eing transporte$ -rom +aga$a, %) in-ormation that a Cau#asian #oming -rom +aga$a on that $ay ha$ $rugs, an$ #) there was a %u"ge on the waist o- $e-en$ant an$ he -ai"e$ to present his passport. ;a"mste$t, at the time o- the arrest, was a#tua""y in possession o- i""ega" $rugs, an$ thus #aught in Uagrante $e"i#to. As there was a va"i$ warrant"ess arrest, there was a "aw-u" sear#h even without a sear#h warrant. Peop*e v. C5I ?7@E0B Cne weeG %e-ore 'e%ruary 9, 197B, an un$is#"ose$ in-ormer to"$ /A+AC (/egiona" AntiD +mugg"ing A#tion Center) that $utia%"e (taa%"e) goo$s wi"" %e transporte$ -rom Ange"es to ;ani"a in a B"ue Do$ge #ar. As a resu"t o- the in-ormation thus gathere$, B,BB1 wristwat#hes an$ 1,07) %ra#e"ets o- assorte$ %ran$s were -oun$ in the #ar. Eventua""y, *ope an$ ;e$ina were -oun$ gui"ty o- smugg"ing. Cn appea", the +C uphe"$ the warrant"ess sear#h. 4he 4ari, an$ Customs Co$e grants persons $u"y #ommissione$ to $o warrant"ess sear#hes i- there is reason to suspe#t that the #o$e %eing vio"ate$ (i.e. suspe#ting the eisten#e o- smugg"e$ items). 4he -a#t that the sear#h was ma$e o- a moving vehi#"e Justi2e$ the 2n$ing o- pro%a%"e #ause a"" the more. !oan v. onGa*es ?7@E:B /oan #"aime$ to have %een a vi#tim o- an i""ega" sear#h an$ sei<ure #on$u#te$ %y mi"itary authorities, evi$en#e a#9uire$ there%y %eing use$ as evi$en#e in his #ase -or i""ega" possession o- 2rearms. Khi"e a warrant was issue$, none o- the arti#"es in the warrant were -oun$. /ather, a Co"t ;agnum an$ 18 "ive %u""ets were -oun$, whi#h are now the %ases o- the #harges against /oan. 4he warrant was voi$ -or a%sen#e o- eamination o- the app"i#ant. Even #onsent to the sear#h #annot #ure the inva"i$ity o- the warrant. As a resu"t, the evi$en#e gathere$ there%y is ina$missi%"e. 4he p"ain view ru"e $oes not app"y here. 4he weapon $i$ not Just appear. .t was sear#he$ -or %y the authorities. $a*(onte v. $i**a ?7@E@B Cn (0 !anuary 1987, the =ationa" Capita" /egion Distri#t Comman$ (=C/DC) was a#tivate$ pursuant to Letter o- .nstru#tion (LC.) 0(R87 o- the :hi"ippine &enera" *ea$9uarters, A':. As part o- its $uty to maintain pea#e an$ or$er, the =C/DC insta""e$ #he#Gpoints in various parts o- 6a"en<ue"a, ;etro ;ani"a. 6a"monte et a". sought BA the $e#"aration o- #he#Gpoints in 6a"en<ue"a, ;etro ;ani"a an$ e"sewhere as un#onstitutiona". 4he +C uphe"$ the LC.. =ot a"" sear#hes an$ sei<ures are prohi%ite$. 4hose whi#h are reasona%"e are not -or%i$$en. A reasona%"e sear#h is not to %e $etermine$ %y any 2e$ -ormu"a %ut is to %e reso"ve$ a##or$ing to the -a#ts o- ea#h #ase. 4he setting up o- the 9uestione$ #he#Gpoints in 6a"en<ue"a may %e #onsi$ere$ as a se#urity measure to ena%"e the =C/DC to pursue its mission o- esta%"ishing e,e#tive territoria" $e-ense an$ maintaining pea#e an$ or$er -or the %ene2t o- the pu%"i#. Between the inherent right o- the state to prote#t its eisten#e an$ promote pu%"i# we"-are an$ an in$ivi$ua"Es right against a warrant"ess sear#h whi#h is however reasonably #on$u#te$, the -ormer shou"$ prevai". "nia+ v. CO%ELEC ?7@@FB .n preparation -or the 199( nationa" e"e#tions, CC;ELEC issue$ a reso"ution or$ering a gun %an an$ the summary $is9ua"i2#ation o- #an$i$ates -oun$ to %e engage$ in gunrunning, usingRtransporting 2rearms, et#. Due to this, petitioner was asGe$ %y the +ergeantDatDArms o- the *ouse o- /eps to surren$er the 2rearms issue$ to him %y su#h oH#e. :etitioner or$ere$ his $river, Are""ano, to $e"iver the 2rearms to the Batasan Comp"e. *owever, the :=: a"rea$y set up a #he#GDpoint a%out (0 meters -rom the Batasan entry. 4he #ar was sear#he$, the 2rearms sei<e$ an$ Are""ano was $etaine$ (%ut "ater re"ease$ -or his meritorious sworn ep"anation. :etitioner Congressman then went to the CH#e o- the City :rose#utor to ep"ain that the $river was Just returning the 2rearms an$ that Are""ano was neither a %o$yguar$Rse#urity oH#er. *owever, CC;ELEC sti"" or$ere$ the 2"ing o- .n-ormation against petitioner an$ his $river. 4he +C ru"e$ that the sear#h an$ sei<ure was inva"i$. .t may %e va"i$ even i- not authori<e$ %y authority, provi$e$ that the ?sear#h #on$u#te$ at po"i#e or mi"itary #he#Gpoints whi#h we $e#"are$ are not i""ega" per se, an$ stresse$ that the warrant"ess sear#h is not vio"ative o- the Constitution -or as "ong as the vehi#"e is neither sear#he$ nor its o##upants su%Je#te$ to a %o$y sear#h, an$ the inspe#tion o- the vehi#"e is mere"y "imite$ to a visua" sear#h.@ A"so, a warrant"ess sear#h #ou"$ on"y %e resorte$ to i- the oH#ers have pro%a%"e #ause to %e"ieve BE'C/E the sear#h that either 1) the motorist was an o,en$er or that () the evi$en#e re"ate$ to the #rime wi"" %e -oun$ in the vehi#"e sear#he$. 1. Con#ept uaGon v. #e $i**a ?7@@0B &ua<on an$ the other petitioners #"aime$ to %e vi#tims o- ?saturation $rives@ he"$ %y the mi"itary an$ po"i#e. 4he +C he"$ that the saturation $rives were un#onstitutiona", -or having in-ringe$ on the right o- the peop"e against unreasona%"e sear#hes an$ sei<ures. (. Karrant re9uirement a) /e9uisites PICOP v. "suncion ?7@@@B A rai$ was #on$u#te$ on the :.CC: #ompoun$, pursuant to a sear#h warrant -or that purpose. 4he rai$ yie"$e$ severa" i""ega""y possesse$ 2rearms, an$ resu"te$ in the #onvi#tion o- various oH#ers o- :.CC: -or possession o- i""ega" 2rearms. *owever, the +C B7 -oun$ the issuan#e o- the sear#h warrant inva"i$, %e#ause the Ju$ge $i$ not persona""y eamine the #omp"ainant an$ other $eponents, an$ the po"i#eman who testi2e$ $uring the hearing ha$ no persona" Gnow"e$ge that there were i""ega" 2rearms, an$ the warrants -ai"e$ to $es#ri%e the p"a#e to %e sear#he$ with parti#u"arity. 1. Karrant"ess sear#hes %ana*i*i v. C" ?7@@HB ;ana"i"i was #harge$ with .""ega" :ossession o- mariJuana. *e was arreste$ a-ter %eing stoppe$ an$ -risGe$, %e#ause he ha$ re$$ish eyes an$ was wa"Ging in a swaying manner. *e was #onvi#te$. /u"ing on the va"i$ity o- his arrest $ue to ?stopDan$D-risG,@ the +C uphe"$ the arrest. Khen $ea"ing with a rapi$"y un-o"$ing an$ potentia""y #rimina" situation where there is no time to se#ure an arrest or a sear#h warrant, po"i#emen shou"$ emp"oy "imite$, Uei%"e responses 7 "iGe TstopDan$D-risGT 7 whi#h are gra$uate$ in re"ation to the amount o- in-ormation they possess, the "awmen %eing ever vigi"ant to respe#t an$ not to vio"ate or to treat #ava"ier"y the #iti<enEs #onstitutiona" rights against unreasona%"e arrest, sear#h an$ sei<ure. Peop*e v. %arti ?7@@7B ;arti was #onvi#te$ o- possession o- mariJuana. 4he mariJuana ha$ %een -oun$ %y the proprietor o- a shipping #ompany where he attempte$ to have B pa#Gages o- mariJuana $e"ivere$ a%roa$. 4he proprietor opene$ the pa#Gages, "ea$ing ;arti to #ha""enge the sear#h as i""ega". *owever, the +C uphe"$ the #onvi#tion. 4he %i"" o- rights, parti#u"ar"y the prohi%ition against warrant"ess sear#hes $oes not %in$ parties other than the government. Stone'i** v. #io=no ?7@:HB B( sear#h warrants were issue$, or$ering po"i#e oH#ers to sear#h -or $o#uments, arti#"es, et#, whi#h #ou"$ %e use$ to vio"ate the "aws. 4he evi$en#e -oun$ via the sear#hes "e$ to #onvi#tions -or vio"ations o- Custom Laws, 4a Laws, an$ the /evise$ :ena" Co$es. 4he +C ru"e$ that the warrants, %eing genera" warrants, were voi$. B. Karrant"ess arrests U(i* v. !a(os ?7@@0B 4he petitioners were arreste$ -or various o,enses without warrants. 4hey a"" 2"e$ petitions -or ha%eas #orpus. 4he +C $enie$ the petitions. A"" the petitioners were arreste$ -or #ontinuing o,enses "iGe re%e""ion or in#iting to se$ition. 4hus, an arrest o- an =:A mem%er whi"e %eing treate$ -or inJuries at hospita" was va"i$ even without a warrant, as the o,ense o- re%e""ion #ontinue$ to %e #ommitte$. 4he arrest was thus in Uagrante $e"i#to. Peop*e v. C'ua Ho San ?7@@@B Chua *o +an was #onvi#te$ o- possession o- sha%u. *e was arreste$ a-ter "an$ing on the shore in a motor%oat. 8pon "an$ing, he Ue$ the s#ene unti" the po"i#e #aught him. *e was sear#he$ an$ a %ag #ontaining (8.7 Gg o- sha%u was -oun$ on his person. 4he +C a#9uitte$ Chua, ru"ing that whi"e a va"i$ warrant"ess sear#h may -o""ow as a #onse9uen#e o- a va"i$ warrant"ess arrest, here, the warrant"ess arrest, not %eing %ase$ on pro%a%"e B8 #ause that an o,ense was #ommitte$, was voi$. As a resu"t, the sear#h an$ sei<ure was a"so voi$, an$ the %ag o- sha%u was ina$missi%"e as evi$en#e. Peop*e v. "(innudin ?7@EEB 4he :C oH#ers re#eive$ a tip -rom an in-ormant that Aminnu$in was %oun$ -or ."oi"o on%oar$ ;6 K.LCC; 9 #arrying mariJuana. Aminnu$in was sear#he$ an$ arreste$ a-ter $isem%arGing -rom the vesse". 4he :C oH#ers -oun$ 1 Gi"os o- mariJuana in his %ag. *e was #harge$ an$ -oun$ gui"ty o- i""ega""y transporting mariJuana %y the C'. o- ."oi"o. 4he $e#ision was appea"e$ to the +C. 4he +C ru"e$ that there was no va"i$ sear#h an$ arrest so the evi$en#e against him was ina$missi%"e. *e was a#9uitte$. Peop*e v. Cur+os ?7@E:B /u%en Burgos was #onvi#te$ %y the Davao $e" +ur /4C -or .""ega" :ossession o- 'irearms in 'urtheran#e o- +u%version. *e was arreste$ whi"e p"owing his 2e"$. 4he :hi"ippine Consta%u"ary $i$ not have a warrant. 4hey %ase$ their operation on the so"e testimony o- Cesar ;asam"oG who a""ege$"y was #oer#e$ %y a##use$ to Join the =:A using his gun. 4he +C ru"e$ that the arrest an$ su%se9uent sear#h was i""ega" %e#ause it $i$ not -a"" un$er the warrant"ess arrests #overe$ %y /u"e 111, +e#. A. :ersona" Gnow"e$ge on the part o- the arresting oH#er is important. App"ying the +tonehi"" $o#trine, the evi$en#e was ina$missi%"e. Burgos was thus a#9uitte$. ). A$ministrative arrests A. Drug, a"#oho" an$ %"oo$ tests '. :riva#y o- #ommuni#ations an$ #orrespon$en#e 1. :rivate an$ pu%"i# #ommuni#ations (. .ntrusion, when a""owe$ 1. Krit o- ha%eas $ata &. 'ree$om o- epression 1. Con#ept an$ s#ope Peop*e v. Na4on+ ?7@2/B =a%ong gave a spee#h to a gathering o- #ommunists, saying that they shou"$ overthrow the government, esta%"ish their own government o- the poor an$ that they shou"$ use whips on the Consta%u"ary men, whom he a##use$ o- %eing #orrupt. 4he +C ru"e$ that =a%ong>s "anguage a$vo#ate$ an overthrow o- the government through vio"ent means, an$ was there-ore se$itious. Nationa* Press C*u4 v. CO%ELEC ?7@@/B 4hree #ases were 2"e$, in the hopes o- ren$ering voi$ +e#tion 11 o- the /A AABA or the E"e#tora" /e-orms A#t, whi#h prohi%its the sa"e or $onation o- print, spa#e an$ air time T-or #ampaign or other po"iti#a" purposes,T e#ept to the Commission on E"e#tions, on the groun$ o- vio"ation o- the -ree$om o- the press. 4he +C he"$ that sin#e the sai$ se#tion $oes not restri#t news reporting %y the mass me$ia #ompanies, nor $oes it rea#h #ommentaries an$ opinions o- %roa$#asters an$ writers, the petition must %e $ismisse$. 4he #ontroversia" provision has not gone outsi$e the permissi%"e %oun$s o- supervision or regu"ation o- me$ia operations $uring e"e#tion perio$s, whi#h is grante$ to the CC;ELEC %y the Constitution un$er Art. .3DC. "dion+ v. CO%ELEC ?7@@/B B9 CC;ELEC /eso"ution =o. (1B7 was promu"gate$ provi$ing that #ampaign materia"s (sti#Gers, printe$ materia"s, $e#a"s, "eaUets et#.) may %e poste$ on"y in authori<e$ posting areas, as we"" as prohi%iting the $isp"ay o- e"e#tion propagan$a in any p"a#e in#"u$ing mo%i"e or stationary privateRpu%"i# p"a#es, e#ept those in the a""owa%"e areas. 4he +C $e#"are$ the reso"ution voi$ on the groun$ that the prohi%ition o- posting o- sti#Gers an$ other materia"s on an in$ivi$ua">s property $oes not on"y $eprive the sai$ in$ivi$ua" -rom the use o- his property (sin#e the owner is not a""owe$ to p"a#e #ampaign materia"s on his property) %ut a"so $eprives him o- his right to -ree spee#h an$ in-ormation, sin#e postingRp"a#ing su#h materia" or property epresses his po"iti#a" views or the #an$i$ates he %e"ieves in. US v. Custos ?7@7EB .n the "atter part o- 191), numerous #iti<ens o- the :rovin#e o- :ampanga assem%"e$, then prepare$ an$ signe$ a petition to the Ee#utive +e#retary, an$ 2ve in$ivi$ua"s signe$ aH$avits, #harging the Justi#e o- the pea#e o- ;a#a%e%e an$ ;asanto", :ampanga, with ma"-easan#e in oH#e an$ asGing -or his remova". 4he #omp"ainants #harge$ that the Justi#e o- the pea#e so"i#ite$ %ri%e money in #onsi$eration o- -avora%"e $e#isions. Crimina" a#tion was 2"e$ against the petitioners, #harging that portions o- the petition presente$ to the Ee#utive +e#retary were "i%e"ous. 4he +C a#9uitte$ Bustos et a". Epress ma"i#e was not prove$ %y the prose#ution. &oo$ -aith surroun$e$ the a#tion o- the petitioners. 4heir en$s an$ motives were Justi2a%"e. 4he guaranties o- a -ree spee#h an$ a -ree press in#"u$e the right to #riti#i<e Ju$i#ia" #on$u#t. 4he a$ministration o- the "aw is a matter o- vita" pu%"i# #on#ern. Khether the "aw is wise"y or %a$"y en-or#e$ is, there-ore, a 2t su%Je#t -or proper #omment. .- the peop"e #annot #riti#i<e a Justi#e o- the pea#e or a Ju$ge the same as any other pu%"i# oH#er, pu%"i# opinion wi"" %e e,e#tive"y mu<<"e$. In !e: <urado ?7@@AB Emi" !ura$o is a #o"umnistD"awyer who wrote severa" arti#"es a%out improper transa#tions in the Ju$i#iary. C! =arvasa issue$ an a$ministrative or$er #reating an a$ ho# #ommittee to investigate #orruption in the Ju$i#iary. !ura$o was one o- those invite$ to appear %e-ore the #ommittee an$ to testi-y as to his Gnow"e$ge as he ha$ a "ot to say a%out the topi# in his #o"umns. *e re-use$. +ome o- the su%Je#ts o- his writings a"so wrote to the +C saying that what he wrote were "ies an$ asGe$ the Court to taGe appropriate a#tion. #octrine5 'a"se reports a%out a pu%"i# oH#ia" or other person are not shie"$e$ -rom san#tion %y the #ar$ina" right to -ree spee#h enshrine$ in the Constitution. Even the most "i%era" view o- -ree spee#h has never #ountenan#e$ the pu%"i#ation o- -a"sehoo$s, spe#ia""y the persistent an$ unmitigate$ $issemination o- patent "ies. a) :rior restraint (#ensorship) 5ranciso C'aveG v. Secretary !au* onGa*eG ?/00EB A-ter the (00B =ationa" E"e#tions, a #ontroversy #ame out a-ter #assette tapes that a""ege$"y re#or$e$ #onversations invo"ving :&;A an$ &ar#i""ano went on air. &iven that su#h #onversations were %eing aire$ a"" over %roa$#ast me$ia, :ress +e#retary .gna#io Bunye an$ the =4C, on separate o##asions, issue$ warnings against %roa$#ast #ompanies to stop airing su#h in-ormation. Chave< asGe$ that su#h warnings %e $e#"are$ )0 nu"" an$ voi$ -or vio"ating -ree$om o- spee#h, epression, an$ the press. 4he Court agree$ with the petitioner given that the warnings, whi#h were #ontentD%ase$ restri#tions, -ai"e$ to pass the stri#t s#rutiny stan$ar$ an$ the #"ear an$ present $anger test. 4he evi$en#e o- the respon$ents -e"" short o- satis-ying su#h stan$ar$s re9uire$. Peop*e v. PereG ?7@/2B :ere<, the muni#ipa" se#retary o- :i"ar, +orsogon, met with Lu$ovi#e, an$ $uring their $is#ussion sai$ ?4he 'i"ipinos, "iGe myse"-, must use %o"os -or #utting o, Koo$Es hea$ -or having re#ommen$e$ a %a$ thing -or the 'i"ipinos, -or he has Gi""e$ our in$epen$en#e.T Leonar$ Koo$ was the &overnorD&enera" o- the :hi"ippine .s"an$s. *e was #onvi#te$ o- se$ition. 4he +C uphe"$ the #onvi#tion. A se$itious atta#G on the &overnorD&enera" is an atta#G on the rights o- the 'i"ipino peop"e an$ on Ameri#an sovereignty. :ere<>s wor$s were se$itious. Criti#ism, no matter how severe, on the Ee#utive, the Legis"ature, an$ the !u$i#iary, is within the range o- "i%erty o- spee#h, %ut when the intention an$ e,e#t o- the a#t is se$itious, the #onstitutiona" guaranties o- -ree$om o- spee#h an$ press an$ o- assem%"y an$ petition must yie"$ to punitive measures $esigne$ to maintain the prestige o- #onstitute$ authority, the suprema#y o- the Constitution an$ the "aws, an$ the eisten#e o- the +tate. Eastern Croadcastin+ v. #ans ?7@EAB /a$io station DM/E, owne$ %y Eastern Broa$#asting, 2"e$ a petition to #ompe" the respon$ents to reopen the station a-ter it was summari"y #"ose$ on groun$s o- nationa" se#urity. .t was a""ege$"y #"ose$ on the #harge that it was use$ to in#ite se$ition. =o hearing was he"$ an$ no proo- was su%mitte$ to esta%"ish the -a#tua" %asis -or #"osure. Khi"e the #ase %e#ame moot an$ a#a$emi# upon the with$rawa" o- EBC, the +C issue$ #ertain gui$e"ines -or simi"ar #ir#umstan#es5 1. 4he seven re9uisites o- a$ministrative pro#ee$ings in Ang 4i%ay v. C./ shou"$ %e -o""owe$ %e-ore a %roa$#ast station is #"ose$ or its operations #urtai"e$. (. Khi"e there is no #ontro""ing an$ pre#ise $e2nition o- $ue pro#ess, it -urnishes an unavoi$a%"e stan$ar$ to whi#h government a#tion must #on-orm in or$er that any $eprivation o- "i-e, "i%erty, or property, in ea#h appropriate #ase, may %e va"i$. 1. ;e$ia is entit"e$ to the %roa$ prote#tion o- -ree$om o- spee#h an$ epression #"ause. 4he test -or "imitations on -ree$om o- epression is the ?#"ear an$ present $anger ru"e@ W that wor$s are use$ in su#h #ir#umstan#es an$ are o- su#h nature as to #reate a #"ear an$ present $anger that they wi"" %ring a%out the su%stantive evi"s that the "awmaGer has a right to prevent. B. Broa$#asting has to %e "i#ense$. 4he -ree$om o- te"evision an$ ra$io %roa$#asting is somewhat "esser in s#ope than print me$ia. 4his is %e#ause (1) %roa$#ast me$ia is more pervasive, an$ (() easi"y a##essi%"e to #hi"$ren. Be#ause o- its pervasiveness, the impa#t o- inUammatory or o,ensive spee#h on peop"e wou"$ %e $iH#u"t to monitor or pre$i#t. ?8n"iGe rea$ers o- the printe$ worG, the ra$io (an$ te"evision) au$ien#e has "esser opportunity to #ogitate, ana"y<e, an$ reJe#t the utteran#e.@ ). 4he #"ear an$ present $anger test must taGe the parti#u"ar #ir#umstan#e o- %roa$#ast me$ia into a##ount. 4here has to %e a %a"an#e %etween the government>s right to %e prote#te$ against %roa$#asts whi#h in#ite "isteners to overthrow it, an$ the peop"e>s right to %e in-orme$. A. 4he -ree$om to #omment on pu%"i# a,airs is essentia" to the vita"ity o- a representative $emo#ra#y. )1 7. Broa$#ast stations $eserve the spe#ia" prote#tion given to a"" -orms o- me$ia %y the $ue pro#ess an$ -ree$om o- epression #"auses o- the Constitution. (+e#. 1 an$ +e#. B, Art. ...). S&S v. CO%ELEC ?/007B +K+ an$ Xamaha"an :u%"ishing seeG to enJoin CC;ELEC -rom en-or#ing +e#. ).B o- /A 900A ('air E"e#tion A#t) whi#h prohi%its the pu%"ishing o- e"e#tion surveys 1) $ays %e-ore the e"e#tion o- nationa" #an$i$ates an$ 7 $ays %e-ore the e"e#tion o- "o#a" #an$i$ates. 4he petitioners wish to pu%"ish surveys #overing the entire e"e#tion perio$ an$ argue that the reso"ution vio"ates their right to -ree spee#h an$ epression. 4he +C he"$ that the reso"ution is inva"i$ as %e#ause (1) it imposes a prior restraint on the -ree$om o- epression, (() it is a $ire#t an$ tota" suppression o- a #ategory o- epression even though su#h suppression is on"y -or a "imite$ perio$, an$ that (1) the governmenta" interest sought to %e promote$ #an %e a#hieve$ %y means other than suppression o- -ree$om o- epression. %) +u%se9uent punishment (. ContentD%ase$ an$ #ontentDneutra" regu"ations a) 4ests %) App"i#ations Os(ea v. CO%ELEC ?7@@EB 4his is a petition -or prohi%ition, seeGing a reeamination o- the va"i$ity o- F11(%) o- /A =o. AABA, whi#h prohi%its mass me$ia -rom se""ing or giving -ree o- #harge print spa#e or airtime -or #ampaign or other po"iti#a" purposes, e#ept to the CC;ELEC. :etitioners are #an$i$ates -or pu%"i# oH#e in the up#oming e"e#tions, who #onten$ that the events a-ter =:C v. Come"e# have shown un$esira%"e e,e#ts %e#ause the %an on po"iti#a" a$s has -ai"e$ to "eve" the p"aying 2e"$ an$ has worGe$ against poor #an$i$ates. 4he +C ru"e$ that /A AABA is a va"i$ eer#ise o- the power o- the state to regu"ate me$ia o- #ommuni#ation to ensure e9ua" opportunity. .t mere"y regu"ates the time, p"a#e an$ manner o- a$vertising o- po"iti#a" a$s an$ it $oes not a%ri$ge -ree$om o- spee#h an$ o- the press. Po*icarpio v. %ani*a Ti(es ?7@:/B :o"i#arpio, ee#utive se#retary o- the 8=E+CC =ationa" Commission, was #harge$ with ma"versation o- pu%"i# -un$s an$ esta-a through -a"si2#ation o- pu%"i# $o#uments. 4he ;ani"a 4imes ran a story eaggerating the #harges against her. 4he ;ani"a 4imes #"aime$ immunity %e#ause o- the -ree$om o- the press. 4he +C ru"e$ that $amages shou"$ %e awar$e$ to :o"i#arpio. 4he -ree$om o- spee#h an$ press immunity presuppose that the $erogatory in-ormation they pu%"ish are %oth true an$ -air an$ ma$e in goo$ -aith, without #omments or remarGs. "yer Productions v. <ud+e Capu*on+ ?7@@0B Ayer :ro$u#tions wante$ to maGe a 2"m a%out the ED+A /evo"ution tit"e$ ?4he 'ourDDay /evo"ution.@ +en. Enri"e $i$ not want to appear in the movie an$ sought to have the #ontinue$ pro$u#tion enJoine$. 4he +C $i$ not grant the inJun#tion. 4he su%Je#t matter o- the 2"m is o- pu%"i# interest. Even the right o- priva#y must yie"$ to the -ree$om o- epression, notwithstan$ing the -a#t that the 2"m was ma$e primari"y -or pro2t. )( onGa*eG v. Ia*a, Iati+4a= ?7@EAB &on<a"e<, on %eha"- o- ;a"aya 'i"ms, assai"s the Boar$>s #"assi2#ation o- their pro$u#tion Xapit sa :ata"im as ?'or A$u"ts Cn"y@ an$ its reso"ution to issue a permit on"y i- the petitioner maGes #ertain #hanges an$ $e"etions. .t was he"$ that the Boar$ $i$ not #ommit any grave a%use o- $is#retion %e#ause its reso"ution was supporte$ %y the -a#t that a num%er o- s#enes in the movie are not 2t -or pu%"i# viewing. *en#e the Court restate$ the test to $etermine o%s#enity5 Khether to the average person, app"ying #ontemporary #ommunity stan$ar$s, the $ominant theme o- the materia" taGen as a who"e appea"s to prurient interest. Pita v. C" ?7@E@B :ursuant to an AntiD+mut Campaign initiate$ %y the ;ayor o- the City o- ;ani"a, maga<ines, pu%"i#ations an$ other rea$ing materia"s, in#"u$ing :ita>s ?:inoy :"ay%oy@ maga<ines, %e"ieve$ to %e o%s#ene, pornographi# an$ in$e#ent were #on2s#ate$ an$ %urne$ in pu%"i#. :ita thus 2"e$ a #ase -or inJun#tion to enJoin the City ;ayor an$ his agents -rom #on2s#ating p"ainti,>s maga<ines or -rom preventing the sa"e or #ir#u"ation thereo- #"aiming that the maga<ine is a $e#ent, artisti# an$ e$u#ationa" maga<ine whi#h is not per se o%s#ene, an$ that the pu%"i#ation is prote#te$ %y the Constitutiona" guarantees o- -ree$om o- spee#h an$ o- the press. 4he +C $ismisse$ the petition. 'ree$om o- the press is not without restraint as the state has the right to prote#t so#iety -rom pornographi# "iterature that is o,ensive to pu%"i# mora"s, as in$ee$ we have "aws punishing the author, pu%"ishers an$ se""ers o- o%s#ene pu%"i#ations. 8sing the Xottinger ru"e, the test o- o%s#enity is Twhether the ten$en#y o- the matter #harge$ as o%s#ene, is to $eprave or #orrupt those whose min$s are open to su#h immora" inUuen#es an$ into whose han$s a pu%"i#ation or other arti#"e #harge$ as %eing o%s#ene may -a"".T Another is whether it sho#Gs the or$inary an$ #ommon sense o- men as an in$e#en#y. 8"timate"y Twhether a pi#ture is o%s#ene or in$e#ent must $epen$ upon the #ir#umstan#es o- the #ase an$ that the 9uestion is to %e $e#i$e$ %y the TJu$gment o- the aggregate sense o- the #ommunity rea#he$ %y it.T 1. 'a#ia" #ha""enges an$ the over%rea$th $o#trine B. 4ests ). +tate regu"ation o- $i,erent types o- mass me$ia A. Commer#ia" spee#h 7. :rivate vs. government spee#h 8. *e#G"er>s veto *. 'ree$om o- re"igion 1. =onDesta%"ishment #"ause "+*ipay v. !uiG ?7@2HB ®orio Ag"ipay, the +upreme *ea$ o- the :hi"ippine .n$epen$ent Chur#h, 2"e$ -or a writ o- prohi%ition against !uan /ui<, Dire#tor o- :osts, to stop him -rom se""ing postage stamps whi#h #ommemorate$ the 11r$ .nternationa" Eu#haristi# Congress organi<e$ %y the Catho"i# Chur#h in ;ani"a. :etitioner a""eges that this vio"ates the Constitutiona" provision prohi%iting the use o- pu%"i# money -or the %ene2t o- any re"igious $enomination. 4he Court $enie$ the petition. 4he Dire#tor o- :osts a#te$ %y virtue o- A#t =o. B0)( whi#h appropriate$ A0,000 pesos -or the #ost o- printing o- stamps with new $esigns. 4he stamps themse"ves -eature$ a map o- the :hi"ippines. 4he government>s )1 goa" was to promote the :hi"ippines. 4here was no re"igious goa". 4he pro#ee$s o- the sa"e o- the stamps a"so went to the government an$ not to any #hur#h. Centeno v. $i**a*on3Porni**os ?7@@FB 4he oH#ers o- a #ivi# organi<ation7+amahang Xatan$aan ng =ayon ng 4iGay7"aun#he$ a -un$ $rive to renovate the #hape" o- Bgy 4iGay in ;a"o"os, Bu"a#an. Chairman ;artin Centeno an$ 6i#ente M#o approa#he$ !u$ge A$ora#ion &. Ange"es an$ so"i#ite$ :1)00 -rom her. 4his was $one without a "i#ense -rom the D+KD. Ange"es 2"e$ a #omp"aint, an$ %e#ause o- that, an in-ormation was 2"e$ against Centeno, M#o, an$ /e"igio Evaristo -or vio"ating :resi$entia" De#ree 1)AB, or the +o"i#itation :ermit Law. Cn the in-ringement o- re"igious -ree$oms, the +C $is#usse$ the $ua" nature o- "egis"ation on the su%Je#t o- re"igion. Cn the one han$, it prevents the #ompu"sion %y "aw o- the a##eptan#e o- any #ree$. Cn the other, it prote#ts the -ree eer#ise o- any #hosen -orm o- re"igion. 4hus, there are two #onstitutiona" -ree$oms regar$ing re"igion7the -ree$om to %e"ieve an$ the -ree$om to a#t on the %asis o- one>s %e"ie-. Khi"e the -ormer is a%so"ute, the "atter #an %e su%Je#t to regu"ation -or the prote#tion o- so#iety. .n this #ase, the state may prote#t the pu%"i# -rom -rau$u"ent so"i#itation %y re9uiring those who so"i#it to esta%"ish i$entity an$ authority to so"i#it. Even though the regu"ation resu"ting -rom su#h a po"i#y may in-ringe re"igious a#ts, it is not inva"i$ %e#ause the genera" regu"ation prote#ting #iti<ens -rom unJust so"i#itation is not open to any #onstitutiona" o%Je#tion. $ictoriano v. E*iGa*de !ope &or=ersJ Union ?7@HFB 6i#toriano is a mem%er o- .g"esia ni Cristo who is an emp"oyee at the E"i<a"$e /ope 'a#tory, an$ a mem%er o- the E"i<a"$e /ope KorGers> 8nion. 4he #ompany an$ the union are in a #"ose$ shop agreement where a"" emp"oyees must %e a mem%er o- the #o""e#tive %argaining union in or$er to maintain emp"oyment. /A 11)0 was passe$ whi#h states that CBAs sha"" no "onger #over mem%ers o- any re"igious se#ts whi#h prohi%it aH"iation in any "a%or organi<ation. 4he union assai"s the #onstitutiona"ity o- /A 11)0 %e#ause it in-ringes on the right o- asso#iation, impairs #ontra#ts an$ $is#riminates in -avor o- su#h mem%ers o- re"igious se#ts. 4he Court uphe"$ the #onstitutiona"ity o- /A 11)0 %e#ause (1) the 8nion misrea$ the "aw, whi#h a#tua""y $oes not prohi%it asso#iation, %ut on"y rein-or#es a person>s right to re-rain -rom asso#iation, (() the right to re"igion is superior over #ontra#tua" rights, an$ (1) the government may pass "aws in pursuit o- a va"i$ se#u"ar #ause even though this may %e %ene2#ia" to some re"igions. "(erican Ci4*e Society v. City o- %ani*a ?7@AHB Ameri#an Bi%"e +o#iety (AB+) is a nonsto#G, nonpro2t, re"igious missionary #orporation $istri%uting an$ se""ing %i%"esRgospe" portions in the :hi"ippines. AB+ was in-orme$ that it has to #omp"y with Cr$inan#e =o. 1000 (o%tain a mayor>s permit) an$ Cr$inan#e =o. ()(9 (pay muni#ipa" "i#ense -ee -or the perio$ #overing 19B) to 19)1 an$ amounting to ), 8(1.B)). AB+ pai$ in protest an$ 2"e$ a #ase to $e#"are sai$ Cr$inan#es voi$ an$ to seeG a re-un$. 4ria" #ourt $ismisse$ #ase. +C ru"e$ that Cr$inan#e 1000 is va"i$ as it mere"y re9uires a mayor>s permit. Cr$inan#e ()(9 is a"so va"i$ %ut #annot %e ma$e to app"y to AB+ %e#ause su#h "i#ense -ee #onstitutes a restraint in the -ree eer#ise o- re"igion. 4he #onstitutiona" guaranty o- the -ree eer#ise an$ enJoyment o- re"igious pro-ession an$ worship #arries with it the right to $isseminate re"igious in-ormation. Any restraint o- su#h right #ou"$ on"y %e Justi2e$ "iGe other restraints o- -ree$om o- )B epression on the groun$s that there is #"ear an$ present $anger o- any su%stantive evi", whi#h the +tate has the right to prevent. E4ra*ina+ v. #ivision Superintendent ?7@@2B :etitioners in this #onso"i$ate$ petition are high s#hoo" an$ e"ementary stu$ents -rom Ce%u who were epe""e$ -or not parti#ipating in the Uag #eremony o- their s#hoo"s. 4hey are represente$ %y their parents. As !ehovah>s Kitnesses, they #onsi$er the Uag as an i$o" whi#h, a##or$ing to their re"igion, shou"$ not %e worshippe$. 4hey %e"ieve that the Uag #eremony is a -orm o- worship whi#h is prohi%ite$ %y their re"igion. /espon$ents #ounter %y invoGing /A 1(A), Department Cr$er 8 an$ the ru"ing o- &erona v. +e#retary o- E$u#ation whi#h uphe"$ that a"" stu$ents shou"$ parti#ipate in the Uag #eremony. 4he Court reverse$ the &erona ru"ing an$ ru"e$ in -avor o- the petitioners. Epe""ing them %ase$ on their re"igious %e"ie-s wou"$ %e a #urtai"ment o- their right to re"igious pro-ession an$ worship an$ their right to -ree e$u#ation. I+*esia Ni Cristo v. C" ?7@@:B 4he .g"esia ni Cristo (.=C) operates a 46 program tit"e$ ?Ang .g"esia ni Cristo.@ 4he Boar$ o- /eview -or ;otion :i#tures an$ 4e"evision #"assi2e$ su#h program as rate$ 3, %eing not 2t -or pu%"i# viewing as it o,en$s an$ #onstitutes an atta#G against other re"igions. 4he +C he"$ that .=C is prote#te$ %y Art. ..., +e#. B o- the Constitution. 4he Boar$ -ai"e$ to show any imminent or grave $anger that wou"$ %e %rought a%out %y the te"e#ast o- the show. A"so, the show itse"- is not an atta#G against, %ut rather a #riti#ism o-, other re"igions. +u#h groun$ (i.e., #riti#ism) is not a va"i$ groun$ in or$er to prohi%it the %roa$#asting o- the show. +C a"so aHrme$ ;4/CB>s power to regu"ate these types o- te"evision programs #iting the 19(1 #ase o- +otto v /ui< regar$ing the Dire#tor o- :ost>s power to #he#G as to whether or not pu%"i#ations are o- a "i%e"ous #hara#ter. er(an v. Caran+an ?7@EAB &erman et a". #onverge$ at !: Laure" +treet in ;ani"a to hear mass at the +t. !u$e Chape", whi#h is near ;a"a#aVang. /espon$ents Barangan an$ Lariosa %"o#Ge$ them, saying that (1) their a#tions show that they are not there to hear mass, %ut to stage a $emonstration, an$ (() the se#urity o- :resi$ent ;ar#os is o- utmost #on#ern. :etitioners 2"e$ a #ase, saying that Barangan an$ Lariosa impaire$ their #onstitutiona" -ree$om to eer#ise re"igion. 4he +C he"$ that this -ree$om is not a%so"ute. &oo$ -aith is re9uire$ to va"i$"y eer#ise this -ree$om, an$ the -a#ts show that the petitioners are not eer#ising goo$ -aith. A"so, i- the -ree$om #"ashes with a so#ia" or nationa" interest, whi#h in this #ase is the sa-ety o- the :resi$ent, then the -ormer must yie"$ to the "atter. *en#e, the petition was $ismisse$. a) Con#ept an$ %asis %) A#ts permitte$ an$ not permitte$ %y the #"ause #) 4est (. 'ree eer#ise #"ause 1. 4ests a) C"ear an$ :resent Danger 4est %) Compe""ing +tate .nterest 4est #) Cons#ientious C%Je#tor 4est .. Li%erty o- a%o$e an$ -ree$om o- movement )) $i**avicencio v. Lu=4an ?7@7@B !usto LuG%an, as ;ani"a CityEs ;ayor, together with Anton *ohmann, the #ityEs Chie- o- :o"i#e, tooG #usto$y o- a%out 170 women at the night o- C#to%er () without their #onsent an$ Gnow"e$ge an$ shippe$ them to Davao where they were signe$ as "a%orers. +ai$ women are inmates o- the houses o- prostitution situate$ in &ar$enia +treet, in the $istri#t o- +ampa"o#. 6i""avi#en#io thus 2"e$ a petition -or ha%eas #orpus. 4he +C grante$ the petition, reasoning that pu%"i# oH#ia"s, within the rea#h o- pro#ess, may not %e permitte$ to restrain a -e""ow #iti<en o- her "i%erty %y -or#ing her to #hange her $omi#i"e an$ to avow the a#t with impunity in the #ourts, whi"e the person who has "ost her %irthright o- "i%erty has no e,e#tive re#ourse. LorenGo v. #ir. o- Hea*t' ?7@/HB .n a##or$an#e with the /evise$ A$ministrative Co$e, Loren<o was #on2ne$ -or having "eprosy. *e 2"e$ a petition -or ha%eas #orpus a""eging that his right to a%o$e an$ -ree$om o- movement was in-ringe$. 4he +C $enie$ the petition. 4he Dire#tor o- *ea"th was empowere$ to or$er "epers> #on2nement in or$er to se#ure pu%"i# hea"th. 1. Limitations (. /ight to trave" !u4i v. Provincia* Coard, supra. 4he right to trave" #an va"i$"y %e suspen$e$ in the va"i$ eer#ise o- po"i#e power. %anotoc v. C" ?7@E:B /i#ar$o ;anoto# !r. was not a""owe$ to $epart -or the +tates pen$ing a #ase 2"e$ with the +EC. *e was "ater #harge$ with esta-a an$ was a""owe$ %y the Court to post %ai". Even though re"ease$ on %ai", he was not a""owe$ to "eave the #ountry. *e thus 2"e$ a petition -or #ertiorari seeGing to annu" the prior or$ers an$ the +EC #ommuni#ation re9uest $enying his "eave to trave" a%roa$, a""eging that his right to trave" ha$ %een vio"ate$. 4he +C he"$ that it ha$ not. 4he #ourt has power to prohi%it persons a$mitte$ to %ai" -rom "eaving the #ountry %e#ause this is a ne#essary #onse9uen#e o- the nature an$ -un#tion o- a %ai" %on$. 4he #on$ition impose$ upon petitioner to maGe himse"- avai"a%"e at a"" times whenever the #ourt re9uires his presen#e operates as a va"i$ restri#tion on his #onstitutiona" right to trave". a) Kat#hD"ist an$ ho"$ $eparture or$ers 1. /eturn to one>s #ountry %arcos v. %an+*apus, supra. 4he right to return to one>s #ountry is separate -rom the right to trave" an$ to a%o$e. As su#h, it may %e suspen$e$ %y the :resi$ent in the eer#ise o- resi$ua" powers. !. /ight to in-ormation 1. Limitations )A $a*(onte v. Ce*(onte, supra. Khi"e the peop"e have the right to in-ormation, in#"u$ing #ourt re#or$s, an$ they may a##ess the sai$ re#or$s, they #annot #ompe" Ju$i#ia" oH#ers or #usto$ians o- oH#ia" re#or$s to prepare "ists, a%stra#ts, summaries an$ the "iGe in their $esire to a#9uire in-ormation on matters o- pu%"i# #on#ern (. :u%"i#ation o- "aws an$ regu"ations TaDada v. Tuvera, supra. 1. A##ess to #ourt re#or$s Ca*dora v. #i(aano ?7@H:B .n a veri2e$ "etterD#omp"aint, the ;uni#ipa" +e#retary o- 4aa", Batangas, #harge$ ;uni#ipa" !u$ge /o$o"-o B. Dimaano with a%use o- authority in re-using to a""ow emp"oyees o- the ;uni#ipa" ;ayor to eamine the #rimina" $o#Get re#or$s o- the ;uni#ipa" Court to se#ure $ata in #onne#tion with their #ontemp"ate$ report on the pea#e an$ or$er #on$itions o- the sai$ muni#ipa"ity. 4he Court ru"e$ that !u$ge Dimaano (respon$ent) $i$ not a#t ar%itrari"y sin#e he a""owe$ the #omp"ainant to open an$ view the $o#Get %ooGs o- the respon$ent un$er #ertain #on$itions an$ un$er his #omman$ an$ supervision. .t has not %een shown that the ru"es an$ #on$itions impose$ %y the respon$ent were unreasona%"e. B. /ight to in-ormation re"ative to5 a) &overnment #ontra#t negotiations %) Dip"omati# negotiations "=4ayan v. ".uino, supra. 4he right to in-ormation $oes not in#"u$e the re#or$s o- $ip"omati# negotiations. X. /ight o- asso#iation Peop*e v. 5errer ?7@H/B *on. !u$ge +imeon 'errer is the 4ar"a# tria" #ourt Ju$ge that $e#"are$ /A 1700 or the AntiD +u%versive A#t o- 19)7 a %i"" o- attain$er. 4he Anti +u%versive A#t o- 19)7 out"awe$ the C:: an$ simi"ar asso#iations pena"i<ing mem%ership therein, an$ -or other purposes. .t $e2ne$ the Communist :arty as an organi<e$ #onspira#y to overthrow the &overnment, not on"y %y -or#e an$ vio"en#e %ut a"so %y $e#eit, su%version an$ other i""ega" means. .t $e#"are$ that the C:: is a #"ear an$ present $anger to the se#urity o- the :hi"ippines. 4he +C uphe"$ the AntiD+u%version A#t o- 19)7. A %i"" o- attain$er is so"e"y a "egis"ative a#t. .t punishes without the %ene2t o- the tria". .t is the su%stitution o- Ju$i#ia" $etermination with a "egis"ative $etermination o- gui"t. .n or$er -or a statute %e measure$ as a %i"" o- attain$er, the -o""owing re9uisites must %e present5 1.) 4he statute spe#i2es persons, groups, (.) the statute is app"ie$ retroa#tive"y an$ rea#h past #on$u#t. (A %i"" o- attain$er re"ative"y is a"so an e post -a#to "aw.) .n the #ase at %ar, the statute simp"y $e#"ares the C:: as an organi<e$ #onspira#y -or the overthrow o- the &overnment -or purposes o- the A#t. 4he A#t app"ies not on"y to the C:: )7 %ut a"so to other organi<ations having the same purpose an$ their su##essors. 4he A#t>s -o#us is on the #on$u#t not the person. ;em%ership o- these organi<ations to %e un"aw-u", must %e shown to have %een a#9uire$ with the intent to -urther the goa"s o- the organi<ation %y overt a#ts. 4hus it is the e"ement o- mem%ership with Gnow"e$ge that is punisha%"e. 'urther, the statute is prospe#tive in nature. PC% E(p*oyees v. PC%, supra. A $emonstration against the a%uses o- po"i#e is prote#te$ as an eer#ise o- the right to pea#ea%"y assem%"e to petition the government -or re$ress o- grievan#es. <CL !eyes v. Ca+atsin+ ?7@E2B !BL /eyes, in %eha"- o- the mem%ers o- the AntiDBases Coa"ition, sought a permit to ra""y -rom Luneta :arG unti" the -ront gate o- the 8+ em%assy. ;ani"a ;ayor Bagatsing $enie$ the petition. 4he mayor #"aime$ that there ha$ %een inte""igen#e reports that in$i#ate$ that the ra""y wou"$ %e in2"trate$ %y "aw"ess e"ements. *e thus issue$ City Cr$inan#e =o. 7(9) to prohi%it the staging o- ra""ies within a )00Dmeter ra$ius o- the 8+ em%assy. 4he +C stru#G $own the or$inan#e. Khi"e un$er internationa" "aw, the re#eiving state is tasGe$ with the prote#tion o- -oreign $ip"omats -rom any "aw"ess e"ement, an$ whi"e the 6ienna Convention is a restatement o- the genera""y a##epte$ prin#ip"es o- internationa" "aw, the same #annot prevai" over the Constitutiona" rights to -ree spee#h an$ to pea#ea%"y assem%"e. L. Eminent $omain Peop*e v. 5a9ardo ?7@AEB 'aJar$o was #onvi#te$ -or vio"ating an or$inan#e whi#h pena"i<e$ the #onstru#tion o- a %ui"$ing that $estroys the view o- the pu%"i# p"a<a. 4he +C stru#G $own the or$inan#e, ru"ing that it is unreasona%"e an$ oppressive, in that it operates to permanent"y $eprive appe""ants o- the right to use their own propertyN thus, it oversteps the %oun$s o- po"i#e power, an$ amounts to a taGing o- appe""ant>s property without Just #ompensation. !epu4*ic v. PL#T ?7@:@B 4he BC4 is a government arm engage$ in the operation o- te"e#ommuni#ation servi#es in the #ountry %y uti"i<ing su#h -a#i"ities as may %e avai"a%"e in the area. A-ter its #reation, the BC4 set up its own &overnment 4e"ephone +ystem (&4+) %y renting the trunG "ines o- :LD4. BC4 entere$ into an agreement with /CA Communi#ations (a te"e#ommuni#ations #ompany in the 8+ with a $omesti# station in the :hi"ippines), asso#iate o- :LD4, -or Joint overseas te"ephone servi#e where%y BC4 wou"$ #onvey overseas #a""s re#eive$ %y /CA to "o#a" resi$ents. :LD4 #omp"aine$ to the BC4 that it vio"ate$ their agreement sin#e the trunG "ines were use$ not on"y -or the use o- government oH#es %ut even to serve the genera" pu%"i# in #ompetition with the %usiness o- :LD4. Khen p"ainti, -ai"e$ to rep"y, :LD4 $is#onne#te$ the "ines rente$ %y p"ainti,. 4he p"ainti, #ommen#e$ suit against :LD4 to ee#ute a #ontra#t -or the use o- the -a#i"ities o- :LD4Es te"ephones system un$er su#h #on$itions as the #ourt may #onsi$er reasona%"e. 4he +C he"$ that5 4he state, may, in the interest o- nationa" we"-are, trans-er uti"ities to pu%"i# ownership upon payment o- Just #ompensationN there is no reason why the state may not re9uire a pu%"i# uti"ity to ren$er servi#es in the genera" interest provi$e$ Just #ompensation is pai$. )8
!epu4*ic v. Caste**vi ?7@HFB 4he /epu%"i# o- the :hi"ippines (:hi"ippine Air 'or#e) "ease$ the property o- respon$ent Caste""vi near Basa air%ase on a year"y %asis. .n 19)A, the respon$ent $e#i$e$ to terminate the "ease #ontra#t an$ asGe$ the petitioner to va#ate the p"a#e. 4he petitioner $i$ not #omp"y, so the respon$ent 2"e$ an eJe#tment suit against petitioner. 4he respon$ent however 2"e$ epropriation pro#ee$ings warranting the $ismissa" o- the eJe#tment suit. 'or the other respon$ent &o<un, her "an$ was a"so %eing epropriate$ %ut there was no prior "ease agreement with petitioner un"iGe in the #ase o- Caste""vi. 4he +C sai$ that the pri#es in 19)9 wi"" app"y sin#e in 19B7, they $i$ not possess the property with a permanent #hara#teristi# seeing that they were Just "easing on a year"y %asis. 4heir possession $i$ not a"so $eprive the owner o- the %ene2ts o- the "an$ sin#e they were paying rent. .t was on"y in 19)9 when they 2"e$ the epropriation pro#ee$ings that they gaine$ possession with a permanent #hara#ter when the "ower #ourt grante$ them su#h possession. 4he pri#e o- :hp 10.00 however was 9uite high taGing in #onsi$eration that the sai$ properties #ou"$ %e so"$ on a range o- :hp (.)0 W B.00 per s9 meters an$ the -a#t that the va"ue o- the peso went $own. 4he proper pri#e is now at :hp).00 per s9uare meters. 4his #ase is $o#trina" -or giving the e"ements o- a #ompensa%"e taGing, to wit5 1. 4he epropriator must enter a private property (. 'or more than a momentary perio$ 1. 8n$er warrant or #o"or o- "ega" authority B. 4he property must %e $evote$ to a pu%"i# use or otherwise in-orma""y appropriate$ or inJurious"y a,e#te$ ). 4he owner must %e ouste$ o- a"" %ene2#ia" enJoyment o- the property. #e Inec't v. Cautista ?7@E0B A9uino, as the ;inister o- :u%"i# *ighways, ma$e a p"an -or the etension o- ED+A. 4he origina" p"an was that the etension wou"$ #ut through Cuneta Avenue. *e #hange$ this p"an to a new one, wherein the etension wou"$ #ut through 'ernan$o /ein an$ De" :an +treets. :etitioner De Xne#ht is a resi$ent that wi"" %e a,e#te$ %y the new p"an. +he went to :asay C'. to 2"e a #ase, in or$er to enJoin A9uino an$ the /epu%"i# -rom going through with the new p"an. /espon$ent !u$ge Bautista issue$ a writ o- possession in -avor o- the /epu%"i#. 4he +C set asi$e the writ. 4o Justi-y its $e#ision, the +C use$ the re#ommen$ations o- the *uman +ett"ements Commission as %asis. 4he Commission sai$ that a"though the origina" p"an was more epensive, it was a %etter #hoi#e, taGing into #onsi$eration the progress an$ $eve"opment o- the #ountry. !epu4*ic v. #e Inec't ?7@@0B /epu%"i# wante$ to eten$ ED+A to /oas Bou"evar$ an$ a"so #onstru#t an out-a"" -or Uoo$ waters. A"ong the p"anne$ etension route is De Xne#ht>s property. De Xne#ht $oes not want to se"" her property. De Xne#ht 2"e$ a #ase tit"e$ De Xne#ht v Bautista whi#h she won in 1980. 4he Court #ite$ the so#ia" impa#t -a#tor maGing epropriation o- the "an$ ar%itrary. .n 1981, the Batasang :am%ansa passe$ B:1B0 epropriating the sai$ property. 4he "ower #ourt grante$ petitioner>s (/epu%"i#) p"ea o- $enying the motion to $ismiss epropriation pro#ee$ing #iting sai$ "aw. 4he +C aHrme$ sai$ ru"ing stating that sin#e resi$ents have a"rea$y move$, the so#ia" impa#t -a#tor whi#h was the %asis in De Xne#ht v. Bautista has a"rea$y $isappeare$, maGing the epropriation pro#ee$ings no "onger ar%itrary. 4he #ourt a"so sai$ that epropriation pro#ee$ings may %e un$ertaGen )9 %y the petitioner not on"y %y vo"untary negotiation with the "an$ owner %ut a"so %y taGing appropriate #ourt a#tion or %y "egis"ation. 1. Con#ept (. Epansive #on#ept o- ?pu%"i# use@ "ssociation o- S(a** Lando,ners v. Sec. o- "+rarian !e-or( ?7@E@B 4hese are #onso"i$ate$ #ases whi#h invo"ve #ommon "ega" issues, in#"u$ing serious #ha""enges to the #onstitutiona"ity o- the severa" measures su#h as :.D. =o. (7, E.C. =o. ((8, :resi$entia" :ro#"amation =o. 111, E.C. =o. ((9, an$ /.A. =o. AA)7. 4he +C ru"e$ that agrarian re-orm un$er the Constitution is an eer#ise o- the power o- eminent $omain. 4here are tra$itiona" $istin#tions %etween the po"i#e power an$ the power o- eminent $omain that "ogi#a""y pre#"u$e the app"i#ation o- %oth powers at the same time on the same su%Je#t. :roperty #on$emne$ un$er the po"i#e power is noious or inten$e$ -or a noious purpose, su#h as a %ui"$ing on the verge o- #o""apse, whi#h shou"$ %e $emo"ishe$ -or the pu%"i# sa-ety, or o%s#ene materia"s, whi#h shou"$ %e $estroye$ in the interest o- pu%"i# mora"s. 4he #on2s#ation o- su#h property is not #ompensa%"e, un"iGe the taGing o- property un$er the power o- epropriation, whi#h re9uires the payment o- Just #ompensation to the owner. 4o the etent that the measures un$er #ha""enge mere"y pres#ri%e retention "imits -or "an$owners, there is an eer#ise o- the po"i#e power -or the regu"ation o- private property in a##or$an#e with the Constitution. But where, to #arry out su#h regu"ation, it %e#omes ne#essary to $eprive su#h owners o- whatever "an$s they may own in e#ess o- the maimum area a""owe$, there is $e2nite"y a taGing un$er the power o- eminent $omain -or whi#h payment o- Just #ompensation is imperative. 4he taGing #ontemp"ate$ is not a mere "imitation o- the use o- the "an$. Khat is re9uire$ is the surren$er o- the tit"e to an$ the physi#a" possession o- the sai$ e#ess an$ a"" %ene2#ia" rights a##ruing to the owner in -avor o- the -armerD %ene2#iary. 4his is $e2nite"y an eer#ise not o- the po"i#e power %ut o- the power o- eminent $omain Su(u*on+ v. uerrero ?7@EHB =*A 2"e$ an epropriation #omp"aint -or petitioners> "an$, whi#h was grante$ %y Buenaventura. :etitioners sai$ that ?so#ia"i<e$ housing@ was not ?pu%"i# use,@ an$ that :D 1((B, the "aw whi#h the =*A use$, was un#onstitutiona". 4he +C he"$ that the epan$e$ notion o- pu%"i# use, supporte$ %y Constitutiona" provisions on so#ia" Justi#e an$ "an$ re-orm, in#"u$e the #on#ept o- so#ia"i<e$ housing. 4hey a"so he"$ that eminent $omain #annot %e restri#te$ Just %e#ause the property is sma"". .n$ivi$ua" interests must %e su%or$inate$ to state or pu%"i# interest. *owever, +C sai$ that Just #ompensation must taGe into a##ount a"" -a#tors, an$ the =*A>s va"uations $i$ not taGe into a##ount in$ivi$ua" -a#tors. A"so, to $eny petitioners the opportunity to #ha""enge the #orre#tness o- the va"uations o- Just #ompensation is a $enia" o- $ue pro#ess. 4he +C reman$e$ the #ase %a#G to the #ourt o- origin in or$er to $etermine the proper #ompensation. City overn(ent v. <ud+e Ericta ?7@E2B Lue<on City ena#te$ an or$inan#e entit"e$ ?An or$inan#e regu"ating the esta%"ishment, maintenan#e an$ operation o- private memoria" type #emetery or %uria" groun$ within the Juris$i#tion o- Lue<on City an$ provi$ing pena"ties -or the vio"ation thereo-@. 4he "aw %asi#a""y provi$es that at "east si (A) per#ent o- the tota" area o- the memoria" parG A0 #emetery sha"" %e set asi$e -or #harity %uria" o- $e#ease$ persons who are paupers an$ have %een resi$ents o- Lue<on City -or at "east ) years prior to their $eath, to %e $etermine$ %y #ompetent City Authorities. LC Justi2e$ the "aw %y invoGing po"i#e power. 4he +C he"$ the "aw as an inva"i$ eer#ise o- po"i#e power. 4here is no reasona%"e re"ation %etween the setting asi$e o- at "east si (A) per#ent o- the tota" area o- a"" private #emeteries -or #harity %uria" groun$s o- $e#ease$ paupers an$ the promotion o- hea"th, mora"s, goo$ or$er, sa-ety, or the genera" we"-are o- the peop"e. 4he or$inan#e is a#tua""y a taGing without #ompensation o- a #ertain area -rom a private #emetery to %ene2t paupers who are #harges o- the muni#ipa" #orporation. .nstea$ o- %ui"$ing or maintaining a pu%"i# #emetery -or this purpose, the #ity passes the %ur$en to private #emeteries. 1. !ust #ompensation EPK" v. #u*ay ?7@E@B 4he #ase #on#erns the "an$ where the ;a#tan Eport :ro#essing Yone Authority in Ce%u (E:YA) was to %e #onstru#te$. +an Antonio Deve"opment Corporation (+ADC) #"aime$ that the "an$s were epropriate$ to the government without them rea#hing the agreement as to the #ompensation. /espon$ent !u$ge Du"ay then issue$ an or$er -or the appointment o- the #ommissioners to $etermine Just #ompensation. .t was "ater -oun$ out that the payment o- the government to +ADC wou"$ %e :1) per s9uare meter, whi#h was o%Je#te$ to %y the "atter #onten$ing that un$er :D 1)11, the %asis o- Just #ompensation sha"" %e -air an$ a##or$ing to the -air marGet va"ue $e#"are$ %y the owner o- the property sought to %e epropriate$, or %y the assessor, whi#hever is "ower. 4he +C ru"e$ that the mo$e o- $etermination o- Just #ompensation in :D 1)11 is un#onstitutiona". 4he metho$ o- as#ertaining Just #ompensation #onstitutes impermissi%"e en#roa#hment on Ju$i#ia" prerogative. .t ten$s to ren$er the #ourts inuti"e in a matter whi#h, un$er the Constitution, is reserve$ to them -or 2nan#ia" $etermination. 4he va"uation in the $e#ree may on"y serve as gui$ing prin#ip"e or one o- the -a#tors in $etermining Just #ompensation, %ut it may not su%stitute the #ourts> own Ju$gment as to what amount shou"$ %e awar$e$ an$ how to arrive at su#h amount. 4he $etermination o- Just #ompensation is a Ju$i#ia" -un#tion. 4he ee#utive $epartment or the "egis"ature may maGe the initia" $etermination %ut when a party #"aims a vio"ation o- the guarantee in the Bi"" o- /ights that the private property may not %e taGen -or pu%"i# use without Just #ompensation, no statute, $e#ree, or ee#utive or$er #an man$ate that its own $etermination sha"" prevai" over the #ourt>s 2n$ings. !eyes v. NH" ?/002B 4he =*A epropriate$ the /eyes> "an$, -or the purpose o- re"o#ating s9uatters -rom ;etro ;ani"a. *owever, it instea$ p"anne$ to %ui"$ "ow #ost housing units. /eyes thus #ha""enge$ the epropriation, #"aiming that the Ju$gment o- epropriation was -or-eite$ when the =*A use$ the "an$ -or another purpose. 4he +C ru"e$ that /eyes #ou"$ not insist on a restri#tive view o- the eminent $omain provision o- the Constitution %y #onten$ing that the #ontra#t -or "ow #ost housing is a $eviation -rom the state$ pu%"i# use. .t is now sett"e$ $o#trine that the #on#ept o- pu%"i# use is no "onger "imite$ to tra$itiona" purposes. 4he term Tpu%"i# useT has now %een he"$ to %e synonymous with Tpu%"i# interest,T Tpu%"i# %ene2t,T Tpu%"i# we"-are,T an$ Tpu%"i# #onvenien#e.T 4hus, whatever may %e %ene2#ia""y emp"oye$ -or the genera" we"-are satis2es the re9uirement o- pu%"i# use.T A1 .n a$$ition, the epropriation o- private "an$ -or s"um #"earan#e an$ ur%an $eve"opment is -or a pu%"i# purpose even i- the $eve"ope$ area is "ater so"$ to private homeowners, #ommer#ia"s 2rms, entertainment an$ servi#e #ompanies, an$ other private #on#erns. 4he Constitution itse"- a""ows the +tate to un$ertaGe, -or the #ommon goo$ an$ in #ooperation with the private se#tor, a #ontinuing program o- ur%an "an$ re-orm an$ housing whi#h wi"" maGe at a,or$a%"e #ost $e#ent housing an$ %asi# servi#es to un$erprivi"ege$ an$ home"ess #iti<ens in ur%an #enters an$ resett"ement areas. 4he epropriation o- private property -or the purpose o- so#ia"i<e$ housing -or the margina"i<e$ se#tor is in -urtheran#e o- so#ia" Justi#e. a) Determination "nsa*do v. C" ?7@@0B Ansa"$o>s "an$ was taGen %y the Department o- :u%"i# KorGs, 4ransportation an$ Communi#ation. 4wentyDsi years "ater, Ansa"$o asGe$ to %e #ompensate$ -or the taGing. 4he +C he"$ that the $etermination o- the va"ue shou"$ %e $etermine$ at the time o- taGing, not at the time o- the 2"ing o- the suit. %) E,e#t o- $e"ay B. A%an$onment o- inten$e$ use an$ right o- repur#hase ). ;is#e""aneous app"i#ation ;. Contra#t #"ause !utter v. Este4an ?7@A2B Este%an %ought ( pie#es o- "an$ on Aug. (0, 19B1. *e was a%"e to pay the 2rst ( insta""ments, %ut was not a%"e to pay the net ( insta""ments, "ea$ing /utter to 2"e a suit to re#over a sum o- money. Este%an #"aime$ that the en-or#ement o- the payment was %arre$ %y /A 1B(, +e#. ( o- whi#h provi$es that a"" $e%ts an$ o%"igations #ontra#te$ %e-ore De#. 8, 19B1 sha"" not %e $ue an$ $eman$a%"e -or 8 years a-ter sett"ement o- the war $amage #"aim o- the $e%tor %y the :hi"ippine Kar Damage Commission. 4he net se#tion provi$e$ that i- +e#. ( was ma$e voi$ an$ unen-or#ea%"e, then the moratoriums wou"$ %e revive$ an$ #ontinue. 4he +C stru#G $own the /A an$ the re"ate$ moratorium -or impairing #ontra#ts. 4he $etermination o- the #onstitutiona"ity o- the moratorium statute is the $etermination o- a perio$ -or the suspension o- the reme$y. 'urther, "aws a"tering #ontra#ts impair the o%"igation thereo- when they are unreasona%"e in "ight o- the #ir#umstan#es. 'ina""y, impairment shou"$ on"y re-er to the reme$y an$ not to a su%stantive right. *ere, the /A, in e,e#t, gives 1( years %e-ore #re$itors #ou"$ en-or#e their o%"igations. 4his is unreasona%"e an$ oppressive un$er the #ir#umstan#es. Orti+as v. Ce*3"ir ?7@@7B !upiter +treet was re#"assi2e$ into a #ommer#ia" <one -rom its -ormer $esignation as a resi$entia" <one. :res"ey, who "eases the property owne$ %y the A"men$rases in !upiter street, operates a pan$esa" store in that a$$ress. Be"DAir 6i""age Asso#iation asGe$ them to shut it $own pursuant to their agreement annotate$ in the 4C4 that the property wou"$ %e use$ -or resi$entia" purposes on"y. 4he +C, pursuant to its ru"ing in the +anga"ang #ase, he"$ that a"though the #ontra#t is %in$ing %etween the parties, this may %e impaire$ %y a "aw-u" eer#ise o- po"i#e power7in this #ase, the re#"assi2#ation o- !upiter into a #ommer#ia" <one. A( Orti+as v. 5eati ?7@H@B Crtigas so"$ two "ots in a su%$ivision a"ong ED+A to Emma Chave<. 4hese "ots were suppose$ to on"y %e use$ -or resi$entia" purposes, an$ this stipu"ation was annotate$ on the 4C4. Chave< so"$ the "ots to 'eati, who wante$ to use the "ots -or #ommer#ia" purposes. 4heir %asis was ;an$a"uyong ;uni#ipa" Coun#i">s /eso"ution (7, #"assi-ying that area as #ommer#ia"Rin$ustria". 4he +C sai$ that the nonDimpairment #"ause must %e %a"an#e$ with the proper eer#ise o- po"i#e power, an$ that the stipu"ations shou"$ %e su%or$inate to the reso"ution. .- the eer#ise o- po"i#e power is $one proper"y, the in$ivi$ua" interests must %e su%or$inate to the genera" we"-are. 1. Contemporary app"i#ation o- the #ontra#t #"ause =. Lega" assistan#e an$ -ree a##ess to #ourts C. /ights o- suspe#ts 1. Avai"a%i"ity (. /e9uisites 1. Kaiver :. /ights o- the a##use$ 1. Crimina" $ue pro#ess Estrada v. Sandi+an4ayan ?/007B 'ormer :resi$ent !oseph Estra$a was #harge$ with p"un$er un$er /A 7080, the :"un$er Law. *e #ha""enge$ the provision that ?'or purposes o- esta%"ishing the #rime o- p"un$er, it sha"" not %e ne#essary to prove ea#h an$ every #rimina" a#t $one %y the a##use$ in -urtheran#e o- the s#heme or #onspira#y to amass, a##umu"ate or a#9uire i""Dgotten wea"th, it %eing suH#ient to esta%"ish %eyon$ reasona%"e $ou%t a pattern o- overt or #rimina" a#ts in$i#ative o- the overa"" un"aw-u" s#heme or #onspira#y.@ 4he +C he"$ that, whi"e not every a#t nee$s to %e proven %eyon$ reasona%"e $ou%t, there is no vio"ation o- #rimina" $ue pro#ess, as it must sti"" %e proven that there is an un"aw-u" s#heme or #onspira#y %eyon$ reasona%"e $ou%t. US v. Lin+ Su 5an ?7@70B Ling +u 'an was #onvi#te$ o- eporting :hi"ippine si"ver #oins, pursuant to A#t 1B11. Ling +u 'an #ha""enge$ the sai$ a#t -or %eing vio"ative o- $ue pro#ess. 4he +C uphe"$ the A#t, "aying $own the ,. re9uirements -or $ue pro#ess o- statutes5 'irst5 4hat there sha"" %e a "aw pres#ri%e$ in harmony with the genera" powers o- the "egis"ative $epartment o- the &overnmentN +e#on$5 4hat this "aw sha"" %e reasona%"e in its operationN 4hir$5 4hat it sha"" %e en-or#e$ a##or$ing to the regu"ar metho$s o- pro#e$ure pres#ri%e$N an$ 'ourth5 4hat it sha"" %e app"i#a%"e a"iGe to a"" the #iti<ens o- the state or to a"" o- a #"ass. (. Bai" 1. :resumption o- inno#en#e B. /ight to %e hear$ ). Assistan#e o- #ounse" Peop*e v. Espiritu ?7@@@B A1 Espiritu ma$e an etraDJu$i#ia" #on-ession, assiste$ %y Atty. ;anga""ay, whom he $i$ not retain persona""y, %ut who was retaine$ %y his un#"e. *e thus #ha""enge$ the va"i$ity o- the #on-ession. 4he +C uphe"$ the #on-ession. 4he right to #ounse" $oes not mean that the a##use$ must persona""y hire his own #ounse". 4he #onstitutiona" re9uirement is satis2e$ when a #ounse" is engage$ %y anyone a#ting on %eha"- o- the person un$er investigation, or appointe$ %y the #ourt upon petition o- the sai$ person or %y someone on his %eha"-. Peop*e v. Continente ?/000B 4he tria" #ourt #onvi#te$ the a##use$ o- mur$er. Among the evi$en#e the tria" #ourt re"ie$ upon were the #on-essions o- the a##use$. 4he a##use$ argue$ that their #on-ession were ina$missi%"e in evi$en#e, sin#e they were not in-orme$ o- their #onstitutiona" right. 4he written statements #ontaine$ an ep"anation that the investigation $ea"t with the parti#ipation o- the a##use$ who #hose not to give any statement to the investigator an$ a warning that any statement o%taine$ -rom the a##use$ might %e use$ against them in #ourt. 4hey #ontaine$ a$vi#e that the a##use$ might engage the servi#e o- a "awyer o- their own #hoi#e an$ that i- they #ou"$ not a,or$ the servi#e o- a "awyer, they wou"$ %e provi$e$ with one -or -ree. Despite the mani-estation o- the a##use$ that they inten$e$ to give their statements, the investigator re9ueste$ two "awyers to a#t as #ounse" -or the a##use$. 4he "awyers #on-erre$ with the a##use$ %e-ore their investigation. 4he a##use$ were in-orme$ o- their #onstitutiona" rights in the presen#e o- their #ounse". 4he #on-essions are thus a$missi%"e in evi$en#e. Peop*e v. O4rero ?/000B At C%rero>s #usto$ia" investigation, he was assigne$ a "awyer who was the station #omman$er o- another pre#in#t. 4he +C he"$ that his right to #ounse" was in-ringe$ upon, as the sai$ "awyer #ou"$ not %e #onsi$ere$ in$epen$ent. A. /ight to %e in-orme$ Pec'o v. Peop*e ?7@@:B :e#ho was #onvi#te$ o- attempte$ esta-a through -a"si2#ation o- oH#ia" an$ #ommer#ia" $o#uments. 4he $e#ision was assai"e$ on the groun$ that the a##use$ may not %e #onvi#te$ o- that #rime %e#ause the in-ormation was -or a vio"ation o- /A 1019. *e thus a""ege$ vio"ation o- his right to %e in-orme$ o- this #harge against him in the 2"ing o- the in-ormation. 4he +C uphe"$ the #onvi#tion. 4he o%Je#tives o- the right o- the a##use$ to %e in-orme$ o- the nature an$ #ause o- the #rime o- whi#h he is #harge$ are as -o""ows5 1. 4o -urnish the a##use$ with su#h a $es#ription o- the #harge against him as wi"" ena%"e him to maGe his $e-enseN (. 4o avai" himse"- o- his #onvi#tion or a#9uitta" -or prote#tion against a -urther prose#ution -or the same #auseN an$ 1. 4o in-orm the #ourt o- the -a#ts a""ege$, so that it may $e#i$e whether they are suH#ient in "aw to support a #onvi#tion, i- one shou"$ %e ha$. AB .n or$er that this re9uirement may %e satis2e$, -a#ts must %e state$, not #on#"usions o- "aw. 4he #omp"aint must #ontain a spe#i2# a""egation o- every -a#t an$ #ir#umstan#e ne#essary to #onstitute the #rime. Khat $etermines the rea" nature an$ #ause o- a##usation against an a##use$ is the a#tua" re#ita" o- -a#ts state$ in the in-ormation or #omp"aint an$ not the #aption or pream%"e o- the in-ormation or #omp"aint nor the spe#i2#ation o- the provision o- "aw a""ege$ to have %een vio"ate$, they %eing #on#"usions o- "aw. .t -o""ows then that an a##use$ may %e #onvi#te$ o- a #rime whi#h a"though not the one #harge$, is ne#essari"y in#"u$e$ in the "atter. .t has %een shown that the in-ormation 2"e$ in #ourt is #onsi$ere$ as #harging -or two o,enses, whi#h the #ounse" o- the a##use$ -ai"e$ to o%Je#t to. 4here-ore he #an %e #onvi#te$ -or %oth or either o- the #harges. 7. /ight to spee$y, impartia" an$ pu%"i# tria" 8. /ight o- #on-rontation 9. Compu"sory pro#ess 10. 4ria"s in a%sentia L. Krit o- ha%eas #orpus Lansan+ v. arcia, supra. 4he suspension o- the writ o- ha%eas #orpus has ( re9uisites5 1. .nvasion, insurre#tion or re%e""ion or imminent $anger thereo- (. :u%"i# sa-ety re9uires the suspension. *ere, the eisten#e o- the =ew :eop"eEs Army is proo- o- re%e""ion regar$"ess o- how sma"" it is. 4he a%sen#e o- any other in#i$ent a-ter the %om%ing is not proo- o- "a#G o- re%e""ion. /. Krits o- amparo, ha%eas $ata, an$ Ga"iGasan +. +e"-Din#rimination #"ause C'aveG v. C" ?7@:EB Chave< was #onvi#te$ o- 9ua"i2e$ the-t o- a motor vehi#"e. During the tria", 'is#a" &re#ia asGe$ Chave< to %e the 2rst witness. Counse" -or the a##use$ oppose$. 'is#a" &re#ia #onten$s that the a##use$ (Chave<) wi"" on"y %e an or$inary witness an$ not a state witness. Counse" -or the a##use$ averre$ that it wi"" on"y in#riminate his #"ient. 4he testimony was permitte$. 4he +C ru"e$ that Chave< was -or#e$ to testi-y to in#riminate himse"-, in -u"" %rea#h o- his #onstitutiona" right to remain si"ent. .t #ou"$ not %e sai$ that he waive$ his right -or he $i$ not vo"unteer to taGe the stan$ an$ in his own $e-enseN he $i$ not o,er himse"- as a witness. Ce*tran v. Sa(son and <ose ?7@/@B Be"tran, as a $e-en$ant -or the #rime o- -a"si2#ation, re-use$ to write a samp"e o- his han$writing as or$ere$ %y the respon$ent !u$ge, #"aiming a vio"ation o- his #onstitutiona" A) right against se"-Din#rimination %e#ause su#h eamination wou"$ give the prose#ution evi$en#e against him, whi#h the "atter shou"$ have pro#ure$ in the 2rst p"a#e. *e a"so argue$ that su#h an a#t wi"" maGe him -urnish evi$en#e against himse"-. 4he +C agree$, ru"ing that writing is something more than moving the %o$y, or the han$s, or the 2ngersN writing is not a pure"y me#hani#a" a#t, %e#ause it re9uires the app"i#ation o- inte""igen#e an$ attention an$ in the #ase at %ar, writing means that Be"tran is to -urnish a means to $etermine whether or not he is the -a"si2er, as the petition o- the respon$ent 2s#a" #"ear"y states. 'or purposes o- the #onstitutiona" privi"ege, there is a simi"arity %etween one who is #ompe""e$ to pro$u#e a $o#ument, an$ one who is #ompe""e$ to -urnish a spe#imen o- his han$writing, -or in %oth #ases, the witness is re9uire$ to -urnish evi$en#e against himse"-. Cen+Gon v. Senate C*ue !i44on Co((ittee, supra. 4he right against se"-Din#rimination may %e invoGe$ %y other witnesses on"y as 9uestions are asGe$ o- them. a*(an v. Pa(aran ?7@EAB &a"man was ma$e to testi-y %e-ore the Agrava %oar$ -o""owing the assassination o- =inoy A9uino. *e invoGe$ his right against se"-Din#rimination. 4he +C he"$ that it app"ie$ even in nonD#rimina" pro#ee$ings, as the wor$ ?#rimina"@ ha$ %een $e"ete$ -rom the Constitutiona" provision. $i**aLor v. Su((ers ?7@/0B .n a #rimina" #ase %e-ore the C'. o- ;ani"a, 6i""aUor was #harge$ with a$u"tery. 8pon petition %y the 2s#a", the #ourt or$ere$ 6i""aUor to su%mit her %o$y to the eamination o- one or two #ompetent $o#tors to $etermine i- she was pregnant or not. 6i""aUor re-use$, #"aiming that it amounte$ to se"-Din#rimination. 4he +C $isagree$. 4he Court "ai$ $own the ru"e that the #onstitutiona" guaranty that no person sha"" %e #ompe""e$ in any #rimina" #ase to %e a witness against himse"-, is "imite$ to a prohi%ition against #ompu"sory testimonia" se"-Din#rimination. 4he #oro""ary to the proposition is that, on a proper showing an$ un$er an or$er o- the tria" #ourt, an o#u"ar inspe#tion o- the %o$y o- the a##use$ is permissi%"e. 4he proviso is that torture or -or#e sha"" %e avoi$e$. 1. +#ope an$ #overage a) 'oreign "aws (. App"i#ation 1. .mmunity statutes 4. .nvo"untary servitu$e an$ po"iti#a" prisoners US v. Po(peya ?7@7AB An or$inan#e was passe$, in a##or$an#e with A#t 1109, re9uiring every a%"eD%o$ie$ ma"e resi$ent o- the muni#ipa"ity o- ."oi"o to ren$er servi#e on patro" $uty. :ompeya was #onvi#te$ -or re-using to ren$er su#h servi#e. 4he +C uphe"$ A#t 1109 an$ the or$inan#e, AA ho"$ing that the power eer#ise$ un$er the provisions o- A#t =o. 1109 -a""s within the po"i#e power o- the state an$ that the state was -u""y authori<e$ an$ Justi2e$ in #on-erring the same upon the muni#ipa"ities o- the :hi"ippine .s"an$s an$ that, there-ore, the provisions o- the sai$ A#t are #onstitutiona" an$ not in vio"ation nor in $erogation o- the rights o- the persons a,e#te$ there%y, in a##or$an#e with the timeDhonore$ o%"igation o- the in$ivi$ua" to assist in the prote#tion o- the pea#e an$ goo$ or$er o- his #ommunity. 8. E#essive 2nes an$ #rue" an$ inhuman punishments Peop*e v. Ec'e+aray ?7@@:B and Ec'e+aray v. Sec. o- <ustice ?7@@@B E#hegaray was senten#e$ to $eath. 4he imposition o- the $eath pena"ty was #ha""enge$ on the groun$ that it #onstitute$ #rue" an$ unusua" punishment. 4he +C ru"e$ that the imposition o- the $eath pena"ty, per se, is not #rue" an$ unusua" punishment. 4he #rue"ty against whi#h the Constitution prote#ts a #onvi#te$ man is #rue"ty inherent in the metho$ o- punishment, not the ne#essary su,ering invo"ve$ in any metho$ emp"oye$ to etinguish "i-e humane"y. Peop*e v. #ionisio ?7@:EB Dionisio was 2ne$ -or taGing %ets on a horse ra#e without authority. *e #omp"aine$ that the imposition o- the 2ne was e#essive, an$ #onstitute$ #rue" an$ unusua" punishment. =either 2nes nor imprisonment #onstitute in themse"ves #rue" an$ unusua" punishment, -or the Constitutiona" stru#ture has %een interprete$ as re-erring to pena"ties that are inhumane an$ %ar%arous, or sho#Ging to the #ons#ien#e an$ 2nes or imprisonment are $e2nite"y not in this #ategory. =or $oes mere severity #onstitute #rue" an$ unusua" punishment. 6. =onDimprisonment -or $e%ts LoGano v. %artineG ?7@E:B 4he #onstitutiona"ity o- B: (( was #ha""enge$, as it was a""ege$ that it vio"ate$ the #onstitutiona" prohi%ition against imprisonment -or nonDpayment o- $e%ts. 4he +C uphe"$ the "aw, ru"ing that the "aw punishes the a#t o- issuing un-un$e$ #he#Gs, not the nonD payment o- the $e%ts whi#h they represent. Serafn v. Lindaya+ ?7@HAB +era2n -ai"e$ to pay a simp"e in$e%te$ness o- :1)00. 4hus, a #ase was 2"e$ against her, whi#h was a$mitte$ %y the #ourt. +era2n 2"e$ a #ase against respon$ent !u$ge -or not $ismissing the #ase an$ -or issuing a warrant o- arrest, as the $e%t she owe$ -a""s on the #ategory o- a simp"e in$e%te$ness, sin#e e"ements o- esta-a are not present. 'urthermore, she #onten$e$ that no person shou"$ %e imprisone$ -or nonDpayment o- a "oan o- a sum o- money. 4he #ourt he"$ that the Ju$ge #ommitte$ grave a%use o- $is#retion. +era2n $i$ not #ommit any o,ense as her $e%t is #onsi$ere$ a simp"e "oan grante$ %y her -rien$s to her. 8n$er the Constitution she is prote#te$ -rom imprisonment. K. Dou%"e Jeopar$y 1. /e9uisites A7 Peop*e v. O4sania ?7@:EB C%sania was #harge$ with /o%%ery with /ape %e-ore the ;uni#ipa" Court o- Ba"ungao. *is #ounse" move$ -or the $ismissa" o- the #harge -or -ai"ure to a""ege "ew$ $esigns in the in-ormation. +ai$ motion was grante$. 'rom this or$er o- $ismissa", the prose#ution appea"e$. 4he +C he"$ that there was no $ou%"e Jeopar$y in this #ase. .n or$er that the a##use$ may invoGe $ou%"e Jeopar$y, the -o""owing re9uisites must have o%taine$ in the origina" prose#ution a) va"i$ #omp"aint, %) #ompetent #ourt, #) the $e-en$ant ha$ p"ea$e$ to the #harge, $) $e-en$ant was a#9uitte$ or #onvi#te$ or the #ase against him was $ismisse$ or otherwise terminate$ without his epress #onsent. *ere, the #onverte$ $ismissa" was or$ere$ %y the 4ria" Court Ju$ge upon the $e-en$antEs motion to $ismiss. 4he ?$o#trine o- $ou%"e Jeopar$y@ $oes not app"y when the #ase is $ismisse$ with the epress #onsent o- the $e-en$ant. 4he $ismissa" wi"" not %e a %ar to another prose#ution -or the same o,ense %e#ause his a#tion in having the #ase is $ismisse$ #onstitutes a waiver o- his #onstitutiona" right or privi"ege -or the reason that he there%y prevents the Court -rom pro#ee$ing to the tria" on the merits an$ ren$ering a Ju$gment o- #onvi#tion against him. Peop*e v. !e*ova ?7@EHB 4he :eop"e o- the :hi"ippines seeGs to set asi$e the or$ers o- /espon$ent !u$ge *on. /e"ova 9uashing an in-ormation -or the-t 2"e$ against ;r. Cpu"en#ia on the groun$ o- $ou%"e Jeopar$y an$ $enying the petitioner>s motion -or re#onsi$eration. Cpu"en#ia was #harge$ un$er a Batangas or$inan#e -or insta""ing i""ega" e"e#tri# wiring $evi#es. 4he #ase was $ismisse$. 4wo months "ater, he was #harge$ -or the-t o- e"e#tri#ity un$er the /evise$ :ena" Co$e. 4he Court $ismisse$ the #omp"aint on the groun$ o- $ou%"e Jeopar$y. 4he +C he"$ that $ou%"e Jeopar$y ha$ atta#he$ in this #ase. 4he Bi"" o- /ights gives two instan#es or Gin$s o- $ou%"e Jeopar$y. 4he 2rst wou"$ %e that ?=o person sha"" %e twi#e put in Jeopar$y o- punishment -or the same o,ense an$ the se#on$ senten#e states that ?.- an a#t is punisha%"e %y a "aw or an or$inan#e, the #onvi#tion or a#9uitta" sha"" %ar to another prose#ution -or the same a#t.@ .n the #ase at %ar, it was evi$ent that the #harges 2"e$ against ;r. Cpu"en#ia wi"" -a"" on the se#on$ Gin$ or $e2nition o- $ou%"e Jeopar$y wherein it #ontemp"ates $ou%"e Jeopar$y o- punishment -or the same a#t. .t -urther ep"ains that even i- the o,enses #harge$ are not the same, owing to the -a#t that the 2rst #harge #onstitutes a vio"ation o- an or$inan#e an$ the se#on$ #harge was a vio"ation against the /evise$ :ena" Co$e, the -a#t that the two #harges sprung -rom one an$ the same a#t o- #onvi#tion or a#9uitta" un$er either the "aw or the or$inan#e sha"" %ar a prose#ution un$er the other, thus maGing it against the "ogi# o- $ou%"e Jeopar$y. (. ;otions -or re#onsi$eration an$ appea"s 1. Dismissa" with #onsent o- a##use$ 3. E post -a#to "aws an$ %i""s o- attain$er A8 !epu4*ic v. 5ernandeG ?7@A:B 'ernan$e< was assesse$ war pro2ts taes. *e #ha""enge$ the ta -or %eing an e post -a#to "aw. *owever, the +C ru"e$ that the #onstitutiona" prohi%ition against e post -a#to "aws $oes not app"y to ta statutes. Peop*e v. 5errer, supra. 4he AntiD+u%versive A#t is not a %i"" o- attain$er. .t was prospe#tive in app"i#ation, an$ $oes not sing"e out persons, %ut #on$u#t. A9 $III. CITIKENSHIP A. Kho Are 'i"ipino Citi<ens B. ;o$es o- A#9uiring Citi<enship C. =atura"i<ation an$ Denatura"i<ation D. Dua" Citi<enship an$ Dua" A""egian#e E. Loss an$ /eDA#9uisition o- :hi"ippine Citi<enship Co9ui""a v. Come"e# ((00() Co9ui""a was %orn o- 'i"ipino parents in Cras, Eastern +amar, where he grew up an$ resi$e$. .n 19A), he Joine$ the 8+ =avy an$ was su%se9uent"y natura"i<e$ as a 8+ #iti<en. Cn =ovem%er 10, (000, he tooG his oath as a #iti<en o- the :hi"ippines su%se9uent"y a-ter his app"i#ation -or repatriation was approve$. Cn =ovem%er (1, (000, he app"ie$ -or registration as a voter o- Butunga, Cras, Eastern +amar. Cn 'e%ruary (7, (001, he 2"e$ his CCC stating therein that he has %een a resi$ent o- Cras, Eastern +amar -or ( years. 4his "e$ A"vare<, in#um%ent mayor o- Cras who was running -or reDe"e#tion, to seeG the #an#e""ation o- the CCC on the groun$ that the "atter ha$ resi$e$ in Cras -or on"y a%out A months sin#e when he tooG his oath as a #iti<en o- the :hi"ippines. 4he +upreme Court ru"e$ that Co9ui""a was sti"" an a"ien. A person "oses :hi"ippine #iti<enship an$ $omi#i"e o- origin %y %e#oming a 8.+. #iti<en a-ter en"isting in the 8.+. =avy, as resi$en#e in the 8.+. is a re9uirement -or natura"i<ation as a 8.+. #iti<en. 4his resu"ts in the a%an$onment o- $omi#i"e in the :hi"ippines. 4he person may on"y %e sai$ to have %een $omi#i"e$ in the :hi"ippines again on#e he repatriates or %y an a#t o- Congress, %ut the perio$ %e-ore this a#t o- rea#9uisition wi"" not #ount in the resi$en#y re9uirement -or e"e#te$ oH#ia"s. *is status $uring that perio$ is one o- an a"ien who has o%taine$ an immigrant visa an$ has waive$ his status as a nonDresi$ent. a. L"& ON PUCLIC O55ICE!S 4. "#%INIST!"TI$E L"& ". enera* Princip*es :angasinan 4ransportation Co. v. 4he :u%"i# +ervi#e Commission (19B0) 70 :etitioner, in 9uestioning an un-avoura%"e $e#ision o- the :+C, raise$ the issue that +e#tion 1 o- the Commonwea"th A#t =o. B)B whi#h grante$ :+C its powers is not a va"i$ $e"egation o- "egis"ative power. 4he theory o- the separation o- powers is $esigne$ %y its originators to se#ure a#tion an$ at the same time to -oresta"" overa#tion whi#h ne#essari"y resu"ts -rom un$ue #on#entration o- powers, an$ there%y o%tain eH#ien#y an$ prevent $isposition. *owever, the maim o- dele&atus non potest dele&ari or dele&ate potestas non potest dele&ari is apparent in the $eve"opment o- the prin#ip"e o- separation o- powers. Kith the growing #omp"eity o- mo$ern "i-e, the mu"tip"i#ation o- the su%Je#ts o- governmenta" regu"ation, an$ the in#rease$ $iH#u"ty o- a$ministering the "aws, there is a #onstant"y growing ten$en#y towar$ the $e"egation o- greater powers %y the "egis"ature an$ towar$ the approva" o- the pra#ti#e %y the #ourt. ;ani"a E"e#tri# Company v. :asay 4ransportation Company, .n#. et a". (191() .n 9uestion is the va"i$ity o- +e#tion 11 o- A#t =o. 1BBA whi#h provi$e$ that mem%ers o- the +upreme Court sha"" sit as a %oar$ o- ar%itrators in #ases where any -ran#hise or right o- way is grante$ to any person or #orporation other than an origina" grantee. 4he mem%ers o- the +upreme Court #annot sit as a %oar$ o- ar%itrators to reso"ve $isputes %etween pu%"i# uti"ities. 4he issue is not whether or not there has %een a $e"egation o- "egis"ative authority to a #ourt %ut rather whether or not the mem%ers o- the +upreme Court have the "ega" right to sit as a %oar$ o- ar%itrators an$ a#t in su#h #apa#ity. 4he +upreme Court o- the :hi"ippine .s"an$s represents one o- the three $ivisions o- power in our government. .t is Ju$i#ia" power an$ Ju$i#ia" power on"y whi#h is eer#ise$ %y the +upreme Court. !ust as the +upreme Court, as the guar$ian o- #onstitutiona" rights, shou"$ not san#tion usurpations %y any other $epartment o- the government, so shou"$ it as stri#t"y #on2ne its own sphere o- inUuen#e to the powers epress"y or %y imp"i#ation #on-erre$ on it %y the Crgani# A#t. 4he +upreme Court an$ its mem%ers shou"$ not an$ #annot %e re9uire$ to eer#ise any power or to per-orm any trust or to assume any $uty not pertaining to or #onne#te$ with the a$ministering o- Ju$i#ia" -un#tions. =o%"eJas v. 4eehanGee (19A8) Commissioner o- Lan$ /egistration =o%"eJas asserte$ that the +e#retary o- !usti#e has no $is#ip"inary powers over him as /A =o. 11)1 entit"e$ the Commissioner o- Lan$ /egistration to the same #ompensation, emo"uments an$ privi"eges as those o- a !u$ge o- Court o- 'irst .nstan#e an$ thus, he may on"y %e investigate$ %y the +upreme Court. 4o a$opt =o%"eJas> theory wou"$ mean p"a#ing upon the +upreme Court the $uty o- investigating an$ $is#ip"ining a"" these oH#ia"s, whose -un#tions are p"ain"y ee#utive, an$ the #onse9uent #urtai"ment %y mere implication -rom the Legis"ative grant, o- the :resi$entEs power to $is#ip"ine an$ remove a$ministrative oH#ia"s who are presi$entia" appointees, an$ whi#h the Constitution epress"y p"a#e$ un$er the :resi$entEs 71 supervision an$ #ontro". 4here is no inherent power in the Ee#utive or Legis"ature to #harge the Ju$i#iary with a$ministrative -un#tions e#ept when reasona%"y in#i$enta" to the -u"2""ment o- Ju$i#ia" $uties. 4he #ourt was %rought into %eing %y the Ju$i#iary arti#"e o- the Constitution, is investe$ with Ju$i#ia" power on"y an$ #an have no Juris$i#tion e#ept over #ases an$ #ontroversies -a""ing within the #"asses enumerate$ in that arti#"e. .t #annot give $e#isions whi#h are mere"y a$visoryN nor can it e(ercise or participate in t"e e(ercise of functions )"ic" are essentially le&islative or administrative. .n re /o$o"-o ;an<ano (1988) /4C !u$ge ;an<ano was $esignate$ as a mem%er o- the ."o#os =orte :rovin#ia" Committee on !usti#e #reate$ pursuant to :resi$entia" Ee#utive Cr$er =o. 8)A. *e sought the +upreme Court>s permission to a##ept the appointment. 4he :rovin#ia"RCity Committees on !usti#e per-orm a$ministrative -un#tions. A$ministrative -un#tions are those whi#h invo"ve the regu"ation an$ #ontro" over the #on$u#t an$ a,airs o- in$ivi$ua"s -or their own we"-are an$ the promu"gation o- ru"es an$ regu"ations to %etter #arry out the po"i#y o- the "egis"ature or su#h as are $evo"ve$ upon the a$ministrative agen#y %y the organi# "aw o- its eisten#e. 8n$er the Constitution, the mem%ers o- the +upreme Court an$ other #ourts esta%"ishe$ %y "aw sha"" not %e $esignate$ to any agen#y per-orming 9uasiDJu$i#ia" or a$ministrative -un#tions. C. "#%INIST!"TI$E "ENCIES C. PO&E!S O5 "#%INIST!"TI$E "ENCIES 7. 8uasi3*e+is*ative ?ru*e3(a=in+B po,ers Non-delegation doctrine Compania &enera" $e 4a%a#os $e 'i"ipinas v. Boar$ o- :u%"i# 8ti"ity Commissioners (191A) :ursuant to A#t =o. (107, the Boar$ re9uire$ Compania to present annua""y a $etai"e$ report o- 2nan#es an$ operations o- su#h vesse"s as are operate$ %y it as a #ommon #arrier within the :hi"ippines, in the -orm an$ #ontaining the matters pres#ri%e$ %y the Boar$. A#t =o. (107 #onstitutes an un$ue $e"egation o- "egis"ative power as Legis"ature seems simp"y to have authori<e$ the Boar$ to re9uire what it wants, there%y $e"egating to the "atter a"" its powers over a given su%Je#t matter in a manner a"most a%so"ute. A "aw must %e #omp"ete, in a"" its terms an$ provisions, when it "eaves the "egis"ative %ran#h o- the government, an$ nothing must %e "e-t to the Ju$gement o- the $e"egate, so that, in its -orm an$ su%stan#e, it is a "aw in a"" its $etai"s, in presenti, %ut whi#h may %e "e-t to taGe e,e#t in -uture, i- ne#essary, upon the as#ertainment o- any pres#ri%e$ -a#t or event. :eop"e v. 6era (1917) 7( 4he #onstitutiona"ity o- A#t =o. B((1 is %eing assai"e$ -or the reason that it un$u"y $e"egates "egis"ative power in that the provin#ia" %oar$s were given the power to $e#i$e whether the "aw wou"$ %e e,e#tive within their territory or not. 4he eH#ien#y o- an a#t as a $e#"aration o- "egis"ative wi"" must #ome -rom Congress a"though the as#ertainment o- the #ontingen#y upon whi#h the a#t sha"" taGe e,e#t may %e "e-t to su#h agen#ies as it may $esignate. :e"ae< v. Au$itor &enera" (19A)) 4he :resi$ent, purporting to a#t pursuant to +e#tion A8 o- the /evise$ A$ministrative Co$e, issue$ severa" Ee#utive Cr$ers #reating 11 muni#ipa"ities. +e#tion A8 was assai"e$ to %e an un$ue $e"egation o- "egis"ative power. 4he authority to #reate muni#ipa" #orporations is essentia""y "egis"ative in nature. Congress may $e"egate to another %ran#h o- the government the power to 2"" in the $etai"s o- the ee#ution o- the "aw. 'or su#h to %e va"i$, the "aw must %e #omp"ete in itse"- an$ it must 2 a stan$ar$ to whi#h su#h $e"egate must #on-orm in the per-orman#e o- his $uties. E$u v. Eri#ta (1970) 4he /eUe#tor Law an$ the a$ministrative or$er issue$ to imp"ement it were assai"e$ as an un$ue $e"egation o- "egis"ative power. 4o $etermine whether or not there is an un$ue $e"egation o- "egis"ative power, the in9uiry must %e $ire#te$ to the s#ope an$ $e2niteness o- the measure ena#te$. 4he "egis"ature $oes not a%$i#ate its -un#tions when it $es#ri%es what Jo% must %e $one, who is to $o it, an$ what the s#ope o- his authority is. 4o avoi$ the taint o- un"aw-u" $e"egation, there must %e a stan$ar$, whi#h imp"ies at the very "east that the "egis"ature itse"- $etermine$ matters o- prin#ip"e an$ "ay $own -un$amenta" po"i#y. 'ree 4e"ephone KorGers 8nion v. ;inister o- La%or an$ Emp"oyment (1981) '4K8 a""ege$ that the $e"egation to the ;inister o- La%or an$ Emp"oyment the power an$ $is#retion to assume Juris$i#tion an$Ror #erti-y striGes -or #ompu"sory ar%itration to the =L/C #onstitutes an un$ue $e"egation o- "egis"ative power. 4he regu"ations ma$e to imp"ement a "egis"ative po"i#y shou"$ %e germane to the purpose o- the "aw an$ the regu"ation shou"$ not %e in #ontra$i#tion with it, %ut #on-orms to the stan$ar$s that the "aw pres#ri%es. 4he stri#t nonD$e"egation ru"e enun#iate$ in :eop"e vs. 6era may %e #onsi$ere$ too rigi$ an$ inUei%"e, espe#ia""y -or the so#ia" an$ e#onomi# "egis"ation nee$e$ %y the times. :*.LCC;+A4 v. A"#ua< (1989) =4C whi#h was grante$ %y EC 19 with the Juris$i#tion, #ontro" an$ regu"ation over :*.LCC;+A4 re$u#e$ :*.LCC;+A4>s rates %y 1)O. 71 .n the $e"egation o- rateD2ing power o- the "egis"ature, the on"y stan$ar$ whi#h the "egis"ature is re9uire$ to pres#ri%e -or the gui$an#e o- the a$ministrative authority is that the rate %e reasona%"e an$ Just. EC )BA whi#h #reate$ the =4C "imite$ it %y the re9uirements o- pu%"i# sa-ety, pu%"i# interest, reasona%"e -easi%i"ity an$ reasona%"e rates, whi#h #onJoint"y more than satis-y the re9uirements o- a va"i$ $e"egation o- "egis"ative power. Chiong%ian v. Cr%os (199)) /A A71) gave the :resi$ent the power to merge the regions that $i$ not opt to Join the A/;;. 4hus, through an Ee#utive Cr$er, the :resi$ent reorgani<e$ the #ities an$ the provin#es whi#h $i$ not opt to Join the A/;;, into new regions. 4he "aw was assai"e$ to %e an un$ue $e"egation o- "egis"ative power %e#ause it $oes not provi$e a stan$ar$ -or the eer#ise o- any power $e"egate$. A "egis"ative stan$ar$ nee$ not %e epress. .t may simp"y %e gathere$ or imp"ie$, an$ may %e em%o$ie$ in other statutes on the same su%Je#t as that o- the #ha""enge$ "egis"ation. 4he stan$ar$ -or the power to merge eisting regions is a"so to %e -oun$ in /A )1B) giving the :resi$ent the power to reorgani<e the Ee#utive $epartment ?to promote simp"i#ity, e#onomy, an$ eH#ien#y@ in the government. ABAXADA v. Ermita ((00)) A proviso in the 6A4 /e-orm A#t states that ?the :resi$ent, upon the re#ommen$ation o- the +e#retary o- 'inan#e, sha"", e,e#tive !anuary 1, (00A, raise the rate o- va"ueDa$$e$ ta to 1(O@ is at issue on the groun$ that it #onstitutes un$ue $e"egation o- "egis"ative powers to the :resi$ent. 4he proviso is #onstitutiona". 4here is on"y a $e"egation o- as#ertainment o- -a#ts upon whi#h en-or#ementRa$ministration o- the 1(O in#rease is #ontingent. Khi"e the power to ta #annot %e $e"egate$ to ee#utive agen#ies, $etai"s as to the en-or#ementRa$ministration o- an eer#ise o- su#h power may %e "e-t to them, in#"u$ing the power to $etermine the eisten#e o- -a#ts on whi#h its operation $epen$s. Peri!!i"le delegation a. Ascertainment of fact Lovina v. ;oreno (19A1) /A (0)A was assai"e$ to %e un#onstitutiona" %e#ause it invests the +e#retary o- :u%"i# KorGs an$ Communi#ations with sweeping, unrestraine$, 2na", an$ unappea"a%"e authority to pass upon the issues o- whether a river or stream is pu%"i# an$ naviga%"e, whether a $am en#roa#hes upon su#h waters an$ is #onstitutive as a pu%"i# nuisan#e, an$ whether the "aw app"ies to the state o- -a#ts. 7B /A (0)A $oes not #onstitute an un"aw-u" $e"egation o- Ju$i#ia" power to the +e#retary o- :u%"i# KorGs. 4he mere -a#t that an oH#er is re9uire$ %y "aw to in9uire into the eisten#e o- #ertain -a#ts an$ to app"y the "aw thereto in or$er to $etermine what his oH#ia" #on$u#t sha"" %e an$ the -a#t that these a#ts may a,e#t private rights $o not #onstitute an eer#ise o- Ju$i#ia" powers. b. Fillin& in of details A"egre v. Co""e#tor o- Customs (19(0) A#t 1(A1 whi#h #reate$ an$ empowere$ the 'i%er +tan$ar$i<ation Boar$ to $etermine the oH#ia" gra$es o- :hi"ippine 2%ers, an$ whi#h impose$ a "imit on eports o- 2%ers without #erti2#ation %y the 'i%er +tan$ar$i<ation Boar$ was assai"e$ to %e un#onstitutiona" on the groun$ that it was an inva"i$ $e"egation o- "egis"ative power. 4he power $e"egate$ to the %oar$ was mere"y to en-or#e the intent an$ purpose o- the "aw. 4he "egis"ature itse"- #ou"$ not gra$e, inspe#t, an$ %a"e the hemp, an$ so the 'i%er +tan$ar$i<ation Boar$ was proper"y veste$ with the a$ministrative power to $o so an$ em%o$y the purpose an$ intent o- the "aw. Liit! on R#le-Ma$ing Po%er C"sen I Co. v. A"$anese (19(() Co""e#tor o- .nterna" /evenue issue$ AC 1) pursuant to the ru"eDmaGing power grante$ it A#t (A11 an$ re9uire$ that #igars -or eport %e "ongD2""er as su#h was the pro$u#t o- Cagayan, .sa%e"a an$ =ueva 6i<#aya. 4he authority o- the Co""e#tor to maGe any ru"es an$ regu"ations must %e -oun$e$ upon some "egis"ative a#t, an$ that they must -o""ow an$ %e within the purview o- the a#t. +yman v. !a#into (19)1) A memoran$um or$er issue$ %y the .nsu"ar Co""e#tor o- Customs provi$e$ that sei<ure #ases, whether appea"e$ or not, are su%Je#t to review %y the .nsu"ar Co""e#torN that su#h $e#isions an$ their supporting papers shou"$ %e su%mitte$ to his oH#eN an$ that pen$ing a#tion %y him on su#h $e#isions, 2na" $isposa" o- the goo$s sha"" not %e ma$e. 4he ;emoran$um Cr$er is inva"i$ -or -ai"ing to #omp"y with +e#tion ))1 o- the /evise$ A$ministrative Co$e that -orms an$ regu"ations must %e approve$ %y the Department *ea$ an$ pu%"ishe$ in the CH#ia" &a<ette or otherwise pu%"i#"y promu"gate$ to %e#ome e,e#tive. :eop"e v. ;a#eren (1977) 7) ) a##use$ use$ an e"e#tro#uting $evi#e to #at#h 2sh through e"e#tri# #urrent an$ were #harge$ with having vio"ate$ the 'isheries A$ministration Cr$er =o. 8BD1. 4he +e#retary o- Agri#u"ture an$ =atura" /esour#es e#ee$e$ his authority in issuing the AC. 4he 'isheries Law $oes not epress"y prohi%it e"e#troD2shing. /u"eDmaGing power must %e #on2ne$ to $etai"s -or regu"ating the mo$e or pro#ee$ing to #arry into e,e#t the "aw as it ha$ %een ena#te$. 4he "egis"ature #annot $e"egate the power to $e#"are what sha"" #onstitute a #rime an$ how its ha"" %e punishe$, whi#h is a power veste$ e#"usive"y in it. 4o"e$o v. C+C (1991) 4o"e$o was appointe$ to a position in CC;ELEC when he was )7 years o"$. *owever, +e#tion ((, /u"e ... o- the Civi" +ervi#e on :ersonne" A#tion an$ :o"i#ies (C+/:A:) prohi%its the appointment o- persons )7 years o"$ or a%ove into the government servi#e without prior approva" %y the C+C. 4he statute #reating the C+C #ontaine$ no provision "imiting persons in the pu%"i# servi#e %y age. 4his prohi%ition was pure"y a #reation o- the C+C an$ thus #annot %e va"i$, having no %asis in the "aw whi#h it was meant to imp"ement. 4he a$ministrative ru"es must %e germane to the purpose o- the "aw whi#h it was meant to imp"ement. Commissioner o- .nterna" /evenue v. CA (199)) /C*>s re9uest to avai" o- the oneDtime ta amnesty grante$ %y EC B1 was $enie$ sin#e /evenue ;emoran$um Cr$er =o. BD87 imp"ementing the EC #onstrue$ the amnesty #overage to in#"u$e on"y assessments issue$ %y the B./ a-ter the promu"gation o- the EC. .ssuan#es must remain #onsistent with the "aw. EC B1 was very ep"i#it, re9uiring nothing more than a simp"e app"i#ation o- its provisions. Lan$ BanG o- the :hi"ippines v. CA (199)) DA/ issue$ an a$ministrative or$er permitting the opening o- trust a##ounts or the earmarGing o- a sum %y the LB:, in "ieu o- $epositing in #ash or LB: %on$s in an a##essi%"e %anG $esignate$ %y DA/ the #ompensation -or the "an$ taGen un$er /A AA)7. +e#tion 1A(e) o- /A AA)7 ep"i#it"y provi$e$ that the $eposit must %e ma$e in #ash or through LB: %on$s. Compensation #annot %e ma$e through earmarGing or the esta%"ishment o- a trust -un$. 4he power o- a$ministrative agen#ies is #on2ne$ to imp"ementing the "aw or putting it into e,e#t. Coro""ary to this, a$ministrative regu"ations #annot eten$ the "aw an$ amen$ a "egis"ative ena#tment. +ett"e$ is the ru"e that a$ministrative regu"ations must %e in the harmony with the provisions o- the "aw. &;C/ v. Be"" 4e"e#ommuni#ations (1997) =4C is a #o""egiate %o$y, re9uiring a maJority vote out o- the three mem%ers o- the #ommission in or$er to va"i$"y $e#i$e a #ase. Coro""ari"y, pronoun#ements issue$ so"e"y 7A %y the ChairmanRCommissioner are #ontrary to "aw. A$ministrative regu"ations $erive their va"i$ity -rom the statute that they were inten$e$ to imp"ement. 4hey must not restri#t, epan$, $iminish, supp"ant or mo$i-y the "aw. Asso#iation o- :hi"ippine Co#onut Desi##ators v. :hi"ippine Co#onut Authority (1998) :CA issue$ a reso"ution $e#"aring that it is with$rawing -rom a"" regu"ation o- the #o#onut pro#essing in$ustry in that its regu"ation wou"$ on"y %e "imite$ to monitoring. :CA was #harge$ to #arry out the +tate>s po"i#y to promote the rapi$ integrate$ $eve"opment an$ growth o- the #o#onut an$ pa"m oi" in$ustry. :CA>s reso"ution $isregar$s su#h "egis"ative purpose. Any #hange in the po"i#y must %e ma$e %y the "egis"ative $epartment o- the government. .t is %eyon$ the power o- an a$ministrative agen#y to $ismant"e it. Cp"e v. 4orres (1998) A$ministrative Cr$er 108 (A$option o- a =ationa" Computeri<e$ .$enti2#ation /e-eren#e +ystem) is nu"" an$ voi$ -or %eing un#onstitutiona" as it $oes not mere"y imp"ement the "egis"ative po"i#y o- the A$ministrative Co$e %ut esta%"ishes a #omputeri<e$ re-eren#e system whi#h re9uires a $e"i#ate a$Justment o- various #onten$ing state po"i#ies. An a$ministrative or$er may not uni"atera""y impose a new "egis"ative po"i#y. :hi"ippine BanG o- Communi#ations v. C./ ( 1999) ;emoran$um #ir#u"ars are in the nature o- a$ministrative ru"ings, an$ whi"e given great weight, are not #on#"usive an$ may in -a#t %e ignore$ i- they are erroneous. 4he +tate #annot %e estoppe$ %y the mistaGes or errors o- its oH#ia"s or agents. China BanGing Co. v. Boar$ o- 4rustees o- *D;' (1999) 4he ru"es an$ regu"ations whi#h are the pro$u#t o- a $e"egate$ power to #reate new or a$$itiona" "ega" provisions that have the e,e#t o- "aw shou"$ %e within the s#ope o- the statutory authority grante$ %y the "egis"ature to the a$ministrative agen#y. 4he power #annot %e eten$e$ to amen$ing or epan$ing the statutory re9uirements or to em%ra#e matters not #overe$ %y the statute. P#"lication and e&ecti'it( :eop"e v. Lue :o Lay Lue :o Lay was #onvi#te$ un$er the pena" provision o- Centra" BanG Cir#u"ar =o. (0 -or -ai"ing to se"" -oreign e#hange a $ay a-ter he a#9uire$ it. 4he "aw was pu%"ishe$ on"y a-ter the a#t was #ommitte$. Cir#u"ars whi#h pres#ri%e a pena"ty -or its vio"ation shou"$ %e pu%"ishe$ %e-ore %e#oming e,e#tive -or the peop"e to %e oH#ia""y in-orme$. Be-ore the pu%"i# may %e %oun$ %y its #ontents, espe#ia""y its 77 pena" provisions, a "aw, regu"ation or #ir#u"ar must %e pu%"ishe$ an$ the peop"e oH#ia""y an$ spe#i2#a""y in-orme$ o- sai$ #ontents an$ pena"ties. 4aVa$a v. 4uvera (1980) A"" "aws must %e pu%"ishe$ in -u"", e#ept issuan#es whi#h are interna" in nature, "etters o- instru#tion #on#erning gui$e"ines to %e -o""owe$ %y su%or$inates, or muni#ipa" or$inan#es (#overe$ %y L&C). Arti#"e ( o- the Civi" Co$e re9uires pu%"i#ation to %e ma$e in the CH#ia" &a<ette an$ the #"ause ?un"ess otherwise provi$e$,@ re-ers to the $ate o- e,e#tivity, not the re9uirement o- pu%"i#ation. :u%"i#ation is in$ispensa%"e, an$ to omit it wou"$ o,en$ $ue pro#ess, $enying pu%"i# Gnow"e$ge o- the "aws. +e#tion A o- Arti#"e ... o- the 1987 Constitution re#ogni<es ?the right o- the peop"e to in-ormation on matters o- pu%"i# #on#ern@ whi#h app"ies espe#ia""y to "egis"ative ena#tments. :hi"ippine Asso#iation o- +ervi#e Eporters, .n#. v. 4orres (199() DCLE issue$ DC 1A temporari"y suspen$ing the re#ruitment %y private emp"oyment agen#ies o- 'i"ipino $omesti# he"pers %oun$ -or *X an$ the :CEA issue$ ;emoran$um Cir#u"ar =os. 10 an$ 17 in re"ation to sai$ DC. 4hese issuan#es were a""ege$ to have not met the pu%"i#ation re9uirement as they were not 2"e$ with the CH#e o- the =ationa" A$ministrative /egister (C=A/). 4he issuan#es are inva"i$ -or "a#G o- pu%"i#ation as re9uire$ in Art. ( Civi" Co$e (CH#ia" &a<ette), Art. ) La%or Co$e (#ir#u"ars pu%"ishe$ in newspapers o- genera" #ir#u"ation), an$ +e#tion 1(1) an$ B, Chapter (, BooG 6.. o- the A$ministrative Co$e (2"ing with 8: Law Center). A$ministrative ru"es an$ regu"ations must %e pu%"ishe$ i- their purpose is to en-or#e or imp"ement eisting "aw pursuant to a va"i$ $e"egation. /epu%"i# v. Epress 4e"e#om Co. ((00() 4he 1991 /evise$ /u"es o- the =4C were not pu%"ishe$ in a newspaper o- genera" #ir#u"ation, thus, they $i$ not taGe e,e#t. Even though the 1991 /u"es were 2"e$ with the 8: Law Center, in a##or$an#e with +e#tion 1, Chapter (, BooG 6.. o- the A$ministrative Co$e, the same is not the operative a#t that gives ru"es va"i$ -or#e an$ e,e#t sin#e the %u""etin o- #o$i2e$ ru"es %y the C=A/ is -urnishe$ on"y to the CH#e o- the :resi$ent, Congress, a"" appe""ate #ourts, the =ationa" Li%rary, an$ other pu%"i# oH#ers or agen#ies spe#i2e$ %y Congress. :u%"i#ation in the CH#ia" &a<ette or newspaper o- genera" #ir#u"ation is re9uire$ %e-ore "aws #an taGe e,e#t. /epu%"i# v. :i"ipinas +he"" :etro"eum Corporation ((008) A"though the #ir#u"ars were issue$ %e-ore the 1987 A$ministrative Co$e was ena#te$, su#h #ir#u"ars were not eempt -rom the pu%"i#ation re9uirement %e#ause the A$ministrative Co$e re9uire$ that eisting ru"es must %e registere$ within 1 months -rom the $ate o- the A$ministrative Co$e>s e,e#tivity. :u%"i#ation is in$ispensa%"e in or$er that a"" statutes, in#"u$ing a$ministrative ru"es inten$e$ to en-or#e or imp"ement eisting "aws, may have %in$ing -or#e an$ e,e#t. +u#h re9uirements were put in p"a#e as sa-eguar$s against a%uses on the part o- the "awmaGers an$ as guarantees to the #onstitutiona" right to $ue pro#ess an$ to in-ormation on matters o- pu%"i# #on#ern. 78 Boar$ o- 4rustees o- &+.+ v. 6e"as#o ((011) 4he assai"e$ reso"utions pertain on"y to interna" ru"es to regu"ate &+.+ personne", thus, there was no nee$ to #omp"y with the pu%"i#ation or 2"ing re9uirements. A##or$ing to the 8: Law Center>s gui$e"ines, ?interpretative regu"ations, an$ those mere"y interna" in nature, that is, regu"ating on"y the personne" o- the a$ministrative agen#y an$ not the pu%"i#@ nee$ not %e 2"e$ with the #enter. Inter)retati'e R#le! *i"a$o v. Co""e#tor (19)A) Khi"e the Co""e#tor ha$ the authority un$er the =./C to issue #ir#u"ars as an interpretation or interpretative regu"ation o- the #o$e, the +e#retary o- 'inan#e is empowere$ to revoGe, repea", or a%rogate the a#ts or previous ru"ings i- su#h were %ase$ on an in#orre#t #onstru#tion o- a statute. 4here are no veste$ rights to %e taGen -rom a wrong interpretation o- the "aw. An a$ministrative oH#er #annot #hange a "aw ena#te$ %y Congress. 6i#torias Co. vs. +o#ia" +e#urity Commission (19A() /u"es an$ regu"ations issue$ %y an a$ministrative agen#y are %in$ing on #ourts so "ong as the pro#e$ure 2e$ -or its promu"gation is -o""owe$ an$ its s#ope is within the statutory authority grante$ %y the "egis"ature, even i- the #ourts are not in agreement with its innate wis$om. Cn the other han$, a$ministrative interpretation o- the "aw is at %est mere"y a$visory, -or it is the #ourts that 2na""y $etermine what the "aw means. :era"ta v. C+C (199() Khen an a$ministrative agen#y or ee#utive agen#y ren$ers an opinion or issues a statement o- po"i#y, it mere"y interprets a preDeisting "awN an$ the a$ministrative interpretation o- the "aw is at %est a$visory, -or it is the #ourts that 2na""y $etermine what the "aw means. A$ministrative #onstru#tion is not ne#essari"y %in$ing upon the #ourts. *owever, a#tion o- an a$ministrative agen#y may %e $istur%e$ or set asi$e %y the Ju$i#ia" $epartment i- there is an error o- "aw, or a%use o- power or "a#G o- Juris$i#tion or grave a%use o- $is#retion #"ear"y #onUi#ting with either the "etter or the spirit o- a "egis"ative ena#tment. *(amples of Rule+ma,in& in various a&encies -ureau of Forestry Dire#tor o- 'orestry v. ;uno< :ia$e#o>s +panish tit"e #annot %e use$ to register un$er 'orestry A$ministrative Cr$er =o. 1(D(. 4his AC has the -or#e an$ e,e#t o- "aw, it was promu"gate$ pursuant to +e#tion 79 1817 o- the A$ministrative Co$e whi#h empowere$ the Bureau o- 'orestry ?to issue regu"ations $eeme$ epe$ient or ne#essary to se#ure the prote#tion an$ #onservation o- the pu%"i# -orests in su#h manner as to insure a #ontinue$ supp"y o- va"ua%"e tim%er an$ other -orest pro$u#ts -or the -uture, an$ regu"ating the use an$ o##upan#y o- the -orests an$ -orest reserves, to the same en$.@ Khen Congress authori<e$ the promu"gation o- a$ministrative ru"es an$ regu"ations to imp"ement "aws, a"" that is re9uire$ is that it %e germane to the purpose o- the "aw an$ that it #on-orms to the stan$ar$s set %y the same. -oard of *(aminers of .urses +an$ v. A%a$ +antos E$u#ationa" .nstitution (197B) Arti#"e 6..., /u"e A9, +e#tion ) o- the /u"es an$ /egu"ations o- the Boar$ o- Eaminers -or =urses provi$e$ -or perio$i# inspe#tion o- nursing s#hoo"s, an$ %arre$ gra$uates o- su#h s#hoo"s that $o not #omp"y with the minimum re9uirements an$ stan$ar$s -rom a$mission to the nurses> eamination or registration as a nurse. 4he ru"e is va"i$ an$ app"i#a%"e to a"" nursing s#hoo"s. +tatutory authority eists -or the Boar$ to #on$u#t perio$i# inspe#tions o- nursing s#hoo"s in or$er to $is#harge its supervisory an$ regu"atory -un#tions veste$ in it un$er the :hi"ippine =ursing A#t. P"ilippine Patent /0ce Ameri#an 4o%a##o v. Dire#tor o- :atents (197)) /u"e 1A8 o- the /evise$ /u"es o- :ra#ti#e %e-ore the :hi"ippine :atent CH#e in tra$emarG #ases a""owing the Dire#tor o- :atents to $e"egate the hearing o- pro#ee$ings to other oH#ers, with the proviso that a"" Ju$gements must %e prepare$ %y the Dire#tor, is assai"e$ %e#ause the "aw states that the Dire#tor must hear a"" #ases. 4he ru"e is va"i$. 4he power #on-erre$ upon an a$ministrative agen#y to whi#h the a$ministration o- a statute is entruste$ to issue su#h regu"ations an$ or$ers as may %e $eeme$ ne#essary or proper in or$er to #arry out its purposes an$ provisions may %e an a$e9uate sour#e o- authority to $e"egate a parti#u"ar -un#tion, un"ess %y epress provision o- the a#t or %y imp"i#ation it has %een withhe"$. 4he ru"e that re9uires an a$ministrative oH#er to eer#ise his own Ju$gment an$ $is#retion $oes not pre#"u$e him -rom uti"i<ing the ai$ o- su%or$inates to investigate an$ report to him the -a#ts, on the %asis o- whi#h the oH#er maGes his $e#ision. P"ilippine /verseas *mployment Administration Con-eren#e o- ;aritime ;anning Agen#ies, .n#. v. :CEA 80 :CEA issuan#es are %eing assai"e$ as inva"i$ %e#ause :CEA a""ege$"y has no authority to 2 rates a,e#ting $eath an$ worGmen>s #ompensation o- 'i"ipino seamen worGing in o#eanDgoing vesse"s. Legis"ative $is#retion as to the su%stantive #ontents o- the "aw #annot %e $e"egate$. Khat #an %e $e"egate$ through is the $is#retion to $etermine how the "aw may %e en-or#e$. Congress may #onstitutiona""y $e"egate the authority to promu"gate ru"es an$ regu"ations to imp"ement a given "egis"ation an$ e,e#tuate its po"i#ies %e#ause the "egis"ature may 2n$ it impra#ti#a%"e, i- not impossi%"e, to anti#ipate situations that may %e met in #arrying the "aw into e,e#t. 1ovie and 2elevision Revie) and %lassication -oard +oriano v. Laguar$ia ;4/CB suspen$e$ the show o- Ang Dating Daan %e#ause the host ma$e o,ensive remarGs against a person -rom another se#t. 4he power o- the ;4/CB to regu"ate an$ supervise the ehi%ition o- 46 programs #arries with it or ne#essari"y imp"ies the authority to taGe e,e#tive punitive a#tion -or vio"ation o- the "aw sought to %e en-or#e$. /. 8uasi3<udicia* ?ad9udicatoryB -unctions Po)er to issue subpoena! declare contempt Evange"ista v. !aren#io (197)) ;ana"astas was su%poenae$ %y the :A/&C in #onne#tion with investigations regar$ing #orrupt transa#tions in the ;ani"a #ity government. 8n$er its ena%"ing "aw, the :A/&C enJoys the authority to issue su%poenas in its #on$u#t o- -a#tD2n$ing investigations. 4his power is not "imite$ to :A/&C>s eer#ise o- 9uasiDJu$i#ia" or a$Ju$i#atory -un#tions. .nvestigations are use-u" -or a"" a$ministrative -un#tions, not on"y -or ru"e maGing, a$Ju$i#ation, an$ "i#ensing, %ut a"so -or prose#uting, -or supervising an$ $ire#ting, -or $etermining genera" po"i#y, -or re#ommen$ing, "egis"ation, an$ -or purposes no more spe#i2# than i""uminating o%s#ure areas to 2n$ out what, i- anything, shou"$ %e $one. A su%poena meets the re9uirements -or en-or#ement i- the in9uiry is5 (1) within the authority o- the agen#yN (() the $eman$ is not too in$e2niteN (1) the in-ormation is reasona%"y re"evant. &uevara v. CC;ELEC (19)8) Come"e# or$ere$ &uevara to show #ause why he shou"$ not %e punishe$ -or #ontempt -or having pu%"ishe$ an arti#"e whi#h a""ege$"y ten$e$ to inUuen#e the Come"e# in the a$Ju$i#ation o- a #ontroversy regar$ing #ontra#ts to manu-a#ture %a""ot %oes. Come"e# has no power or authority to su%mit &uevarra to #ontempt pro#ee$ings i- its purpose is to $is#ip"ine him %e#ause o- the pu%"i#ation o- the arti#"e. .n pro#ee$ing on the preparation o- %a""ot %oes, it on"y $is#harge$ a ministeria" $utyN it $i$ not eer#ise any Ju$i#ia" -un#tion. +u#h %eing the #ase, it #ou"$ not eer#ise the power to punish -or 81 #ontempt as postu"ate$ in the "aw, -or su#h power is inherent"y Ju$i#ia" in nature. .ts eer#ise %y a$ministrative %o$ies has %een invaria%"y "imite$ to maGing e,e#tive the power to e"i#it testimony. 4he eer#ise o- that power %y an a$ministrative %o$y in -urtheran#e o- its a$ministrative -un#tion has %een he"$ inva"i$. Catura v. C./ (1971) C./, in #onne#tion with a #omp"aint 2"e$ -or unauthori<e$ $is%ursement o- union -un$s, issue$ an or$er re9uiring an$ $ire#ting the petitioners who were union oH#ers, ?to $e"iver an$ $eposit to the Court ?a"" the sai$ Asso#iationEs %ooG o- a##ounts, %anG a##ounts, pass %ooGs, union -un$s, re#eipts, vou#hers an$ other $o#uments re"ate$ to the 2nan#es o- the sai$ "a%or union at the hearing o- this petition @. 4he Court re#ogni<e$ the power o- the a$ministrative agen#y to issue su%poenas even i- there was no ep"i#it statutory grant %e#ause it was ne#essary to assure the e,e#tive a$ministration o- the statute invo"ve$. 4o"entino v. .n#iong (1979) =L/C Chairman .n#iong issue$ su%poenas re9uiring 4o"entino an$ C'. !u$ge $e "os Ange"es to appear %e-ore =L/C to ep"ain why they shou"$ not %e he"$ in #ontempt -or trying to use ?o"$ so#iety ta#ti#s@ to prevent union e"e#tion $u"y or$ere$ %y the =L/C un$er :D (1. 4he su%poenas were %eyon$ .n#iong>s power to issue. 4he #on#ern o- .n#iong that the o%Je#tives o- the "aw shou"$ %e attaine$ $i$ not warrant his eer#ise o- a power whi#h was not #on-erre$. 4he #ompeten#e Tto ho"$ any person in #ontempt -or re-usa" to #omp"y@ #ertain"y #annot eten$ to a Ju$ge o- the #ourt o- 2rst instan#e. 3arrants of arrest! administrative searc"es Lua Chee &an v. Deportation Boar$ (19A1) Deportation Boar$ issue$ warrants o- arrest against Lua Chee &an an$ A others, a"" a"iens, who were #harge$ with the unauthori<e$ pur#haseRremittan#e o- 8.+. $o""ars, as we"" as attempte$ %ri%ery o- a Centra" BanG oH#ia" an$ a 8.+. Air 'or#e #aptain to eva$e prose#ution. 4he :resi$ent>s power to investigate may %e $e"egate$, so the Boar$ may #on$u#t the investigation as the authori<e$ agent o- the :resi$ent. But it was not #"ear whether the :resi$ent>s authority #arries with it the power to or$er the arrest o- the a"ien #omp"aine$ o-. Assuming that the :resi$ent possesses su#h a power, he #annot va"i$"y $e"egate it %e#ause the $is#retion o- whether a warrant o- arrest sha"" issue or not is persona" to the one upon whom the authority $evo"ves. CH#ia" -un#tions re9uiring the eer#ise o- $is#retion an$ Ju$gment may not %e $e"egate$. 6ivo v. ;ontesa (19A8) 8( .mmigration issue$ warrants o- arrest against 7 persons -or the purpose o- %ringing them %e-ore the Commissioner to show #ause why they shou"$ not %e $eporte$ -or -rau$u"ent"y entering the #ountry. 4he issuan#e o- the warrants o- arrest %y the .mmigration Commissioner an$ the arrest pursuant to su#h a$ministrative warrant are in #onUi#t with Bi"" o- /ights as warrants may on"y %e issue$ %y a Ju$ge. 4he arrest o- a -oreigner ne#essary to #arry into e,e#t the power o- $eportation is va"i$ on"y when there is a"rea$y an or$er o- $eportation. 4o #arry out the or$er o- $eportation, the :resi$ent o%vious"y has the power to or$er the arrest o- the $eportee. But, #ertain"y, $uring the investigation, it is not in$ispensa%"e that the a"ien %e arreste$. +antos v. Commissioner (197A) +antos was arreste$ %y virtue o- warrant o- arrest issue$ %y the Commissioner o- the Bureau o- .mmigration whi"e his $eportation #ase was pen$ing. 4he Lua Chee &an ru"ing was app"ie$. 4he Commissioner #annot issue a warrant o- arrest -or purposes o- investigation. But the Commissioner #an issue it i- there a"rea$y was a $eportation or$er. *arvey v. De-ensorD+antiago (1988) :etitioners were #harge$ -or #ommitting a#ts o- ?pe$ophi"ia.@ A warrant o- arrest was issue$ %y the Ju$ge an$ they were apprehen$e$. 4hey however 9uestione$ the authority o- the Commissioner o- .mmigration an$ Deportation to arrest an$ $etain them. Deportation pro#ee$ings are a$ministrative in #hara#ter an$ never #onstrue$ as a punishment %ut a preventive measure. .t is summary an$ nature an$ there-ore, it nee$ not %e #on$u#te$ stri#t"y in a##or$an#e with or$inary #ourt pro#ee$ings. Khat is essentia" is that there %e a spe#i2# #harge against the a"ien inten$e$ to %e arreste$ an$ $eporte$. A -air hearing must a"so %e #on$u#te$ with assistan#e o- a #ounse" i- $esire$. 4he #harge must %e su%stantiate$ %y #ompetent evi$en#e, hearsay evi$en#e may even %e a$mitte$. Lu#ien 4ran 6an =ghia v. Liwag (1989) Lu#ien, a 'ren#h nationa" was arreste$ without a warrant. *e #onten$e$ that the Commissioner o- .mmigration an$ Deportation ha$ no power, authority, or Juris$i#tion to #ause his arrest %e#ause it was ma$e in vio"ation o- Art. ..., +e#. ( o- the 1987 Constitution. A"though the re9uirement o- pro%a%"e #ause to %e $etermine$ %y a !u$ge $oes not eten$ to $eportation pro#ee$ings, there shou"$ sti"" %e a spe#i2# #harge against the a"ien inten$e$ to %e arreste$ an$ $eporte$N a -air hearing shou"$ %e #on$u#te$ with the assistan#e o- #ounse", i- $esire$N an$ the #harge shou"$ %e su%stantiate$ %y #ompetent evi$en#e. +a"a<ar v. A#ha#oso (1990) 81 :etitioner was #harge$ with i""ega" re#ruitment. Law en-or#ers went to her resi$en#e where it was $is#overe$ that she was operating a $an#e stu$io. Do#uments an$ other persona" property were sei<e$. 4he warrant was not issue$ %y a Ju$ge, %ut %y the +e#retary o- La%orN an$, assuming that the +e#retary o- La%or is authori<e$ to issue warrants, the same is inva"i$ -or %eing ?genera"@. Boar$ o- Commissioners (C.D) v. De "a /osa (1991) (8 years a-ter &at#ha"ian was a$mitte$ as a 'i"ipino #iti<en, the Boar$ o- Commissioners issue$ a mission or$erR warrant o- arrest against him so he #ou"$ %e investigate$ -or vio"ating the .mmigration A#t. 4he Boar$ #annot issue warrants o- arrest -or investigative purposes. .n imp"ementing the .mmigration A#t, the Commissioner o- .mmigration #ou"$ issue warrants o- arrest on"y a-ter the Boar$ $etermine$ the eisten#e o- the groun$ -or $eportation as #harge$ against the a"ien. #mposition of Fines and Penalties Civi" Aeronauti#s Boar$ v. :AL (197)) :AL>s Uight -rom 4uguegarao to ;ani"a ma$e a Uagstop in Baguio City to pi#G up (0 passengers who #ou"$ not %e a##ommo$ate$ in its regu"ar Uight. 4his was $one without the prior approva" o- the Civi" Aeronauti#s Boar$. 4he CAB issue$ a reso"ution imposing a 2ne. CAB was -u""y authori<e$ %y "aw P/.A. 77A W Civi" Aeronauti#s A#tQ to impose 2nes in the nature o- #ivi" or a$ministrative pena"ties -or vio"ation o- its ru"es an$ regu"ations, %ut not to impose 2nes in the nature o- #rimina" pena"ty, whi#h #an on"y %e $one %y #ourts o- Justi#e. +#oty>s Dept. +tore v. ;i#a""er (19)A) +#oty>s Dept. +tore was -oun$ %y the C./ to have #ommitte$ un-air "a%or pra#ti#e an$ or$ere$ to reinstate ;i#a""er, pay %a#Gwages an$ pay a 2ne. C./ #ou"$ not impose 2nes or other pena" san#tions %e#ause it $i$ not have Juris$i#tion over #rimina" #ases, as giving it su#h Juris$i#tion wou"$ %e in #ontravention o- the $ue pro#ess #"ause o- the Constitution. /C:. v. Boar$ o- Communi#ations (1977) Diego ;ora"es an$ :a#i2#o .nno#en#io separate"y 2"e$ #omp"aints against /C:. %e-ore the Boar$ o- Communi#ations (BCC) a""eging that /C:. is "ia%"e to them -or $amages -or 8B its -ai"ure to $e"iver #ertain te"egrams meant to in-orm them o- the $eaths o- their #"ose re"atives. 4he BCC impose$ a 2ne on /C:. pursuant to +e#. (1 o- the :u%"i# +ervi#e A#t. /C:. #annot %e ma$e to pay the sai$ 2ne %e#ause a 2ne #an on"y %e impose$ on a pu%"i# servi#e that vio"ates the terms an$ #on$itions o- any #erti2#ate or any or$er, $e#ision or regu"ation o- the Commission. .- the ;ora"es an$ .no#en#io su,ere$ inJury a""ege$"y $ue to /C:.>s #ontra#tua" %rea#h, their re#ourse shou"$ have %een in the #ourts. :ere< v. L:& /e2""ers ((00A) A #ir#u"ar issue$ %y the DCE imp"ementing B:11 whi#h provi$e$ pena"ties -or enumerate$ a#ts therein was %eing assai"e$ -or not %eing in #on-ormity with the "aw it seeGs to imp"ement. Cir#u"ar is va"i$. B.:. B"g. 11, as amen$e$, $e2nes what #onstitute punisha%"e a#ts invo"ving petro"eum pro$u#ts an$ sets the minimum an$ maimum "imits -or the #orrespon$ing pena"ties. 4he Cir#u"ar mere"y imp"ements the sai$ "aw, a"%eit it is si"ent on the maimum pe#uniary pena"ty -or re2""ers, marGeters, an$ $ea"ers. :u%"i# *earing Committee v. +; :rime ((010) LLDA inspe#te$ the wastewater o- +; City ;ani"a an$ -oun$ that in $i$ not #on-orm with the e]uent stan$ar$s impose$ %y "aw. LLDA impose$ a 2ne o- :1,000 a $ay. LLDA ha$ the authority to impose 2nes an$ pena"ties sin#e the "aw #"othe$ the LLDA not on"y with the epress powers grante$ to it, %ut a"so those whi#h are imp"ie$ or in#i$enta" %ut, nonethe"ess, are ne#essary or essentia" -or the -u"" an$ proper imp"ementation o- its purposes an$ -un#tions. "d(inistrative Procedure *#e Proce!! Khi"e a$ministrative agen#ies may %e sai$ to %e -ree -rom the rigi$ity o- #ertain pro#e$ura" re9uirements, this $oes not mean that they #an entire"y $isregar$ the -un$amenta" an$ essentia" re9uirements o- $ue pro#ess. Ang 4i%ay v. Court o- .n$ustria" /e"ations (19)0) Ang 4i%ay "ai$ o, worGers %e"onging to the =L8. =L8 proteste$ this a""ege$ un-air "a%or pra#ti#e. Even though the C./ may %e sai$ to %e -ree -rom rigi$ity o- #ertain pro#e$ura" re9uirements $oes not mean that it #an, in Justi#ia%"e #ases #oming %e-ore it, entire"y ignore or $isregar$ the -un$amenta" an$ essentia" re9uirements o- $ue pro#ess in tria"s 8) an$ investigations o- an a$ministrative #hara#ter. 4here are #ar$ina" primary rights whi#h must %e respe#te$ even in pro#ee$ings o- this #hara#ter5 (1)4he right to a hearing, whi#h in#"u$es the right to present one>s #ause an$ su%mit evi$en#e in support thereo-N (()4he tri%una" must #onsi$er the evi$en#e presente$N (1)4here must %e something to support a 2n$ing or #on#"usionN (B)4he evi$en#e supporting the $e#ision must %e su%stantia"N ())4he $e#ision must %e %ase$ on the evi$en#e presente$ at the hearing, or at "east #ontaine$ in the re#or$ an$ $is#"ose$ to the parties a,e#te$. (A)4he tri%una" or %o$y or any o- its Ju$ges must a#t on its own in$epen$ent #onsi$eration o- the "aw an$ -a#ts o- the #ontroversy, an$ not simp"y a##ept the views o- the su%or$inateN (7)4he Boar$ or %o$y shou"$, in a"" #ontroversia" 9uestions, ren$er its $e#ision in su#h manner that the parties to the pro#ee$ing #an Gnow the various issues invo"ve$, an$ the reason -or the $e#ision ren$ere$. Aspre# v. .t#hon (19AA) :etitioner #"aims $enia" o- $ue pro#ess %e#ause he was not present $uring the hearings. Despite the 9uasiDJu$i#ia" nature o- the a$ministrative agen#y, the Boar$ was right to pro#ee$ notwithstan$ing petitioner>s a%sen#e $uring the pro#ee$ings. *e ha$ opportunity to $e-en$ himse"-, whi#h he waive$ when he or his #ounse" $i$ not appear $uring the "ast $ay o- hearing. 6inta ;aritime Co., .n#. v. =L/C (1998) .n a #ase -or i""ega" $ismissa", :CEA ren$ere$ a $e#ision without #on$u#ting a -u""D%"own tria". 6inta a""ege$ that is was $eprive$ o- $ue pro#ess %e#ause no tria" was $one. Khi"e a$ministrative agen#ies must o%serve $ue pro#ess, su#h $oes not re9uire a tria". Due pro#ess in a$ministrative pro#ee$ings on"y re9uires that the parties are given the opportunity to %e hear$. Due pro#ess is satis2e$ i- the parties are given the opportunity to su%mit position papers. Ba#hra#h ;otor Co. v. C./ (1978) Ba#hra#h>s "one witness, Xap"in, a-ter his testimony, "ater went a%roa$, ren$ering the /4EA una%"e to #rossDeamine him. C./ stru#G Xap"in>s testimony o, the re#or$s an$ $ismisse$ Ba#hra#h>s petition. 4he right o- a party to #on-ront an$ #rossDeamine opposing witnesses in a Ju$i#ia" "itigation, %e it #rimina" or #ivi" in nature, or in pro#ee$ings %e-ore a$ministrative tri%una"s with 9uasiDJu$i#ia" powers, is -un$amenta" right whi#h is part o- $ue pro#ess. 8.:. Boar$ o- /egents v. CA (1999) AroGiaswamy was #harge$ with p"agiarism %ut the $is#ip"inary pro#ee$ings against her were not 2na"i<e$ unti" a-ter she ha$ re#eive$ her :h.D. A-ter a showing o- overwhe"ming 8A evi$en#e o- inte""e#tua" $ishonesty, the 8: Boar$ o- /egents reso"ve$ to with$raw her $egree. +he was a,or$e$ $ue pro#ess whi#h in a$ministrative pro#ee$ings is essentia""y the opportunity to ep"ain oneEs si$e o- a #ontroversy or a #han#e to seeG re#onsi$eration o- the a#tion or ru"ing #omp"aine$ o-. 8: has a #onstitutiona" right to a#a$emi# -ree$om whi#h in#"u$e$ its $etermination o- whom it #an #on-er the honor an$ $istin#tion o- %eing its gra$uates. .- su#h #on-erment was o%taine$ through -rau$, it has the right to revoGe or with$raw it. Yam%a"es Chromite ;ining Co. v. CA (1979) 4he Dire#tor o- ;ines $ismisse$ petitioner>s petition to mining #"aims. Khi"e the #ase was on appea" at the Department o- Agri#u"ture an$ =atura" /esour#es, sai$ $ire#tor %e#ame its +e#retary an$ $ismisse$ petitioner>s appea". :etitioner was $enie$ $ue pro#ess. 4he $ire#tor a#te$ with grave a%use o- $is#retion. *e shou"$ have inhi%ite$ an$ asGe$ the 8n$erse#retary to $e#i$e on the appea", otherwise it wou"$ %e a %iase$ review. A $e#ision #annot %e reviewe$ on appea" %y the same oH#er who $e#i$e$ it a 9uo. /ivera v. C+C an$ Lan$%anG o- the :hi"ippines (199)) 4he reviewing oH#er must %e other than the oH#er whose $e#ision is un$er review. Ctherwise, there #ou"$ %e no $i,erent view or there wou"$ %e no rea" review o- the #ase. +u#h wou"$ %e a $enia" o- $ue pro#ess. :e2an#o v. ;ora" ((000) A respon$ent in an a$ministrative #ase is =C4 entit"e$ to %e in-orme$ o- the 2n$ings an$ re#ommen$ations o- any investigating #ommittee #reate$ to in9uire into #harges 2"e$ against him. *e is entit"e$ on"y to the a$ministrative $e#ision %ase$ on su%stantia" evi$en#e ma$e o- re#or$, an$ a reasona%"e opportunity to meet the #harges an$ the evi$en#e presente$ against her $uring the hearings o- the investigation #ommittee. =apo"#om =ationa" Appe""ate Boar$ an$ :=: v. Berna%e ((000) Due pro#ess as a #onstitutiona" pre#ept $oes not a"ways an$ in a"" situations re9uire a tria"Dtype pro#ee$ing. Due pro#ess is satis2e$ when a person is noti2e$ o- the #harge against him an$ given an opportunity to ep"ain or $e-en$ himse"-. 4he essen#e o- $ue pro#ess is simp"y to %e hear$, or as app"ie$ to a$ministrative pro#ee$ings, an opportunity to ep"ain oneEs si$e, or an opportunity to seeG a re#onsi$eration o- the a#tion or ru"ing #omp"aine$ o-. /espon$ent was given noti#e o- the #omp"aintsR#harges against him an$ an opportunity to answer. *e su%mitte$ an aH$avit answering point %y point the #harges against him. *e even appea"e$ -rom the $e#ision o- the :=: Chie- $ismissing him -rom the po"i#e servi#e to the =ationa" Appe""ate Boar$, an$ su%mitte$ a memoran$um. Conse9uent"y, he was given more than a$e9uate opportunity to ep"ain his si$e. +hoppes ;ani"a v. =L/C ((00B) 87 +hoppes a""ege$ that the La%or Ar%iter #ommitte$ grave a%use o- $is#retion -or $e#i$ing the #ase without #on$u#ting a hearing. 'orma" hearing is not man$atory an$ is $epen$ent on the $is#retion o- the "a%or ar%iter. 8n$er +e#. ), /u"e 6 o- =ew /u"es o- :ro#e$ure o- the =L/C, the LA has the authority to $etermine whether or not there is a ne#essity to #on$u#t -orma" hearings. .t is $is#retionary an$ is something that the parties #annot $eman$ as a matter o- right. 4he re9uirements o- $ue pro#ess are satis2e$ when the parties are given the opportunity to su%mit the respe#tive position papers. Auten#io v. ;anara ((00)) Auten#io was #harge$ with $ishonesty an$ mis#on$u#t in oH#e -or #hanging the payro"" o- emp"oyees. +he was in-orme$ o- the #harges, gave her Answer, presente$ aH$avits an$ was assiste$ %y #ounse" in a preDhearing #on-eren#e. A-ter she was -oun$ gui"ty, she appea"e$ to the Civi" +ervi#e Commission an$ #"aime$ that she was tri#Ge$ into waiving her right to present evi$en#e an$ thus she was not a,or$e$ $ue pro#ess #n administrative cases! a fair and reasonable opportunity to e(plain one4s side su0ces to meet t"e re5uirements of due process. A -orma" or tria"Dtype hearing is not a"ways ne#essary. 'or the purpose o- as#ertaining the truth, an investigation wi"" %e #on$u#te$, $uring whi#h te#hni#a" ru"es app"i#a%"e to Ju$i#ia" pro#ee$ings nee$ not a"ways %e a$here$ to. An$ where the party has the opportunity to appea" or seeG re#onsi$eration o- the a#tion or ru"ing #omp"aine$ o-, $e-e#ts in pro#e$ura" $ue pro#ess may %e #ure$. +ama"io v. CA ((00)) 2"e due process re5uirement is satised )"ere parties are a6orded fair and reasonable opportunity to e(plain t"eir side of t"e controversy at "and. .n "ine with Jurispru$en#e, $enia" o- $ue pro#ess #annot %e su##ess-u""y invoGe$ %y a party who has ha$ the opportunity to %e hear$ on his motion -or re#onsi$eration, whi#h +ama"io a$mits he ha$ 2"e$ with the B.D an$ the C+C. Domingo v. /aya"a ((008) .n a$ministrative pro#ee$ings, pro#e$ura" $ue pro#ess has %een re#ogni<e$ to in#"u$e the -o""owing W a. 4he right to a#tua" or #onstru#tive noti#e o- the institution o- pro#ee$ings whi#h may a,e#t a respon$ent>s "ega" rightsN %. A rea" opportunity to %e hear$ persona""y or with the assistan#e o- #ounse", to present witnesses an$ evi$en#e in one>s -avor, an$ to $e-en$ one>s rightsN #. A tri%una" veste$ with #ompetent Juris$i#tion an$ so #onstitute$ as to a,or$ a person #harge$ a$ministrative"y a reasona%"e guarantee o- honesty as we"" as impartia"ityN an$ $. A 2n$ing %y sai$ tri%una" whi#h is supporte$ %y su%stantia" evi$en#e su%mitte$ -or #onsi$eration $uring the hearing or #ontaine$ in the re#or$s, or ma$e Gnown to the parties a,e#te$. A.Y. Arnai< /ea"ty, .n#. v. CH#e o- the :resi$ent ((010) 88 Due pro#ess $oes not a"ways re9uire a tria"Dtype pro#ee$ing. Litigants may %e hear$ through p"ea$ings, written ep"anations, position papers, memoran$a or ora" arguments. 4he stan$ar$ o- $ue pro#ess that must %e met in a$ministrative tri%una"s a""ows a #ertain $egree o- "atitu$e as "ong as -airness is not ignore$. 4he essen#e o- $ue pro#ess is simp"y an opportunity to %e hear$, or, as app"ie$ to a$ministrative pro#ee$ings, an opportunity to ep"ain oneEs si$e or an opportunity to seeG -or a re#onsi$eration o- the a#tion or ru"ing #omp"aine$ o-. Any seeming $e-e#t in its o%servan#e is #ure$ %y the 2"ing o- an ;/. &annapao v. C+C ((011) 4he essen#e o- $ue pro#ess is simp"y an opportunity to %e hear$ or, as app"ie$ to a$ministrative pro#ee$ings, an opportunity to ep"ain oneEs si$e or an opportunity to seeG a re#onsi$eration o- the a#tion or ru"ing #omp"aine$ o-. .n the app"i#ation o- the prin#ip"e o- $ue pro#ess, what is sought to %e sa-eguar$e$ is not "a#G o- previous noti#e %ut the $enia" o- the opportunity to %e hear$. As "ong as a party was given the opportunity to $e-en$ his interests in $ue #ourse, he was not $enie$ $ue pro#ess. .n this #ase, petitioner avai"e$ o- a"" "ega" reme$ies avai"a%"e to him an$ was a""owe$ to present evi$en#e to $e-en$ himse"-, thus there was no $enia" o- $ue pro#ess. Notice and Hearing &'en re.uired =ationa" Deve"opment Corp. v. Co""e#tor (19A1) 6 3"en re5uired by la) :ursuant to a #harge o- vio"ation o- the 4ari, an$ Customs A#t, C.'. +harp I Company, was impose$ a 2ne. .ts re9uest that the #ase %e set -or investigation an$ hearing was $enie$ %y the Co""e#tor o- Customs. Co""e#tor #ommitte$ grave a%use o- $is#retion in imposing the 2ne without the %ene2t o- an investigation or hearing, as re9ueste$. 8n$er the 4ari, an$ Customs Co$e, in or$er that an importe$ arti#"e or mer#han$ise may %e #onsi$ere$ a #argo that shou"$ %e mani-este$, it must 2rst %e so esta%"ishe$, %e#ause there are other e,e#ts that a vesse" may #arry that are e#"u$e$ -rom the re9uirement o- the "aw. An$ even i- #ustoms authorities have #"aime$ that an arti#"e or mer#han$ise is =C4 within the e#eption, it $oes not automati#a""y maGe the vesse" "ia%"e. .t is sti"" ne#essary that the vesse", its owner, or its operator %e given a #han#e to show otherwise Bautista v. KorGmen>s Compensation Commission (1979) 7 3"en ma,in& 5uasi+judicial decisions Bautista>s #"aim was $ismisse$ %y the Department o- La%or>s KorGmen>s Compensation Commission $ue to his an$ his #ounse">s repeate$ nonDappearan#e at 1 s#he$u"e$ hearings o- the #ase. Bautista was $eprive$ o- $ue pro#ess %y the hearing oH#er. .t was proven that he an$ his #ounse" were not $u"y noti2e$7either they were not noti2e$ at a"", or they re#eive$ noti#e too "ate, on"y a-ter the s#he$u"e$ $ates o- hearing. 4he Commission>s ru"es re9uire giving o- reasona%"e noti#e o- hearing to ea#h party intereste$, whi#h is $one %y serving upon him, persona""y or %y registere$ mai", a #opy o- the noti#e, either at his "ast Gnown post oH#e a$$ress or through his #ounse". 4he purpose is to ensure o%servan#e an$ prote#tion o- an intereste$ party>s right to a 89 hearing. 4he a#tions o- the hearing oH#er an$ the Commission are a -ou" %"ow to the Constitution>s so#ia" Justi#e #"ause an$ inJun#tion -or the +tate to a,or$ -u"" prote#tion to "a%or. 4he government, espe#ia""y "a%or agen#ies, has an o%"igation to give meaning an$ su%stan#e to these #onstitutiona" guarantees in -avor o- the worGing man. E9uita%"e BanGing Corp. v. =L/C (1997) W 3"en terminatin& employment +a$a#, 6: o- E9uita%"e BanG>s Lega" Department was a##use$ o- a%usive #on$u#t, ineH#ien#y, ine,e#tiveness, mismanagement an$ $e#isiveness. BanG Chairman sent him a memo stating that instea$ o- #on$u#ting a -orma" hearing, the %anG wou"$ instea$ wait -or his vo"untary resignation. +a$a# 2"e$ a #omp"aint -or i""ega" $ismissa". *e was $enie$ $ue pro#ess. BanG ignore$ the pro#e$ura" re9uirements -or terminating emp"oyment (noti#e apprising the emp"oyee o- the parti#u"ar a#ts or omissions -or whi#h his $ismissa" is sought, an$ another noti#e in-orming the emp"oyee o- the emp"oyer>s $e#ision to $ismiss him). 4he essen#e o- $ue pro#ess in a$ministrative pro#ee$ings is an opportunity to ep"ain one>s si$e. But meetin&s in t"e nature of consultation or conferences are ./2 valid substitutes for t"e proper observance of notice and "earin&. 'e"i 8y v. CoA ((000) W 3"en ma,in& 5uasi+judicial decisions 4he CCA>s 2n$ing o- %a$ -aith, an$ thus persona" "ia%i"ity on &overnor :are$es> part, was %ase$ so"e"y on the ;+:B>s $e#ision, whi#h $i$ not meet the 9uantum o- proo- ne#essary to over#ome the presumption o- goo$ -aith. 4he CCA>s power to $e#i$e a$ministrative #ases invo"ving epen$iture o- pu%"i# -un$s invo"ves the 9uasiDJu$i#ia" aspe#t o- government au$it, whi#h means that pro#ee$ings %e-ore it must #omp"y with the -un$amenta" re9uirements o- pro#e$ura" $ue pro#ess. 4hese were not #omp"ie$ with, sin#e &overnor :are$es was never ma$e a party to nor serve$ a noti#e o- the pro#ee$ings %e-ore the CCA. .t wou"$ %e un-air -or the CCA to ho"$ him persona""y "ia%"e -or petitioners> #"aims, amounting to mi""ions o- pesos, without giving him an opportunity to %e hear$ an$ to present evi$en#e in his $e-en#e. &'en not re.uired +untay v. :eop"e (19)7) W 3"en t"e basis for ma,in& t"e 5uasi+judicial decision is clear A veri2e$ #omp"aint was 2"e$ against +untay -or taGing A"i#ia =u%"a, a 1ADyear o"$ minor, -rom her s#hoo" with "ew$ $esign an$ having #arna" Gnow"e$ge o- her. +untay app"ie$ -or an$ was grante$ a passport %y the D'A, an$ he "e-t -or the 8.+. short"y a-ter. D'A +e#retary &ar#ia instru#te$ the :hi"ippine Am%assa$or to the 8.+. to #an#e" +untay>s passport an$ #ompe" him to return to the :hi"ippines. +untay sought to enJoin +e#retary &ar#ia -rom #an#e""ing his passport without previous hearing. Due pro#ess $oes not ne#essari"y mean or re9uire a hearing. *earing wou"$ have %een proper an$ ne#essary i- the reason -or with$rawa" or #an#e""ation o- +untay>s passport were un#"ear an$ $ou%t-u". But when $is#retion is eer#ise$ %y an oH#er (+e#retary &ar#ia) veste$ with it upon an un$ispute$ -a#t (the 2"ing o- a #harge o- se$u#tion against +untay), hearing may %e $ispense$ with as a prere9uisite to a#tion (#an#e""ation o- +untay>s passport). 90 Biss#hop v. &a"ang (19A1) W 3"en decidin& applications for e(tension of stay of aliens Biss#hop, an Ameri#an #iti<en, app"ie$ -or etension o- stay in the :hi"ippines. Commissioner &a"ang a$vise$ Biss#hop that his app"i#ation ha$ %een $enie$ %y the Boar$ o- Commissioners an$ that he shou"$ $epart within ) $ays. Biss#hop>s #ounse" re9ueste$ a #opy o- the Boar$>s $e#ision, %ut was to"$ that in su#h #ases, -or reasons o- pra#ti#a%i"ity an$ epe$ien#y, no -orma" $e#ision was promu"gate$. 'irst, Commissioners o- .mmigration are not re9uire$ to #on$u#t -orma" hearings on app"i#ations -or etension o- stay o- a"iens. +in#e the "aw is si"ent as to the pro#e$ure in su#h #ases, #ourts have no Juris$i#tion to review the pure"y a$ministrative pra#ti#e o- immigration authorities o- not granting -orma" hearings therein. A day in court is ./2 a matter of ri&"t in administrative proceedin&s. #n certain administrative proceedin&s! t"e ri&"t to notice and "earin& are not essential to due process of la). Commissioner &a"ang>s "etter a$vising Biss#hop to $epart in ) $ays was a mere -orma"ity an$ -ar -rom 2na". 4he re9uirement to "eave %e-ore the start o- $eportation pro#ee$ings is on"y an a$vi#e to the party that un"ess he $eparts vo"untari"y, the +tate wi"" %e #ompe""e$ to taGe steps -or his epu"sion. +e#on$, Commissioners o- .mmigration are =C4 re9uire$ to promu"gate written $e#isions in #ases invo"ving etension o- stay o- a"iens. 4here is nothing in immigration "aws whi#h re9uire the Boar$ to ren$er written $e#isions in su#h #ases. :o""ution A$Ju$i#ation Boar$ v. CA (1991) W Khen pu%"i# interest so re9uires :o""ution A$Ju$i#ation Boar$ issue$ an e parte Cr$er $ire#ting +o"ar 4eti"e 'inishing Corporation to #ease an$ $esist -rom uti"i<ing its wastewater po""ution sour#e insta""ations, whi#h were $is#harging untreate$ wastewater $ire#t"y into a #ana" "ea$ing to the a$Ja#ent 4u""ahanD4ineJeros /iver. E parte #ease an$ $esist or$ers are permitte$ %y "aw an$ regu"ations in #ertain situations, wherein the or$inary re9uirements o- pro#e$ura" $ue pro#ess must yie"$ to the ne#essities o- prote#ting vita" pu%"i# interests through the eer#ise o- po"i#e power. .n the #ase at %ar, the e parte Cr$er was proper %e#ause stopping the #ontinuous $is#harge o- po""utive wastes into :hi"ippine waters shou"$ not wait unti" protra#te$ "itigation over the #orre#tness o- su#h or$ers has run its -u"" #ourse. .n$ustria" esta%"ishments are not #onstitutiona""y entit"e$ to re$u#e their #ostsRepenses an$ in#rease their pro2ts %y putting the pu%"i# interest at risG %y $isregar$ing the re9uirements o- antiDpo""ution statutory an$ regu"atory provisions. +o"ar may #ontest the #orre#tness o- the e parte or$er in a pu%"i# hearing %e-ore the Boar$, where it wou"$ have the opportunity to #ontrovert the %asis o- su#h or$er. 4hat su#h an opportunity is su%se9uent"y avai"a%"e is rea""y a"" that is re9uire$ %y the $ue pro#ess #"ause o- the Constitution in situations "iGe the #ase at %ar. For and Pro#lgation o+ ,#dgent .n$ias v. :hi". .ron ;ines (19)7) 91 .n$ias 2"e$ a #omp"aint -or un-air "a%or pra#ti#e against :hi". .ron ;ines. *earings were #on$u#te$ %y a hearing eaminer, a-ter whi#h, the eaminer ren$ere$ his report stating that the #harge was unsu%stantiate$ %y evi$en#e, an$ re#ommen$e$ its $ismissa". 4he Court o- .n$ustria" /e"ations issue$ an$ or$er $ismissing the #omp"aint saying ?A-ter a perusa" o- the re#or$ o- the #ase, the Court 2n$s no suH#ient Justi2#ation -or mo$i-ying sai$ re#ommen$ation, 2n$ings an$ #on#"usions, an$, #onse9uent"y, this #ase is here%y $ismisse$.@ .n$ias #ha""enges the or$er saying that it ma$e without stating the -a#ts an$ "aw in support o- the or$er. Khi"e the or$er $oes not maGe its own $is#ussion o- the evi$en#e or its own 2n$ings o- -a#t, su#h is not ne#essary i- the #ourt is satis2e$ with the report o- its eaminer whi#h a"rea$y #ontains a -u"" $is#ussion o- the evi$en#e an$ the 2n$ings o- -a#t. 4he situation wou"$ %e $i,erent i- the #ourt $isagrees with the report, in whi#h #ase it shou"$ state the reasons -or its $isagreement. Khen the C./ re-ers a #ase to a #ommissioner -or investigation, report, an$ re#ommen$ation, an$ at su#h investigation the parties were given an opportunity to %e hear$, the re9uirement o- $ue pro#ess is satis2e$. +errano v. :+C (19A8) 4he :u%"i# +ervi#e Commission (:+C) ma$e a Joint $e#ision passing on the #"aim o- 99 app"i#ants -or #erti2#ates o- pu%"i# #onvenien#e to operate a tai#a% servi#e. .t grante$ #erti2#ates to A0 app"i#ants, as "iste$ in the $e#ision. Kith regar$ to the remaining app"i#ants, the $e#ision state$ Tthe app"i#ations not in#"u$e$ in the "ist o- those grante$ are either P$ismisse$Q -or "a#G o- interest or -ai"ure to prose#ute or P$enie$Q -or -ai"ure to 9ua"i-yT. +errano #ha""enge$ the :+C $e#ision on the groun$ that the $e#ision $oes not #"ear"y state the -a#ts as to ea#h #ase regar$ing the 9ua"i2#ation an$ 2nan#ia" a%i"ity o- the app"i#ant an$ the other -a#tors #onstituting the #riterion use$ as %asis in granting the app"i#ation. 4he Constitutiona" provision whi#h man$ates that ?a $e#ision must #"ear"y an$ $istin#t"y state the -a#ts an$ the "aw on whi#h it is %ase$@ on"y app"ies to #ourts an$ not to a$ministrative agen#ies. *owever, the nonDin#"usion o- the a$ministrative tri%una" within the s#ope o- the Constitutiona" provision $oes not warrant the summary $isposition o- +erranoEs app"i#ation. .n An& 2ibay, it was he"$ that an a$ministrative tri%una" must not $isregar$ the re9uirement o- $ue pro#ess, an$ that as a matter o- $ue pro#ess, the a$ministrative tri%una" must ren$er its $e#ision in su#h a manner that the parties to the pro#ee$ing #an Gnow the various issues invo"ve$, an$ the reasons -or the $e#isions ren$ere$. +o"i$ *omes v. Laserna ((008) Laserna 2"e$ a #omp"aint against +o"i$ *omes -or $e"ivery o- tit"e an$ ee#ution o- $ee$ o- sa"e %e-ore the *ousing an$ Lan$ 8se /egu"atory Boar$ (*L8/B). *L8/B ar%iter ren$ere$ a $e#ision whi#h was appea"e$ to the *L8/B Boar$ an$ su%se9uent"y to the CH#e o- the :resi$ent. 4he CH#e o- the :resi$ent, in its $e#ision, mere"y a$opte$ %y re-eren#e the 2n$ings o- the Boar$. 4he Constitutiona" man$ate that ?no $e#ision sha"" %e ren$ere$ %y any #ourt without epressing therein #"ear"y an$ $istin#t"y the -a#ts an$ the "aw on whi#h it is %ase$@ $oes 9( not pre#"u$e the va"i$ity o- memoran$um $e#isions whi#h a$opt %y re-eren#e the 2n$ings o- -a#t an$ #on#"usions o- "aw #ontaine$ in $e#isions o- in-erior tri%una"s. .n Francisco vs. Perms,ul, the Court "ai$ $own the #on$itions to maGe a memoran$um $e#ision va"i$5 1) it shou"$ a#tua""y em%o$y the 2n$ings o- -a#t an$ #on#"usions o- "aw o- the "ower #ourt in an anne atta#he$ to an$ ma$e an in$ispensa%"e part o- the $e#isionN an$ () it is resorte$ to on"y in #ases where the -a#ts are in the main a##epte$ %y %oth parties an$ easi"y $etermina%"e %y the Ju$ge an$ there are no $o#trina" #omp"i#ations invo"ve$ that wi"" re9uire an eten$e$ $is#ussion o- the "aws invo"ve$. 4he Constitutiona" man$ate nee$ not app"y to $e#isions ren$ere$ in a$ministrative pro#ee$ings, as in this #aseN it app"ies on"y to $e#isions ren$ere$ in Ju$i#ia" pro#ee$ings. 4he rights o- parties in a$ministrative pro#ee$ings are not vio"ate$ as "ong as the #onstitutiona" re9uirement o- $ue pro#ess has %een satis2e$ as "ai$ $own in Ang 4i%ay. 4here is no re9uirement that the $e#ision must epress #"ear"y an$ $istin#t"y the -a#ts an$ the "aw on whi#h it is %ase$. 'or as "ong as the a$ministrative $e#ision is groun$e$ on evi$en#e, an$ epresse$ in a manner that suH#ient"y in-orms the parties o- the -a#tua" an$ "ega" %ases o- the $e#ision, the $ue pro#ess re9uirement is satis2e$. Department o- *ea"th v. Camposano ((00)) An a$ministrative #harge was 2"e$ against Camposano, et a"., emp"oyees o- the DC*, -or Dishonesty an$ &rave ;is#on$u#t in #onne#tion with an a""ege$ anoma"ous pur#hase o- #ertain me$i#ines. :CA&C issue$ a reso"ution 2n$ing Camposano, et a". gui"ty, an$ re#ommen$ing their $ismissa". /e"ying on the re#ommen$ation %y the :CA&C, the DC* +e#retary, issue$ an or$er $ismissing Camposano, et a". :CA&C $oes not have the power to impose any a$ministrative san#tions $ire#t"yN its authority is "imite$ to #on$u#ting investigations, an$ preparing 2n$ings an$ re#ommen$ations. 4he power to impose san#tions %e"onge$ to the $is#ip"ining authority, whi#h is the DC* +e#retary, who ha$ to o%serve $ue pro#ess prior to imposing pena"ties. 4he +e#retaryEs $e#ision in this #ase, $i$ not #omp"y with the Ath re9uisite state$ in the An& 2ibay #ase. 4he a#tua" eer#ise o- the $is#ip"ining authority>s prerogative re9uires a prior in$epen$ent #onsi$eration o- the "aw an$ the -a#ts. 'ai"ure to #omp"y with resu"ts in an inva"i$ $e#ision. 4he $is#ip"ining authority shou"$ not mere"y an$ so"e"y re"y on an investigator>s re#ommen$ation, %ut must persona""y weigh an$ assess the evi$en#e gathere$. Ameri#an 4o%a##o v. Dire#tor o- :atents (197)) :etitioners #ha""enge the va"i$ity o- the amen$ment o- /u"e 1A8 o- the /u"es o- :ra#ti#e %e-ore the :hi"ippine :atent CH#e, whi#h authori<e$ the Dire#tor o- :atents to $esignate any ranGing oH#ia" o- the oH#e to hear inter partes pro#ee$ings, %e#ause un$er the "aw, the Dire#tor o- :atents must persona""y hear an$ $e#i$e the #ases. 91 4he power #on-erre$ upon an a$ministrative agen#y to issue su#h regu"ations as may %e $eeme$ ne#essary in or$er to #arry out its purposes is an a$e9uate sour#e o- authority to $e"egate a parti#u"ar -un#tion, un"ess it is withhe"$ %y epress provisions o- the "aw. .t #ou"$ har$"y %e epe#te$, in view o- the magnitu$e o- the Dire#torEs responsi%i"ity, to re9uire him to hear persona""y ea#h an$ every #ase pen$ing in his oH#e. Khi"e the power to $e#i$e resi$es so"e"y in the a$ministrative agen#y or oH#er veste$ %y "aw, this $oes not pre#"u$e a $e"egation o- the power to ho"$ a hearing on the %asis o- whi#h the $e#ision o- the a$ministrative agen#y or oH#er wi"" %e ma$e. .t is suH#ient that the Ju$gment an $is#retion 2na""y eer#ise$ are those o- the oH#er authori<e$ %y "aw. A"%ert v. &angan ((001) .t is a %asi# tenet o- $ue pro#ess that the $e#ision o- a government agen#y must state the -a#ts an$ the "aw on whi#h the $e#ision is %ase$. CCA>s $e#ision mere"y state$ #on#"usions o- "aw whi"e -a#ts an$ #ir#umstan#e regar$ing the $isa""owan#e were missing, ina##urate, or in#omp"ete. 4here has to %e -a#tua" %asis why the epen$iture is a""ege$ to %e -rau$u"ent or why was there a misrepresentation. Aro#ha v. 6ivo (19A7) Khen the BCC 2rst a#te$ on the #ase o- &at#ha"ian, its mem%ers a#te$ in$epen$ent"y, as shown %y the $i,erent $ates they have epresse$ their votes. 4hey $i$ not a#tua""y meet to $is#uss, an$ vote on the #ase. .n$ivi$ua" a#tion %y mem%ers o- a %oar$ p"ain"y ren$ers nugatory the purpose o- its #onstitution as a Boar$. 4he powers an$ $uties o- %oar$s an$ #ommissions may not %e eer#ise$ %y the in$ivi$ua" mem%ers separate"y. 4heir a#ts are oH#ia" on"y when $one %y the mem%ers #onvene$ in session, upon a #on#urren#e o- at "east a maJority an$ with at "east a 9uorum present. =eria v. Commissioner o- .mmigration (19A8) ?:romu"gation@ means Tthe $e"ivery o- the $e#ision to the C"erG o- Court -or 2"ing an$ pu%"i#ationT. Base$ on the .mmigration /u"es an$ /egu"ations, promu"gation taGes p"a#e even %e-ore the $e#ision is written, an$ a #opy is serve$ on the a"ien. 4he $ate o- promu"gation is the $ate when the B+. vote$ an$ reso"ve$ to a$mit an a"ien, an$ this $ate #an %e as#ertaine$ -rom the minutes o- the pro#ee$ings o- the B+.. /ea"ty E#hange 6enture Corp. v. +en$ino (199B) +en$ino 2"e$ a #omp"aint -or spe#i2# per-orman#e an$ $amages against /E6. with the CH#e o- Appea"s, A$Ju$i#ation an$ Lega" A,airs (CAALA) o- the *L8/B. *L8/B ren$ere$ Ju$gment in -avor o- +en$ino. /E6. #onten$e$, among others, that the $e#ision #annot stan$ %e#ause it was not ren$ere$ %y the Boar$ o- Commissioners en %an#. 4he Boar$ is spe#i2#a""y man$ate$ %y its governing "aw to ?a$opt ru"es o- pro#e$ure -or the #on$u#t o- its %usiness an$ per-orm su#h -un#tions ne#essary -or the e,e#tive a##omp"ishment o- its a%ove mentione$ -un#tions.T4here is nothing in the provisions o- the ECs $e2ning the powers an$ $uties o- the Boar$ whi#h $enies or withho"$s the power to $e"egate a$Ju$i#atory -un#tions to $ivisions -or the purpose o- e,e#tive"y #arrying out its a$ministrative responsi%i"ities an$ 9uasiDJu$i#ia" powers. 9B <urisdiction &o 4eG v. Deportation Boar$ (1977) &o 4eG was arreste$ $uring a rai$ o- a suspe#te$ gueri""a unit. 'aGe $o""ar #he#Gs were a"so -oun$ in his possession, #ausing him to %e #harge$ with i""ega" possession an$ use o- -a"se treasury or %anG notes an$ other instruments o- #re$it un$er Art. 1A8, /:C. A #ase -or his $eportation pro#ee$e$ simu"taneous"y %e-ore the Deportation Boar$. Deportation Boar$ ha$ Juris$i#tion to investigate &o 4eG $espite the -a#t that he has yet to %e #onvi#te$ o- the #rimina" #harge against him an$ $espite the -a#t that his a""ege$ a#ts $o not -a"" un$er the enumeration o- the groun$s -or $eportation in +e#. 17 o- the .mmigration Law. 8n$er the "aw, $eportation may %e e,e#te$ either %y or$er o- the :resi$ent a-ter his or his agents> $ue investigation or upon the warrant o- the Commissioner o- .mmigration or his $esignate$ oH#er a-ter the Boar$ o- Commissioners> $etermination o- the eisten#e o- a groun$ -or $eportation. +e#tion A9 $oes not enumerate groun$s -or $eportation. .t mere"y provi$es that the Deportation Boar$ is authori<e$ to #on$u#t investigations on possi%"y $eporta%"e a"iens an$ -orwar$ its re#ommen$ations to the :resi$ent. 4he Chie- Ee#utive is the so"e an$ e#"usive Ju$ge o- the eisten#e o- -a#ts whi#h warrant the $eportation o- a"iens. An ee#utive or$er o- $eportation is not $epen$ent on a prior Ju$i#ia" #onvi#tion. Convi#tion or a#9uitta" o- a #rimina" #harge $oes not #onstitute res Ju$i#ata in the $eportation pro#ee$ings. &uy v. .gna#io ((010) Atty. .gna#io 2"e$ a #omp"aint -or %"a#G"isting an$ $eportation against two sisters on the %asis that they were Cana$ian #iti<ens i""ega""y worGing in the :hi"ippines. 4hey re-use$ to #omp"y with a su%poena #ausing them to %e #harge$ with vio"ating the :hi"ippine .mmigration A#t. 4he genera" ru"e is that #ourts wi"" not $etermine a #ontroversy invo"ving a 9uestion whi#h is within the Juris$i#tion o- the a$ministrative tri%una", where the 9uestion $eman$s the eer#ise o- soun$ a$ministrative $is#retion re9uiring spe#ia" Gnow"e$ge, eperien#e an$ servi#es in $etermining te#hni#a" an$ intri#ate matters o- -a#t. *owever, this #ase -a""s un$er one o- the e#eptions to the ru"e, name"y5 where the #"aim o- #iti<enship is so su%stantia" that there is reasona%"e groun$ to %e"ieve that the #"aim is #orre#t. Khen the evi$en#e su%mitte$ %y a respon$ent is #on#"usive o- his #iti<enship, the right to imme$iate review shou"$ %e re#ogni<e$ an$ #ourts shou"$ prompt"y enJoin the $eportation pro#ee$ings. &o v. /amos ((009) 9) 4he Boar$ o- Commissioners o- the Bureau o- .mmigration an$ Deportation reverse$ an ear"ier $e#ision o- an Asso#iate Commissioner whi#h $ismisse$ a #omp"aint against &o -or %eing an i""ega" an$ un$esira%"e a"ien. :ursuant to this reversa", a #harge sheet was 2"e$ against &o -or vio"ating the .mmigration A#t. 4hus, &o 2"e$ a petition -or #ertiorari an$ prohi%ition %e-ore the /4C 9uestioning the Juris$i#tion o- the Boar$ to #ontinue the $eportation pro#ee$ings. 4he Boar$ ha$ the authority to hear an$ $etermine the $eportation #ase against a $eportee an$ in the pro#ess $etermine a"so the 9uestion o- #iti<enship raise$ %y him. 4he e#eption where Ju$i#ia" $etermination was a""owe$ was when the #ourts themse"ves %e"ieve that there was a su%stantia" #"aim o- #iti<enship, an$ the evi$en#e su%mitte$ was #on#"usive o- su#h #iti<enship. 4he #ourts #ou"$ in these #ases review an$ even enJoin the pro#ee$ings. 4he Boar$>s Juris$i#tion was not $iveste$ %y mere #"aim o- #iti<enship. C- #ourse, the Boar$>s $e#ision was not 2na", %ut su%Je#t to Ju$i#ia" review. *ere, the -a#ts were not su#h that the Court was #onvin#e$ that the Boar$>s Juris$i#tion shou"$ %e ouste$. De "a 'uente v. De 6eyra (1981) 4he :hi"ippine Coast &uar$ #aught a vesse" un"oa$ing #argo to sma"" water#ra-ts. 4he #aptain o- the vesse" was not a%"e to present the appropriate $o#uments -or the #argo so he an$ his #rew were arreste$ -or smugg"ing. 4he Customs o- +ua"DDagupan issue$ a warrant o- sei<ure an$ $etention. 4he e#"usive Juris$i#tion over sei<ure an$ -or-eiture #ases veste$ in the Co""e#tor o- Customs pre#"u$es a C'. -rom assuming #ogni<an#e over su#h #ases. Congress #on-erre$ Juris$i#tion over sei<ure an$ -or-eiture #ases to the #ustoms authorities. 4he "aw a,or$s the Co""e#tor o- Customs suH#ient "atitu$e in $etermining whether or not a #ertain arti#"e is su%Je#t to sei<ure or -or-eiture an$ his $e#ision on the matter is appea"a%"e to the Commissioner o- Customs an$ then to the Court o- 4a Appea"s, not to the C'., whi#h may not inter-ere with the Commissioner>s $e#isions. 4here may on"y %e -urther Ju$i#ia" review in appropriate #ases via a #ertiorari pro#ee$ing. CariVo v. Commission on *uman /ights (1991) 800 pu%"i# s#hoo" tea#hers un$ertooG #on#erte$ mass a#tions on a##ount o- the -ai"ure o- pu%"i# authorities to hee$ their grievan#es. A returnDtoDworG or$er was issue$ %ut they #ontinue$ the mass a#tions. As a resu"t, the tea#hers were a$ministrative"y #harge$ an$ preventive"y suspen$e$. A-ter an investigation, they were $ismisse$. 4he DEC+ +e#retary aHrme$ the $ismissa". 4he tea#hers su%mitte$ sworn statements to the C*/ impugning their $ismissa". 4he C*/ has no power to eer#ise a$Ju$i#atory power. 4he most that #an %e #on#e$e$ to the C*/, un$er the Constitution is the power to investigate ?a"" -orms o- human rights vio"ations invo"ving #ivi" an$ po"iti#a" rights.@ *owever, -a#tD2n$ing is not a$Ju$i#ation, an$ #annot %e "iGene$ to the Ju$i#ia" -un#tion o- a #ourt o- Justi#e, or even a 9uasiDJu$i#ia" agen#y or oH#ia". *en#e, mere"y having the power to investigate, the C*/ shou"$ not try an$ reso"ve the matter invo"ving the pu%"i# s#hoo" tea#hers> a""ege$ $ismissa" without $ue pro#ess. 4he issues invo"ve$ in the #ontroversy are #"ear"y within the origina" 9A Juris$i#tion o- the +e#retary o- E$u#ation as provi$e$ -or %y the Civi" +ervi#e Law an$ a"so within the appe""ate Juris$i#tion o- the Civi" +ervi#e Commission. +imon v. C*/ (199B) A ?Demo"ition =oti#e@ was sent to the =orth ED+A 6en$ors Asso#iation, .n#. -rom the CH#e o- the Lue<on City ;ayor. 4he s9uattersDven$ors 2"e$ a "etterD#omp"aint with the C*/ asGing the "atter to enJoin the LC ;ayor -rom pushing through with the $emo"ition, whi#h the C*/ $i$. 4he Court reiterate$ its ru"ing in CariVo v. C*/ that it is on"y the 2rst o- the C*/>s #onstitutiona""y enumerate$ powers that %ears resem%"an#e with a$Ju$i#ation D %ut that resem%"an#e $oes not e9uate to a$Ju$i#ation. .t was not the intention o- the Constitutiona" Commission to maGe the C*/ a 9uasiDJu$i#ia" %o$y. Laguna LaGe Deve"opment Authority v. CA (199B) 4he Ca"oo#an City &overnment was operating a $umpsite whi#h was po""uting the near%y #reeGRtri%utary o- the ;ari"ao /iver. 4he LLDA issue$ a #ease an$ $esist or$er against it. Cn the other han$, the /4C o- Ca"oo#an issue$ a #ease an$ $esist or$er against the LLDA. 4he #ontroversy was %rought %e-ore the CA, whi#h he"$ that the LLDA has no power an$ authority to issue a #ease an$ $esist or$er enJoining the operation o- the $umpsite. As a genera" ru"e, the a$Ju$i#ation o- po""ution #ases pertains to the :o""ution A$Ju$i#ation Boar$, e#ept in #ases where a spe#ia" "aw provi$es -or another -orum. 4he LLDA, is spe#i2#a""y man$ate$ un$er /A B8)0 to #arry out the nationa" po"i#y o- promoting an$ a##e"erating the $eve"opment an$ %a"an#e$ growth o- the Laguna LaGe area an$ the surroun$ing provin#es with $ue regar$ -or ?...the prevention o- un$ue e#o"ogi#a" $istur%an#es, $eterioration an$ po""ution.@ 8n$er su#h a %roa$ grant o- power, the LLDA>s Juris$i#tion was #orre#t"y invoGe$ in this #ase. 4he LLDA must a"so %e $eeme$ to possess the power to issue #ease an$ $esist or$ers. Khi"e it is true that it was not epress"y #on-erre$ su#h a power, its ena%"ing "aws grante$ it the power Tto ma,e, a"ter or mo$i-y or$ers re9uiring the $is#ontinuan#e o- po""utionT. 8nion BanG v. *L8/B (199() A #on$ominium %uyer pur#hase$ a unit without Gnowing that the who"e #on$ominium proJe#t ha$ %een mortgage$ to 8nion BanG. 4he mortgage was -ore#"ose$ an$ the property was so"$ to 'ar East BanG at pu%"i# au#tion. 4he %uyer 2"e$ a #omp"aint -or annu"ment o- 'ar East>s tit"e to the unit. 8nion BanG an$ 'ar East BanG a""ege$ that the *L8/B ha$ no Juris$i#tion. *L8/B has Juris$i#tion. 4he re"evant "aws in this #ase in#"u$e5 :D 9)7, whi#h gave the =*A e#"usive Juris$i#tion to regu"ate the rea" estate tra$e an$ %usinessN :D 11BB, whi#h gave the =*A the e#"usive Juris$i#tion to hear an$ $e#i$e #ases invo"ving unsoun$ rea" estate %usiness pra#ti#esN an$ EC AB8, whi#h trans-erre$ the a%oveDmentione$ -un#tions to the *uman +ett"ements /egu"atory Commission ("ater %e#ame the *L8/B). 4he Juris$i#tion o- the *L8/B to regu"ate the rea" estate tra$e is %roa$ enough to in#"u$e 97 Juris$i#tion over #omp"aints -or spe#i2# per-orman#e o- the sa"e, or annu"ment o- the mortgage, o- a #on$ominium unit . ;ateo v. CA (199)) +evera" ;orong Kater Distri#t (;CKAD) emp"oyees 2"e$ a #omp"aint against their genera" manager E$gar +ta. ;aria. 4he ;CKAD %oar$ mem%ers #on$u#te$ an investigation an$ p"a#e$ E$gar un$er preventive suspension. Eventua""y, E$gar was $ismisse$ #ausing him to 2"e a spe#ia" #ivi" a#tion -or 9uo warranto an$ man$amus %e-ore the /4C. 4he /4C $oes not have Juris$i#tion. ;CKAD is a 9uasiDpu%"i# #orporation #reate$ pursuant to :D 198. 4he +C has previous"y he"$ that emp"oyees o- &CCC>s with origina" #harters, su#h as ;CKAD, -a"" un$er the Juris$i#tion o- the Civi" +ervi#e Commission. 8n$er :D 807, EC (9( an$ ;emoran$um Cir#u"ar =o. BB (1990) o- the C+C, the party aggrieve$ %y an a#tion o- the government invo"ving termination o- servi#es may appea" to the Commission within 1) $ays o- the a#tion. 4herea-ter, the 2na" reso"ution o- the C+C may %e appea"e$ to the CA. 4he Civi" +ervi#e Commission un$er the Constitution is the sing"e ar%iter o- a"" #ontests re"ating to the #ivi" servi#e. 4hus, /4Cs have no Juris$i#tion to entertain #ases invo"ving $ismissa" o- oH#ers an$ emp"oyees #overe$ %y the Civi" +ervi#e Law. :AL v. Civi" Aeronauti#s Boar$ (1997) &ran$air app"ie$ -or a Certi2#ate o- :u%"i# Convenien#e an$ =e#essity (C:C=) with the CAB an$ re9ueste$ -or a 4emporary Cperating :ermit (4C:). :AL oppose$ the app"i#ation a""eging that the CAB ha$ no Juris$i#tion to hear the app"i#ation sin#e &ran$air $i$ not have a -ran#hise to operate -rom Congress. CAB $enie$ the opposition an$ approve$ the issuan#e o- the 4C:. 4he CAB has Juris$i#tion. 4he CAB is epress"y authori<e$ un$er /A 77A to issue a 4C: or a C:C= ?upon its own initiative.@ =othing in the sai$ "aw negates the power to issue the sai$ permit %e-ore the #omp"etion o- the app"i#ant>s evi$en#e an$ that o- the oppositor>s in the main petition. 4here is a"so nothing in the "aw or the Constitution whi#h in$i#ates that a "egis"ative -ran#hise is an in$ispensa%"e re9uirement -or an entity to operate as a $omesti# air transport operator. A"though the Constitution re#ogni<es CongressE #ontro" over any -ran#hise, #erti2#ate or authority to operate a pu%"i# uti"ity, Congress has seen it 2t to $e"egate this -un#tion to government agen#ies, spe#ia"i<e$ parti#u"ar"y in their respe#tive areas o- pu%"i# servi#e. A rea$ing o- /A 77A revea"s the #"ear intent o- Congress to $e"egate the authority to regu"ate the issuan#e o- a "i#ense to operate $omesti# air transport servi#es to the CAB. Eristing#o" v. CA (1999) Eristing#o" was %ui"$ing a house in 8r$aneta 6i""age %ut the homeowners> asso#iation mete$ a :B00,000 pena"ty against her -or vio"ating #ertain provisions in the asso#iations Constru#tion /u"es an$ /egu"ations. Eristing#o" 2"e$ a #omp"aint -or $e#"aration o- nu""ity o- these ru"es %e-ore the /4C %ut the Asso#iation a""ege$ that /4C $oes not have Juris$i#tion over the #omp"aint. 98 4he /4C $oes not have Juris$i#tion. A s#rutiny o- Eristing#o">s a""egations revea"s that the nature o- the #ontroversy on"y super2#ia""y $e"ves into the va"i$ity o- the Constru#tion /u"es. 4he #ru o- the #omp"aint is a#tua""y the asso#iation>s suppose$ ar%itrary imp"ementation o- the Constru#tion /u"es against her. EC )1), whi#h #reate$ the *.&C, trans-erre$ to it the regu"atory an$ a$ministrative -un#tions over homeowners> asso#iations origina""y veste$ with the +EC. 8pon the ena#tment o- /A 87A1, the powers an$ -un#tions o- the *.&C with respe#t to homeowners> asso#iations were again trans-erre$ D this time to the *L8/B. 4hus, %ase$ on the a""egations o- the #omp"aint, it is the *L8/B D not the /4C D whi#h has Juris$i#tion over this #ase. De"taventures /esour#es, .n#. v. Ca%ato ((000) De"taventures 2"e$ a #omp"aint -or inJun#tion with the /4C reiterating the same a""egations in a thir$ party #"aim in a #ase pen$ing %e-ore the =L/C. /4C he"$ that it #annot issue an inJun#tion against the =L/C an$ that the =L/C retains the authority over a"" pro#ee$ings in re"ation to the ee#ution o- its $e#isions. De"taventures shou"$ have 2"e$ its thir$ party #"aim %e-ore the LA. 4he =L/C>s ;anua" on Ee#ution o- !u$gment provi$es the me#hanism -or a thir$Dparty #"aimant to assert his #"aim over a property "evie$ %y a sheri, on a##ount o- a "a%or Ju$gment. 4he %roa$ powers grante$ to the La%or Ar%iter an$ the =L/C un$er the La%or Co$e shou"$ %e $eeme$ to vest in them Juris$i#tion over in#i$ents arising -rom, in #onne#tion with or re"ating to "a%or $isputes, to the e#"usion o- other #ourts. ;oreover, the La%or Co$e ep"i#it"y prohi%its the issuan#e o- any inJun#tion or restraining or$er in any #ase invo"ving "a%or $isputes %y any #ourt or other entity. Cooperative Deve"opment Authority v. Do"e2" ((00() 4he Cooperative Deve"opment Authority (CDA) re#eive$ severa" #omp"aints -rom #ertain mem%ers o- the Do"e2" Agrarian /e-orm Bene2#iaries Cooperative, .n#. (DA/BC.) a""eging mismanagement an$Ror misappropriation o- -un$s %y the then in#um%ent oH#ers an$ mem%ers o- the %oar$ o- $ire#tors o- DA/BC. (respon$ents). Be-ore the respon$ents #ou"$ 2"e an answer, the CDA or$ere$ the -un$s o- DA/BC. to %e -ro<en prompting the respon$ents to 2"e a petition -or #ertiorari %e-ore the /4C primari"y 9uestioning CDA>s Juris$i#tion to reso"ve the #omp"aints. +e#. 1 o- /A A919 enumerates the powers, -un#tions an$ responsi%i"ities o- the CDA. .t #an %e g"eane$ -rom this provision that the authority o- the CDA is to $is#harge pure"y a$ministrative -un#tions. =owhere in the "aw is CDA epress"y grante$ the authority to a$Ju$i#ate #ooperative $isputes. A review o- the $e"i%erations %y %oth #ham%ers o- Congress prior to the ena#tment o- /A A919 shows that the intent o- the "egis"ature was not to vest 9uasiDJu$i#ia" authority upon CDA. 4hus, the CDA is $evoi$ o- any 9uasiD Ju$i#ia" authority to a$Ju$i#ate intraD#ooperative $isputes an$ more parti#u"ar"y $isputes as regar$s the e"e#tion o- the mem%ers o- the Boar$ o- Dire#tors an$ oH#ers o- #ooperatives. De !esus v. CCA ((001) 99 An au$iting team -rom the Commission on Au$it (CCA) au$ite$ the a##ounts o- the Cat%a"ogan Kater Distri#t (CKD) an$ $is#overe$ that mem%ers o- CKDEs %oar$ grante$ themse"ves #ertain %ene2ts. 4he CCA issue$ noti#es $isa""owing the payment o- the a""owan#es an$ %onuses grante$ to the mem%ers o- the %oar$, on the groun$ that the payments run #ounter to :D 198, or the :rovin#ia" Kater 8ti"ities A#t. 4he mem%ers o- the %oar$ 9uestion the Juris$i#tion o- CCA to $isa""ow the payments. 4he Constitution man$ates the CCA to au$it a"" government agen#ies, in#"u$ing governmentDowne$ an$ #ontro""e$ #orporations. A water $istri#t is a governmentDowne$ an$ #ontro""e$ #orporation with a spe#ia" #harter sin#e it is #reate$ pursuant to :D 198. 4hus, CKD is su%Je#t to the Juris$i#tion o- CCA. CCA $i$ not usurp the -un#tions o- the LK8A. 4o ho"$ otherwise wou"$ "ea$ to a situation where the %oar$ o- an a$ministrative agen#y, %y the mere a#t o- issuing a reso"ution, #an put to naught the %roa$ an$ etensive powers grante$ to the CCA %y the Constitution. C+C v. A"-onso ((009) A #omp"aint was 2"e$ against A"-onso, the $ire#tor o- the human resour#es $epartment o- the :o"yte#hni# 8niversity o- the :hi"ippines (:8:), #harging him with vio"ation o- the Civi" +ervi#e Law. *e a""ege$"y in#"u$e$ himse"- in a spe#ia" or$er -or overnight servi#es whi#h a""owe$ him to maGe #onsi$era%"e earnings -or a""ege$"y worGing -or (B hours straight $ai"y, -or 1 weeGs. 4he Civi" +ervi#e Commission (C+C) issue$ a reso"ution -orma""y #harging A"-onso with &rave ;is#on$u#t, an$ imposing a 90D$ay preventive suspension on him. A"-onso argue$ that the C+C ha$ no Juris$i#tion %e#ause the :8: Boar$ o- /egents has the e#"usive authority to appoint an$ remove :8: emp"oyees. As the #entra" personne" agen#y o- the government, the C+C has Juris$i#tion to supervise the per-orman#e o- an$ $is#ip"ine, i- nee$ %e, a"" government emp"oyees, in#"u$ing those emp"oye$ in governmentDowne$ or #ontro""e$ #orporations with origina" #harters su#h as :8:. A"" :8: oH#ers an$ emp"oyees, whether they %e #"assi2e$ as tea#hers or pro-essors, are $eeme$, 2rst an$ -oremost, #ivi" servants a##ounta%"e to the peop"e an$ answera%"e to the C+C in #ases o- #omp"aints "o$ge$ %y a #iti<en against them as pu%"i# servants. Khi"e there are "aws whi#h a""ow the #reation o- $is#ip"inary #ommittees in $i,erent agen#ies o- the government to hear an$ $e#i$e a$ministrative #omp"aints against their respe#tive oH#ers an$ emp"oyees, su#h #annot %e interprete$ as having $iveste$ the C+C o- its inherent power to supervise an$ $is#ip"ine government emp"oyees. 4o ho"$ otherwise wou"$ not on"y negate the very purpose -or whi#h the C+C was esta%"ishe$, %ut wou"$ a"so imp"ie$"y amen$ the Constitution itse"-. +he"" v. !a"os ((010) +he"" an$ the /epu%"i# o- the :hi"ippines entere$ into a servi#e #ontra#t -or the ep"oration an$ etra#tion o- petro"eum. As a #onse9uen#e o- whi#h, +he"" #onstru#te$ a pipe"ine -rom its pro$u#tion p"at-orm to its pro#essing p"ant. !a"os, et a". 2"e$ a #omp"aint -or $amages against +he"" with the /4C, a""eging that they are 2shermen, an$ that +he""Es #onstru#tion o- the pipe"ine a$verse"y a,e#te$ their "ive"ihoo$. +he"" argue$ that the #ase is a po""ution #ase, thus the :o""ution A$Ju$i#ation Boar$ (:AB) has primary Juris$i#tion over the #ontroversy. 100 Khi"e the #omp"aint $i$ not use the term ?po""ution@, the a#ts it a""ege$ #onstitute po""ution as $e2ne$ in the "aw (:D 98B). .n $etermining !a"os, et a".Es #omp"aint -or $amages, the proper tri%una" must $etermine whether or not the operation o- the pipe"ine a$verse"y a"tere$ the #oasta" watersE properties an$ negative"y a,e#te$ its "i-e sustaining -un#tion. 4he power an$ epertise nee$e$ to $etermine su#h issue "ies with the :AB. 4he $e2nition o- the ?po""utionT #onnotes the nee$ -or spe#ia"i<e$ Gnow"e$ge an$ sGi""s in $etermining the presen#e, #ause, an$ e,e#ts o- po""ution. 4hese Gnow"e$ge an$ sGi""s are not within the #ompeten#e o- or$inary #ourts. /esort must 2rst %e ma$e to the :AB, whi#h is the agen#y possesse$ o- epertise in $etermining po""utionDre"ate$ matters. ;a#ha$o v. &at$u"a ((010) 4he ;a#ha$os a""ege$"y %"o#Ge$ the right o- way o- &at$u"aEs property. &at$u"a asGe$ the Commission on +ett"ement o- Lan$ :ro%"ems (CC+LA:) to sett"e the #ontroversy %etween the parties. CC+LA: assume$ Juris$i#tion, an$ the parties parti#ipate$ in the pro#ee$ings. CC+LA: has no Juris$i#tion over the #ontroversy. .t may on"y assume Juris$i#tion in the #ases enumerate$ un$er the "aw whi#h #reate$ it. 4he present #ontroversy $oes not -a"" un$er those enumerate$ #ir#umstan#es. 4he ;a#ha$os #annot %e he"$ in estoppe" -or having parti#ipate$ in the CC+LA: pro#ee$ings, as Juris$i#tion is #on-erre$ %y "aw, an$ not %y the parties. CC+LA: having no Juris$i#tion, its $e#ision is nu"" an$ voi$. As su#h, it #annot %e the sour#e o- any right or o%"igation, an$ a"" a#ts pursuant to it have no "ega" e,e#t. 4he voi$ Ju$gment #an never %e#ome 2na", an$ any writ o- ee#ution %ase$ on it is voi$. 6$a. *errera v. Bernar$o ((011) 4he Bernar$os 2"e$ a #omp"aint %e-ore the Commission on +ett"ement o- Lan$ :ro%"ems (CC+LA:) against *errera -or inter-eren#e, $istur%an#e, un"aw-u" #"aim, harassment an$ trespassing over a portion o- a par#e" o- "an$. A$ministrative agen#ies, "iGe the CC+LA:, are tri%una"s o- "imite$ Juris$i#tion that #an on"y wie"$ powers whi#h are spe#i2#a""y grante$ to it %y its ena%"ing statute. 4he present #ase $oes not -a"" un$er any o- the instan#es enumerate$ in EC )A1, the "aw whi#h #reate$ CC+LA:, when CC+LA: #an eer#ise its a$Ju$i#atory -un#tions. 4he Bernar$osE #ause o- a#tion %e-ore the CC+LA: pertains to their #"aim o- ownership over the su%Je#t property, the Juris$i#tion o- whi#h is veste$ with the Courts. +in#e CC+LA: ha$ no Juris$i#tion, a"" the pro#ee$ings therein are nu"" an$ voi$. *errera is not estoppe$ -rom 9uestioning the Juris$i#tion o- CC+LA:. Estoppe" %y "a#hes as a %ar to 9uestion Juris$i#tion is the e#eption, an$ not the ru"e. 'or a party to %e estoppe$ -rom 9uestioning a tri%una"Es Juris$i#tion, the issue o- Juris$i#tion must have %een raise$ so %e"ate$"y as to warrant the presumption that the party entit"e$ to assert it ha$ a%an$one$ or $e#"ine$ to assert it. 101 "d(inistrative and <udicia* Proceedin+s "risin+ -ro( t'e sa(e 5acts &a"ang v. CA (19A1) 4ee *ooG Chun arrive$ in the :hi"ippines with a :hi"ippine passport. &a"ang, the Commissioner o- .mmigration, or$ere$ the e#"usion o- 4ee as he was not entit"e$ to use a :hi"ippine passport. A #rimina" #ase was 2"e$ against 4ee -or vio"ation o- the immigration "aw. *e was -oun$ gui"ty. Cn appea" to the CA, the appe""ate #ourt or$ere$ his re"ease upon 2"ing o- %ai". 4he Commissioner $i$ not re"ease 4ee %e#ause o- the e#"usion or$er previous"y issue$. 8pon petition %y 4ee, the CA issue$ a writ o- ha%eas #orpus. .t sai$ that the 2"ing o- the #rimina" a#tion is a waiver o- the a$ministrative pro#ee$ing to e#"u$e 4*C. A"though the #rimina" a#tion an$ the a$ministrative pro#ee$ing -or his e#"usion arise -rom the same set o- -a#ts, one $oes not %ar the a#tion in the other. 4he institution o- the #rimina" a#tion is not a waiver o- the authority to institute a$ministrative a#tion. A"though arising -rom the same -a#ts, the #rimina" an$ a$ministrative a#tions were $one pursuant to $i,erent provisions o- the immigration a#t. Co +an v. Dire#tor o- :atents (19A1) Co +an was a#9uitte$ in an un-air #ompetition #ase 2"e$ %y !ose Cng Lian Bio in the CA. .n another #ase, Co +an 2"e$ a petition with the :hi"ippine :atent CH#e -or #an#e""ation o- "etters o- patent issue$ to Cng Lian Bio over two $esigns -or "uggages. Co +anEs petition was $ismisse$. Co +an #onten$s that the Dire#tor o- :atents shou"$ have a##epte$ the 2n$ings o- -a#t o- the CA that Co +an was the prior user o- the $esign in issue an$ that the $esigns in the Letter :atents issue$ to !ose Cng Lian Bio are not new an$ origina". 4he Dire#tor o- :atents in the a$ministrative #ase is not %oun$ %y the 2n$ings arrive$ at %y the CA in the #rimina" #ase. 4he 9uestion in the #an#e""ation pro#ee$ings re-ers to the va"i$ity o- the $esign patents issue$ to Cng Lian BioN whi"e the in9uiry in the #rimina" #ase is whether Co +an un-air"y #ompete$ against the "uggage o- Cng Lian Bio prote#te$ %y the $esign patent. 4he 2rst is within the #ogni<an#e o- the :atent CH#eN the se#on$ un$er the Juris$i#tion o- the C'.. 4he a#9uitta" o- Co +an %y the CA was not %ase$ on the #an#e""ation o- a patent %ut on the opinion that he ha$ not $e#eive$ !ose Cng Lian Bio. 6i""anos v. +u%i$o (197() 6i""anos, a pu%"i# s#hoo" tea#her, wrote a "etter Joint"y a$$resse$ to her #oDtea#hers, #ontaining "i%e"ous remarGs against the sai$ #oDtea#hers. A #rimina" a#tion -or "i%e" was institute$ against 6i""anos. +he was #onvi#te$, an$ her #onvi#tion was aHrme$ %y the CA. 4he #oDtea#hers a"so 2"e$ an a$ministrative #omp"aint against 6i""anos -or gross $is#ourtesy to them, an$ -or using $isgra#e-u" "anguage. A #on$emnatory $e#ision in a #rimina" #ase, even i- 2na", %y itse"- a"one, #annot serve as %asis -or a $e#ision in an a$ministrative #ase invo"ving the same -a#ts, -or the simp"e 10( reason that matters that are materia" in the a$ministrative #ase are not ne#essari"y re"evant in the #rimina" #ase. 4he 2n$ing o- gui"t %eyon$ reasona%"e $ou%t in the #rimina" #ase is not #on#"usive on the a$ministrative #ase. 4here are $e-enses, e#uses an$ attenuating #ir#umstan#es o- va"ue in a$ministrative pro#ee$ings whi#h are not a$missi%"e in the tria" o- the #rimina" #ases. Even where #rimina" #onvi#tion is spe#i2e$ %y "aw as a groun$ -or suspension or remova" o- an oH#ia" or emp"oyee, su#h #onvi#tion $oes not eDproprio vigore (%y its own -or#e) Justi-y automati# suspension without investigation an$ hearing as to su#h #onvi#tion. :=/ v. Domingo (1971) ;a-e, a me#hani# emp"oye$ %y the :hi"ippine nationa" /ai"ways (:=/), was #harge$ with 9ua"i2e$ the-t -or stea"ing a %rass %earing -rom :=/. *e was a#9uitte$ %y the tria" #ourt on the groun$ that the prose#ution -ai"e$ to esta%"ish his gui"t %eyon$ reasona%"e $ou%t. A-ter the promu"gation o- Ju$gment, ;a-e 2"e$ a motion to amen$ the $e#ision a""eging that he was $ismisse$ %y the :=/. *e argue$ that sin#e he was a#9uitte$ o- the #rime -or whi#h he was $ismisse$, he shou"$ %e reinstate$. !u$ge Domingo o- the tria" #ourt or$ere$ the reinstatement, an$ payment o- %a#Gwages o- ;a-e. 4he tria" #ourt, in the #rimina" #ase, has no authority to or$er the payment o- %a#Gwages in the event o- an a#9uitta" o- the a##use$ emp"oyee. An a#9uitta" o- the a##use$ $oes not ne#essari"y mean that he is not #ivi""y "ia%"e. 4he e#eption to this is i- the a#9uitta" was -or a%so"ute "a#G o- evi$en#e whi#h amounte$ to a Ju$i#ia" $e#"aration that the a##use$ was inno#ent an$ $i$ not #ommit the a#t #harge$. +u#h e#eption is not app"i#a%"e in this #ase %e#ause ;a-e was a#9uitte$ mere"y on reasona%"e $ou%t. +u#h an a#9uitta" #ou"$ not overturn the ver$i#t o- gui"ty in the a$ministrative #ase, %y virtue o- whi#h ;a-e ha$ a"rea$y %een $ismisse$. Khi"e an a##use$ who ha$ %een a#9uitte$ may, in appropriate #ases, #"aim payment o- %a#Gwages or reinstatement, his re"ie- "ies not in the same #rimina" #ase %ut in the proper a$ministrative #ivi" a#tion pres#ri%e$ %y "aw. &enera""y, a#9uitta" in a #rimina" #ase $oes not #arry with it re"ie- -rom a$ministrative "ia%i"ity. 4he a$ministrative #ase may pro#ee$ in$epen$ent"y o- the #rimina" a#tion -or the same a#t or omission an$ re9uires on"y a prepon$eran#e o- evi$en#e to esta%"ish a$ministrative gui"t. 4an v. CC;ELEC (199B) 4an, as the City :rose#utor o- Davao, was $esignate$ %y the CC;ELEC as the 6i#eD Chairman o- the City Boar$ o- Canvasser o- Davao City. &ar#ia won the mayora"ty e"e#tions, an$ his riva" #an$i$ate, A"tera$o, 2"e$ a num%er o- #ases 9uestioning the va"i$ity o- &ar#iaEs pro#"amation. 4he e"e#tora" protests were eventua""y $ismisse$. A"tera$o 2"e$ with the Cm%u$sman a #rimina" #omp"aint -or 'a"si2#ation o- :u%"i# Do#uments against 4an. A"tera$o a"so 2"e$ with the CC;ELEC an a$ministrative #omp"aint against 4an. 4an move$ to $ismiss the a$ministrative #omp"aint in the CC;ELEC on severa" groun$s, among whi#h is -orumDshopping. Dismissa" on the groun$ o- -orumDshopping is untena%"e. 4he investigation then %eing #on$u#te$ %y the Cm%u$sman on the #rimina" #ase, on the one han$, an$ the in9uiry into the a$ministrative #harges %y the CC;ELEC, on the other han$, are entire"y in$epen$ent pro#ee$ings. =either wou"$ the resu"ts in one #on#"u$e the other. An 101 a%so"ution -rom a #rimina" #harge is not a %ar to an a$ministrative prose#ution or vi#e versa. C#ampo v. CH#e o- the Cm%u$sman ((000) An a$ministrative #ase -or serious mis#on$u#t an$Ror -rau$ or wi"-u" %rea#h o- trust was 2"e$ against C#ampo with the Cm%u$sman. *e $i$ not 2"e his #ounterDaH$avit, an$ was "ater $ismisse$. Cn his ;/, he a""ege$, through a mani-estation that his #rimina" #ase -or esta-a %ase$ on the same -a#ts was $ismisse$ %y the /4C. Dismissa" o- the #rimina" #omp"aint on"y means that there was -ai"ure to prove gui"t %eyon$ reasona%"e $ou%t on the part o- the a##use$. 4he 9uantum o- evi$en#e re9uire$ in an a$ministrative pro#ee$ing (su%stantia" evi$en#e) is $i,erent -rom that in a #rimina" pro#ee$ing (proo- %eyon$ reasona%"e $ou%t). Consi$ering the $i,eren#e in the 9uantum o- evi$en#e, pro#e$ure -o""owe$ an$ san#tions impose$ in #rimina" an$ a$ministrative pro#ee$ings, the 2n$ings an$ #on#"usions o- one %o$y shou"$ not ne#essari"y %e %in$ing on the other. ;i""ares v. &o ((001) An a$ministrative #omp"aint -or grave mis#on$u#t %ase$ on the #harge o- $ou%"e homi#i$e resu"te$ to ;i""ares> $ismissa" -rom servi#e. *owever, the #rimina" #ase -or homi#i$e that was 2"e$ against ;i""ares %ase$ on the same -a#ts was $ismisse$. 'a#tua" 2n$ings o- a$ministrative agen#ies, espe#ia""y when aHrme$ %y the Court o- Appea"s, are #on#"usive upon the Court. Crimina" an$ #ivi" #ases are a"together $i,erent -rom a$ministrative matters su#h that the $isposition in the 2rst two wi"" not inevita%"y govern the thir$ an$ vi#e versa. 'errer v. +an$igan%ayan ((008) 'errer was #harge$ with a vio"ation o- +e#. 1(e) o- /A 1019.4he CH#e o- the :resi$ent a%so"ve$ him o- a$ministrative "ia%i"ity, %ut the +an$igan%ayan>s se#on$ $ivision re-use$ to grant any o- the re"ie-s he sought in#"u$ing a motion -or reinvestigation, motions -or re#onsi$eration, a petition -or #ertiorari, an$ a motion -or reDeva"uation o- a 2n$ing o- pro%a%"e #ause. 4he $ismissa" o- an a$ministrative #ase $oes not ne#essari"y %ar the 2"ing o- a #rimina" prose#ution -or the same or simi"ar a#ts whi#h were the su%Je#t o- the a$ministrative #omp"aint. A#u<ar v. !ourna" ((010) !oro"an 2"e$ an a$ministrative #ase against A#u<ar %e-ore the :eop"e>s Law En-or#ement Boar$, #harging A#u<ar o- grave mis#on$u#t -or a""ege$"y having an i""i#it re"ationship with !oro"an>s minor $aughter. *e a"so 2"e$ a #rimina" #ase against A<u#ar -or vio"ation o- the Chi"$ A%use A#t. :LEB -oun$ A#u<ar gui"ty an$ or$ere$ him $ismisse$ -rom the :=:. Crimina" an$ a$ministrative #ases are separate an$ $istin#t -rom one another. Crimina" #ases re9uire proo- %eyon$ reasona%"e $ou%t, whi"e a$ministrative #ases on"y re9uire su%stantia" evi$en#e. 4hey #ou"$ pro#ee$ in$epen$ent"y o- ea#h other. 4he :LEB 10B #orre#t"y eer#ise$ Juris$i#tion over the #ase, it %eing the a$ministrative $is#ip"inary %o$y tasGe$ to hear #omp"aints against erring :=: mem%ers. R#le! o+ -'idence :hi"ippine ;ovie :i#ture KorGers Asso#iation v. :remier :ro$u#tion (19)1) 4he #ompany 2"e$ a petition with the C./ seeGing authority to "ay o, BB o- its worGers. 4he C./ #on$u#te$ an o#u"ar inspe#tion o- the stu$ios an$ its premises, an$ on the strength o- its 2n$ings, authori<e$ the "ayDo, o- the worGers. 4he worGers were sti"" entit"e$ to hearing. C#u"ar inspe#tion is not e9uiva"ent to a tria" or presentation o- evi$en#e, as it is on"y an aui"iary reme$y. =everthe"ess, #on$u#ting an o#u"ar inspe#tion in or$er to reso"ve an issue is not epress"y prohi%ite$. Estate o- '"oren#iano Buan v. :am%us#o (19)A) Buan app"ie$ -or a #erti2#ate o- pu%"i# #onvenien#e with :+C. :+C or$ere$ a survey o- passenger traH# to $etermine the ne#essity o- su#h C:C. .t statione$ at two strategi# p"a#es two o- its #he#Gers who $etermine$ the num%er o- passengers -or one weeG. 4he #he#Gers "ater su%mitte$ their 2n$ings. :+C then $enie$ Buan>s app"i#ation. 4he sen$ing o- #he#Gers -or purposes o- o%servation was Justi2e$. An a$ministrative agen#y may a#t on its own an$ use metho$s whi#h wi"" ena%"e it to o%tain su%stantia" evi$en#e. 4he #ourt is not re9uire$ to eamine the proo- re"ie$ upon %y agen#ies in their $e#isions $e novo. /i<a" Light Co. v. ;uni#ipa"ity o- /i<a" (19A8) Cn the %asis o- the evi$en#e a$$u#e$ -rom an inspe#tion ma$e %y :+C>s engineers on /i<a" Light>s e"e#tri# p"ant, an$ a-ter the "atter>s -ai"ure to appear in hearings an$ to su%mit evi$en#e, :+C revoGe$ /i<a" Light>s C:C an$ grante$ one -or ;orong E"e#tri#. 4he Court is not re9uire$ to eamine the proo- anew, an$ the revo#ation ma$e %y :+C was va"i$. Khen prose#uting an$ investigating $uties are $e"egate$ %y statute to an a$ministrative %o$y su#h as the :+C, sai$ %o$y may maGe steps it %e"ieves appropriate -or the proper eer#ise o- sai$ $uties, parti#u"ar"y in the manner o- in-orming itse"- whether there is pro%a%"e vio"ation o- "aw an$Ror its ru"es an$ regu"ations. .t may initiate an investigation, 2"e a #omp"aint, an$ then try the #harge as pre-erre$. +o "ong as the respon$ent is given a $ay in #ourt, there #an %e no $enia" o- $ue pro#ess, an$ o%Je#tions to sai$ pro#e$ure #annot %e sustaine$. BorJa v. ;oreno (19AB) BorJa a""ege$"y #"ose$ the ;at"aue, a pu%"i# river "o#ate$ in his private "an$, in vio"ation o- a "aw. *e was su%Je#te$ to an a$ministrative #omp"aint %y the D:KC whi#h ru"e$ 10) against him. Later, the tria" #ourt grante$ BorJa>s re9uest an$ $e#"are$ nu"" an$ voi$ D:KC>s $e#ision. 4here was su%stantia" evi$en#e to support that it was in$ee$ a pu%"i# naviga%"e river, an$ i- there is su%stantia" evi$en#e to support the 2n$ings o- an a$ministrative oH#ia" in matters within its #ompeten#e, the #ourts are %oun$ to "ooG no -urther D not even to #onsi$er evi$en#e o- a prepon$erant nature. 4he #ourt, however, $i$ not overturn the tria" #ourt>s $e#ision %e#ause the investigation wherein the evi$en#e was re#eive$ was #on$u#te$ with mani-est $isregar$ o- $ue pro#ess. ;a#e$a v. Energy /egu"ation Boar$ (1991) .n "ine with the hearing regar$ing the provisiona" in#rease in oi" pri#es, E/B pres#ri%e$ that testimonies were to %e in aH$avit -orm an$ that Ca"te>s #rossDeamination %e $e-erre$ to a""ow other app"i#ants -or the in#rease to present their evi$en#e 2rst. ;a#e$a o%Je#te$ to this or$er a""eging that it resu"te$ in a vio"ation o- his right to $ue pro#ess. 4he eer#ise o- this $is#retion in the or$er o- testimony out o- the or$er pres#ri%e$ %y the ru"es is not improper, %e#ause su#h a re"ae$ pro#e$ure is espe#ia""y true in a$ministrative %o$ies. .n the %roa$ interest o- Justi#e, the a$ministrative %o$y may, in any parti#u"ar manner, e#ept itse"- -rom te#hni#a" ru"es an$ app"y su#h suita%"e pro#e$ure as sha"" promote its o%Je#tives. Banto"ino v. Co#aDCo"a Bott"es :hi"s. .n# ((001) A( CoGe emp"oyees 2"e$ a #omp"aint -or 8L: %ut -ai"e$ to atten$ the s#he$u"e$ man$atory #on-eren#es or to su%mit their aH$avits so the #"aims o- )( o- them were $ismisse$. 4he La%or Ar%iter ren$ere$ a $e#ision or$ering reinstatement an$ -u"" %a#Gwages. *owever, the CA ru"e$ that the aH$avit o- 7 out o- the remaining 10 shou"$ not have %een given pro%ative va"ue -or their -ai"ure to aHrm the #ontents thereo- an$ un$ergo #rossDeamination. .t was proper to as#ri%e evi$entiary va"ue to the aH$avits $espite the -ai"ure to aHrm their #ontents an$ un$ergo #rossDeamination. 4he =L/C is not %oun$ %y te#hni#a"ities o- "aw an$ pro#e$ure. .t was #on-erre$ %y "aw the $is#retion to $etermine the ne#essity o- a -orma" tria" or hearing. 4ria"Dtype hearings are not even re9uire$. /u"es o- evi$en#e are a"so not stri#t"y o%serve$ in pro#ee$ings %e-ore a$ministrative %o$ies where $e#isions may %e rea#he$ on the %asis o- position papers on"y. =ote5 4his $e#ision seems #ontrary to the A$ministrative Co$e whi#h, in +e#. 1(, (1) provi$es that ?every party sha"" have the right to #rossDeamine witnesses presente$ against him an$ to su%mit re%utta" evi$en#e@. *owever, it must %e remem%ere$ that Art. ((1 o- the La%or Co$e ep"i#it"y states that ?the ru"es o- evi$en#e prevai"ing in #ourts o- "aw or e9uity sha"" not %e #ontro""ing an$ it is the spirit an$ intention o- this Co$e that the Commission an$ its mem%ers sha"" use every an$ a"" reasona%"e means to as#ertain the -a#ts in ea#h #ase spee$i"y an$ o%Je#tive"y an$ without regar$ to te#hni#a"ities o- "aw an$ pro#e$ure, a"" in the interest o- $ue pro#ess.@ Civi" +ervi#e Commission v. Co"ang#o ((008) 10A Co"ang#o tooG an$ passe$ the pro-essiona" %oar$ eamination -or tea#hers an$ was "ater appointe$ as a tea#her. 4herea-ter, C+C ma$e an investigation an$ -oun$ Co"ang#o gui"ty o- $ishonesty an$ #on$u#t preJu$i#ia" to the %est interest o- the servi#e %e#ause it was not him who app"ie$ -or an$ tooG the eam. CA ru"e$ that photo#opie$ $o#uments use$ %y C+C shou"$ have %een authenti#ate$ an$ that on"y $o#uments or pu%"i# re#or$s $u"y a#Gnow"e$ge$ or #erti2e$ #ou"$ %e presente$ in evi$en#e without -urther proo-. C+C #ases $o not re9uire stri#t a$heren#e to te#hni#a" ru"es o- evi$en#e, so it va"i$"y #onsi$ere$ the a$missi%i"ity o- su#h evi$en#e. ;oreover, C+C ensure$ that Co"ang#o was a##or$e$ $ue pro#ess $uring the investigation an$ that there was su%stantia" evi$en#e supporting the 2n$ing that he was gui"ty. 1. 'a#tD2n$ing, investigative, "i#ensing an$ rateD2ing powers Fi.ing o+ Rate!/ 0age!/ Price! :anay Auto%us Co. v. :hi"ippine /ai"way Co. (1911) :u%"i# +ervi#e Commission grante$ the :hi". /ai"way Co. the power to 2 its own rates in or$er to #ompete with the rates o- roa$ tru#Gs an$ auto %uses. +u#h grant is inva"i$. 4he Legis"ature $e"egate$ to the :+C the power o- 2ing rates o- pu%"i# servi#es %ut it was not authori<e$ %y "aw to $e"egate to :hi". /ai"way Co. the power to a"ter its -reight rates whenever it shou"$ 2n$ it ne#essary to $o so, %e#ause the :+C #annot $etermine whether su#h new rates wi"" %e Just an$ reasona%"e. X;8 La%or Center v. &ar#ia (199B) 4he authority given %y L4'/B to provin#ia" %us operators to set a -are range over an$ a%ove the authori<e$ eisting -are is an un$ue $e"egation o- "egis"ative authority. L4'/B is on"y authori<e$ un$er EC (0( to $etermine, pres#ri%e, approve, review an$ a$Just -are rates re"ative to the operation o- pu%"i# "an$ transportation servi#es. Mn#hausti +teamship Co. v. :u%"i# 8ti"ity Commissioner (19(() Khen a pu%"i# uti"ity entere$ the pu%"i# servi#e, the #ontro" an$ operation o- its property was su%Je#t to reasona%"e ru"es an$ regu"ation %y the pu%"i#. 4o that etent, it was a taGing o- private property. Khen the taGing was not -u"", 2na" or #omp"ete, %ut in the nature o- #ontinuous taGing an$ appropriation, it -o""ows that there wou"$ %e a Uu#tuation in the marGet va"ue o- the property in pu%"i# servi#e. 4hus, in 2ing Just rates, it must %e -oun$e$ upon #on$itions -air an$ reasona%"e %oth to the owner an$ the pu%"i#. 6igan E"e#tri# v. :+C (19AB) .n maGing 2n$ings o- -a#t, :+C per-orme$ a -un#tion partaGing o- a 9uasiDJu$i#ia" #hara#ter, the va"i$ eer#ise o- whi#h $eman$s previous noti#e an$ hearing, otherwise, the or$er is nu"" an$ voi$. As a genera" ru"e, a pu%"i# uti"ity must %e a,or$e$ some 107 opportunity to %e hear$ as to the propriety an$ reasona%"eness o- rates 2e$ -or its servi#es %y a pu%"i# servi#e #ommission. ;ani"a .nternationa" Airport Authority v. Airspan Corp. ((00B) ;.AA is an atta#he$ agen#y o- the DC4C an$ as su#h, +e#tion 9, Chapter (, BooG 6.. o- the 1987 A$ministrative Co$e app"ies to it, whi#h provi$es that no ru"e or 2na" or$er invo"ving the 2ing o- rates sha"" %e va"i$ un"ess the propose$ rates have %een pu%"ishe$ in a newspaper o- genera" #ir#u"ation at "east two weeGs %e-ore the 2rst hearing thereon. Licen!ing F#nction &on<a"o +y 4ra$ing v. Centra" BanG (197A) A "i#ense is not a #ontra#t %etween the sovereign an$ the "i#ensee an$ it is not a -orm o- property to whi#h the #onstitutiona" pres#ription against impairment o- the o%"igation o- #ontra#ts may eten$. A "i#ense is a spe#ia" privi"ege o- a permission or authority to $o what is within its terms. #. <udicia* !ecourse and !evie, *octrine o+ Priar( ,#ri!diction or Preliinar( Re!ort &enera" :rin#ip"es ^ .- the #ase is su#h that its $etermination re9uires the epertise, spe#ia"i<e$ sGi""s an$ Gnow"e$ge o- the proper a$ministrative %o$ies %e#ause te#hni#a" matters or intri#ate 9uestions o- -a#ts are invo"ve$, then re"ie- must 2rst %e o%taine$ in an a$ministrative pro#ee$ing %e-ore a reme$y wi"" %e supp"ie$ %y the #ourts even though the matter is within the proper Juris$i#tion o- a #ourt. (.n$ustria" Enterprises v. CA, (1990)) ^ 4he $o#trine app"ies ?where a #"aim is ori&inally co&ni8able in courts! an$ #omes into p"ay whenever en-or#ement o- the #"aim re9uires the reso"ution o- issues whi#h, un$er a regu"atory s#heme, have %een p"a#e$ within the spe#ia" #ompeten#e o- an a$ministrative %o$y, in su#h #ase t"e judicial process is suspended pendin& referral of suc" issues to t"e administrative body for its vie)9 (.n$ustria" Enterprises v. CA, supra.) ^ .t %ehooves the #ourts to stan$ asi$e even when apparent"y they have statutory power to pro#ee$ in re#ognition o- the primary Juris$i#tion o- an a$ministrative agen#y. ^ !ust to %e #"ear, the $o#trine o- primary Juris$i#tion $oes not mean that #ases (whi#h are un$er the primary Juris$i#tion o- the a$ministrative agen#ies) %rought to the #ourts shou"$ %e $ismisse$ outright. /ather, where primary Juris$i#tion #omes to p"ay in a #ase, ?the Ju$i#ia" pro#ess is suspen$e$ pen$ing re-erra" o- su#h issues to the a$ministrative %o$y -or its view.@ (.n$ustria" Enterprises vs. CA, supra.) 108 ^ 4he $o#trine o- primary Juris$i#tion $oes not warrant a #ourt to arrogate unto itse"- the authority to reso"ve a #ontroversy the Juris$i#tion over whi#h is initia""y "o$ge$ with an a$ministrative %o$y o- spe#ia" #ompeten#e. (6ia$a$ v. /4C =egros, (1991)) :hi"ippine &"o%a" Communi#ations v. /e"ova (1980) :hi". &"o%a" Communi#ations was grante$ authority to esta%"ish a station in Ce%u City. Cther te"e#ommuni#ations #ompanies oppose$ the grant. 4hey 2"e$ a petition -or $e#"aratory re"ie- with the C'., arguing that :&C>s "egis"ative -ran#hise restri#te$ where an$ how it #ou"$ esta%"ish stations in the :hi"ippines. :&C move$ to $ismiss the petition, %ut the motion was $enie$, so it went to the +upreme Court. .t argue$ that the primary Juris$i#tion reste$ with the =4C, whi#h ha$ yet to reso"ve the other te"e#ommuni#ations #ompanies motion -or re#onsi$eration. +in#e there was a "egitimate "ega" 9uestion regar$ing the s#ope o- :&C>s "egis"ative -ran#hise, the #ourts #ou"$ proper"y have Juris$i#tion. 4he $o#trine o- primary Juris$i#tion wou"$ on"y operate i- it #ou"$ %e prove$ that the a$ministrative agen#y in 9uestion $i$ have authority to a#t. 4here %eing $ou%ts regar$ing the =4C>s power in this #ase, the Ju$i#ia" reme$y sought %y the other te"e#ommuni#ations #ompanies> was proper. 6i$a$ v. /4C =egros C##i$enta" (1991) A group o- pu%"i# s#hoo" tea#hers he"$ a mass a#tionRstriGe $eman$ing that their sa"aries %e re"ease$. 4he DEC+ /egiona" CH#e issue$ a return to worG or$er, %ut the tea#hers $i$ not a##e$e. 4his "e$ to the 2"ing o- a$ministrative #omp"aints. .n response, the tea#hers 2"e$ a #omp"aint -or inJun#tion, prohi%ition an$ $amages against the oH#ia"s, an$ a 4/C was grante$. 4he DEC+ oH#ia"s 2"e$ an ;4D. Both motions were $enie$, "ea$ing to a #ertiorari to the +C. 4he C+& #ou"$ proper"y represent the oH#ia"s, an$ the ;4Ds were #orre#t"y $enie$. As to the "atter, the Court he"$ that i- the %a$ -aith on the part o- the oH#ia"s is proven, $amages are in or$er, an$ so the #omp"aints #ou"$ %e $ismisse$. *owever, in the interest o- goo$ or$er, the #ourt #ases shou"$ %e suspen$e$ unti" a 2na" $etermination in the a$ministrative pro#ee$ings. .n$ustria" Enterprises v. CA (1990) .E. 2"e$ an a#tion -or res#ission o- the ;CA it ee#ute$ with ;;.C. /4C res#in$e$ the ;CA. CA reverse$. .E.Es #ause o- a#tion was not mere"y the res#ission o- a #ontra#t %ut the reversion or return to it o- the operation o- the #oa" %"o#Gs, whi#h proper"y -a""s within the $omain o- BED. ;oreover, the $o#trine o- primary Juris$i#tion 2n$s app"i#ation in this #ase %ut $oes not warrant its $ismissa". .t shou"$ on"y %e suspen$e$ unti" a-ter the matters within the #ompeten#e o- the BED are threshe$ out an$ $etermine$. DCC4/.=E C' :/.;A/M !8/.+D.C4.C=5 4he Court has Juris$i#tion to taGe #ogni<an#e o- a parti#u"ar #ase, whi#h means that the matter invo"ve$ is a"so Ju$i#ia" in #hara#ter. 109 *owever, i- the #ase is su#h that its $etermination re9uires the epertise, spe#ia"i<e$ sGi""s an$ Gnow"e$ge o- the proper a$ministrative %o$ies %e#ause te#hni#a" matters or intri#ate 9uestions o- -a#t are invo"ve$, then re"ie- must 2rst %e o%taine$ in an a$ministrative pro#ee$ing %e-ore a reme$y wi"" %e supp"ie$ %y the #ourts even though the matter is within the proper Juris$i#tion o- #ourt. Conra$ v. CA (199)) 'itrite an$ its sister #ompany 6i#toria are engage$ in %is#uits an$ #ooGies %usiness %earing the tra$emarG ?+unshine@, whi#h tra$emarG was registere$ with the B:444. 4he #ompanies -oun$ out that another #ompany, Conra$, was $esignate$ as e#"usive $ea"er o- +unshine Bis#uits, .n#., an Ameri#an #ompany. 'itrite an$ 6i#toria sought to enJoin Conra$ -rom #ontinuing its %usiness as its a#ts a""ege$"y #onstitute in-ringement an$ un-air #ompetition un$er the 4ra$emarG Law. Cn motion %y Conra$, the /4C $ismisse$ the #ase on the groun$ that the B:444 has Juris$i#tion #onsi$ering the Ameri#an #ompany ha$ a"rea$y 2"e$ a #an#e""ation #ase against 'itrite an$ 6i#toria with the B:444. 4he $o#trine o- primary Juris$i#tion is not app"i#a%"e in this #ase. 4he issue invo"ve$ in the a$ministrative #ase is $i,erent -rom that o- the issue %e-ore the /4C. .n the a$ministrative #ase, the issue is whether the tra$emarG o- 'itriteR 6i#toria is su%Je#t to #an#e""ation. .n the #ase %e-ore the /4C, the issue is whether Conra$Es a#ts #onstitute in-ringement o- 'itriteEs tra$emarG. :hi"ippine 6eterans BanG v. CA ((000) :ar#e"s o- "an$ owne$ %y petitioner were taGen %y the DA/ -or $istri%ution pursuant to the Comprehensive Agrarian /e-orm Law. .t was $issatis2e$ with the va"uation o- the "an$ so it 2"e$ a petition -or a $etermination o- Just #ompensation -or its property with the /4C. 4he /4C $ismisse$ the petition on the groun$ that it was 2"e$ %eyon$ the 1)D $ay reg"ementary perio$ -or 2"ing appea"s -rom the or$ers o- the DA/AB. :ursuant to /u"e 3..., +e#. 11 o- the DA/AB /u"es o- :ro#e$ure, the $e#ision o- the A$Ju$i#ator on the "an$ va"uation an$ pre"iminary $etermination an$ payment o- Just #ompensation sha"" not %e appea"a%"e to the Boar$ %ut sha"" %e %rought to the /4C $esignate$ as a +pe#ia" Agrarian Court within 1) $ays -rom re#eipt o- the noti#e thereo-. +in#e 6eterans> petition in the /4C was 2"e$ %eyon$ the 1)D$ay perio$, the /4C #orre#t"y $ismisse$ the #ase. -.1a#!tion o+ adini!trati'e reedie! &enera" :rin#ip"es 4he $o#trine o- ehaustion o- a$ministrative reme$ies re9uires that resort %e 2rst ma$e with the a$ministrative authorities in the reso"ution o- a #ontroversy -a""ing un$er their Juris$i#tion %e-ore the same may %e e"evate$ to a #ourt o- Justi#e -or review. (Estra$a et a". vs. CA, ((00B)) Khere the ena4*in+ statute indicates a procedure -or ad(inistrative revie, an$ provi$es a system o- a$ministrative appea"Rre#onsi$eration, the #ourts wi"" not entertain a #ase un"ess the avai"a%"e a$ministrative reme$ies have %een 110 resorte$ to an$ the appropriate authorities have %een given opportunity to a#t an$ #orre#t the errors #ommitte$ in the a$ministrative -orum (:are$es v. CAN Lope< v. City o- ;ani"a, (1999)N &ar#ia v. CA ((001)) Cn"y Ju$i#ia" review o- $e#isions o- a$ministrative agen#ies ma$e in the eer#ise o- their 9uasiDJu$i#ia" -un#tion is su%Je#t to the ehaustion $o#trine (+mart v. =4C ((001)) 4he Court in +mart v. =4C $e2ne$ 9uasiD"egis"ative or ru"eDmaGing power as the power to maGe ru"es an$ regu"ations whi#h resu"ts in $e"egate$ "egis"ation that is within the #on2nes o- the granting statute an$ the $o#trine o- nonD$e"egation an$ separation o- powers. Cn the other han$, 9uasiDJu$i#ia" or a$ministrative a$Ju$i#atory power was $e2ne$ as the power to hear an$ $etermine 9uestions o- -a#t to whi#h the "egis"ative po"i#y is to app"y an$ to $e#i$e in a##or$an#e with the stan$ar$s "ai$ $own %y the "aw itse"- in en-or#ing an$ a$ministering the same "aw. E#eptions to the $o#trine5 a. .ssue invo"ve$ is pure"y a "ega" 9uestion %. A$ministrative a#tion is patent"y i""ega" amounting to "a#G or e#ess o- Juris$i#tion #. 4here is estoppe" on the part o- the a$ministrative agen#y invo"ve$ $. 4here is irrepara%"e inJury e. +u%Je#t matter is a private "an$, in "an$ #ase pro#ee$ings -. /u"e $oes not provi$e a p"ain, spee$y an$ a$e9uate reme$y g. 4here are #ir#umstan#es in$i#ating the urgen#y o- Ju$i#ia" intervention h. 6io"ation o- $ue pro#ess i. /espon$ent is a $epartment se#retary who a#ts as an a"ter ego o- the :resi$ent %earing the imp"ie$ an$ assume$ approva" o- the "atter J. Khen to re9uire ehaustion o- a$ministrative reme$ies wou"$ %e unreasona%"e G. Khen it wou"$ amount to a nu""i2#ation o- a #"aim ". 4he #"aim is sma"" m. +trong pu%"i# interest is invo"ve$ n. .n 9uo warranto pro#ee$ings o. =o a$ministrative review is provi$e$ %y "aw p. 4he ru"e o- 9ua"i2e$ po"iti#a" agen#y app"ies 9. .ssue o- nonDehaustion o- a$ministrative reme$ies has %een ren$ere$ moot :as#ua" v. :rovin#ia" Boar$ (19)9) :as#ua" was a$ministrative"y #harge$ -or a#ts a""ege$"y #ommitte$ $uring his previous term as mayor. *e 2"e$ a motion to $ismiss with the :rovin#ia" Boar$ a""eging that he #annot %e punishe$ -or a#ts #ommitte$ $uring his previous term. 4he Boar$ $enie$ his motion. *e 2"e$ a petition -or prohi%ition with the C'., whi#h $ismisse$ his petition on the groun$ o- %eing premature, as he ha$ not appea"e$ to the Ee#utive +e#retary as provi$e$ in the A$min Co$e. Khi"e the prin#ip"e o- ehaustion o- a$ministrative reme$ies is -o""owe$ in this Juris$i#tion, the sai$ prin#ip"e has some e#eptions. Cne e#eption, un$er whi#h this present #ase -a""s, is where the 9uestion invo"ve$ is a pure"y "ega" 9uestion. Kith regar$ 111 to the a#ts invo"ve$ as a groun$ to $is#ip"ine him, the +C su%s#ri%es to the pre$ominant view in 8+ Jurispru$en#e that a muni#ipa" oH#er #annot %e remove$ -or a#ts #ommitte$ $uring his previous term. A"<ate v. A"$ana (19A0) Ana#"eto A"<ate, :rin#ipa" o- the +outh :rovin#ia" *igh +#hoo", wrote to the Dire#tor o- :u%"i# s#hoo"s #"aiming that #onsi$ering his "ength o- servi#e an$ other 9ua"i2#ations he is entit"e$ to automati# sa"ary in#reases o- ) sa"ary rates as provi$e$ -or %y "aw. 4he Dire#tor rep"ie$ te""ing him that he is on"y entit"e$ to an in#rease o- 1 sa"ary rate. A"<ate re9ueste$ -or re#onsi$eration o- the ru"ing %ut a-ter a"most a month, no a#tion ha$ %een taGen %y the Dire#tor. 4hus, he 2"e$ an a#tion -or man$amus to #ompe" the respon$ents Dire#tor o- +#hoo"s an$ the Division +uperinten$ent o- +#hoo"s to a$Just his sa"ary. 4he respon$ents 2"e$ a motion to $ismiss on the groun$ that A"<ate>s petition -ai"e$ to state a #ause o- a#tion in view o- the "atter>s a""ege$ -ai"ure to ehaust a$ministrative reme$ies. 4he tria" #ourt grante$ this motion. 4he -a#t that the parties ha$ to agree an$ the #ourt ha$ to approve the agreement that the Dire#tor sha"" re#ommen$ to the proper oH#ia" no "ater than 10 !une 19)8 an$ %e-ore the #"osing o- oH#e hours on the same $ate the #ommitment o- the sum #"aime$ %y A"<ate to prevent its automati# reversion is a re#ognition %y the parties as we"" as the #ourt o- the va"i$ity an$ urgen#y o- the a#tion taGen %y the petitioner. .n view o- the spe#ia" #ir#umstan#es o- the #ase, A"<ate>s resort to #ourt a#tion without awaiting the Dire#tor>s a#tion is not premature. Cipriano v. ;ar#e"ino (197() Leti#ia>s %oss, the muni#ipa" treasurer o- Ca"a%anga, Cam+ur, re-use$ to pay her sa"ary an$ #ash e9uiva"ent o- va#ation an$ si#G "eaves a-ter Leti#ia resigne$. +he went to #ourt through an a#tion -or mandamus %ut this was $ismisse$ %e#ause she -ai"e$ to ehaust a"" a$ministrative reme$ies. 4he $o#trine o- ehaustion o- a$ministrative reme$ies a$mits o- the e#eption that there is no p"ain, spee$y, or a$e9uate reme$y. 4he +C grante$ Leti#ia>s petition an$ or$ere$ ;ar#e"ino to pay up. Corpus v. Cua$erno (19A() Corpus was remove$ -rom his appointment as +pe#ia" Assistant to the &overnor in the Centra" BanG %y the ;onetary Boar$ a-ter it -oun$ that it wou"$ preJu$i#e the CB>s interest -or him to remain in that position. .t a"so appointe$ a rep"a#ement. Corpus 2"e$ a petition -or certiorari, man$amus an$ 5uo )arranto in or$er to get his Jo% %a#G. 4he "ower #ourt $ismisse$ his petition on the groun$ that he -ai"e$ to ehaust a$ministrative reme$ies avai"a%"e to him. 4he $o#trine o- ehaustion o- a$ministrative reme$ies $i$ not app"y. Corpus $i$ not nee$ to go to the CH#e o- the :resi$ent %e#ause no "aw re9uire$ it. *e $i$ not nee$ to appea" to the Civi" +ervi#e Commission %e#ause the app"i#a%"e "aw was the Centra" BanG #harter, whi#h gave the power to remove emp"oyees to the ;onetary Boar$, an$ not the 11( more genera" Civi" +ervi#e Law. At most, appea" to the C+C was permissive or vo"untary. 4he +C a"so tooG into #onsi$eration that the #ase is a 9uo warranto pro#ee$ing. 4he /u"es o- Court emphasi<e$ ?a nee$ -or spee$@ in reso"ving #ases that invo"ve$ o##upation o- pu%"i# oH#es, %e#ause otherwise the government might have to pay two peop"e -or one Jo%. De Lara v. C"ori%e" (19A)) 4here was a pen$ing #onUi#t %etween De Lara an$ :IB with the +e#retary o- Agri#u"ture an$ =atura" /esour#es. 4he +e#retary issue$ an or$er prohi%iting De Lara -rom operating an$ entering the #onteste$ area unti" a-ter the #onUi#t was 2na""y $e#i$e$. De Lara $e2e$ this. :IB thus 2"e$ a #omp"aint %e-ore the C'. o- ;ani"a -or inJun#tion an$ $amages against De Lara an$ the Bureau o- 'orestry. De Lara 2"e$ a motion to $ismiss, a""eging that :IB -ai"e$ to ehaust a"" a$ministrative reme$ies %e-ore taGing the issue to #ourt. 4his was $enie$. As a ru"e a petition -or #ertiorari interpose$ to $ispute the va"i$ity o- an or$er or $e#ision ren$ere$ %y an a$ministrative oH#ia" in pursuan#e o- the powers an$ $uties with whi#h he is investe$ #annot %e entertaine$ i- the party in interest -ai"s to avai" o- the a$ministrative reme$ies. CH#ia"s are the most #ompetent to pass upon matters that e#"usive"y #ome within their Juris$i#tion. *owever, su#h ru"e may %e re"ae$ when its app"i#ation may #ause great an$ irrepara%"e $amage whi#h #annot otherwise %e prevente$ e#ept %y taGing the opportune appropriate #ourt a#tion. :are$es v. CA (199A) :etitioners sought the nu""i2#ation o- 1 ru"es o- A.C. =os. 1 I ( on rate in#reases %e-ore the CA whi#h $ismisse$ their petition an$ ;/ on the groun$ o- nonDehaustion o- a$ministrative reme$ies. +C aHrme$ the CA ru"ing that the petitioners shou"$ have 2rst avai"e$ o- the a##essi%"e reme$y provi$e$ in the ena%"ing "aw (i.e., B: 1()), whi#h re9uire$ Ca%inet approva" o- su#h rate in#reases an$ #harges, %e-ore resorting to the Ju$i#ia" pro#ess. 4he principle of e("austion of administrative remedies whi#h man$ates that re"ie- shou"$ 2rst %e sought -rom the highest or most superior a$ministrative agen#y, the "iGes o- the Ca%inet, may prove that a resort to the #ourts wou"$ %e unne#essary there%y preventing the #ourts -rom %eing swampe$ %y a resort to them in the 2rst instan#e. A"so, #ourts shou"$ %e re"u#tant to inter-ere with a$ministrative a#tion prior to its #omp"etion or 2na"ity, the reason %eing that in the a%sen#e o- a 2na" or$er or $e#ision, the power o- the a$ministrative agen#y #on#erne$ has not %een -u""y eer#ise$ an$ there #an %e no irrepara%"e harm. Luasha v. +EC (1978) Luasha #ha""enge$ ;ani"a :o"o C"u%>s #onversion to a proprietary #"u% an$ asGe$ -or a 4/C. +EC $enie$. *e went to the +C who grante$ su#h 4/C. 111 Do#trine o- ehaustion o- a$ministrative reme$ies $i$ not app"y. Appea" to the +EC wou"$ not %e a p"ain, spee$y, a$e9uate reme$y. Consi$ering that it was the ho"i$ay season an$ that he was trying to %eat the $ea$"ine, the petition $ire#t to the +C was proper. /epu%"i# v. +an$igan%ayan (199A) :C&& issue$ se9uestration or$ers against +ipa"ay an$ A""ie$. 4hey assai"e$ su#h or$ers. .t was on"y 7 years a-ter that :C&& 2"e$ a motion to $ismiss on the groun$ o- -ai"ure to ehaust a"" a$ministrative reme$ies. 4he ru"e on ehaustion o- a$ministrative reme$ies $oes not app"y. 4here was no a%so"ute ne#essity o- appea"ing respon$ent :C&&>s reso"ution to the CH#e o- the :resi$ent. CH#ia" ina#tion or unreasona%"e $e"ay, as hereto-ore intimate$, is one o- the e#eptions to the ru"e on nonDehaustion o- a$ministrative reme$ies. 4he other e#eption is ?where there is estoppe" on the part o- the party invoGing the $o#trine,@ #onsisting in the :C&&>s %eing gui"ty o- estoppe" %y "a#hes. :aat v. CA (1997) 4he $e &u<mans> tru#G was #on2s#ate$ %y the DE=/. A-ter -ai"ing to provi$e an ep"anation, the or$er o- #on2s#ation was aHrme$ %y the DE=/ /egiona" Ee#utive Dire#tor. 4hey 2"e$ a "etter o- re#onsi$eration, whi#h ha$ a pronoun#ement that i- it %e $enie$, then the same "etter must %e #onsi$ere$ an appea" to the DE=/ se#retary. 4rue enough, the /egiona" Dire#tor -orwar$e$ the "etter as an appea". :en$ing reso"ution however, the $e &u<mans 2"e$ a rep"evin suit %e-ore the /4C Cagayan. 4he statement in the re#onsi$eration "etter re5 an appea" meant that the $e &u<mans Gnew they ha$ other -orums to go to -or ehaustion o- a$ministrative reme$ies, %e-ore they #ou"$ #ome to #ourt. 4he /4C, then, $i$ not have Juris$i#tion to issue a rep"evin. Lope< v. City o- ;ani"a (1999) 4he City Coun#i" o- ;ani"a ena#te$ ;ani"a Cr$inan#e =o. 789B, entit"e$ ?An Cr$inan#e :res#ri%e$ as the /evise$ +#he$u"e o- ';6s o- /ea" :roperties o- the City o- ;ani"a@. Kith the imp"ementation o- the or$inan#e, the ta on the "an$ owne$ %y Lope< was in#rease$ %y )80O. Lope< 2"e$ a spe#ia" pro#ee$ing -or the $e#"aration o- nu""ity o- ;C 789B. Cn the same $ate, ;ani"a Cr$inan#e =o. 790) amen$ing Cr$inan#e 789B tooG e,e#t, re$u#ing %y )0O the assessment "eve"s. 4he tria" #ourt $ismisse$ the petition -or -ai"ure to ehaust a$ministrative reme$ies. 4he #ase $oes not -a"" un$er the e#eption to the ru"e o- ehaustion o- a$ministrative reme$ies. $eneral Rule: Khere the "aw provi$es -or the reme$ies against the a#tion o- an a$ministrative %oar$, %o$y, or oH#er, re"ie- to #ourts #an %e sought on"y a-ter ehausting a"" reme$ies provi$e$. 4he reason rests upon the presumption that the a$ministrative %o$y, i- given the #han#e to #orre#t its mistaGe or error, may amen$ its $e#ision on a given matter an$ $e#i$e it proper"y. *(ceptions: Kith regar$ to 9uestions on the "ega"ity o- a ta or$inan#e, the reme$ies avai"a%"e to the tapayer are provi$e$ un$er +e#tions 187, ((A, an$ ()( o- /A 71A0. A"so, the su%se9uent amen$ment o- ;C 11B 789B has ren$ere$ Lope<> petition, moot an$ a#a$emi#, -or his -ai"ure to amen$ his #ause o- a#tion. &ar#ia v. CA ((001) An a$ministrative #omp"aint was 2"e$ against &ar#ia. Khi"e the #ase was pen$ing, he 2"e$ -or a 4/C to enJoin the pro#ee$ings o- the a$ministrative #ase. 4he tria" #ourt grante$ the 4/C an$ su%se9uent"y a writ o- pre"iminary inJun#tion. &ar#ia>s petitions, whi"e the a$ministrative #ase was pen$ing, were in vio"ation o- the prin#ip"e o- ehaustion o- a$ministrative reme$ies. Khi"e there are e#eptions to that genera" ru"e, the #ase $oes not -a"" un$er the e#eptions. 4he #ourt a"so ru"e$ that the tria" #ourt grave"y a%use$ its $is#retion %y granting &ar#ia>s motions. DA/ v. Ape .nvestment ((001) Ape>s "an$s were su%Je#te$ to CA/L. But DA/ =oti#es o- the a#9uisition were not re#eive$ %y Ape %e#ause it #hange$ its oH#e when it %e#ame +; investments an$ the =oti#es were sent to the o"$ oH#e a$$ress. Ape on"y "earne$ o- the a#9uisition in a newspaper. .t 2"e$ a protest an$ a supp"ementa" protest with the :rovin#ia" Agrarian /e-orm CH#e. .t was on"y more than a year a-ter that :A/C -orwar$e$ the protest to DA/. DA/ on"y ma$e Ape su%mit $o#uments whi#h were a"rea$y atta#he$ to its :rotest. ;eanwhi"e, Ape>s 4C4 has %een #an#e""e$ an$ trans-erre$ to an a""ege$ -armerD %ene2#iary. Ape 2"e$ a petition -or #ertiorari an$ prohi%ition with the CA. 4he aggrieve$ "an$owners were not suppose$ to wait unti" the DA/ a#te$ on their "etterD protests (a-ter it ha$ sat on them -or a"most a year) %e-ore resorting to Ju$i#ia" pro#ess. &iven the oH#ia" in$i,eren#e whi#h, un$er the #ir#umstan#es #ou"$ have #ontinue$ -orever, the "an$owners ha$ to a#t to assert an$ prote#t their interests. +mart v. =4C ((001) :ursuant to its ru"eDmaGing an$ regu"atory powers, =4C promu"gate$ ru"es an$ regu"ations on the %i""ing o- te"e#ommuni#ations servi#es. :etitionersD#ommuni#ations #ompanies 2"e$ an a#tion -or $e#"aration o- nu""ity o- the %i""ing #ir#u"ars. 4he =4C move$ to $ismiss the #ase -or -ai"ure o- petitioners to ehaust a$ministrative reme$ies. 4he tria" #ourt has Juris$i#tion to hear an$ $e#i$e the #ivi" #ase. !u$i#ia" power in#"u$es the authority o- the #ourts to $etermine the va"i$ity o- the a#ts o- a$ministrative agen#ies. .n 9uestioning the va"i$ity or #onstitutiona"ity o- a ru"e or regu"ation issue$ %y an a$ministrative agen#y, a party nee$ not ehaust a$ministrative reme$ies %e-ore going to #ourt. 4his prin#ip"e app"ies on"y where the a#t o- the a$ministrative agen#y #on#erne$ was per-orme$ pursuant to its 9uasiDJu$i#ia" -un#tion, an$ not when the assai"e$ a#t pertaine$ to its ru"eDmaGing or 9uasiD"egis"ative power. .n "iGe manner, the $o#trine o- primary Juris$i#tion app"ies on"y where the a$ministrative agen#y eer#ises its 9uasiDJu$i#ia" or a$Ju$i#atory -un#tion. Estra$a et a". v. CA ((00B) 11) Estra$a, Cani"ang, an$ Lim as #on#erne$ #iti<ens an$ tapayers, 2"e$ %e-ore the C"ongapo City /4C a #omp"aint -or .nJun#tion an$ Damages with :rayer -or :re"iminary .nJun#tion an$ 4/C against respon$ent Ba#notan Cement Corporation an$ B other parties. 4hey a""ege$ that BCC>s #ement p"ant is a nuisan#e as it wi"" #ause po""ution, an$ praye$ that BCC %e restraine$ an$ prohi%ite$ -rom operating it. BCC 2"e$ a motion to $ismiss, a""eging that Estra$a et a". -ai"e$ to ehaust a$ministrative reme$ies %e-ore going to #ourt, i.e. they shou"$ have gone to the DE=/ via the :o""ution A$Ju$i#ation Boar$ (:AB) 2rst, whi#h ren$ers their #omp"aint $ismissi%"e on the groun$ o- "a#G o- #ause o- a#tion. /4C $enie$ BCC>s motion to $ismiss an$ grante$ Estra$a et a".>s prayer. CA set asi$e the /4C>s or$er, an$ "i-te$ the writ o- inJun#tion an$ $ismisse$ the #omp"aint inso-ar as BCC was #on#erne$. Estra$a et a". 2"e$ a petition -or review on #ertiorari %e-ore the +C. Estra$a et a". -ai"e$ to ehaust a$ministrative reme$ies %e-ore going to #ourt, whi#h ren$ers their #omp"aint $ismissi%"e on the groun$ o- "a#G o- #ause o- a#tion. 4he #ase is =C4 one o- those re#ogni<e$ e#eptiona" #ir#umstan#es where prior resort to a$ministrative agen#ies nee$ not %e ma$e %e-ore going to #ourt. 4here is =C %asis to their #"aim that their imme$iate re#ourse to the regu"ar #ourts is Justi2e$ %e#ause they were in $anger o- su,ering grave an$ irrepara%"e inJury -rom the operation o- BCC>s #ement p"ant, an$ the DE=/ is power"ess to grant them proper re"ie-. 4he DE=/, via the :o""ution A$Ju$i#ation Boar$, has the power to grant Estra$a et a". the proper re"ie-. /egino v. :C+4 ((00B) /egino (stu$ent) 2"e$ a Comp"aint -or $amages against :C+4 an$ two o- its tea#hers -or having $isa""owe$ her -rom taGing 2na" eaminations a""ege$"y $ue to her re-usa" to %uy ti#Gets -or the s#hoo">s -un$ raising #ampaign. /espon$ents 2"e$ a ;otion to Dismiss -or -ai"ure to ehaust a$ministrative reme$ies. A##or$ing to respon$ents, the 9uestion raise$ invo"ve$ the $etermination o- the wis$om o- an a$ministrative po"i#y o- the :C+4N hen#e, the #ase shou"$ have %een initiate$ %e-ore the proper a$ministrative %o$y, Commission o- *igher E$u#ation (C*ED). 4he $o#trine o- ehaustion o- a$ministrative reme$ies has no %earing on the present #ase sin#e /egino is not asGing -or the reversa" o- the po"i#ies o- :C+4. A"so, ehaustion o- a$ministrative reme$ies is app"i#a%"e on"y when there is #ompeten#e on the part o- the a$ministrative %o$y to a#t upon the matter #omp"aine$ o-. .n this #ase, the C*ED $oes not have the power to awar$ $amages. *en#e, /egino #ou"$ not have #ommen#e$ her #ase %e-ore the Commission. Last"y, the ehaustion $o#trine a$mits o- e#eptions, one o- whi#h arises when the issue is pure"y "ega" an$ we"" within the Juris$i#tion o- the tria" #ourt. /eginoEs a#tion -or $amages inevita%"y #a""s -or the app"i#ation an$ the interpretation o- the Civi" Co$e, a -un#tion that -a""s within the Juris$i#tion o- the #ourts. '"ores v. +angguniang :an"a"awigan ((00)) An a$ministrative #omp"aint was 2"e$ against ;ayor '"ores with the +angguniang :an"a"awigan. 4he +anggunian issue$ an Cr$er re#ommen$ing to the &overnor the preventive suspension o- '"ores. '"ores wrote a "etter to the &overnor asGing ?to veto@ the Cr$er. Kithout 2"ing -or re#onsi$eration o- the Cr$er, or waiting -or the &overnorEs 11A a#tion, he 2"e$ a petition -or #ertiorari with the CA to nu""i-y the Cr$er. 4he CA $ismisse$ his petition -or -ai"ure to ehaust a"" a$ministrative reme$ies. '"ores sti"" ha$ reme$ies within the a$ministrative ma#hinery. *e #ou"$ have 2"e$ a motion -or re#onsi$eration o- the Cr$er. *e #ou"$ have a"so waite$ -or the &overnor to a#t on the matter, #onsi$ering that the &overnor is the one empowere$ %y the "aw to impose preventive suspension. *aving -ai"e$ to ehaust the avai"a%"e a$ministrative reme$ies, the intervention o- the #ourts shou"$ not %e resorte$ to. C+C v. DB; ((00)) 4he Civi" +ervi#e Commission (C+C) 2"e$ a petition -or man$amus %e-ore the +upreme Court seeGing to #ompe" the Department o- Bu$get an$ ;anagement (DB;) to re"ease the %a"an#e o- its %u$get -or 2s#a" year (00(. DB; oppose$ arguing, among others, that C+C>s petition must %e $ismisse$ %e#ause the "atter -ai"e$ to ehaust a$ministrative reme$ies as it #ou"$ have sought #"ari2#ation -rom DB;>s +e#retary regar$ing the etent o- its 2s#a" autonomy %e-ore resorting to #ourt a#tion. 4he ru"e on ehaustion o- a$ministrative reme$ies app"ies on"y where there is an epress "ega" provision re9uiring su#h a$ministrative step as a #on$ition pre#e$ent to taGing a#tion in #ourt. As the C+C is not man$ate$ %y any "aw to seeG #"ari2#ation -rom the +e#retary o- Bu$get an$ ;anagement prior to 2"ing the present a#tion, its -ai"ure to $o so $oes not #a"" -or the app"i#ation o- the ru"e. C%ias#a v. Basa""ote ((010) !eane was appointe$ to A$ministrative CH#er .. an$ she imme$iate"y assume$ the $uties o- her oH#e. +he "ater "earne$ that her appointment was never transmitte$ to the C+C -or approva" %e#ause o- a re9uirement impose$ %y the +uperinten$ent o- +#hoo"s that she -ai"e$ to su%mit. /ather than ai$ her in the su%mission o- this re9uirement, the prin#ipa" o- her s#hoo" re-use$ to aH her signature an$ the +uperinten$ent a$vise$ !eane to Just go %a#G to %eing a tea#her. Bare"y two months "ater, Ar"in was assigne$ to the position o- A$ministrative CH#er ... !eane #omp"aine$ to the C+C, whi#h eventua""y re#a""e$ Ar"in>s appointment an$ approve$ !eane>s appointment. Ar"in went up to the CA right away, -orgetting to 2"e an appea" to the C+C reso"ution whi#h then %e#ame 2na". +C stru#G his petition $own on this groun$ as we"" as on su%stantive groun$s. Cne must ehaust a$ministrative reme$ies provi$e$ %y "aw %e-ore resorting to the #ourts. Factor! a&ecting 2nalit( o+ adini!trati'e deci!ion! 1. 'ai"ure to seasona%"y 2"e a ;otion -or /e#onsi$eration within the perio$ provi$e$ -or %y "aw or %y the ru"es o- pro#e$ure $u"y issue$ %y a$ministrative %o$ies. ('orti#h v. Corona, (1998)). Comp"ian#e with the perio$ is not on"y a man$atory %ut a"so a Juris$i#tiona" re9uirement. (Anti9ue +awmi"" .n#. v. Yay#o, (19A0)) (. De#isions o- a$ministrative oH#ia"s whi#h are not #"ear"y wrong wi"" not %e inter-ere$ with %y #ourts. (+otto v. /ui< ,(19(1)) *owever, Ju$i#ia" review is avai"a%"e i- the $e#ision is ren$ere$ in e#ess o- authority. 4he avai"a%i"ity o- 117 Ju$i#ia" review remains $espite the a%sen#e o- a statutory provision to that e,e#t. (8y v. :a"omar, (19A9)) 1. De#isions or or$ers issue$ %y a$ministrative agen#ies or oH#ia"s in the eer#ise o- a$ministrative -un#tions are genera""y not inter-ere$ with %y #ourts %e#ause su#h %o$ies are genera""y %etter e9uippe$ te#hni#a""y to $e#i$e a$ministrative 9uestions an$ nonD"ega" -a#tors, su#h as government po"i#y on the matter. (;anue" v. 6i""ena, (1971)). *owever, i- the a$ministrative oH#ia" has gone %eyon$ his authority or the $e#ision was vitiate$ %y -rau$, imposition or mistaGe, Ju$i#ia" review is proper (;anue" v. 6i""ena, (1971)). .n a$$ition, Ju$i#ia" review has a"so %een he"$ to %e proper in #ase the a$ministrative oH#ia" has eer#ise$ grave a%use o- $is#retion or i- an error o- "aw, -rau$ or #o""usion atten$e$ the $e#ision (+;C v. +e#retary o- La%or, (197))). B. 'in$ings o- -a#t o- a$ministrative agen#ies whi#h are supporte$ %y su%stantia" evi$en#e are a##or$e$ great weight an$ respe#t on appea". (8C:B v. E. &uan<on, ((009)) 4hus, i- the 2n$ings are not supporte$ %y su%stantia" evi$en#e, the #ourt #an maGe its own in$epen$ent eva"uation o- -a#ts. (8C:B v. E. &uan<on, ((009)) +ummary o- groun$s when Ju$i#ia" review is va"i$ $espite 2na"ity o- a$ministrative $e#isions5 ^ De#ision is #"ear"y wrong. ^ De#ision is mani-est"y ar%itrary, #apri#ious or unJust. ^ De#ision is not %ase$ upon any reasona%"e interpretation o- "aw. ^ A$ministrative %o$y or oH#er has gone %eyon$ statutory authority. ^ A$ministrative agen#y eer#ise$ un#onstitutiona" powers. ^ De#ision is vitiate$ %y -rau$, imposition or mistaGe. ^ La#G o- Juris$i#tion. ^ &rave a%use o- $is#retion. ^ De#ision vio"ates or -ai"s to #omp"y with some man$atory provision o- "aw. 'orti#h v. Corona (1998) 4he Luisum%ings> 1BB he#tareD "an$ was previous"y #overe$ %y the CA/:, %ut an or$inan#e was passe$ #onverting some areas, in#"u$ing their "an$, into an in$ustria" <one. +evera" government se#tors approve$ the app"i#ation -or #onversion, in#"u$ing the CH#e o- the :resi$ent. DA/ 2"e$ a motion -or re#onsi$eration %ut $i$ not maGe it within the reg"ementary perio$, so it 2"e$ a se#on$ ;/. :en$ing reso"ution o- the se#on$ ;/, the +umi"ao -armers who were the suppose$ %ene2#iaries o- the "an$ un$er the CA/: stage$ a hunger striGe in -ront o- DA/, whi#h "e$ the CH#e o- the :resi$ent, through Deputy Ee#utive +e#retary Corona, to issue a ?KinDKin@ /eso"ution mo$i-ying its ear"ier $e#ision a-ter it ha$ a"rea$y %een 2na" an$ ee#utory, an$ whi#h re$u#e$ the "an$ to %e #onverte$ to BB he#tares. +in#e no one ha$ seasona%"y 2"e$ an ;/ o- the 2rst $e#ision, it ha$ a"rea$y %e#ome 2na" an$ ee#utory. 4hus, the CH#e o- the :resi$ent ha$ a"rea$y "ost its Juris$i#tion to reD open the #ase an$ to mo$i-y its $e#ision. .t #ou"$ a"so not have entertaine$ the se#on$ ;/ %e#ause AC =o. 18 an$ the /u"es o- Court provi$e that on"y one ;/ is a""owe$. Even i- the se#on$ ;/ was a""owe$ un$er ?e#eptiona""y meritorious #ases@, it #ou"$ not have %een entertaine$ %e#ause the 2rst ;/ was not seasona%"y 2"e$, there%y a""owing the 2rst $e#ision to "apse into 2na"ity. 118 Anti9ue +awmi"" .n# v. Yay#o (19A0) Yay#o appea"e$ an or$er o- the +e#retary o- Agri#u"ture to the CH#e o- the :resi$ent )0 $ays -rom the re#eipt o- the or$er sought to %e re#onsi$ere$, whi#h was %eyon$ the 10D $ay reg"ementary perio$. Yay#o #onten$s that the perio$ provi$e$ %y the ru"es is a mere pro#e$ura" te#hni#a"ity whi#h, at "east in a$ministrative pro#ee$ings, may %e "i%era""y #onstrue$. Comp"ian#e with the perio$ provi$e$ %y "aw -or the per-e#tion o- an appea" is not mere"y man$atory %ut a"so a Juris$i#tiona" re9uirement. 'ai"ure to #omp"y with the reg"ementary perio$ has the e,e#t o- ren$ering 2na" the Ju$gment o- the #ourt. 4hat a$ministrative ru"es an$ regu"ations have the -or#e o- "aw an$ #an no "onger %e 9uestione$, %e#ause pu%"i# interest re9uires that pro#ee$ings a"rea$y terminate$ shou"$ not %e a"tere$ at every step. +otto v. /ui< (19(1) /ui<, the Dire#tor o- :osts, re-use$ to -orwar$ as registere$ mai" #opies o- ?4he .n$epen$ent,@ a weeG"y perio$i#a", %e#ause it a""ege$"y #ontaine$ "i%e"ous matters. 4he Dire#tor o- :osts has the power to $etermine whether #ertain mai" matter is o%s#ene, "ew$ or "i%e"ous. *owever, this authority is su%Je#t to review %y the #ourt when there is #"ear error in his Ju$gment. .n this #ase, sin#e there was no $ire#t atta#G on any person, the #ontents #ou"$ not %e $eeme$ "i%e"ous. 8y v. :a"omar (19A9) 8y, a :C+C agent, $evise$ a &ran$ Christmas Bonus Awar$ p"an in or$er to %oost the sa"es o- ti#Gets -or the :C+C &ran$ Christmas +weepstaGes Draw. *owever, the :ostmaster &enera" -oun$ that his p"an amounte$ to ?#on$u#ting a "ottery or gi-t enterprise@ in vio"ation o- the :osta" Law an$ issue$ a 'rau$ Cr$er $ire#ting a"" postmasters to return a"" mai" matter sent %y 8y. 8y 9uestione$ this or$er. 4he a%sen#e o- statutory provisions -or Ju$i#ia" review $oes not ne#essari"y mean that a##ess to the #ourts is %arre$N the #ourts wi"" not inter-ere with the $e#isions o- the :ostmaster &enera" un"ess it #"ear"y appears that the $e#ision is wrong, notwithstan$ing the a%sen#e o- statutory provision -or Ju$i#ia" review o- his a#tion. .n$ee$, the :ostmaster &enera" issue$ the -rau$ or$er in a mistaGen view o- the "aw, as 8y>s p"an is not "ottery or gi-t enterprise -or -ai"ing to satis-y the test "ai$ $own in Jurispru$en#e. 4here %eing no "ega" %asis -or the -rau$ or$er, there was a"so no a$e9uate a$ministrative reme$y -or 8y to avai" o-. *is a#tion -or inJun#tion was proper an$ not premature -or -ai"ure to ehaust a"" reme$ies. ;anue" v. 6i""ena (1971) ;anue" 2"e$ an app"i#ation -or a 4ree 'arm :ermit on his "an$, %ut was $enie$ %y the Dire#tor o- 'orestry %e#ause a #ertain 6i""ena a"rea$y 2"e$ -or the same app"i#ation on the same "an$. ;anue" argue$ that he was $enie$ $ue pro#ess -or not %eing a,or$e$ the 119 servi#es o- #ounse" an$ that the investigation #on#erning the app"i#ation was not #omp"ete$. As a genera" ru"e, #ourts wi"" re-use to inter-ere with pro#ee$ings un$ertaGen %y a$ministrative %o$ies or oH#ia"s in the eer#ise o- a$ministrative -un#tions, %e#ause su#h %o$ies are genera""y %etter e9uippe$ te#hni#a""y to $e#i$e a$ministrative 9uestions an$ that nonD"ega" -a#tors, su#h as government po"i#y on the matter, are usua""y invo"ve$ in the $e#isions. *owever, i- (1) the oH#ia" has gone %eyon$ his statutory authority, eer#ising un#onstitutiona" powers, or #"ear"y a#ting ar%itrari"y an$ without regar$ to his $uty or with grave a%use o- $is#retionN or (() the $e#ision is vitiate$ %y -rau$, imposition or mistaGe, Ju$i#ia" review is proper. .n this #ase, ;anue" was not on"y a,or$e$ an investigation, %ut a"so a""owe$ to appea" the +e#retary>s $e#ision. 4hus, no $enia" o- $ue pro#ess was shown. +an ;igue" Co. v. +e#retary o- La%or (197)) Mang"ay was $ismisse$ -rom his Jo% as operator in the #rown #orG $epartment o- +;C a-ter investigation $ue to i""ega" traH#Ging in #ompany me$i#ines. *e 2"e$ a #omp"aint -or i""ega" $ismissa" with the =L/C. A-ter noti-ying %oth +an ;igue" an$ Mang"ay, a me$iatorD-a#t 2n$er #on$u#te$ a pre"iminary hearing. 4he =L/C a$opte$ the me$iatorD -a#t 2n$er>s report that Mang"ay>s $ismissa" was unJusti2e$ %ut it a"so ru"e$ that +an ;igue" $i$ not #ommit 8L:. 4he =L/C or$ere$ Mang"ay>s reinstatement with %a#Gwages. +an ;igue" 2"e$ an ;/, #"aiming that the =L/C>s $e#ision was premature, %e#ause the me$iatorD-a#t 2n$er>s report must %e passe$ upon %y an ar%itrator. Khi"e the =L/C>s a#tion was summary, it $i$ not amount to a $enia" o- $ue pro#ess. Both the me$iatorD-a#t 2n$er an$ the =L/C $e#i$e$ the #ase on the %asis o- the #ompany>s investigation. .t was evi$ent -rom the me$iatorD-a#t 2n$er>s report that he ha$ #onsi$ere$ a"" the -a#ts an$ evi$en#e presente$ %y %oth parties, an$, more important"y, that they no "onger inten$e$ to present -urther evi$en#e on the matter. Be#ause o- this, it was proper -or the =L/C to eer#ise its power o- ar%itration, an$ a-ter assessing the evi$en#e %e-ore it, ren$er a $e#ision. 8C:B v. E. &uan<on ((009) E&. 2"e$ with the B+: an a$ministrative #omp"aint against 8C:B, et a". -or the #ommission o- irregu"arities an$ #on$u#ting %usiness in an unsa-e or unsoun$ manner. 4he B+: ;onetary Boar$, in a "etterD$e#ision, $ismisse$ the a$ministrative #omp"aint o- E&.. Cn appea", the CA set asi$e the B+: "etterD$e#ision an$ reman$e$ the #ase to the B+: ;onetary Boar$ -or -urther pro#ee$ings. 8C:B argue$ that CA erre$ in $isregar$ing the 2n$ings o- -a#t o- the B+: ;onetary Boar$ whi#h shou"$ %e a##or$e$ great respe#t. A"though, as a genera" ru"e, 2n$ings o- -a#ts o- an a$ministrative agen#y, whi#h has a#9uire$ epertise in the parti#u"ar 2e"$ o- its en$eavor, are a##or$e$ great weight on appea", su#h ru"e #annot %e app"ie$ with respe#t to the assai"e$ 2n$ings o- the B+: ;onetary Boar$ in this #ase. /ather, what app"ies is the re#ogni<e$ e#eption that i- su#h 2n$ings are not supporte$ %y su%stantia" evi$en#e, the Court #an maGe its own in$epen$ent eva"uation o- the -a#ts. *ere, the -a#tua" 2n$ings o- the B+: ;onetary Boar$ in its "etterD$e#ision were not supporte$ %y su%stantia" evi$en#e. 1(0 1(1 c. ELECTION L"& ". Sufra+e +u,rage is the right to vote in the e"e#tion o- oH#ers #hosen %y the peop"e an$ in the $etermination o- 9uestions su%mitte$ to the peop"e. .t in#"u$es e"e#tion, p"e%is#ite, initiative, an$ re-eren$um. (.ac"ura! 2::;< 01en t1e rig1t o+ !#&rage i! e.erci!ed 1. /egu"ar E"e#tion :rovi$e$ %y "aw -or the e"e#tion o- oH#ers either nationDwi$e or in #ertain su%$ivisions thereo-, a-ter the epiration o- the -u"" term o- the -ormer oH#ers ALU '. Letrondo-Monte3o 4G.R. No. 555677/ 56689 Emp"oyees o- A;+ 'arming Corporation wante$ to go on ho"i$ay on the $ate set out -or the +X e"e#tions, #"aiming that this was a regu"ar e"e#tion $eeme$ ho"i$ay in their CBA. 4he Court agree$, ru"ing that the -a#t that on"y those %etween 1) an$ (1 taGe part in the e"e#tion -or mem%ers o- the +X $oes not maGe it any "ess a regu"ar "o#a" e"e#tion. 4he Constitution provi$es, -or eamp"e, -or the se#tora" representatives in the *ouse o- /epresentatives o-, among others, women an$ youth. Cn"y voters %e"onging to the re"evant se#tors #an taGe part in the e"e#tion o- their representatives. Met it #annot %e $enie$ that su#h e"e#tion is a regu"ar nationa" e"e#tion an$ the $ay set -or its ho"$ing, a ho"i$ay. (. +pe#ia" E"e#tion Cne he"$ to 2"" a va#an#y in oH#e %e-ore the epiration o- the -u"" term -or whi#h the in#um%ent was e"e#te$ 1. :"e%is#ite +e#tion 10, Arti#"e 3 o- the Constitution. =o provin#e, #ity, muni#ipa"ity, or %arangay may %e #reate$, $ivi$e$, merge$, a%o"ishe$, or its %oun$aries su%stantia""y a"tere$, e#ept in a##or$an#e with the #riteria esta%"ishe$ in the "o#a" government #o$e an$ su%Je#t to approva" %y a maJority o- the votes #ast in a p"e%is#ite in the po"iti#a" units $ire#t"y a,e#te$. +e#tion 10 o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e W =o #reation, $ivision, merger, a%o"ition, or su%stantia" a"teration o- %oun$aries o- "o#a" government units sha"" taGe e,e#t un"ess approve$ %y a maJority o- the votes #ast in a p"e%is#ite #a""e$ -or the purpose in the po"iti#a" unit or units $ire#t"y a,e#te$. +ai$ p"e%is#ite sha"" %e #on$u#te$ %y the Commission on E"e#tions within 1(0 $ays -rom the $ate o- e,e#tivity o- the "aw or or$inan#e e,e#ting su#h a#tion, un"ess sai$ "aw or or$inan#e 2es another $ate. 1(( Padilla '. Coelec 4566:9 /.A. 71)) was ena#te$ #reating the muni#ipa"ity o- 4u"ayDnaDLupa. :ursuant to the "aw an$ the Constitution, a p"e%is#ite was he"$. 4he :"e%is#ite Boar$ o- Canvassers $e#"are$ the reJe#tion an$ $isapprova" o- the #reation o- 4u"ayDnaDLupa. &overnor :a$i""a 2"e$ a #ase to set asi$e the p"e%is#ite #on$u#te$ an$ to have a new one #on$u#te$. *e argue$ that the p"e%is#ite #on$u#te$ was inva"i$ %e#ause a p"e%is#ite shou"$ %e #on$u#te$ on"y in the po"iti#a" units a,e#te$, i.e. the 1( %arangays #omprising 4u"ayDnaDLupa, to the e#"usion o- the remaining portions o- the mother unit. 4he meaning o- the phrase ?po"iti#a" units $ire#t"y a,e#te$@ is not "imite$ to the po"iti#a" units %eing taGen together to maGe a new L&8. .t re-ers to the resi$ents o- the po"iti#a" entity who wou"$ %e ?e#onomi#a""y $is"o#ate$@ %y the separation o- a portion thereo-, i.e. the entire mother unit. Miranda '. Ag#irre 456669 .n 199B, /.A. 77(0 #onverting the ;uni#ipa"ity o- +antiago into an in$epen$ent #omponent #ity was passe$ an$ "ater rati2e$ in a p"e%is#ite. A mere -our years "ater, /.A. 8)(8, amen$ing /.A. 77(0 was ena#te$, #hanging the status o- +antiago to a #omponent #ity. ;iran$a et a". #ha""enge$ the #onstitutiona"ity o- the "atter "aw, %e#ause it $i$ not #ontain a provision whi#h su%mitte$ the "aw -or rati2#ation %y the peop"e o- +antiago City in a p"e%is#ite. /.A. 8)(8 was $e#"are$ un#onstitutiona" -or -ai"ing to #omp"y with the re9uirement o- p"e%is#ite. A p"e%is#ite is sti"" ne#essary even i- it invo"ves Just the re#"assi2#ation -rom in$epen$ent #omponent #ity to #omponent #ity. A rea$ing o- the #onstitutiona" provisions shows that the a#ts o- #reating, $ivi$ing, merging, a%o"ishing, or su%stantia""y a"tering %oun$aries o- L&8s invo"ve a #ommon $enominator5 materia" #hange in the po"iti#a" an$ e#onomi# rights o- the L&8s $ire#t"y a,e#te$ an$ their inha%itants. B. .nitiative +e#tion 1(a) o- /.A. A71) (?4he .nitiative an$ /e-eren$um A#t@) 4he power o- the peop"e to propose amen$ments to the Constitution or to propose an$ ena#t "egis"ation through an e"e#tion #a""e$ -or the purpose. 4hree Xin$s o- .nitiative5 a. .nitiative on the Constitution %. .nitiative on nationa" "egis"ation (statutes) #. .nitiative on "o#a" "egis"ation Santiago '. COM-L-C 4G.R. No. 5:;<:=/ 566;9 A "awyer 2"e$ a petition to amen$ the Constitution with the CC;ELEC. 4he Court ep"aine$ that the Constitutiona" provision on peop"e>s initiative to amen$ the Constitution #an on"y %e imp"emente$ %y a "aw to %e passe$ %y Congress. =o su#h "aw has %een passe$. /.A. A71) is in#omp"ete, ina$e9uate, or wanting in essentia" 1(1 terms an$ #on$itions inso-ar as initiative on amen$ments to the Constitution is #on#erne$. ). /e-eren$um S#"ic Ba( Metro)olitan A#t1orit( '. COM-L-C 4566>9 A-ter the $arcia v. %/1*L*% #ase was $e#i$e$ %y the +C, eventua""y, the CC;ELEC s#he$u"e$ a re-eren$um -or the e"e#torate to vote on the petition o- &ar#ia, Ca"im%as, et a". 4he +B;A 2"e$ suit against the CC;ELEC, seeGing to prevent the ho"$ing o- a re-eren$um. 4he +C ru"e$ in -avor o- the +B;A an$ he"$ that the CC;ELEC #ommitte$ grave a%use o- $is#retion. .n its assai"e$ reso"ution, the CC;ELEC was preparing -or a re-eren$um when it was #"ear that the petition o- &ar#ia, Ca"im%as, et a". was one -or initiative. 4he +C #"ari2e$ that initiative is $i,erent -rom a re-eren$um. .nitiative is the power o- the peop"e to propose %i""s an$ "aws, an$ to ena#t or reJe#t them at po""s in$epen$ent o- the "egis"ative assem%"y. /e-eren$um is the right reserve$ to the peop"e to a$opt or reJe#t any a#t or measure whi#h has %een passe$ %y a "egis"ative %o$y an$ whi#h, in most #ases, wou"$, without a#tion on the part o- e"e#tors, %e#ome a "aw. C. 8ua*ifcation and dis.ua*ifcation o- voters Arti#"e 6, +e#tion 1 o- the Constitution 4o eer#ise the right o- su,rage, a person must %e (1) a 'i"ipino #iti<enN (() at "east 18 years o- ageN (1) a resi$ent o- the :hi"ippines -or at "east one yearN (B) a resi$ent o- the p"a#e where he proposes to vote -or at "east si monthsN an$ ()) not otherwise $is9ua"i2e$ %y "aw. =o "itera#y, property, or other su%stantive re9uirement sha"" %e impose$ on the eer#ise o- su,rage. +e#tion 9 o- /.A. 8189 (6oter>s /egistration A#t o- 199A) Any person, who, on the $ay o- registration may not have rea#he$ the re9uire$ age or perio$ o- resi$en#e %ut who, on the $ay o- the e"e#tion, sha"" possess su#h 9ua"i2#ations, may register as a voter. P#ndaoda(a '. COM-L-C 4G.R. No. 5;6<5</ :??69 4he petitioner 2"e$ a $is9ua"i2#ation #ase against her opponent on the groun$ that the "atter "a#Ge$ the resi$en#y 9ua"i2#ation. .n e"e#tion #ases, the Court treats $omi#i"e an$ resi$en#e as synonymous terms. Both impart not on"y an intention to resi$e in a 2e$ p"a#e %ut a"so persona" presen#e in that p"a#e, #oup"e$ with #on$u#t in$i#ative o- su#h intention. Domi#i"e $enotes a 2e$ permanent resi$en#e to whi#h, when a%sent -or %usiness, p"easure, or "iGe reasons, one inten$s to return. 4he Court -oun$ that petitioner>s opponent ha$ in$ee$ no resi$en#y 9ua"i2#ation sin#e he ha$ not a%an$one$ his $omi#i"e o- origin -or his present resi$en#e. 1(B Marco! '. COM-L-C 4566=9 .me"$a ;ar#os ran as a representative in Leyte. 4he Court ru"e$ in her -avor an$ ep"aine$ that it is not ne#essary that a person shou"$ have a house in or$er to esta%"ish his resi$en#e or $omi#i"e in a muni#ipa"ity. .t is enough that he shou"$ "ive there, provi$e$ that his stay is a##ompanie$ %y his intention to resi$e therein permanent"y. A@#ino '. COM-L-C 4566=9 A9uino>s $omi#i"e o- origin was 4ar"a#, %ut he ran in ;aGati. 4he Court -oun$ him ine"igi%"e -or the e"e#tive position in ;aGati %e#ause o- the resi$en#y re9uirement. 4here is nothing wrong in an in$ivi$ua" #hanging resi$en#es so he #ou"$ run -or an e"e#tive post, -or as "ong as he is a%"e to prove that he has e,e#te$ a #hange o- resi$en#e -or the perio$ re9uire$ %y "aw. .n this #ase, however, A9uino was una%"e to suH#ient"y prove #hange o- resi$en#e. +e#tion 118 o- B.:. 881 (Cmni%us E"e#tion Co$e) 4he -o""owing are $is9ua"i2e$ to register as voters5 1. 4hose #onvi#te$ %y 2na" Ju$gment to su,er imprisonment -or not "ess than one year, un"ess par$one$ or grante$ amnesty, %ut their rights are rea#9uire$ upon epiration o- 2ve years a-ter servi#e o- senten#eN (. 4hose a$Ju$ge$ %y 2na" Ju$gment as having #ommitte$ any #rime invo"ving $is"oya"ty to government or any #rime against nationa" se#urity, %ut their rights are rea#9uire$ upon epiration o- 2ve years a-ter servi#e o- senten#eN an$ 1. .nsane or in#ompetent persons, as $e#"are$ %y #ompetent authority. C. !e+istration o- voters +e#tion 1(a) o- /.A. 8189 /egistration is the a#t o- a##omp"ishing an$ 2"ing a sworn app"i#ation -or the registration %y a 9ua"i2e$ voter %e-ore the e"e#tion oH#er o- the #ity or muni#ipa"ity wherein he resi$es an$ in#"u$ing the same in the %ooG o- registere$ voters upon approva" %y the E"e#tion /egistration Boar$. +e#tion 8 o- /.A. 8189 4he persona" 2"ing o- app"i#ation o- registration o- voters sha"" %e #on$u#te$ $ai"y in the oH#e o- the E"e#tion CH#er $uring regu"ar oH#e hours. =o registration sha"", however, %e #on$u#te$ $uring the perio$ starting 1(0 $ays %e-ore a regu"ar e"e#tion an$ 90 $ays %e-ore a spe#ia" e"e#tion. +e#tion 18 o- /.A. 8189 4he right to register may %e #ha""enge$ through the -o""owing pro#ess5 1. Any voter, #an$i$ate, or representative o- a registere$ po"iti#a" party may #ha""enge in writing any app"i#ation -or registration, stating the groun$s there-or. 4he #ha""enge sha"" %e un$er oath an$ %e atta#he$ to the app"i#ation, together with the proo- o- noti#e o- hearing to the #ha""enger an$ the app"i#ant. (. Cppositions to #ontest a registrant>s app"i#ation -or in#"usion in the voter>s "ist must, in a"" #ases, %e 2"e$ not "ater than the se#on$ ;on$ay o- the month in whi#h the same is s#he$u"e$ to %e hear$ or pro#esse$ %y the E"e#tion /egistration Boar$. 1() 1. 4he hearing on the #ha""enge sha"" %e hear$ on the thir$ ;on$ay o- the month an$ the $e#ision sha"" %e ren$ere$ %e-ore the en$ o- the month. +e#tion (7 o- /.A. 8189 Dea#tivation o- the registration o- #ertain persons invo"ves remova" o- their registration re#or$s -rom the #orrespon$ing pre#in#t %ooG o- voters an$ p"a#ing the same in the ina#tive 2"e, proper"y marGe$ ?$ea#tivate$@ an$ $ate$ in in$e"i%"e inG. 4he registration o- the -o""owing may %e $ea#tivate$5 1. Any person who has %een senten#e$ %y 2na" Ju$gment to su,er imprisonment -or not "ess than one year, su#h $isa%i"ity not having %een remove$ %y p"enary par$on or amnestyN (. Any person who has %een a$Ju$ge$ %y 2na" Ju$gment %y a #ompetent #ourt or tri%una" o- having #ause$R#ommitte$ any #rime invo"ving $is"oya"ty to the $u"yD #onstitute$ government su#h as re%e""ion, se$ition, vio"ation o- the antiDsu%version an$ 2rearms "aws, or any #rime against nationa" se#urity, un"ess restore$ to his -u"" #ivi" an$ po"iti#a" rights in a##or$an#e with "awN 1. Any person $e#"are$ %y #ompetent authority to %e insane or in#ompetent un"ess su#h $is9ua"i2#ation has %een su%se9uent"y remove$ %y a $e#"aration o- a proper authority that su#h person is no "onger insane or in#ompetentN B. Any person who $i$ not vote in two su##essive pre#e$ing regu"ar e"e#tions as shown %y their voting re#or$s. 'or this purpose, regu"ar e"e#tions $o not in#"u$e the +angguniang Xa%ataan (+X) e"e#tionsN ). Any person whose registration has %een or$ere$ e#"u$e$ %y the CourtN an$ A. Any person who has "ost his 'i"ipino #iti<enship. +e#tion (8 o- /.A. 8189 Any voter whose registration has %een $ea#tivate$ may 2"e with the E"e#tion CH#er a sworn app"i#ation -or rea#tivation o- his registration in the -orm o- an aH$avit stating that the groun$s -or the $ea#tivation no "onger eist any time %ut not "ater than 1(0 $ays %e-ore a regu"ar e"e#tion an$ 90 $ays %e-ore a spe#ia" e"e#tion. 4he E"e#tion CH#er sha"" su%mit sai$ app"i#ation to the E"e#tion /egistration Boar$ -or appropriate a#tion. Ara '. A"ano 4G.R. No. <?57;/ 56:79 A%ano was a native o- ;ey#auayan who stu$ie$ in ;ani"a, where he was registere$ to vote. A-ter #omp"eting his stu$ies as a "awyer, A%ano returne$ to ;ey#auayan an$ ran -or oH#e though his #an#e""ation o- voter>s registration in ;ani"a was $enie$ %e#ause o- his -ai"ure to $eposit in the mai"s on time. .n ru"ing in A%ano>s -avor, the Court ep"aine$ that the registration o- a voter $oes not #on-er the right to voteN it is %ut a #on$ition pre#e$ent to the eer#ise o- the right. /egistration is a regu"ation, not a 9ua"i2#ation. #. Inc*usion and e)c*usion proceedin+s +e#tion 1B o- /.A. 8189 (:etition -or .n#"usion) Any person whose app"i#ation -or registration has %een $isapprove$ %y the Boar$ or whose name has %een stri#Gen out -rom the "ist may 2"e with the #ourt a petition to in#"u$e his name in the permanent "ist o- voters in his pre#in#t. 4he petition may %e 2"e$ any time e#ept 10) $ays prior to a regu"ar e"e#tion or 7) $ays prior to a spe#ia" 1(A e"e#tion. 4he petition must %e a##ompanie$ %y (1) a #erti2#ate o- $isapprova" o- his app"i#ationN an$ (() proo- o- servi#e o- noti#e o- his petition upon the Boar$. 4he petition sha"" %e $e#i$e$ within 1) $ays a-ter its 2"ing. +e#tion 1) o- /.A. 8189 (:etition -or E#"usion) Any registere$ voter, representative o- a po"iti#a" party, or the E"e#tion CH#er may 2"e with the #ourt a sworn petition -or the e#"usion o- a voter -rom the permanent "ist o- voters giving the name, a$$ress, an$ pre#in#t o- the #ha""enge$ voter. 4he petition may %e 2"e$ at any time e#ept 100 $ays prior to a regu"ar e"e#tion or A) $ays %e-ore a spe#ia" e"e#tion. 4he petition must %e a##ompanie$ %y proo- o- noti#e to the Boar$ an$ to the #ha""enge$ voter. 4he petition sha"" %e $e#i$e$ within 10 $ays -rom its 2"ing. +e#tion 1( o- /.A. 8189 (Common :ro#e$ure) 1. A petition -or in#"usion, e#"usion, or #orre#tion o- names o- voters sha"" %e 2"e$ $uring oH#e hoursN (. =oti#e o- the p"a#e, $ate, an$ time o- the hearing o- the petition sha"" %e serve$ upon the mem%ers o- the Boar$ an$ the #ha""enge$ voter upon 2"ing o- the petitionN 1. A petition sha"" re-er to on"y one pre#in#t an$ sha"" imp"ea$ the Boar$ as respon$entsN B. =o #osts sha"" %e assesse$ against any party in these pro#ee$ings. *owever, i- the #ourt shou"$ 2n$ that the app"i#ation has %een 2"e$ so"e"y to harass the a$verse party an$ #ause him to in#ur epenses, it sha"" or$er the #u"pa%"e party to pay the #osts an$ in#i$enta" epensesN ). Any voter, #an$i$ate, or po"iti#a" party who may %e a,e#te$ %y the pro#ee$ings may intervene an$ present his evi$en#eN A. 4he $e#ision sha"" %e %ase$ on the evi$en#e presente$ an$ in no #ase ren$ere$ upon a stipu"ation o- -a#ts. .- the 9uestion is whether or not the voter is rea" or 2#titious, his nonDappearan#e on the $ay set -or hearing sha"" %e prima facie evi$en#e that the #ha""enge$ voter is 2#titiousN an$ 7. 4he petition sha"" %e hear$ an$ $e#i$e$ within ten $ays -rom the $ate o- its 2"ing. Cases appea"e$ to the /4C sha"" %e $e#i$e$ within ten $ays -rom re#eipt o- the appea". .n a"" #ases, the #ourt sha"" $e#i$e these petitions not "ater than 1) $ays %e-ore the e"e#tion an$ the $e#ision sha"" %e#ome 2na" an$ ee#utory. +e#tion 11 o- /.A. 8189 4he ;uni#ipa" an$ ;etropo"itan 4ria" Courts sha"" have origina" an$ e#"usive Juris$i#tion over a"" #ases o- in#"usion an$ e#"usion o- voters in their respe#tive #ities or muni#ipa"ities. De#isions o- the ;uni#ipa" or ;etropo"itan 4ria" Courts may %e appea"e$ %y the aggrieve$ party to the /egiona" 4ria" Court within 2ve ()) $ays -rom re#eipt o- noti#e thereo-. Ctherwise, sai$ $e#ision sha"" %e#ome 2na" an$ ee#utory. 4he regiona" tria" #ourt sha"" $e#i$e the appea" within ten (10) $ays -rom the time it is re#eive$ an$ the $e#ision sha"" imme$iate"y %e#ome 2na" an$ ee#utory. =o motion -or re#onsi$eration sha"" %e entertaine$. *oino '. COM-L-C 4G.R. No. 5<8?5=/ 56669 Domino ran -or Congress in +arangani %ut his opponent 2"e$ a petition to #an#e" his #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y an$ #"aime$ he ha$ -ai"e$ to meet the resi$en#y 9ua"i2#ation. 4he CC;ELEC $is9ua"i2e$ Domino an$ #an#e""e$ his #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y. Domino 9uestione$ the CC;ELEC>s Juris$i#tion an$ o,ere$ up as proo- o- resi$en#y the ;e4C o- Lue<on City>s -a#tua" 2n$ings that he was a resi$ent o- +arangani. 4he Court ru"e$ 1(7 that it is not within the #ompeten#e o- the tria" #ourt in e#"usion pro#ee$ings to $e#"are the #ha""enge$ voter as a resi$ent o- another muni#ipa"ity. 4he Juris$i#tion o- the tria" #ourt is "imite$ on"y to $etermining the right o- the voter to remain on the "ist o- voters or to $e#"are that the #ha""enge$ voter is not 9ua"i2e$ to vote in the pre#in#t in whi#h he is registere$, spe#i-ying the groun$ -or the voter>s $is9ua"i2#ations. 4he power to or$er the #hange or trans-er o- registration -rom one p"a#e o- resi$en#e to another rests with the /egistration Boar$. E. Po*itica* parties +e#tion 1(#) o- /.A. 79B1 (:artyDList +ystem A#t) A po"iti#a" party is an organi<e$ group o- #iti<ens a$vo#ating an i$eo"ogy or p"at-orm, prin#ip"es, an$ po"i#ies -or the genera" #on$u#t o- government an$ whi#h, as the most imme$iate means o- se#uring their a$option, regu"ar"y nominates an$ supports #ertain o- its "ea$ers an$ mem%ers as #an$i$ates -or pu%"i# oH#e. .t is a nationa" party when its #onstituen#y is sprea$ over the geographi#a" territory o- at "east a maJority o- the regions. .t is a regiona" party when its #onstituen#y is sprea$ over the geographi#a" territory o- at "east a maJority o- the #ities an$ provin#es #omprising the region. +e#tion 1($) o- /.A. 79B1 A se#tora" party is an organi<e$ group o- #iti<ens %e"onging to any o- the se#tors enumerate$ in +e#tion ) hereo- ("a%or, peasant, 2sher-o"G, ur%an poor, in$igenous #u"tura" #ommunities, han$i#appe$, veterans, overseas worGs, an$ other simi"ar se#tors) whose prin#ipa" a$vo#a#y pertains to the spe#ia" interest an$ #on#erns o- their se#tor. +e#tion 1(e) o- /.A. 79B1 A se#tora" organi<ation is a group o- #iti<ens or a #oa"ition o- groups o- #iti<ens who share simi"ar physi#a" attri%utes or #hara#teristi#s, emp"oyment, interests, or #on#erns. +e#tion 1(-) o- /.A. 79B1 A #oa"ition is an aggrupation o- $u"y registere$ nationa", regiona", se#tora" parties or organi<ations -or po"iti#a" an$Ror e"e#tion purposes. Atong Pagla# '. COM-L-C 4G.R. No. :?<;>>/ :?5<9 4his #ase stemme$ -rom )B petitions -or certiorari -rom Atong :ag"aum, .n#. an$ )1 other parties who were $is9ua"i2e$ %y the CC;ELEC in ;ay (011 as partyD"ist -or not %eing 9ua"i2e$ as representatives -or margina"i<e$ or un$errepresente$ se#tors. /.A. 79B1 $oes not re9uire nationa" an$ regiona" parties or organi<ations to represent the margina"i<e$ an$ un$errepresente$ se#tors. 4he phrase ?margina"i<e$ an$ un$errepresente$@ shou"$ re-er on"y to those se#tors in +e#tion ) that are, %y their nature, e#onomi#a""y margina"i<e$ an$ un$errepresente$. 4he nominees o- the se#tora" party either must %e"ong to the se#tor, or must have a tra#G re#or$ o- a$vo#a#y -or the se#tor represente$. =ationa", regiona", an$ se#tora" parties or organi<ations sha"" not %e $is9ua"i2e$ i- some o- their nominees are $is9ua"i2e$, provi$e$ that they have at "east one nominee who remains 9ua"i2e$. 7. <urisdiction o- t'e CO%ELEC over po*itica* parties 1(8 Arti#"e .3DC, +e#tion (()) o- the Constitution 4he Commission on E"e#tions sha"" register, a-ter suH#ient pu%"i#ation, po"iti#a" parties, organi<ations, or #oa"itions. /u"e 1(, +e#tion 1 o- the CC;ELEC /u"es o- :ro#e$ure Any po"iti#a" party, organi<ation, or #oa"ition o- po"iti#a" parties seeGing registration pursuant to +e#tion (()) o- Arti#"e .3DC o- the Constitution sha"" 2"e with the Law Department o- the Commission a petition $u"y veri2e$ %y the its :resi$ent an$ +e#retaryD&enera", or any oH#ia" $u"y authori<e$ to $o so un$er its Constitution an$ ByD "aws. /. !e+istration Arti#"e .3DC, +e#tion 7 o- the Constitution =o votes #ast in -avor o- a po"iti#a" party, organi<ation, or #oa"ition sha"" %e va"i$ e#ept -or those registere$ un$er the partyD"ist system. +e#tion ) o- /.A. 79B1 Any organi<e$ group o- persons may register as a party, organi<ation, or #oa"ition -or the purpose o- the partyD"ist system %y 2"ing with the CC;ELEC not "ater than 90 $ays %e-ore the e"e#tion a petition veri2e$ %y its presi$ent or se#retary stating its $esire to parti#ipate in the partyD"ist system as a nationa", regiona", or se#tora" party or organi<ation or a #oa"ition o- su#h parties or organi<ations. +e#tion A0 o- B.:. 881 4o a#9uire Juri$i#a" persona"ity, 9ua"ity it -or su%se9uent a##re$itation, an$ to entit"e it to the rights an$ privi"eges herein grante$ to po"iti#a" parties, a po"iti#a" party sha"" 2rst %e $u"y registere$ with the Commission. Any registere$ po"iti#a" party that, sing"y or in #oa"ition with others, -ai"s to o%tain at "east ten per#ent o- the votes #ast in the #onstituen#y in whi#h it nominate$ an$ supporte$ a #an$i$ate or #an$i$ates in the e"e#tion net -o""owing its registration sha"", a-ter noti#e an$ hearing %e $eeme$ to have -or-eite$ su#h status as a registere$ po"iti#a" party in su#h #onstituen#y. +e#tion A o- /.A. 79B1 4he CC;ELEC may, motu proprio or upon veri2e$ #omp"aint an$ a-ter $ue noti#e an$ hearing, #an#e" the registration o- a party, organi<ation, or #oa"ition on any o- the -o""owing groun$s5 1. .t is a re"igious se#t or $enomination, organi<ation, or asso#iation, organi<e$ -or re"igious purposesN (. .t a$vo#ates vio"en#e or un"aw-u" means to seeG its goa"N 1. .t is a -oreign party or organi<ationN B. .t is re#eiving support -rom any -oreign government, -oreign po"iti#a" party, -oun$ation, or organi<ation, whether $ire#t"y or through any o- its oH#ers or mem%ers or in$ire#t"y through thir$ parties -or partisan e"e#tion purposesN ). .t vio"ates or -ai"s to #omp"y with "aws, ru"es, or regu"ations re"ating to e"e#tions A. .t $e#"ares untruth-u" statements in its petitionN 7. .t has #ease$ to eist -or at "east one yearN or 1(9 8. .t -ai"s to parti#ipate in the "ast two pre#e$ing e"e#tions or -ai"s to o%tain at "east (O o- the votes #ast un$er the partyD"ist system in the two pre#e$ing e"e#tions -or the #onstituen#y in whi#h it has registere$. 5. Candidacy 7. 8ua*ifcations o- candidates For Pre!ident and Vice Pre!ident =Article >##! Section 2 of t"e %onstitution< 1. =atura"D%ornD#iti<en (. At "east B0 years o"$ on the $ay o- the e"e#tion 1. A%"e to rea$ an$ write B. /egistere$ voter ). /esi$ent o- the :hi"ippines -or at "east 10 years imme$iate"y pre#e$ing the $ay o- the e"e#tion For Senator =Article >#! Section 3 of t"e %onstitution< 1. =atura"D%orn #iti<en (. At "east 1) years o"$ on the $ay o- the e"e#tion 1. A%"e to rea$ an$ write B. /egistere$ voter ). /esi$ent o- the :hi"ippines -or not "ess than two years imme$iate"y pre#e$ing the $ay o- the e"e#tion For *i!trict Re)re!entati'e! =Article >#! Section ? of t"e %onstitution< 1. =atura"D%orn #iti<en (. /egistere$ voter in the $istri#t in whi#h he sha"" %e e"e#te$ 1. /esi$ent o- the same $istri#t -or a perio$ o- not "ess than one year imme$iate"y pre#e$ing the $ay o- the e"e#tion B. A%"e to rea$ an$ write ). At "east () years o"$ on the $ay o- the e"e#tion For -lecti'e Local OBcial! =Section 3; of t"e Local $overnment %ode< 110 1. An e"e#tive "o#a" oH#ia" must %e a #iti<en o- the :hi"ippinesN a registere$ voter in the %arangay, muni#ipa"ity, #ity, or provin#e or, in the #ase o- a mem%er o- the sangguniang pan"a"awigan, sangguniang pan"ungso$, or sangguniang %ayan, the $istri#t where he inten$s to %e e"e#te$N a resi$ent therein -or at "east one (1) year imme$iate"y pre#e$ing the $ay o- the e"e#tionN an$ a%"e to rea$ an$ write 'i"ipino or any other "o#a" "anguage or $ia"e#t. (. Can$i$ates -or the position o- governor, vi#eD governor or mem%er o- the sangguniang pan"a"awigan, or ;ayor, vi#eDmayor or mem%er o- the sangguniang pan"ungso$ o- high"y ur%ani<e$ #ities must %e at "east twentyDthree ((1) years o- age on e"e#tion $ay. 1. Can$i$ates -or the position o- ;ayor or vi#eDmayor o- in$epen$ent #omponent #ities, #omponent #ities, or muni#ipa"ities must %e at "east twentyDone ((1) years o- age on e"e#tion $ay. B. Can$i$ates -or the position o- mem%er o- the sangguniang pan"ungso$ or sangguniang %ayan must %e at "east eighteen (18) years o- age on e"e#tion $ay. ). Can$i$ates -or the position o- punong %arangay or mem%er o- the sangguniang %arangay must %e at "east eighteen (18) years o- age on e"e#tion $ay. A. Can$i$ates -or the sangguniang Ga%ataan must %e at "east 2-teen (1)) years o- age %ut not more than twentyDone ((1) years o- age on e"e#tion $ay. /. 5i*in+ o- certifcates o- candidacy Sinaca '. M#la 4G.R. No. 5<=>65/ 56669 .n the ;ay 1998 e"e#tions, petitioner Emmanue" +ina#a was a su%stitute #an$i$ate -or the mayora" post o- the LAXA+ ;atugas King a-ter their origina" #an$i$ate, 4eo$oro +ina#a, !r., was $is9ua"i2e$ -or %eing #onvi#te$ o- %igamy. .n ru"ing that Emmanue" +ina#a was va"i$"y su%stitute$ -or the origina" #an$i$ate, the Court ep"aine$ that a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y is a statement o- a person seeGing to run -or a pu%"i# oH#e #erti-ying that he announ#es his #an$i$a#y -or the oH#e mentione$ an$ that he is e"igi%"e -or the oH#e, the name o- the po"iti#a" party to whi#h he %e"ongs i- he %e"ongs to any, an$ his postDoH#e a$$ress -or a"" e"e#tion purposes %eing we""Dstate$. aB Efect o- f*in+ +e#tion 11 o- /.A. 8B1A, as amen$e$ %y /.A. 91A9 Any person who 2"es his #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y within this perio$ sha"" on"y %e #onsi$ere$ as a #an$i$ate at the start o- the #ampaign perio$ -or whi#h he 2"e$ his 111 #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y5 Provided, 4hat, un"aw-u" a#ts or omissions app"i#a%"e to a #an$i$ate sha"" e,e#t on"y upon that start o- the a-oresai$ #ampaign perio$5 Provided! nally, 4hat any person ho"$ing a pu%"i# appointive oH#e or position, in#"u$ing a#tive mem%ers o- the arme$ -or#es, an$ oH#ers, an$ emp"oyees in governmentDowne$ orD #ontro""e$ #orporations, sha"" %e #onsi$ere$ ipso facto resigne$ -rom hisRher oH#e an$ must va#ate the same at the start o- the $ay o- the 2"ing o- hisRher #erti2#ation o- #an$i$a#y. +e#tion B o- CC;ELEC /eso"ution =o. 8A78 Any person ho"$ing an e"e#tive oH#e or position sha"" not %e #onsi$ere$ resigne$ upon the 2"ing o- his #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y -or the same or any other e"e#tive oH#e or position. +e#tion 1 o- CC;ELEC /eso"ution =o. 8A78 .- a person 2"es two #erti2#ates o- #an$i$a#y, ea#h -or a $i,erent oH#e, the person sha"" not %e e"igi%"e -or either oH#e. *owever, %e-ore the epiration o- the perio$ -or the 2"ing o- #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y, the person who has 2"e$ more than one #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y may $e#"are un$er oath the oH#e -or whi#h he $esires to %e e"igi%"e an$ #an#e" the #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y -or the other oH#e or oH#es. C#into '. COM-L-C 4G.R. No. 576>67/ :?5?9 4he petitioners were appointe$ oH#ia"s who inten$e$ to run in the e"e#tions. :rior to the e"e#tions, CC;ELEC issue$ /eso"ution =o. 8A78 pursuant to +e#tion 11 o- /.A. 91A9, whi#h amen$e$ +e#tion 11 o- /.A. 8B1A. 4he thir$ paragraph o- +e#tion 11 provi$e$ that a"" persons ho"$ing a pu%"i# appointive oH#e wou"$ %e #onsi$ere$ ipso -a#to resigne$ -rom oH#e upon 2"ing o- his #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y. 4he petitioners argue$ that this provision vio"ate$ e9ua" prote#tion. A"though initia""y the Court agree$ with them, upon ;/ it ru"e$ that the provision an$ the CC;ELEC /eso"ution were va"i$. 4B Su4stitution o- candidates +e#tion 11 o- CC;ELEC /eso"ution =o. 8A78 .- a-ter the "ast $ay -or the 2"ing o- a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y, an oH#ia" #an$i$ate o- a registere$ po"iti#a" party $ies, with$raws, or is $is9ua"i2e$ -or any #ause, he may %e su%stitute$ %y a #an$i$ate %e"onging to, an$ nominate$ %y, the same po"iti#a" party. =o su%stitute sha"" %e a""owe$ -or any in$epen$ent #an$i$ate. =o person who has with$rawn his #an$i$a#y -or a position sha"" %e e"igi%"e as su%stitute #an$i$ate -or any other position a-ter the $ea$"ine -or 2"ing o- #erti2#ates o- #an$i$a#y. cB %inisteria* duty o- CO%ELEC to receive certifcate +e#tion 8 o- CC;ELEC /eso"ution =o. 8A78 4he re#eiving oH#er sha"" have the ministeria" $uty to re#eive an$ a#Gnow"e$ge re#eipt o- the #erti2#ates o- #an$i$a#y or nomination %y registere$ po"iti#a" parties or #oa"ition o- po"iti#a" parties on or %e-ore the $ea$"ine -or 2"ing o- #erti2#ates o- #an$i$a#y, provi$e$ sai$ #erti2#ates are un$er oath an$ #ontain a"" the re9uire$ $ata an$ in the -orm pres#ri%e$ %y the Commission. 11( E3CE:4.C=+5 3"en t"e %/1*L*% may refuse or cancel a certicate of candidacy (as -oun$ in B.:. 881) 1. +e#tion A8 (when #an$i$ates are $is9ua"i2e$) (. +e#tion A9 (nuisan#e #an$i$ates) 1. +e#tion 78 (upon petition to $eny $ue #ourse or to #an#e" a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y) L#na '. COM-L-C 4G.R. No. 5>=67</ :??;9 !oy Charisma Luna 2"e$ her #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y as su%stitute -or *ans /oger Luna. 4he CC;ELEC inva"i$ate$ her su%stitution %e#ause it -oun$ that whi"e *ans /oger ha$ with$rawn his #an$i$a#y, when he 2rst 2"e$ he was not o- age an$ sin#e no #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y was va"i$"y 2"e$, su#h #ou"$ not %e the %asis -or a su%stitution. 4he Court $isagree$ with the CC;ELEC an$ reiterate$ that CC;ELEC on"y has a ministeria" $uty to re#eive a#Gnow"e$ge re#eipt o- a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y. dB Nuisance candidates +e#tion A9 o- B.:. 881 4he Commission may motu proprio or upon a veri2e$ petition o- an intereste$ party, re-use to give $ue #ourse to or #an#e" a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y i- it is shown that sai$ #erti2#ate has %een 2"e$ to put the e"e#tion pro#ess in mo#Gery or $isrepute or to #ause #on-usion among the voters %y the simi"arity o- the names o- the registere$ #an$i$ates or %y other #ir#umstan#es or a#ts whi#h #"ear"y $emonstrate that the #an$i$ate has no %ona 2$e intention to run -or the oH#e -or whi#h the #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y has %een 2"e$ an$ thus prevent a -aith-u" $etermination o- the true wi"" o- the e"e#torate. +e#tion 1B o- CC;ELEC /eso"ution =o. 8A78 4he petition against a nuisan#e #an$i$ate must %e 2"e$ within 2ve $ays -rom the "ast $ay -or the 2"ing o- #erti2#ates o- #an$i$a#y. Ba#ti!ta '. COM-L-C 4G.R. No. 5<<78?/ 56679 E-ren Bautista ran as mayor in the 1998 e"e#tions a"ongsi$e E$win Bautista. 4he "atter was $e#"are$ a nuisan#e #an$i$ate %ut the $e#ision o- the CC;ELEC, whi"e ma$e Gnown to the pu%"i#, $i$ not %e#ome 2na" unti" a-ter e"e#tion. A-ter e"e#tion $ay, Cipriano ?E-ren@ Bautista re#eive$ 17,981 votes, E$win Bautista got (9 votes, an$ %e#ause o- the #on-usion (1,01A ?Bautista@ votes were either ta""ie$ %ut not #re$ite$ to petitioner or simp"y not ta""ie$ at a"". 4he Court ep"aine$ that stri#t"y speaGing, a #an#e""e$ #erti2#ate #annot give rise to a va"i$ #an$i$a#y, an$ mu#h "ess to va"i$ votes. ;oreover, a stray vote is inva"i$ate$ %e#ause there is no way o- $etermining the rea" intention o- the voter. .n this #ase, the Court ru"e$ in -avor o- E-ren Bautista an$ #ounte$ the (1,000 votes in his -avor. Khi"e E$win>s $is9ua"i2#ation was not yet 2na", the pu%"i# $i$ Gnow o- it, hen#e any ?Bautista@ on the %a""ot was a #"ear re-eren#e to E-ren, who was a"rea$y a we""DGnown "o#a" po"iti#ian %e-ore the e"e#tion in point. eB Petition to deny or cance* certifcates o- candidacy 111 +e#tion 78 o- B.:. 881 A veri2e$ petition seeGing to $eny $ue #ourse or to #an#e" a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y may %e 2"e$ %y the person e#"usive"y on the groun$ that any materia" representation #ontaine$ therein as re9uire$ un$er +e#tion 7B hereo- is -a"se. 4he petition may %e 2"e$ at any time not "ater than twentyD2ve $ays -rom the time o- the 2"ing o- the #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y an$ sha"" %e $e#i$e$, a-ter $ue noti#e an$ hearing, not "ater than 2-teen $ays %e-ore the e"e#tion. Salcedo II '. COM-L-C 4G.R. No. 5<=77>/ 56669 4he respon$ent +a"#e$o marrie$ a man who was a"rea$y marrie$ an$ use$ his "ast name in her #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y. 4he CC;ELEC +e#on$ Division -oun$ that this #onstitute$ materia" misrepresentation that was a groun$ -or the #an#e""ation o- her #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y, %ut the CC;ELEC en banc $isagree$. 4he Court agree$ with the CC;ELEC en banc an$ ep"aine$ that -or it to %e a groun$ to $eny or #an#e" a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y, the -a"se representation must (a) pertain to a materia" matter a,e#ting su%stantive rights o- a #an$i$ateN an$ (%) #onsist o- a $e"i%erate attempt to mis"ea$, misin-orm, or hi$e a -a#t whi#h wou"$ otherwise ren$er a #an$i$ate ine"igi%"e. -B Efect o- dis.ua*ifcation +e#tion A o- /.A. AABA (E"e#tora" /e-orms Law o- 1987) Any #an$i$ate who has %een $e#"are$ %y 2na" Ju$gment to %e $is9ua"i2e$ sha"" not %e vote$ -or, an$ the votes #ast -or him sha"" not %e #ounte$. .- -or any reason a #an$i$ate is not $e#"are$ %y 2na" Ju$gment %e-ore an e"e#tion to %e $is9ua"i2e$ an$ he is vote$ -or an$ re#eives the winning num%er o- votes in su#h e"e#tion, the Court or Commission sha"" #ontinue with the tria" an$ hearing o- the a#tion, in9uiry, or protest an$, upon motion o- the #omp"ainant or any intervenor, may $uring the pen$en#y thereo- or$er the suspension o- the pro#"amation o- su#h #an$i$ate whenever the evi$en#e o- his gui"t is strong. +B &it'dra,a* o- candidates +e#tion 71 o- B.:. 881 =o person sha"" %e e"igi%"e -or any e"e#tive pu%"i# oH#e un"ess he 2"es a sworn #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y within the perio$ 2e$ herein. A person who has 2"e$ a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y may, prior to the e"e#tion, with$raw the same %y su%mitting to the oH#e #on#erne$ a written $e#"aration un$er oath. =o person sha"" %e e"igi%"e -or more than one oH#e to %e 2""e$ in the same e"e#tion, an$ i- he 2"es his #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y -or more than one oH#e, he sha"" not %e e"igi%"e -or any o- them. *owever, %e-ore the epiration o- the perio$ -or the 2"ing o- #erti2#ates o- #an$i$a#y, the person who was 2"e$ more than one #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y may $e#"are un$er oath the oH#e -or whi#h he $esires to %e e"igi%"e an$ #an#e" the #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y -or the other oH#e or oH#es. 4he 2"ing or with$rawa" o- a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y sha"" not a,e#t whatever #ivi", #rimina" or a$ministrative "ia%i"ities whi#h a #an$i$ate may have in#urre$. Mon!ale '. Nico 4G.R. No. L-:=<6/ 56869 11B ;onsa"e an$ =i#o were opponents -or the oH#e o- mayor. ;onsa"e with$rew his #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y a-ter the perio$ -or 2"ing7an$ then he with$rew his with$rawa". .n the e"e#tion, ;onsa"e got more votes than =i#o %ut u"timate"y =i#o was pro#"aime$ the winner. 4he with$rawa" o- the #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y sha"" e,e#t the $is9ua"i2#ation o- the #an$i$ate to %e e"e#te$ -or the position. 4he with$rawa" o- the with$rawa", -or the purpose o- reviving the #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y, must %e ma$e within the perio$ provi$e$ %y "aw -or the 2"ing o- #erti2#ates o- #an$i$a#y. . Ca(pai+n +e#tion 79 o- B.:. 811 (a) 4he term ?#an$i$ate@ re-ers to any person aspiring -or or seeGing an e"e#tive pu%"i# oH#e, who has 2"e$ a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y %y himse"- or through an a##re$ite$ po"iti#a" party, aggroupment, or #oa"ition o- partiesN (%) 4he term ?e"e#tion #ampaign@ or ?partisan po"iti#a" a#tivity@ re-ers to an a#t $esigne$ to promote the e"e#tion or $e-eat o- a parti#u"ar #an$i$ate or #an$i$ates to a pu%"i# oH#e whi#h sha"" in#"u$e5 (1) 'orming organi<ations, asso#iations, #"u%s, #ommittees or other groups o- persons -or the purpose o- so"i#iting votes an$Ror un$ertaGing any #ampaign -or or against a #an$i$ateN (() *o"$ing po"iti#a" #au#uses, #on-eren#es, meetings, ra""ies, para$es, or other simi"ar assem%"ies, -or the purpose o- so"i#iting votes an$Ror un$ertaGing any #ampaign or propagan$a -or or against a #an$i$ateN (1) ;aGing spee#hes, announ#ements or #ommentaries, or ho"$ing interviews -or or against the e"e#tion o- any #an$i$ate -or pu%"i# oH#eN (B) :u%"ishing or $istri%uting #ampaign "iterature or materia"s $esigne$ to support or oppose the e"e#tion o- any #an$i$ateN or ()) Dire#t"y or in$ire#t"y so"i#iting votes, p"e$ges or support -or or against a #an$i$ate. 4he -oregoing enumerate$ a#ts i- per-orme$ -or the purpose o- enhan#ing the #han#es o- aspirants -or nomination -or #an$i$a#y to a pu%"i# oH#e %y a po"iti#a" party, aggroupment, or #oa"ition o- parties sha"" not %e #onsi$ere$ as e"e#tion #ampaign or partisan e"e#tion a#tivity. :u%"i# epressions or opinions or $is#ussions o- pro%a%"e issues in a -orth#oming e"e#tion or on attri%utes o- or #riti#isms against pro%a%"e #an$i$ates propose$ to %e nominate$ in a -orth#oming po"iti#a" party #onvention sha"" not %e #onstrue$ as part o- any e"e#tion #ampaign or partisan po"iti#a" a#tivity #ontemp"ate$ un$er this Arti#"e. 7. Pre(ature ca(pai+nin+ +e#tion 80 o- B.:. 881 .t sha"" %e un"aw-u" -or any person, whether or not a voter or #an$i$ate, or -or any party, or asso#iation o- persons, to engage in an e"e#tion #ampaign or partisan 11) po"iti#a" a#tivity e#ept $uring the #ampaign perio$5 :rovi$e$, 4hat po"iti#a" parties may ho"$ po"iti#a" #onventions or meetings to nominate their oH#ia" #an$i$ates within thirty $ays %e-ore the #ommen#ement o- the #ampaign perio$ an$ -ortyD2ve $ays -or :resi$entia" an$ 6i#eD:resi$entia" e"e#tion. Penera '. COM-L-C 4G.R. No. 5<5>5</ :??69 :enera was $is9ua"i2e$ as a mayora"ty #an$i$ate -or engaging in e"e#tion #ampaigning %e-ore the #ampaign perio$. 4he Court ru"e$ in her -avor. A #an$i$ate is any person aspiring -or or seeGing an e"e#tive pu%"i# oH#e, who has 2"e$ a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y. Any person who 2"es a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y within the perio$ -or 2"ing sha"" on"y %e #onsi$ere$ as a #an$i$ate at the start o- the #ampaign perio$ -or whi#h he 2"e$ his #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y. A##or$ing"y, a #an$i$ate is on"y "ia%"e -or an e"e#tion o,ense -or a#ts $one $uring the #ampaign perio$, not %e-ore. Any un"aw-u" a#t or omission app"i#a%"e to a #an$i$ate sha"" taGe e,e#t on"y upon the start o- the #ampaign perio$, when partisan po"iti#a" a#ts %e#ome un"aw-u" as to a #an$i$ate. Be-ore the start o- the #ampaign perio$, the same partisan po"iti#a" a#ts are "aw-u". /. Pro'i4ited contri4utions +e#tion 9B(a) o- B.:. 881 4he term ?#ontri%ution@ in#"u$es a gi-t, $onation, su%s#ription, "oan, a$van#e or $eposit o- money or anything o- va"ue, or a #ontra#t, promise or agreement to #ontri%ute, whether or not "ega""y en-or#ea%"e, ma$e -or the purpose o- inUuen#ing the resu"ts o- the e"e#tions %ut sha"" not in#"u$e servi#es ren$ere$ without #ompensation %y in$ivi$ua"s vo"unteering a portion or a"" o- their time in %eha"- o- a #an$i$ate or po"iti#a" party. .t sha"" a"so in#"u$e the use o- -a#i"ities vo"untari"y $onate$ %y other persons, the money va"ue o- whi#h #an %e assesse$ %ase$ on the rates prevai"ing in the area. +e#tion 9) o- B.:. 881 =o #ontri%ution -or purposes o- partisan po"iti#a" a#tivity sha"" %e ma$e $ire#t"y or in$ire#t"y %y any o- the -o""owing5 (a) :u%"i# or private 2nan#ia" institutions5 :rovi$e$, however, 4hat nothing herein sha"" prevent the maGing o- any "oan to a #an$i$ate or po"iti#a" party %y any su#h pu%"i# or private 2nan#ia" institutions "ega""y in the %usiness o- "en$ing money, an$ that the "oan is ma$e in a##or$an#e with "aws an$ regu"ations an$ in the or$inary #ourse o- %usinessN (%) =atura" an$ Juri$i#a" persons operating a pu%"i# uti"ity or in possession o- or ep"oiting any natura" resour#es o- the nationN (#) =atura" an$ Juri$i#a" persons who ho"$ #ontra#ts or su%D#ontra#ts to supp"y the government or any o- its $ivisions, su%$ivisions or instrumenta"ities, with goo$s or servi#es or to per-orm #onstru#tion or other worGsN 11A ($) =atura" an$ Juri$i#a" persons who have %een grante$ -ran#hises, in#entives, eemptions, a""o#ations or simi"ar privi"eges or #on#essions %y the government or any o- its $ivisions, su%$ivisions or instrumenta"ities, in#"u$ing governmentDowne$ or #ontro""e$ #orporationsN (e) =atura" an$ Juri$i#a" persons who, within one year prior to the $ate o- the e"e#tion, have %een grante$ "oans or other a##ommo$ations in e#ess o- :100,000 %y the government or any o- its $ivisions, su%$ivisions or instrumenta"ities in#"u$ing governmentDowne$ or #ontro""e$ #orporationsN (-) E$u#ationa" institutions whi#h have re#eive$ grants o- pu%"i# -un$s amounting to no "ess than :100,000.00N (g) CH#ia"s or emp"oyees in the Civi" +ervi#e, or mem%ers o- the Arme$ 'or#es o- the :hi"ippinesN an$ (h) 'oreigners an$ -oreign #orporations. .t sha"" %e un"aw-u" -or any person to so"i#it or re#eive any #ontri%ution -rom any o- the persons or entities enumerate$ herein. 2. La,-u* and pro'i4ited e*ection propa+anda +e#tion 8( o- B.:. 881 Law-u" e"e#tion propagan$a sha"" in#"u$e5 (a) :amph"ets, "eaUets, #ar$s, $e#a"s, sti#Gers or other written or printe$ materia"s o- a si<e not more than eight an$ oneDha"- in#hes in wi$th an$ -ourteen in#hes in "engthN (%) *an$written or printe$ "etters urging voters to vote -or or against any parti#u"ar #an$i$ateN (#) C"oth, paper or #ar$%oar$ posters, whether -rame$ or poste$, with an area e#ee$ing two -eet %y three -eet, e#ept that, at the site an$ on the o##asion o- a pu%"i# meeting or ra""y, or in announ#ing the ho"$ing o- sai$ meeting or ra""y, streamers not e#ee$ing three -eet %y eight -eet in si<e, sha"" %e a""owe$5 :rovi$e$, 4hat sai$ streamers may not %e $isp"aye$ e#ept one weeG %e-ore the $ate o- the meeting or ra""y an$ that it sha"" %e remove$ within seventyDtwo hours a-ter sai$ meeting or ra""yN or ($) A"" other -orms o- e"e#tion propagan$a not prohi%ite$ %y this Co$e as the Commission may authori<e a-ter $ue noti#e to a"" intereste$ parties an$ hearing where a"" the intereste$ parties were given an e9ua" opportunity to %e hear$5 :rovi$e$, 4hat the CommissionEs authori<ation sha"" %e pu%"ishe$ in two newspapers o- genera" #ir#u"ation throughout the nation -or at "east twi#e within one weeG a-ter the authori<ation has %een grante$. 117 +e#tion 8) o- B.:. 881 .t sha"" %e un"aw-u"5 (a) 4o print, pu%"ish, post or $istri%ute any poster, pamph"et, #ir#u"ar, han$%i"", or printe$ matter urging voters to vote -or or against any #an$i$ate un"ess they %ear the names an$ a$$resses o- the printer an$ payor as re9uire$ in +e#tion 8B hereo-N (%) 4o ere#t, put up, maGe use o-, atta#h, Uoat or $isp"ay any %i""%oar$, tinp"ateDposter, %a""oons an$ the "iGe, o- whatever si<e, shape, -orm or Gin$, a$vertising -or or against any #an$i$ate or po"iti#a" partyN (#) 4o pur#hase, manu-a#ture, re9uest, $istri%ute or a##ept e"e#tora" propagan$a ga$gets, su#h as pens, "ighters, -ans o- whatever nature, Uash"ights, ath"eti# goo$s or materia"s, wa""ets, shirts, hats, %an$anas, mat#hes, #igarettes an$ the "iGe, e#ept that #ampaign supporters a##ompanying a #an$i$ate sha"" %e a""owe$ to wear hats an$Ror shirts or 4Dshirts a$vertising a #an$i$ateN ($) 4o show or $isp"ay pu%"i#"y any a$vertisement or propagan$a -or or against any #an$i$ate %y means o- #inematography, au$ioDvisua" units or other s#reen proJe#tions e#ept te"e#asts whi#h may %e a""owe$ as hereina-ter provi$e$N an$ (e) 'or any ra$io %roa$#asting or te"evision station to se"" or give -ree o- #harge air time -or #ampaign an$ other po"iti#a" purposes e#ept as authori<e$ in this Co$e un$er the ru"es an$ regu"ations promu"gate$ %y the Commission pursuant thereto. Any prohi%ite$ e"e#tion propagan$a ga$get or a$vertisement sha"" %e stoppe$, #on2s#ate$ or torn $own %y the representative o- the Commission upon spe#i2# authority o- the Commission. F. Li(itations on e)penses +e#tion 11 o- /.A. 71AA (?An A#t :rovi$ing -or +yn#hroni<e$ =ationa" an$ Lo#a" E"e#tions an$ -or E"e#tora" /e-orms@) 4he amount that a #an$i$ate or registere$ po"iti#a" party may spen$ -or e"e#tion #ampaign sha"" %e as -o""ows5 1. 'or #an$i$ates. D 4en pesos (:10.00) -or :resi$ent an$ 6i#eD:resi$entN an$ -or other #an$i$ates 4hree :esos (:1.00) -or every voter #urrent"y registere$ in the #onstituen#y where he 2"e$ his #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y5 :rovi$e$, 4hat a #an$i$ate without any po"iti#a" party an$ without support -rom any po"iti#a" party may %e a""owe$ to spen$ 'ive :esos (:).00) -or every su#h voterN an$ (. 'or po"iti#a" parties. D 'ive pesos (:).00) -or every voter #urrent"y registere$ in the #onstituen#y or #onstituen#ies where it has oH#ia" #an$i$ates. Any provision o- "aw to the #ontrary notwithstan$ing any #ontri%ution in #ash or in Gin$ to any #an$i$ate or po"iti#a" party or #oa"ition o- parties -or #ampaign purposes, $u"y reporte$ to the Commission sha"" not %e su%Je#t to the payment o- any gi-t ta. 118 A. State(ent o- contri4utions and e)penses +e#tion 1B o- /.A. 71AA Every #an$i$ate an$ treasurer o- the po"iti#a" party sha"", within 10 $ays a-ter the e"e#tion, 2"e in $up"i#ate with the oH#es o- the Commission, the -u"", true, an$ itemi<e$ statement o- a"" #ontri%utions an$ epen$itures in #onne#tion with the e"e#tion. =o person e"e#te$ to any pu%"i# oH#e sha"" enter upon the $uties o- his oH#e unti" he an$ the po"iti#a" party that nominate$ him has 2"e$ the statement o- #ontri%utions an$ epen$itures re9uire$ %y "aw. E#ept #an$i$ates -or e"e#tive %arangay oH#e, -ai"ure to 2"e the statements or reports sha"" #onstitute an a$ministrative o,ense. 'or a se#on$ or su%se9uent o,enses, the o,en$er sha"" %e su%Je#t to perpetua" $is9ua"i2#ation to ho"$ pu%"i# oH#e. Pilar '. COM-L-C 4G.R. No. 55=:8=/ 566=9 :i"ar ran -or a position in the +angguniang :an"a"awigan o- .sa%e"a %ut su%se9uent"y with$rew his #an$i$a#y. 4he CC;ELEC 2ne$ him -or his -ai"ure to 2"e his statement o- #ontri%utions an$ epenses. 4he Court ru"e$ in -avor o- the CC;ELEC an$ ep"aine$ that #an$i$ates who with$rew a-ter the 2"ing o- their #erti2#ates o- #an$i$a#y are sti"" re9uire$ to #omp"y with the 2"ing o- statement o- a"" #ontri%utions an$ epenses. H. Coard o- E*ection Inspectors and Coard o- Canvassers 7. Co(position +e#tion 1AB o- B.:. 881 At "east thirty $ays %e-ore the $ate when the voters "ist is to %e prepare in a##or$an#e with this Co$e, in the #ase o- a regu"ar e"e#tion or 2-teen $ays %e-ore a spe#ia" e"e#tion, the Commission sha"", $ire#t"y or through its $u"y authori<e$ representatives, #onstitute a %oar$ o- e"e#tion inspe#tors -or ea#h pre#in#t to %e #ompose$ o- a #hairman an$ a po"" #"erG who must %e pu%"i# s#hoo" tea#hers, priority to %e given to #ivi" servi#e e"igi%"es, an$ two mem%ers, ea#h representing the two a##re$ite$ po"iti#a" parties. 4he appointment sha"" state the pre#in#t to whi#h they are assigne$ an$ the $ate o- the appointment. +e#tion ((1 o- B.:. 881 4here sha"" %e a %oar$ o- #anvassers -or ea#h provin#e, #ity, muni#ipa"ity, an$ $istri#t o- ;etropo"itan ;ani"a as -o""ows5 (a) :rovin#ia" %oar$ o- #anvassers. D the provin#ia" %oar$ o- #anvassers sha"" %e #ompose$ o- the provin#ia" e"e#tion supervisor or a senior "awyer in the regiona" oH#e o- the Commission, as #hairman, the provin#ia" 2s#a", as vi#eD#hairman, an$ the provin#ia" superinten$ent o- s#hoo"s, an$ one representative -rom ea#h o- the ru"ing party an$ the $ominant opposition po"iti#a" party in the #onstituen#y #on#erne$ entit"e$ to %e represente$, as mem%ers. (%) City %oar$ o- #anvassers. D the #ity %oar$ o- #anvassers sha"" %e #ompose$ o- the #ity e"e#tion registrar or a "awyer o- the Commission, as #hairman, the #ity 2s#a" an$ the #ity superinten$ent o- s#hoo"s, an$ one representative -rom ea#h o- the ru"ing 119 party an$ the $ominant opposition po"iti#a" party entit"e$ to %e represente$, as mem%ers. (#) Distri#t %oar$ o- #anvassers o- ;etropo"itan ;ani"a D the $istri#t %oar$ o- #anvassers sha"" %e #ompose$ o- a "awyer o- the Commission, as #hairman, an$ a ranGing 2s#a" in the $istri#t an$ the most senior $istri#t s#hoo" supervisor in the $istri#t to %e appointe$ upon #onsu"tation with the ;inistry o- !usti#e an$ the ;inistry o- E$u#ation, Cu"ture an$ +ports, respe#tive"y, an$ one representative -rom ea#h o- the ru"ing party an$ the $ominant opposition po"iti#a" party in the #onstituen#y #on#erne$, as mem%ers. ($) ;uni#ipa" %oar$ o- #anvassers. D the muni#ipa" %oar$ o- #anvassers sha"" %e #ompose$ o- the e"e#tion registrar or a representative o- the Commission, as #hairman, the muni#ipa" treasurer, an$ the $istri#t supervisor or in his a%sen#e any pu%"i# s#hoo" prin#ipa" in the muni#ipa"ity an$ one representative -rom ea#h o- the ru"ing party an$ the $ominant opposition po"iti#a" party entit"e$ to %e represente$, as mem%ers. (e) Boar$ o- #anvassers -or new"y #reate$ po"iti#a" su%$ivisions D the Commission sha"" #onstitute a %oar$ o- #anvassers an$ appoint the mem%ers thereo- -or the 2rst e"e#tion in a new"y #reate$ provin#e, #ity or muni#ipa"ity in #ase the oH#ia"s who sha"" a#t as mem%ers thereo- have not yet assume$ their $uties an$ -un#tions. /. Po,ers +e#tion 1A8 o- B.:. 881 4he %oar$ o- e"e#tion inspe#tors sha"" have the -o""owing powers an$ -un#tions5 a. Con$u#t the voting an$ #ounting o- votes in their respe#tive po""ing p"a#esN %. A#t as $eputies o- the Commission in the supervision an$ #ontro" o- the e"e#tion in the po""ing p"a#es wherein they are assigne$, to assure the ho"$ing o- the same in a -ree, or$er"y an$ honest mannerN an$ #. :er-orm su#h other -un#tions pres#ri%e$ %y this Co$e or %y the ru"es an$ regu"ations promu"gate$ %y the Commission. A"e! '. COM-L-C 4G.R. No. L-:7<87/ 56>;9 A%es et a". sought (among others) the nu""i2#ation o- e"e#tions in Lue<on City -or #ity oH#ia"s. 4he CC;ELEC $enie$ their petition an$ or$ere$ the %oar$ o- #anvassers to pro#ee$ with the #anvass. 4he Court $enie$ the petition an$ reiterate$ that the %oar$ o- #anvassers is a ministeria" %o$y. .t is enJoine$ %y "aw to #anvass a"" votes on e"e#tion returns su%mitte$ to it in $ue -orm. .ts powers are "imite$ genera""y to the me#hani#a" or mathemati#a" -un#tion o- as#ertaining an$ $e#"aring the apparent resu"t o- the e"e#tion %y a$$ing or #ompi"ing the votes #ast -or ea#h #an$i$ate as shown on the -a#e o- the returns %e-ore them, an$ then $e#"aring or #erti-ying the resu"t so as#ertaine$. I. !e(edies and 9urisdiction in e*ection *a, 7. Petition not to +ive due course to or cance* a certifcate o- candidacy +e#tion 78 o- B.:. 881 1B0 A veri2e$ petition seeGing to $eny $ue #ourse or to #an#e" a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y may %e 2"e$ %y the person e#"usive"y on the groun$ that any materia" representation #ontaine$ therein as re9uire$ un$er +e#tion 7B hereo- is -a"se. 4he petition may %e 2"e$ at any time not "ater than twentyD2ve $ays -rom the time o- the 2"ing o- the #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y an$ sha"" %e $e#i$e$, a-ter $ue noti#e an$ hearing, not "ater than 2-teen $ays %e-ore the e"e#tion. /. Petition -or dis.ua*ifcation +e#tion A8 o- B.:. 881 Any #an$i$ate who, in an a#tion or protest in whi#h he is a party is $e#"are$ %y 2na" $e#ision o- a #ompetent #ourt gui"ty o-, or -oun$ %y the Commission o- having (a) given money or other materia" #onsi$eration to inUuen#e, in$u#e or #orrupt the voters or pu%"i# oH#ia"s per-orming e"e#tora" -un#tionsN (%) #ommitte$ a#ts o- terrorism to enhan#e his #an$i$a#yN (#) spent in his e"e#tion #ampaign an amount in e#ess o- that a""owe$ %y this Co$eN ($) so"i#ite$, re#eive$ or ma$e any #ontri%ution prohi%ite$ un$er +e#tions 89, 9), 9A, 97 an$ 10BN or (e) vio"ate$ any o- +e#tions 80, 81, 8), 8A an$ (A1, paragraphs $, e, G, v, an$ ##, su%paragraph A, sha"" %e $is9ua"i2e$ -rom #ontinuing as a #an$i$ate, or i- he has %een e"e#te$, -rom ho"$ing the oH#e. Any person who is a permanent resi$ent o- or an immigrant to a -oreign #ountry sha"" not %e 9ua"i2e$ to run -or any e"e#tive oH#e un$er this Co$e, un"ess sai$ person has waive$ his status as permanent resi$ent or immigrant o- a -oreign #ountry in a##or$an#e with the resi$en#e re9uirement provi$e$ -or in the e"e#tion "aws. GonDale! '. COM-L-C 4G.R. No. 56:7=>/ :?559 &on<a"es ran -or Congress in A"%ay, %ut a petition -or $is9ua"i2#ation an$ #an#e""ation o- #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y was 2"e$ against him, a""eging he was a +panish nationa". *e won the e"e#tion %ut the CC;ELEC inva"i$ate$ his pro#"amation. .n ru"ing -or &on<a"es, the Court ha$ to $istinguish %etween a petition -or $is9ua"i2#ation an$ a petition -or #an#e""ation o- a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y (sin#e the petition against &on<a"es seeme$ to %e %oth at on#e)5 a petition to $is9ua"i-y a #an$i$ate un$er +e#tion A8 o- the Cmni%us E"e#tion Co$e is %ase$ on prohi%ite$ a#ts #ommitte$ %y a #an$i$ate. .n #ontrast, the petition -or #an#e""ation o- a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y is %ase$ on materia" misrepresentations in the #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y. A petition to $is9ua"i-y may %e 2"e$ not "ater than the $ate o- pro#"amation un$er +e#tion A8, whi"e a petition -or the #an#e""ation o- a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y must %e 2"e$ within () $ays -rom the 2"ing o- the #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y un$er +e#tion 78. 2. Petition to dec*are -ai*ure o- e*ections 1B1 +e#tion A o- B.:. 881 .-, on a##ount o- -or#e maJeure, vio"en#e, terrorism, -rau$, or other ana"ogous #auses the e"e#tion in any po""ing p"a#e has not %een he"$ on the $ate 2e$, or ha$ %een suspen$e$ %e-ore the hour 2e$ %y "aw -or the #"osing o- the voting, or a-ter the voting an$ $uring the preparation an$ the transmission o- the e"e#tion returns or in the #usto$y or #anvass thereo-, su#h e"e#tion resu"ts in a -ai"ure to e"e#t, an$ in any o- su#h #ases the -ai"ure or suspension o- e"e#tion wou"$ a,e#t the resu"t o- the e"e#tion, the Commission sha"", on the %asis o- a veri2e$ petition %y any intereste$ party an$ a-ter $ue noti#e an$ hearing, #a"" -or the ho"$ing or #ontinuation o- the e"e#tion not he"$, suspen$e$ or whi#h resu"te$ in a -ai"ure to e"e#t on a $ate reasona%"y #"ose to the $ate o- the e"e#tion not he"$, suspen$e$ or whi#h resu"te$ in a -ai"ure to e"e#t %ut not "ater than thirty $ays a-ter the #essation o- the #ause o- su#h postponement or suspension o- the e"e#tion or -ai"ure to e"e#t. +e#tion B o- /.A. 71AA 4he CC;ELEC en banc has the origina" an$ e#"usive Juris$i#tion to hear an$ $e#i$e petitions -or $e#"aration o- -ai"ure o- e"e#tion or -or annu"ment o- e"e#tion resu"ts. F. Pre3proc*a(ation controversy +e#tion 1 o- /u"e 1, CC;ELEC /eso"ution =o. 880B A preDpro#"amation #ontroversy re-ers to any 9uestion pertaining to or a,e#ting the pro#ee$ings o- the %oar$ o- #anvassers whi#h may %e raise$ %y any #an$i$ate or %y any registere$ po"iti#a" party or #oa"ition o- po"iti#a" parties, or %y any a##re$ite$ an$ parti#ipating party "ist group, %e-ore the %oar$ or $ire#t"y with the Commission. +e#tion 1 o- /u"e B, CC;ELEC /eso"ution =o. 880B 4here is i""ega" #omposition o- the BCC when, among other simi"ar #ir#umstan#es, any o- the mem%ers $o not possess "ega" 9ua"i2#ations an$ appointments. 4he in-ormation te#hno"ogy #apa%"e person re9uire$ to assist the BCC %y /epu%"i# A#t =o. 91A9 sha"" %e in#"u$e$ as among those whose "a#G o- 9ua"i2#ations may %e 9uestione$. +e#tion ( o- /u"e B, CC;ELEC /eso"ution =o. 880B 4here is i""ega" pro#ee$ings o- the BCC when the #anvassing is a sham or mere #eremony, the resu"ts o- whi#h are preD$etermine$ an$ manipu"ate$ as when any o- the -o""owing #ir#umstan#es are present5 a) pre#ipitate #anvassingN %) terrorismN #) "a#G o- suH#ient noti#e to the mem%ers o- the BCCEsN $) .mproper venue +e#tion (B( o- B.:. 881 4he Commission sha"" have e#"usive Juris$i#tion o- a"" preDpro#"amation #ontroversies. .t may motu proprio or upon written petition, an$ a-ter $ue noti#e an$ hearing, or$er the partia" or tota" suspension o- the pro#"amation o- any #an$i$ateD e"e#t or annua" partia""y or tota""y any pro#"amation, i- one has %een ma$e, as the evi$en#e sha"" warrant in a##or$an#e with the su##ee$ing se#tions. 1B( A. E*ection protest /u"e A o- CC;ELEC /eso"ution =o. 880B +e#tion 1 4he Commission on E"e#tions, through any o- its Divisions, sha"" have e#"usive origina" Juris$i#tion over a"" e"e#tion protests invo"ving e"e#tive regiona" (the autonomous regions), provin#ia", an$ #ity oH#ia"s. +e#tion ( A petition #ontesting the e"e#tions or returns o- an e"e#tive regiona", provin#ia", or #ity oH#ia" sha"" %e 2"e$ with the Commission %y any #an$i$ate who was vote$ -or in the same oH#e an$ who re#eive$ the se#on$ o- thir$ highest num%er o- votes or, in a mu"tiDs"ot position, was among the net -our #an$i$ates -o""owing the "ast ranGe$ winner $u"y pro#"aime$, as reUe#te$ in the oH#ia" resu"ts o- the e"e#tion #ontaine$ in the +tatement o- 6otes. 4he party 2"ing the protest sha"" %e $esignate$ as the protestantN the a$verse party sha"" %e Gnown as the protestee. +e#tion 1 An e"e#tion protest or petition -or 5uo )arranto sha"" %e 2"e$ $ire#t"y with the Commission in ten (10) "egi%"e #opies p"us su#h num%er o- #opies #orrespon$ing to the num%er o- protestees, within a nonDeten$i%"e perio$ o- ten $ays -o""owing the $ate o- pro#"amation. Ea#h #ontest sha"" re-er e#"usive"y to one oH#e %ut #ontents -or oH#es o- the +angguniang :ampooG, +angguniang :an"a"awigan or +angguniang :ang"ungso$ may %e #onso"i$ate$ in one #ase. +e#tion B +ervi#e an$ 2"ing o- p"ea$ings, in#"u$ing the initiatory petition an$ other papers, sha"" %e $one persona""y. E#ept with respe#t to papers emanating -rom the Commission, a resort to other mo$es o- servi#e must %e a##ompanie$ %y a written ep"anation why the servi#e or 2"ing was not $one persona""y. A vio"ation o- this /u"e sha"" %e a #ause to #onsi$er the p"ea$ing or paper as not 2"e$. +e#tion ) An e"e#tion protest sha"" %e veri2e$ %y an aH$avit stating that the aHant has rea$ the petition an$ that the a""egations therein are true an$ #orre#t o- aHantEs own Gnow"e$ge or %ase$ on authenti# re#or$s. A veri2#ation %ase$ on @information and belief9 or upon the @,no)led&e! information and belief9 is not a suH#ient veri2#ation. 4he protestant sha"" persona""y sign the #erti2#ate o- nonD-orum shopping whi#h must %e annee$ to the e"e#tion protest. An unveri2e$ petition or one with insuH#ient veri2#ation or una##ompanie$ %y a #erti2#ate o- nonD-orum shopping sha"" %e $ismisse$ outright an$ sha"" not suspen$ the running o- the reg"ementary perio$ to 2"e an e"e#tion protest. +e#tion A 1B1 4he pen$en#y o- a preDpro#"amation #ontroversy invo"ving the va"i$ity o- the pro#"amation as $e2ne$ %y "aw sha"" suspen$ the running o- the perio$ to 2"e an e"e#tion protest.
:. 8uo ,arranto +e#tion ()1 o- B.:. 881 Any voter #ontesting the e"e#tion o- any ;em%er o- the Batasang :am%ansa, regiona", provin#ia", or #ity oH#er on the groun$ o- ine"igi%i"ity or o- $is"oya"ty to the /epu%"i# o- the :hi"ippines sha"" 2"e a sworn petition -or 5uo )arranto with the Commission within ten $ays a-ter the pro#"amation o- the resu"ts o- the e"e#tion. Any voter #ontesting the e"e#tion o- any muni#ipa" or %arangay oH#er on the groun$ o- ine"igi%i"ity or o- $is"oya"ty to the /epu%"i# o- the :hi"ippines sha"" 2"e a sworn petition -or 5uo )arranto with the regiona" tria" #ourt or metropo"itan or muni#ipa" tria" #ourt, respe#tive"y, within ten $ays a-ter the pro#"amation o- the resu"ts o- the e"e#tion. +e#tion 7 o- /u"e A, CC;ELEC /eso"ution =o. 880B An e"e#tion protest or petition -or 5uo )arranto sha"" spe#i2#a""y state the -o""owing -a#ts5 a) 4he position invo"ve$ %) 4hat the protestant was a #an$i$ate who has $u"y 2"e$ a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y an$ has %een vote$ -or the same oH#e. #) 4he $ate o- pro#"amationN an$ $) 4he num%er o- votes #re$ite$ to the parties per pro#"amation. An e"e#tion protest sha"" a"so state5 e) 4he tota" num%er o- pre#in#ts o- the region, provin#e or #ity #on#erne$N -) 4he proteste$ pre#in#ts an$ votes o- the parties in the proteste$ pre#in#ts per the +tatement o- 6otes By :re#in#t or, i- the votes o- the parties are not spe#i2e$ an ep"anation why the votes are not spe#i2e$N g) A $etai"e$ spe#i2#ation o- the a#ts or omissions #omp"aine$ o- showing the e"e#tora" -rau$s, anoma"ies or irregu"arities in the proteste$ pre#in#ts. Villaor '. COM-L-C 4G.R. No. 5>67>=/ :??>9 6i""amor won as mayor an$ his opponent 2"e$ a preDpro#"amation protest. =ot #ontent, his opponent a"so 2"e$ an e"e#tion protest. 4he Court ru"e$ in 6i""amor>s -avor an$ ep"aine$ that the 2"ing o- an e"e#tion protest or a petition -or 5uo )arranto genera""y has the e,e#t o- %arring the su%se9uent 2"ing o- a preDpro#"amation #ontroversy or petition to annu" pro#"amation. .t a"so amounts to the a%an$onment o- any preDpro#"amation #ontroversy or petition to annu" pro#"amation 2"e$ ear"ier, $epriving the CC;ELEC o- the authority to in9uire into an$ pass upon the tit"e o- the protestee or the va"i$ity o- his pro#"amation. Cn#e the #ompetent tri%una" has a#9uire$ Juris$i#tion over an e"e#tion protest or a petition -or 5uo )arranto! a"" 1BB 9uestions re"ative thereto wi"" have to %e $e#i$e$ in the #ase itse"- an$ not in another pro#ee$ing. *#a(a!/ ,r. '. COM-L-C 4G.R. No. 5856=:-=</ :??59 Dumayas an$ Berna" were riva"s -or a mayora"ty post. A-ter moving (in a motion -or re#onsi$eration %e-ore the CC;ELEC) to $e#"are Dumayas> pro#"amation inva"i$, Berna" 2"e$ a #ase -or 5uo )arranto against him. 4he Court $ismisse$ Dumayas> petition, whi#h #"aime$ that %y 2"ing the 5uo )arranto Berna" ha$ a%an$one$ his motion -or re#onsi$eration. .n #ertain #ases, a preDpro#"amation #ontroversy may sti"" pro#ee$ notwithstan$ing the 2"ing o- an e"e#tion protest or petition -or 5uo )arranto! to wit5 1. Khat is 2"e$ in not rea""y a 5uo )arranto or e"e#tion protest %ut a petition to annu" a pro#"amation (. 'uo )arranto is not the proper reme$y 1. 4he BCC is improper"y #onstitute$ B. 4he 2"ing o- a 5uo )arranto or an e"e#tion protest is epress"y ma$e without preJu$i#e to preDpro#"amation #ontest, or is ma$e ad cautelam ). 4he pro#"amation is nu"" an$ voi$ <. Prosecution o- e*ection ofenses +e#tion (A1 o- B.:. 881 enumerates an$ $etai"s 10 $i,erent e"e#tion o,enses. :"ease #onsu"t #o$a" -or -u"" "ist. Arti#"e .3DC, +e#tion ((A) o- the Constitution 4he CC;ELEC has Juris$i#tion to investigate an$ prose#ute #ases invo"ving vio"ations o- e"e#tion "aws. +e#tion B1 o- /.A. 91A9 4he Commission sha"", through its $u"y authori<e$ "ega" oH#ers, have the power, #on#urrent with the other prose#uting arms o- the government, to #on$u#t pre"iminary investigation o- a"" e"e#tion o,enses punisha%"e un$er this Co$e, an$ prose#ute the same. Peo)le '. ,#dge Ba!ilia 4G.R. No!. 7<6<7-8?/ 56769 4he :rovin#ia" :rose#utor 2"e$ severa" #ases -or vio"ations o- the Cmni%us E"e#tion Co$e, whi#h the !u$ge $ismisse$ %e#ause CC;ELEC has the e#"usive power to investigate an$ prose#ute e"e#tion o,enses. 4he Court $isagree$ an$ ru"e$ in -avor o- the :eop"e. 4he CC;ELEC may $e"egate its power to investigate an$ prose#ute e"e#tion o,enses to the :rovin#ia" :rose#utor, as provi$e$ in the same Cmni%us E"e#tion Co$e. BANAT Part(-Li!t '. COM-L-C 4G.R. No. 5;;=?7/ :??69 BA=A4 %rought the petition to assai" the #onstitutiona"ity o- severa" provisions in /.A. 91A9. 4he Court uphe"$ the "aw>s va"i$ity, ep"aining that (in parti#u"ar) +e#tion B1 o- 1B) /.A. 91A9 $oes not vio"ate +e#tion ((A) o- Arti#"e .3DC o- the Constitution. 4he grant o- e#"usive power to investigate an$ prose#ute e"e#tion o,enses to CC;ELEC was not %y virtue o- the Constitution %ut through B.:. 881, a "egis"ative ena#tment whi#h is pre#ise"y amen$e$ %y /.A. 91A9. +e#tion B1 grants CC;ELEC the power, #on#urrent with other prose#uting arms o- the government, to #on$u#t pre"iminary investigation o- a"" e"e#tion o,enses an$ prose#ute the same. .t is a va"i$ amen$ment o- +e#tion (A) o- B.:. 881, pursuant to the p"enary power o- the "egis"ature to amen$ or repea" "aws. +e#tion (A7 o- B.:. 881 E"e#tion o,enses sha"" pres#ri%e a-ter 2ve years -rom the $ate o- their #ommission. .- the $is#overy o- the o,ense %e ma$e in an e"e#tion #ontest pro#ee$ings, the perio$ o- pres#ription sha"" #ommen#e on the $ate on whi#h the Ju$gment in su#h pro#ee$ings %e#omes 2na" an$ ee#utory. +e#tion (A8 o- B.:. 881 4he regiona" tria" #ourt sha"" have the e#"usive origina" Juris$i#tion to try an$ $e#i$e any #rimina" a#tion or pro#ee$ings -or vio"ation o- this Co$e, e#ept those re"ating to the o,ense o- -ai"ure to register or -ai"ure to vote whi#h sha"" %e un$er the Juris$i#tion o- the metropo"itan or muni#ipa" tria" #ourts. 'rom the $e#ision o- the #ourts, appea" wi"" "ie as in other #rimina" #ases. 1BA d. LOC"L O$E!N%ENTS A. :8BL.C CC/:C/A4.C=+ 1. CC=CE:4 a) Distinguishe$ -rom governmentDowne$ or #ontro""e$ #orporations Province o- Ne+ros Occidenta* v. CO" ?/070B 5acts: 4he Commission on Au$it (CCA), in #on-ormity with /epu%"i# A#t A7)8 (#on#erning the po"i#y o- stan$ar$i<ation o- #ompensation), $i$ not a""ow the +angguniang :an"a"awigan o- =egros C##i$enta" to imp"ement its /eso"ution 7(0A whi#h a""o#ate$ the provin#e>s retaine$ earnings to the hea"th #are an$ hospita"i<ation o- provin#ia" oH#ia"s an$ emp"oyees. CCA says su#h a""o#ation wou"$ re9uire the approva" o- the :resi$ent. #octrine: :resi$entia" approva" is not re9uire$ as it app"ies on"y to government oH#esRagen#ies, governmentDowne$ an$ #ontro""e$ #orporations an$ their respe#tive governing %oar$s whi#h are un$er the #ontro" o- the :resi$ent. L&8s are su%Je#t on"y to the power o- genera" supervision o- the :resi$ent, an$ as su#h, the :resi$entEs authority is "imite$ to seeing to it that ru"es are -o""owe$ an$ "aws are -aith-u""y ee#ute$. 4he :resi$ent #annot "ay $own the ru"es, nor #an he mo$i-y or rep"a#e them. (. CLA++.'.CA4.C=+ a) LuasiD#orporations %%#" v. Ce*3"ir $i**a+e "ssociation ?/000B 5acts: 4he ;etropo"itan ;ani"a Deve"opment Authority (;;DA) sent a "etter to the Be"D Air 6i""age Asso#iation re9uesting the "atter to open its private roa$ (=eptune street) to the pu%"i# an$ in-orming it that its perimeter wa"" a$Ja#ent to Xa"ayaan Avenue wou"$ %e $emo"ishe$. #octrine: 4he ;;DA>s power is "imite$ to a$ministration an$ imp"ementation o- metroD wi$e servi#es in ;etro ;ani"a an$ is not a Lo#a" &overnment 8nit nor a pu%"i# #orporation en$owe$ with "egis"ative power nor po"i#e power to ena#t or$inan#es -or the #"osure or opening o- roa$s. .t #an on"y "ay $own po"i#ies an$ #oor$inate with various agen#ies, as we"" as the private se#tor. %%#" v. #ante arin ?/00AB 5acts: Atty. &arin>s $river>s "i#ense was #on2s#ate$ %y the ;;DA -or i""ega" parGing in ;ani"a, pursuant to +e#. )(-) o- /epu%"i# A#t 79(B granting the ;;DA the power to #on2s#ate an$ suspen$ or revoGe $rivers> "i#enses without nee$ o- any other "egis"ative ena#tment. #octrine: 4he ;;DA>s power to #on2s#ate an$ suspen$ or revoGe $rivers> "i#enses is #onstrue$ to mean en-or#ing eisting traH# ru"es an$ regu"ations an$ thus, it #an on"y 1B7 #an on"y #on2s#ate or suspen$ $rivers> "i#enses pursuant to eisting traH# "aws an$ regu"ations ena#te$ %y Congress or, in this #ase, the City o- ;ani"a an$ not ?without nee$ o- any other "egis"ative ena#tment.@ 4he ;;DA is not a po"iti#a" unit o- government an$ $oes not possess po"i#e power nor the power to "egis"ate. %%#" v. $iron Transportation Co. ?/00HB 5acts: 6iron 2"e$ a petition -or $e#"aratory re"ie- when the ;;DA was a%out to issue a #ir#u"ar or$ering the #"osure o- %us termina"s in ;etro ;ani"a in a##or$an#e with Ee#utive Cr$er 179 issue$ %y the :resi$ent o- the :hi"ippines #omman$ing the #"osing o- %us termina"s at Epi-anio De"os +antos Avenue (ED+A), to %e rep"a#e$ %y -our integrate$ termina"s. #octrine:4he ;;DA is not the proper imp"ementing agen#y -or imp"ementing Ee#utive Cr$er 179 as the :resi$ent>s authority to imp"ement the proJe#t must %e eer#ise$ through the Department o- 4ransportation an$ Communi#ations. /epu%"i# A#t 79(B $oes not grant the ;;DA nor its Coun#i" the power to ena#t or$inan#es an$ approve reso"utions -or the genera" we"-are o- ;etro ;ani"a>s inha%itants an$ as su#h, %e#ause o- the a$ministrative nature o- its powers an$ -un#tions, it #annot or$er the remova" o- the termina"s invo"ve$ in this #ase. %) ;uni#ipa" #orporations $i**as v. City o- %ani*a ?7@/7B 5acts: 6i""as et a"., #re$itors o- the City o- ;ani"a un$er the +panish regime, $eman$e$ payment -rom the City o- ;ani"a a-ter #ession to the 8+. #octrine: A ;uni#ipa" Corporation has two Gin$s o- powers7 pu%"i# an$ privateN the -ormer is #"othe$ with sovereignty an$ is a "ega" in$ivi$ua" whi"e the "atter ena%"es it to a#t "iGe a #orporate "ega" in$ivi$ua". *en#e, the new City o- ;ani"a, $espite the #ession to the 8+, is sti"" "ia%"e to the 6i""as as private property remains as it was prior to the #ession an$ this in#"u$es any #orporate "ia%i"ity in#urre$ %y su#h #ity or muni#ipa"ity. !epu4*ic v. City o- #avao ?/00/B 5acts: 4he City o- Davao #"aims that it is not re9uire$ %y "aw to se#ure an Environmenta" Comp"ian#e Certi2#ate (ECC) -rom the Environmenta" ;anagement Bureau to #onstru#t its Arti#a +ports Dome. #octrine: Davao is #overe$ %y the "aw whi#h re9uires a"" persons to se#ure an ECC when they un$ertaGe an environmenta""yD#riti#a" proJe#t. As the Civi" Co$e $e2nes a person as either natura" or Juri$i#a" an$ as the state an$ its po"iti#a" su%$ivisions (i.e., "o#a" government units) are Juri$i#a" persons, the City o- Davao, %eing a "o#a" government unit an$ thus a Juri$i#a" person, is not e#"u$e$ -rom the #overage o- the "aw re9uiring persons to se#ure an ECC. 1B8 B. ;uni#ipa" #orporations 1. E"ements (. =ature an$ -un#tions Cu=*od n+ %a+4u4u=id sa Lupain+ !a(os v. E.%. !a(os and Sons ?/077B 5acts: 4he #orporation E.;. /amos an$ +ons #"aims that the Department o- Agrarian /e-orm #annot, in imp"ementing the Comprehensive Agrarian /e-orm :rogram (CA/:), su%Je#t the unirrigate$ agri#u"tura" "an$ that the -ormer a#9uire$ as the sai$ "an$ has %een #onverte$ into a resi$entia" su%$ivision %y virtue o- Cr$inan#e (9DA. #octrine: Yoning #"assi2#ation is an eer#ise %y the "o#a" government unit o- its po"i#e power an$ not the power o- eminent $omain. :er +e#. (0 o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e, the authority to re#"assi-y "an$ primari"y resi$es in the sanggunian o- the #ity or muni#ipa"ity, an$ as the Cr$inan#e has a"rea$y re#"assi2e$ the "an$ in this #ase to a resi$entia" area, it is no "onger #overe$ %y CA/:. 1. /e9uisites -or #reation, #onversion, $ivision, merger or $isso"ution :opu"ation /e9uirement "*da4a v. CO%ELEC ?/070B 5acts: : Congress ena#te$ /epu%"i# A#t 91)1 #reating ;a"o"os City using the proJe#te$ popu"ation rate instea$ o- the #urrent popu"ation rate to meet the popu"ation #riteria in the Constitution. #octrine: /epu%"i# A#t 91)1 is un#onstitutiona" %e#ause the Constitution re9uires an a#tua" popu"ation o- ()0,000 at the time o- the #ity>s #reation. 4erritory /e9uirement Navarro v. Er(ita ?/070B 5acts: =avarro, et a". #"aim that /epu%"i# A#t 91)), whi#h #reates the provin#e o- Dinagat .s"an$, is un#onstitutiona" %e#ause it -ai"e$ to #omp"y with the "an$ area re9uirement as the sai$ provin#e on"y has a tota" "an$ area o- 80(.1( s9. Gm. #octrine: /epu%"i# A#t 91)) is un#onstitutiona" %e#ause it -ai"e$ to meet the "an$ area re9uirement o- at "east (,000 s9. Gm. (the area nee$ not %e #ontiguous) as stipu"ate$ in the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e(L&C). 4he Constitution man$ates that the #reation o- Lo#a" &overnment 8nits must -o""ow the #riteria provi$e$ in the L&C or e"se it wi"" vio"ate o- +e#. 10, Art. 3 o- the Constitution.
Navarro v. Er(ita ?/077B 5acts: .ntervenors 2"e$ a ;otion -or /e#onsi$eration #"aiming that the eemption -rom 1B9 territoria" #ontiguity, when the inten$e$ provin#e #onsists o- two or more is"an$s, in#"u$es the eemption -rom the app"i#ation o- the minimum "an$ area re9uirement #octrine: /epu%"i# A#t 91)) is va"i$ an$ #onstitutiona". 4he eemption -rom the minimum "an$ area re9uirement W when the Lo#a" &overnment 8nit to %e #reate$ #onsists o- one or more is"an$s W is epress"y state$ in the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e -or muni#ipa"ities %ut is a%sent in the re9uisites -or the #reation o- a provin#e, %ut su#h eemption is epress"y state$ in Art. 9(() o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e .mp"ementing /u"es an$ /egu"ations (L&CD.//). 4he omission o- the eemption in the #ase o- provin#es was inten$e$ to %e #orre#te$ %y Art. 9(() o- the L&CD.// to reUe#t the true "egis"ative intent. 4his wi"" a"so %e #onsistent with the $e#"are$ po"i#y to provi$e sai$ "o#a" government units genuine an$ meaning-u" "o#a" autonomy %y #onstruing "i%era""y the #ontiguity an$ minimum "an$ area re9uirements -or prospe#tive "o#a" government units in or$er to a#hieve the $esire$ resu"ts. Creation %y Legis"ation Lea+ue o- Cities v. CO%ELEC ?/00EB 5acts: Congress ena#te$ into "aw /epu%"i# A#t 9009 whi#h in#rease$ the annua" re9uirement -or #onversion o- a muni#ipa"ity into a #ity -rom :(0 mi""ion to :100 mi""ion, %ut neverthe"ess approve$ 1A #ityhoo$ %i""s eempting them -rom the :100 mi""ion re9uirement. #octrine: 4he 1A Cityhoo$ Laws are un#onstitutiona" -or not #omp"ying with the :100 mi""ion in#ome re9uirement. Congress #an on"y pres#ri%e the #riteria -or the #reation o- a #ity in the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e an$ not in any other "aw (i.e. Cityhoo$ "aws). +in#e /A 9009 was ena#te$ prior to the #ityhoo$ %i""s then the #ityhoo$ %i""s shou"$ o%serve the same #riteria.
Lea+ue o- Cities v. CO%ELEC ?/00@B 5acts: 4his invo"ves a ;otion -or /e#onsi$eration on the (008 #ase. #octrine: 4he 1A Cityhoo$ Laws are #onstitutiona", -or it is wrong to ho"$ that the #riteria -or #reation o- an L&8 may not %e provi$e$ -or in any other "aw asi$e -rom the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e -or this wou"$ resu"t in the #on#"usion that /epu%"i# A#t 9009 whi#h in#rease$ the in#ome re9uirement is un#onstitutiona". 4he on"y #on#eiva%"e reason why the Constitution emp"oys the #"ause ?in a##or$an#e with the #riteria esta%"ishe$ in the "o#a" government #o$e@ is to "ay stress that it is Congress a"one Dan$ no otherD whi#h #an impose the #riteria. Lea+ue o- Cities v. CO%ELEC ?/070B 5acts: 4his is a ;otion -or /e#onsi$eration o- the (009 #ase. #octrine: 4he 1A Cityhoo$ Laws are un#onstitutiona" -or not #omp"ying with the :100 mi""ion in#ome re9uirement. 4he pen$en#y or nonDpen$en#y o- the #ityhoo$ %i""s is not a 1)0 materia" $i,eren#e so as to $istinguish one muni#ipa"ity -rom the other. Lea+ue o- Cities v. CO%ELEC ?5e4. /077B 5acts: 4his is a ;otion -or /e#onsi$eration o- the (010 #ase. #octrine: 4he 1A Cityhoo$ Laws are #onstitutiona". Congress inten$e$ that the 1A #ities %e eempte$ -rom the re9uirement o- /epu%"i# A#t 9009 whi"e the two %i""s (/A 9009 an$ 1A Cityhoo$ Bi""s) were sti"" pen$ingN Congress has the power to mo$i-y the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e an$ it $i$ so -or %oth /A 9009 an$ the Cityhoo$ "aws. Lea+ue o- Cities v. CO%ELEC ?"pr. /077B 5acts: 4his invo"ves a ;otion -or /e#onsi$eration a$ #aute"am. #octrine: 4he 1A Cityhoo$ Laws are #onstitutiona". +enator :imente" $uring the $e"i%erations showe$ that /epu%"i# A#t 9009 wou"$ not app"y to the #onversion %i""s then pen$ing $e"i%eration in the +enate $uring the 11th Congress, -or Lo#a" &overnment 8nits #overe$ %y the Cityhoo$ Laws %e"ong to a #"ass o- their own, having proven themse"ves via%"e an$ #apa%"e to %e#ome #omponent #ities o- their respe#tive provin#es (%y %eing tourism spots, #enters o- tra$e an$ #ommer#e, points o- #onvergen#e o- transportation, an$ havens o- agri#u"tura", minera" an$ other natura" resour#es). ".uino and !o4redo v. CO%ELEC ?/070B 5acts: A9uino, et a". #"aim that the 1 st $istri#t o- Camarines +ur wi"" no "onger meet the minimum popu"ation o- ()0,000 a-ter /epu%"i# A#t 917A reapportions the 1 st an$ ( n$ "egis"ative $istri#ts o- Camarines +ur. He*d: /epu%"i# A#t 971A is #onstitutiona". +e#. )(1), Art. 6. o- the Constitution re9uires a ()0,000 minimum popu"ation on"y -or a #ity to %e entit"e$ to a representative, %ut not -or a provin#e. /e#or$s o- the Constitutiona" Commission show that the popu"ation was not the so"e $eterminant o- the #reation o- a "egis"ative $istri#t.
Se(a v. CO%ELEC ?/00EB 5acts: Congress ena#te$ /epu%"i# A#t 90)B %y virtue o- whi#h Congress $e"egate$ to the Autonomous /egion in ;us"im ;in$anao (A/;;) /egiona" Assem%"y the power to #reate provin#es, #ities, muni#ipa"ities an$ %arangays within the A/;;. #octrine: +e#. 19, Art. 6. o- /epu%"i# A#t 90)B is un#onstitutiona" inso-ar as it grants to the A/;; /egiona" Assem%"y the power to #reate provin#es an$ #ities. /egiona" "egis"ative %o$ies may %e $e"egate$ the power to #reate muni#ipa"ities an$ %arangays provi$e$ in +e#. 10, Art, 3 o- the Constitution %ut on"y Congress may #reate provin#es an$ #ities. 1)1 Iida v. Senate o- t'e P'i*ippines ?/077B 5acts: Congress ena#te$ into "aw /epu%"i# A#t 101)1 postponing the regiona" e"e#tions in the A/;; an$ re#ogni<ing the :resi$ent>s power to appoint CH#ersD.nDCharge (C.Cs)to temporari"y assume these va#ant positions upon the epiration o- the terms o- the e"e#te$ oH#ia"s. #octrine: +yn#hroni<ing the A/;; e"e#tions to #oin#i$e with the #ountry>s regu"ar nationa" an$ "o#a" e"e#tions is not vio"ative o- the Constitution an$ o- the autonomy o- the A/;;. +e#. 1A, Arti#"e 6.. o- the 1987 Constitution gives the :resi$ent the power to appoint ?a"" other oH#ers o- the &overnment whose appointments are not otherwise provi$e$ -or %y "aw, an$ those whom he may %e authori<e$ %y "aw to appoint.@ 4he grant o- power to the :resi$ent to appoint C.Cs is thus #onstitutiona". Composition Ordi**o v. CO%ELEC ?7@@0B 5acts: .n the p"e%is#ite -or the rati2#ation o- the Cor$i""era Autonomous /egion (CA/) Crgani# A#t, on"y .-ugao provin#e vote$ to %e part o- the CA/. #octrine: 4he so"e provin#e o- .-ugao #annot va"i$"y #onstitute the CA/. 4he Constitution is #"ear that the autonomous regions must #onsist o- more than one provin#e, as the term ?region@ use$ in its or$inary sense means two or more provin#es. 'urther, it #an %e seen -rom /epu%"i# A#t A7AA (Crgani# A#t o- the CA/) that Congress never inten$e$ that a sing"e provin#e #an #onstitute an autonomous regionN otherwise, the provin#e wi"" %e #ompose$ o- two sets o- oH#ia"s5 one -or the .-ugao Lo#a" &overnment 8nit an$ another set o- regiona" oH#ia"s -or the CA/, %oth o- whom wi"" %e eer#ising ee#utive an$ "egis"ative powers over the same area. Cordi**era Croad Coa*ition v. CO" ?7@@0B 5acts: :res. Cora<on A9uino issue$ Ee#utive Cr$er (EC) ((0 #reating the Cor$i""era A$ministrative /egion. :etitioners assai" the #onstitutiona"ity o- the EC #"aiming the #reation o- the Cor$i""era A$ministrative /egion %y the :resi$ent #ontravene$ the #onstitutiona" guarantee o- "o#a" autonomy -or the provin#es an$ the #ity whi#h #ompose the CA/. #octrine: E.C. ((0 is #onstitutiona" as it $oes not #reate an autonomous regiona" government %ut mere"y #reate$ a region -or a$ministrative purposes with the main o%Je#tive o- #oor$inating the p"anning an$ imp"ementation o- programs an$ servi#es. 'urthermore, the %o$ies #reate$ %y E.C. ((0 $o not supp"ant the eisting "o#a" governmenta" stru#ture, nor $o they serve as autonomous government agen#ies. :"e%is#ite /e9uirement Ca+a4uyo v. CO%ELEC ?/00EB 1)( 5acts: /oge"io Baga%uyo argue$ that /epu%"i# A#t 9171, whi#h in#rease$ the "egis"ative $istri#ts o- Cagayan $e Cro -rom one to two, is not mere"y a "egis"ative apportionmentN hen#e, a p"e%is#ite has to %e #on$u#te$ per +e#. 8 o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e. #octrine: A p"e%is#ite is not re9uire$ %e#ause what is invo"ve$ is on"y a "egis"ative apportionment. 4he Constitution an$ L&C epress"y re9uire a p"e%is#ite to e,e#t any #reation, $ivision, merger, a%o"ition or a"teration o- %oun$ary o- a Lo#a" &overnment 8nit (L&8) an$ sin#e a "egis"ative $istri#t is not a "o#a" government unit or a po"iti#a" su%$ivision, no p"e%is#ite is re9uire$ -or the #reation, $isso"ution or other simi"ar a#tions on "egis"ative $istri#ts.
Sa(son v. "+uirre ?7@@@B 5acts: Congress ena#te$ into "aw /epu%"i# A#t 8)1) #reating =ova"i#hes City out o- 2-teen Lue<on City %arangays. ;oises +amson #ha""enges the #onstitutiona"ity o- /epu%"i# A#t 8)1), a""eging that a) #erti2#ations as to in#ome, popu"ation, an$ "an$ area were not presente$ to Congress $uring the $e"i%erations -or the passage o- /A 8)1) %) that there was no #erti2#ation attesting to the -a#t that the mother "o#a" government unit, Lue<on City, wou"$ not %e a$verse"y a,e#te$ %y the #reation o- the City o- =ova"i#hes in terms o- in#ome, popu"ation an$ "an$ area an$ that #) there was no seat o- government provi$e$ in the "aw -or the propose$ #ity o- =ova"i#hes. #octrine: /A 8)1) is #onstitutiona". 4he p"e%is#ite re9uirement has %een #omp"ie$ with, with a"" #onstituents o- Lue<on City having %een proper"y in#"u$e$ an$ given the opportunity to raise issues on the a$verse e,e#ts on Lue<on City %y the #reation o- =ova"i#hes City even %e-ore they vote$ on the prin#ipa" 9uestion o- the #ityhoo$ o- =ova"i#hes. 'urthermore, the oH#ia" statements o- the representatives -rom the Bureau o- Lo#a" &overnment 'inan#e an$ the =+C testi-ying that the #om%ine$ annua" in#ome an$ popu"ation o- the 2-teen %arangays satis2e$ the re9uirements o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e an$ its .mp"ementing /u"es an$ /egu"ations serve$ the same purpose as the re9uire$ #erti2#ations. 4here was no nee$ to #onsi$er the "an$ area sin#e the propose$ #ity must #omp"y with re9uirements on in#ome an$ popu"ation or "an$ area. 4hough the "aw $i$ not provi$e -or a seat o- government, this is not -ata" as un$er +e#. 1( o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e, the City o- =ova"i#hes #an sti"" esta%"ish a seat o- government a-ter its #reation. A"so, the #hie- ee#utive o- Lue<on City, ;ayor ;athay, $i$ not raise any a$verse issue $uring the pu%"i# hearings on the "aw in 9uestion, showing that the #reation o- =ova"i#hes City $i$ not have any per#eive$ a$verse e,e#t on Lue<on City. To4ias v. "4a*os ?7@@FB 5acts: 4o%ias 9uestions the p"e%is#ite he"$ -or /epu%"i# A#t 7A7), a "aw #onverting the muni#ipa"ity o- ;an$a"uyong into a high"yDur%ani<e$ #ity, as it on"y in#"u$e$ the peop"e o- ;an$a"uyong when, a##or$ing to 4o%ias, +an !uan shou"$ have a"so %een in#"u$e$ as it on#e %e"onge$ to the same "egis"ative $istri#t as ;an$a"uyong. 1)1 #octrine: 4he p"e%is#ite is va"i$ as the prin#ipa" su%Je#t invo"ve$ in the p"e%is#ite was the #onversion o- ;an$a"uyong into a high"yDur%ani<e$ #ity, an$ the matter o- separate $istri#t representation was on"y an#i""ary thereto. 4hus, the inha%itants o- +an !uan were proper"y e#"u$e$ -rom the sai$ p"e%is#ite as they ha$ nothing to $o with the #hange o- status o- ;an$a"uyong. %unicipa*ity o- San Narciso v. Hon. %endeG, et a*. ?7@@FB 5acts: :resi$ent &ar#ia issue$ Ee#utive Cr$er (EC) 1)1 #reating the ;uni#ipa" Distri#t o- +an An$res, whi#h "ater %e#ame a muni#ipa"ity. 4he petitioners assai"e$ the #onstitutiona"ity o- the EC %e#ause it #onstitutes the usurpation o- "egis"ative power %y the :resi$ent. /espon$ents argue$ that the ena#tment o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e into "aw ren$ere$ the issue moot as the ;uni#ipa"ity o- +an An$res has turne$ into a $e -a#to muni#ipa" #orporation. #octrine: 4he ;uni#ipa"ity o- +an An$res attaine$ a status #"ose"y approimating that o- a $e -a#to muni#ipa" #orporation, %y virtue o- the #ir#umstan#es o- the #ase, su#h as the eisten#e o- governmenta" a#ts (e.g., EC 17B #"assi-ying the muni#ipa"ity o- +an An$res as a 2-th #"ass muni#ipa"ity) that point to the state>s re#ognition o- the #ontinue$ eisten#e o- the ;uni#ipa"ity o- +an An$res. 'urthermore, %y virtue o- +e#. BB( ($) o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e, whi#h states that muni#ipa" $istri#ts ?organi<e$ pursuant to presi$entia" issuan#es or ee#utive or$ers an$ whi#h have their respe#tive sets o- e"e#tive muni#ipa" oH#ia"s ho"$ing oH#e@ at the time o- the e,e#tivity o- the Co$e sha"" %e #onsi$ere$ regu"ar muni#ipa"ities, it has now attaine$ the status o- a $e Jure muni#ipa"ity. A"so, the petitioner #ha""enge$ the "ega"ity o- EC 1)1 on"y thirty years a-ter its issuan#e. A 9uo warranto pro#ee$ing assai"ing the "aw-u" authority o- a po"iti#a" su%$ivision shou"$ %e time"y raise$. C. :/.=C.:LE+ C' LCCAL A84C=C;M Province o- Catan+as v. !o(u*o ?/00FB 5acts: :res. Estra$a #reate$ the Lo#a" &overnment +ervi#e E9ua"i<ation 'un$ (L&+E') whi#h impose$ a set o- #riteria -or re"ease o- the .nterna" /evenue A""otment (./A), whi#h ./A shou"$ have %een automati#a""y $istri%ute$ to the L&8s. #octrine: 4he L&+E' is inva"i$ as the :resi$ent may not impose #on$itions on the re"ease o- the ./A %e#ause su#h imposition o- #on$itions is #ontrary to the prin#ip"e o- "o#a" autonomy. A"so, the Constitution an$ the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e man$ate that Lo#a" &overnment 8nits (L&8s) are entit"e$ to a Just share in the nationa" taes whi#h share sha"" %e $etermine$ %y "aw an$ whi#h must automati#a""y %e re"ease$ to the L&8s. 1)B Sa(piano v. Indar ?/00@B 5acts: A-ter +ampiano 2"e$ a petition -or annu"ment o- pro#"amation against CgGa, the CC;ELEC issue$ an or$er where%y +ampiano wou"$ $is#harge the -un#tions as mayor so as to prevent para"ysis to pu%"i# servi#e pen$ing $etermination an$ 2na" reso"ution o- the #ontroversy. CgGa asGe$ that the .nterna" /evenue A""otment (./A) o- the muni#ipa"ity %e he"$ an$ not re"ease$ in the mean time. #octrine: 4he ./A may not %e automati#a""y re"ease$. 4he automati# re"ease o- the ./A un$er +e#. (8A is a man$ate to the nationa" government through the Department o- Bu$get an$ ;anagement to e,e#t automati# re"ease o- the sai$ -un$s -rom the treasury $ire#t"y to the "o#a" government units, -ree -rom any ho"$%a#Gs or "iens impose$ %y the nationa" government, %ut this automati# rea"ease o- the ./A -rom the nationa" treasury $oes not prevent the proper #ourt -rom $e-erring or suspen$ing its re"ease to parti#u"ar "o#a" oH#ia"s when there is a "ega" 9uestion presente$ in #ourt as to the rights o- the parties to re#eive the ./A. Nationa* Li+a n+ (+a Caran+ay v. Paredes ?/00FB 5acts: 4he Liga ng mga Barangay #"aims that the appointment o- D.L& +e#. Bar%ers as .nterim CaretaGer o- the Liga unti" a new set o- oH#ers have %een $u"y e"e#te$ an$ assume$ oH#e ($ue to a""ege$ e"e#tion irregu"arities) amounts to un$ue inter-eren#e %y the D.L&. #octrine: 4he D.L&>s a#ts are tantamount to eer#ise o- #ontro", an$ +e#. B, Art. 3 o- the Constitution provi$es that the :resi$ent o- the :hi"ippines sha"" eer#ise genera" supervision over "o#a" governments, whi#h e#"u$es the power o- #ontro". As the entity eer#ising supervision over the Liga, the D.L&>s authority is "imite$ to seeing to it that the ru"es are -o""owe$, %ut it #annot "ay $own su#h ru"es itse"- nor $oes it have the $is#retion to mo$i-y or rep"a#e the same. #iso(an+cop v. #atu(anon+ ?/00FB 5acts: /epu%"i# A#t A07B, the 2rst Autonomous /egion in ;us"im ;in$anao (A/;;) Crgani# A#t, as imp"emente$ %y Ee#utive Cr$er B(A, $evo"ve$ the -un#tions o- the Department o- :u%"i# KorGs an$ *ighways (D:K*) in A/;; to the regiona" government. 4he D:K* +e#retary then issue$ Department Cr$er 119 #reating the ;arawi +u%DDistri#t Engineering oH#e whi#h sha"" have Juris$i#tion over a"" nationa" in-rastru#ture proJe#ts an$ -a#i"ities un$er the D:K* within ;arawi City an$ the provin#e o- Lanao $e" +ur (%oth o- whi#h are part o- the A/;;). /epu%"i# A#t 8999 was signe$ into "aw %y :res. Estra$a whi#h esta%"ishe$ an engineering $istri#t in the 1st $istri#t o- Lanao $e" +ur. +u%se9uent"y, /epu%"i# A#t 90)B was passe$, trans-erring an$ $evo"ving the 1)) a$ministrative an$ 2s#a" management o- pu%"i# worGs an$ -un$s -or pu%"i# worGs to the Autonomous /egiona" &overnment. #octrine: Be#ause /epu%"i# A#t 8999 sought to #reate an oH#e the -un#tions o- whi#h have %een previous"y $evo"ve$ to the regiona" government, it in e,e#t sought to amen$ /A A07B an$ as su#h, /A 8999 never %e#ame operative as any "aw amen$ing /A A07B must 2rst %e approve$ %y the peop"e o- A/;; through a p"e%is#ite.4his ho"$ing is #on#ommitant with the $evo"ution o- -un#tions o- the D:K* to the regiona" government o- A/;;. Devo"ution pertains to the trans-er o- powers, responsi%i"ities an$ resour#es -or the per-orman#e o- #ertain -un#tions -rom the #entra" government to "o#a" government units, there%y granting greater autonomy to "o#a" government units in re#ognition o- their right to se"-Dgovernment, to maGe them se"-Dre"iant an$ to improve their a$ministrative an$ te#hni#a" #apa%i"ities. D.C. 119, as it runs #ounter to E.C. B(A an$ /.A. 90)B, is a"so inoperative. Pi(ente* v. E)ecutive Secretary ?/07/B 5acts: 'ormer +enator A9ui"ino :imente" #"aims that the :antawi$ :ami"yang :i"ipino :rogram invo"ves the re#entra"i<ation o- government -un$s as the Department o- +o#ia" Ke"-are an$ Deve"opment has -u"" #ontro" over the i$enti2#ation o- the %ene2#iaries an$ the manner o- $e"ivery o- su#h servi#es. #octrine: 4here was no re#entra"i<ation as the "o#a" government units have no power over a program -or whi#h -un$ing has %een provi$e$ %y the =ationa" &overnment un$er the &enera" Appropriations A#t, even i- the sai$ program is within the Juris$i#tion o- an L&8. 4he programs an$ servi#es invo"ve$ in the :antawi$ :ami"yang :i"ipino :rogram are -un$e$ %y the =ationa" &overnment, whi#h it may $esignate to imp"ementing agen#ies su#h as the D+KD. 4he #on#ept o- "o#a" autonomy $oes imp"y the esta%"ishment o- "o#a" government units into miniDstates, as what is invo"ve$ in "o#a" autonomy is $e#entra"i<ation o- a$ministration an$ not o- power. Civi* Service Co((ission v. 8uida3Mu ?/07/B 5acts: 4he Department o- *ea"th (DC*) re-use$ to re#ogni<e Dr. Mu, the :rovin#ia" *ea"th CH#er (:*C) .. appointe$ %y the Basi"an governor, as Chie- o- *ospita" .. a-ter the Basi"an &enera" *ospita" was reDnationa"i<e$ %e#ause DC* #"aims that the :*C position never $evo"ve$ to Basi"an. #octrine: 4he :*C position $evo"ve$ to the L&8 as $evo"ution invo"ves the a%sorption o- personne" -rom -ormer nationa" oH#es, in#"u$ing the Basi"an &enera" *ospita". As the :*C position o##upie$ %y Dr. Mu was reDnationa"i<e$ an$ as Dr. Mu was one o- the personne" reverte$ to the DC*, she a#9uire$ a veste$ right to the reD#"assi2e$ position o- Chie- o- *ospita" .., an$ shou"$ not have %een ma$e to retain her origina" item o- :*C ... San <uan v. Civi* Service Co((ission ?7@@7B 1)A 5acts: 4he Department o- Bu$get an$ ;anagement (DB;) re#ommen$e$ the appointment o- private respon$ent Ce#i"ia A"maJose, $isregar$ing the "etter o- the /i<a" governor en$orsing Da"isay +antos -or the position o- :rovin#ia" Bu$get CH#er o- /i<a". #octrine: 4he re#ommen$atory power o- the &overnor is not mere"y $ire#tory. As su#h, i- the re#ommen$e$ nominee -ai"e$ to meet the re9uirements set %y "aw, the DB; may #hoose not to appoint himRher %ut the DB; may not appoint persons other than those re#ommen$e$ %y the governor an$ shou"$ instea$ asG the governor to su%mit a new "ist o- nominees. Khen a "aw is #apa%"e o- two interpretations (one -or #entra"i<e$ power an$ another, %ene2#ia" to "o#a" autonomy), the "aw must %e interprete$ in -avor o- autonomy. Pi(ente* v. "+uirre ?/000B 5acts: 4he :resi$ent issue$ A$ministrative Cr$er 17(, pursuant to his genera" power o- supervision over "o#a" governments, #omman$ing a"" "o#a" government units to i$enti-y an$ imp"ement measures to re$u#e their epen$itures -or the year %y at "east twentyD 2ve per#ent, an$ withho"$ing an amount e9uiva"ent to 10O o- the .nterna" /evenue A""otment (./A) -rom the "o#a" government units pen$ing the assessment an$ eva"uation %y the Deve"opment Bu$get Coor$inating Committee o- the emerging 2s#a" situation. #octrine: 4he withho"$ing o- the amount e9uiva"ent to 10O o- the ./A is inva"i$ as it #ontravenes the Constitution an$ the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e, an$ en#roa#hes on the 2s#a" autonomy o- "o#a" governments. Con#ommittant with the "o#a" government units> 2s#a" autonomy is the automati# re"ease o- its ./A. Tan v. CO%ELEC ?7@E:B 5acts: 4an, et a". argue$ that Batas :am%ansa (B:) 88), whi#h provi$es -or the #reation o- the provin#e o- =egros $e" =orte, is un#onstitutiona" as it man$ate$ the #on$u#t o- a p"e%is#ite on"y in the areas whi#h sha"" #ompose the new provin#e o- =egros $e" =orte, to the e#"usion o- the voters in the remaining areas o- the parent provin#e =egros C##i$enta", whi#h areas, 4an argue$, wi"" %e simi"ar"y a,e#te$ %y the sai$ #reation o- a new provin#e. #octrine: B: 88) is un#onstitutiona" as it #ontravenes +e#. 1, Arti#"e 3. o- the then prevai"ing 1971 Constitution, whi#h states that no provin#e may %e #reate$ or $ivi$e$, or its %oun$ary su%stantia""y a"tere$ without the ?approva" o- a maJority o- the votes in a p"e%is#ite in the unit or units a,e#te$.@ A"" the #ities an$ muni#ipa"ities o- the provin#e o- =egros C##i$enta" #ompose the units a,e#te$, an$ not mere"y those whi#h sha"" #ompose the new provin#e. 4hus, the parent provin#e o- =egros C##i$enta" shou"$ %e in#"u$e$ in the p"e%is#ite sin#e the resu"t o- the #reation o- a new provin#e wi"" a,e#t =egros C##i$enta">s territory, popu"ation an$ e#onomy. 1)7 Tan v. Perena ?/00AB 5acts: 4he +angguniang Bayan o- Daan%antayan in Ce%u issue$ ;uni#ipa" Cr$inan#e 7 whi#h provi$es that a maimum o- 1 #o#Gpits sha"" %e a""owe$ in their muni#ipa"ity $espite the -a#t that :resi$entia" De#ree (:D) BB9 (Co#G2ghting Law) states that on"y one #o#Gpit is a""owe$ in ea#h #ityRmuni#ipa"ity, un"ess its popu"ation is over 100,000 peop"e, in whi#h #ase ( #o#Gpits sha"" %e a""owe$. #octrine: A"%eit the +angguniang Bayan is grante$ the power to authori<e an$ "i#ense the esta%"ishment, operation, an$ maintenan#e o- #o#Gpits in "ine with the po"i#y o- "o#a" autonomy in the Constitution, its $is#retion is "imite$ as it #annot authori<e a#ts whi#h #ontravene the Constitution nor "aws passe$ %y Congress. As su#h, ;uni#ipa" Cr$inan#e 7 is voi$ -or #ontravening :D BB9. Catan+as C"T$ v. C" ?/00FB 5acts: 4he +angguniang :ang"ungso$ o- Batangas City passe$ /eso"ution (10 a""owing Batangas CA46 to operate in the area an$ #harge its su%s#ri%ers provi$e$ that the in#rease in rates #harge$ must 2rst %e approve$ %y the +anggunian. Batangas CA46 $i$ otherwise, an$ in#rease$ its rates without se#uring the +anggunian>s approva". #octrine: Khi"e a "o#a" government unit may pres#ri%e regu"ations un$er the genera" we"-are #"ause o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e, it may on"y $o so as regar$s the use o- pu%"i# properties or the ?physi#a" rea"ities@ o- a #onstru#tive CA46 system, su#h as use o- pu%"i# streets, rights o- ways, the -oun$ing o- stru#tures an$ the par#e"ing o- "arge regions. As su#h, /eso"ution (10 is inva"i$ as it is the =ationa" 4e"e#ommuni#ations Commission an$ not the +angguniang :ang"ungso$ that has the power to regu"ate the in$ustry %y pres#ri%ing regu"atory measures an$ approving the in#rease or $e#rease o- rates. $e*oso v. CO" ?/077B 5acts: 4he Commission on Au$it (CCA) $isa""owe$ the $is%ursement o- -un$s -or eemp"ary pu%"i# servi#e awar$s grante$ %y Cr$inan#e 80B0 (o- the City o- ;ani"a) to e"e#tive "o#a" oH#ia"s o- ;ani"a who have %een e"e#te$ -or three #onse#utive terms %e#ause it argue$ that this wou"$ amount to $ou%"e #ompensation. #octrine: Khi"e the "o#a" government units have 2s#a" autonomy, their $is%ursements are sti"" within CCA>s au$it Juris$i#tion. 'urthermore, the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e an$ the Constitution prohi%its $ou%"e #ompensation, un"ess spe#i2#a""y authori<e$ %y Congress. "CO!# v. E)ecutive Secretary Ka(ora ?/00AB 5acts: 8n$er the &enera" Appropriations A#t o- (000, :10 %i""ion #"assi2e$ as ?8nprogramme$ 'un$@ was provi$e$ in a$$ition to the origina" amount a""otte$ to -un$ the .nterna" /evenue A""otment (./A) %ut withhe"$ unti" the revenue targets su%mitte$ %y 1)8 the :resi$ent to Congress was met. #octrine: 4he withho"$ing o- the :10 %i""ion is un#onstitutiona" as it #ontravenes the #onstitutiona" man$ate provi$ing -or the automati# re"ease o- the ./A to "o#a" governments units as their Just share in the nationa" taes. D. :CKE/+ C' LCCAL &C6E/=;E=4 8=.4+ (L&8s)
1. :o"i#e power (genera" we"-are #"ause) Province o- !iGa* v. E)ecutive Secretary ?/00AB 5acts: 4he Department o- Environment an$ =atura" /esour#es +e#retary an$ the Department o- :u%"i# KorGs an$ *ighways +e#retary entere$ into a ;emoran$um o- Agreement provi$ing -or the use o- a par#e" o- "an$ in +an ;ateo as a sanitary "an$2"". 4he +angguniang Bayan o- +an ;ateo in turn passe$ a reso"ution %anning the opening o- $umpsites within its Juris$i#tion. #octrine: 4he Court he"$ that the +angguniang Bayan o- +an ;ateo has the right to pass a reso"ution preventing the opening o- a $umpsite within its territoria" Juris$i#tion %e#ause o- the $etrimenta" e,e#t to the hea"th an$ sa-ety o- +an ;ateo resi$ents an$ its a$verse e,e#t on the environment an$ sour#es o- water. 4his is pursuant to its right to promote the genera" we"-are o- its inha%itants. !i(ando v. Na+ui*an E(ission Testin+ Center ?/07/B 5acts: =agui"an Emission 4esting Center app"ie$ -or a %usiness permit whi#h ;ayor /iman$o re-use$ to grant. 4he -ormer 2"e$ a man$amus #ase against ;ayor /iman$o to #ompe" him to issue the %usiness permit. #octrine: ;ayor /iman$o #annot %e #ompe""e$ %y man$amus to issue a %usiness permit sin#e its issuan#e is a $e"egate$ po"i#e power an$ thus, $is#retionary an$ not mere"y ministeria". 4he power o- the muni#ipa" mayor to issue "i#enses is pursuant to the genera" we"-are #"ause in +e#tion 1A the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e. Lo#a" government units eer#ise po"i#e power through their respe#tive "egis"ative %o$ies. ancayco v. City overn(ent o- 8ueGon City and t'e %%#" ?/077B 5acts: &an#ay#o 9uestione$ the va"i$ity o- Lue<on City Cr$inan#e (90B whi#h re9uire$ #ommer#ia" %ui"$ings to provi$e ar#a$es in -ront o- their esta%"ishments -or pe$estrians. #octrine: Congress grante$ the #ity government, through its #ity #oun#i", po"i#e power %y virtue o- the /evise$ Lue<on City Charter, whi#h a""owe$ the regu"ation o- the #onstru#tion o- %ui"$ings. :roperty rights o- in$ivi$ua"s may %e su%Je#te$ to restraints an$ %ur$ens in the eer#ise o- po"i#e power, %ut the metho$s an$ means use$ in eer#ising su#h power to prote#t pu%"i# hea"th, mora"s, sa-ety or we"-are must have a reasona%"e re"ation to the en$ in view. 4he or$inan#e in 9uestion is va"i$ as the #ity>s primary goa" in ena#ting it was to in#rease hea"th an$ sa-ety o- the #ity sin#e these 1)9 ar#ar$es were inten$e$ to provi$e sa-e an$ #onvenient passageways a"ong the si$ewa"G -or pe$estrians. T'e Learnin+ Center and Spouses "*-onso v. "ya*a "*a4an+ Ho(eo,ners "ssociation ?/070B 5acts: 4he Aya"aDA"a%ang *omeowners Asso#iation sue$ the spouses A"-re$o -or %rea#h o- #ontra#t %e#ause the spouses %ui"t a gra$e s#hoo" on the property in a$$ition to the preparatory s#hoo" in$i#ate$ in the tit"e. 4he spouses argue$ that the asso#iation ha$ no %asis to en-or#e the restri#tion in the tit"e as an or$inan#e ha$ %een passe$ re#"assi-ying the "an$ on whi#h the gra$e s#hoo" was %ui"t -rom resi$entia" to institutiona". #octrine: A"though the "an$ ha$ va"i$"y %een #"assi2e$ as institutiona" %y the <oning or$inan#e, the restri#tion must sti"" %e uphe"$ %e#ause the "an$ was situate$ within a resi$entia" area. 4he in#rease$ traH# that wou"$ %e %rought a%out %y the epansion o- preparatory s#hoo" (with the a$$ition o- the gra$e s#hoo") wou"$ e,e#tive"y prevent the a$Ja#ent property owners -rom enJoying their own properties. Orti+as and Co. v. 5eati Can= ?7@@:B 5acts: Crtigas sue$ 'eati BanG -or %ui"$ing a #ommer#ia" %ui"$ing #ontrary to its #ontra#t. 'eati BanG argue$ that the "an$ in 9uestion was re#"assi2e$ into a #ommer#ia" <one %y virtue o- a ;an$a"uyong reso"ution. #octrine: 4he ;an$a"uyong reso"ution is a va"i$ eer#ise o- po"i#e power, an$ Crtigas #annot prevent 'eati BanG -rom %ui"$ing a #ommer#ia" %ui"$ing on the "an$. Khi"e the nonDimpairment o- #ontra#ts is #onstitutiona""y guarantee$, the ru"e is not a%so"ute as it has to %e re#on#i"e$ with the "egitimate eer#ise o- po"i#e power. 4he Lo#a" Autonomy A#t (/epu%"i# A#t ((AB) grants muni#ipa" #oun#i"s the power to a$opt <oning an$ su%$ivision or$inan#es or regu"ations -or the muni#ipa"ity. Socia* <ustice Society v. "tienGa <r. ?/00HB 5acts: 4he +o#ia" !usti#e +o#iety, %y way o- man$amus, sought to #ompe" ;ayor Atien<a to en-or#e Cr$inan#y 80(7 (whi#h restri#ts the use o- the properties o- Ca"te, +he"" an$ :etron in the :an$a#an area -rom %eing use$ as oi" termina"s an$ re#"assi2e$ the area o- :an$a#an -rom in$ustria" to #ommer#ia") an$ remove a"" the oi" termina"s. #octrine: 4he Lo#a" &overnment Co$e imposes upon ;ayor Atien<a the $uty, as #hie- ee#utive o- the #ity, to en-or#e a"" "aws an$ or$inan#es re"ative to the governan#e o- the #ity. 4he man$amus, having met the #riteria, is grante$ as it is ;ayor Atien<a>s ministeria" $uty to en-or#e the sai$ or$inan#e an$ remove the oi" termina"s. 1A0 Socia* <ustice Society v. "tienGa, <r. ?/00EB 5acts: Ca"te, +he"", an$ :etron argue$ that Cr$inan#e 80(7 is an inva"i$ eer#ise o- po"i#e power %e#ause it is un-air an$ oppressive as it prohi%its the sai$ #orporations -rom $oing %usiness. #octrine: Cr$inan#e 80(7 was a va"i$ eer#ise o- po"i#e power as it was ena#te$ %y the +angguniang :ang"ungso$ o- ;ani"a whi#h, as the City o- ;ani"a>s "egis"ative %o$y, is authori<e$ to eer#ise po"i#e power. 'urthermore, the City o- ;ani"a proper"y eer#ise$ its po"i#e power %e#ause there was 1) a "aw-u" su%Je#t (i.e., the interests o- the pu%"i# genera""y, as $istinguishe$ -rom those o- a parti#u"ar #"ass, re9uire the inter-eren#e o- the +tate), an$ there was use$ () a "aw-u" metho$ (sin#e the means emp"oye$ are reasona%"y ne#essary -or the attainment o- the o%Je#t sought to %e a##omp"ishe$ an$ not un$u"y oppressive upon in$ivi$ua"s). 4he +anggunian was #ompe""e$ to taGe measures to prote#t the resi$ents o- ;ani"a -rom #atastrophi# $evastation in #ase o- a terrorist atta#G on the :an$a#an termina"s. Last"y, on"y the use o- the properties as oi" termina"s was restri#te$, as the #orporations may sti"" use the sai$ properties -or other purposes. Lucena rand Centra* Ter(ina* v. <"C Liner ?/00AB 5acts: 4he City Coun#i" o- Lu#ena passe$ Cr$inan#es 1A11 an$ 1778 whi#h prohi%ite$ outsi$e %uses an$ Jeepneys -rom entering the #ity an$ a po"i#y that they wi"" "oa$ an$ un"oa$ passengers on"y in the #ommon termina". #octrine: Both or$inan#es are an improper eer#ise o- po"i#e power as they went %eyon$ what was reasona%"y ne#essary to so"ve the traH# pro%"em. :er the re9uirements o- the proper eer#ise o- po"i#e power (a "aw-u" su%Je#t an$ "aw-u" metho$), there was a "aw-u" su%Je#t in the -orm o- traH# #ongestion, %ut the metho$ emp"oye$ was not "aw-u" as a""owing on"y one termina" to have -u"" #ontro" o- %usDJeepney termina" a#tivities wou"$ su%Je#t users to un$u"y oppressive -ees, renta"s an$ #harges. Parayno v. <ove**anos ?/00:B 5acts: :arayno argue$ that /eso"ution )0, whi#h re#ommen$e$ to the ;ayor o- Ca"asiao the trans-er or #"osure o- the -ormer>s gaso"ine station pursuant to an or$inan#e prohi%iting the p"a#ement o- gaso"ine servi#e stations within 100 meters away -rom any s#hoo", #hur#h, or hospita" is an inva"i$ eer#ise o- po"i#e power. #octrine: 4he /eso"ution was an inva"i$ eer#ise o- po"i#e power as the Cr$inan#e whi#h serve$ as its %asis on"y prohi%its gaso"ine service stations within 100 meters -rom any s#hoo", #hur#h or hospita", an$ not gaso"ine f**in+ stations. 4he or$inan#e maGes a $istin#tion %etween gaso"ine 2""ing stations an$ gaso"ine servi#e #enters, prohi%iting the "atter an$ not the -ormer. A"so, there was no $ue pro#ess as the +angguniang Bayan sought to a%ate the a""ege$ nuisan#e (:arayno>s gaso"ine 2""ing station) without proper 1A1 Ju$i#ia" pro#ee$ings. City o- %ani*a v. La+uio ?/00AB 5acts: 4he ;a"ate 4ourist Deve"opment Corporation assai"e$ the #onstitutiona"ity o- Cr$inan#e 777B whi#h prohi%its hote"s an$ mote"s in #ertain areas o- ErmitaD;a"ate. #octrine: Cr$inan#e 777B is an inva"i$ eer#ise o- po"i#e power as the #"osing $own an$ trans-er o- hote"s, mote"s, an$ other %usinesses prohi%ite$ un$er it has no reasona%"e re"ation to the promotion an$ prote#tion o- so#ia" an$ mora" va"ues o- ;ani"a. 4he prohi%ition o- hote"s an$ mote"s in the ErmitaD;a"ate area wi"" not per se prote#t an$ promote the we"-are o- the #ommunity -rom prostitution, a$u"tery, -orni#ation, or the sprea$ o- seua" $isease. &'ite Li+'t Corp v. City o- %ani*a ?/00@B 5acts: 4he City o- ;ani"a issue$ Cr$inan#e 77BB prohi%iting shortDtime a$mission rates (%ooGing rooms -or "ess than 1( hours) in hote"s, mote"s, an$ other simi"ar esta%"ishments to "ower the rate o- i""i#it a#tivities. Khite Light Corp, owner o- severa" hote"s an$ mote"s in the area, assai"e$ the or$inan#e -or %eing vio"ative o- the right to priva#y an$ the -ree$om o- movement. #octrine: 4he Cr$inan#e is an inva"i$ eer#ise o- po"i#e power an$ is un#onstitutiona". 4o %e va"i$, an or$inan#e must %e within the "o#a" government unit>s #orporate powers to ena#t an$ must a) not #ontravene the Constitution or any statute, %) not %e un-air or oppresive, #) not %e partia" or $is#riminatory, $) not prohi%it %ut may regu"ate tra$e, e) must %e #onsistent with pu%"i# po"i#y an$ -) must not %e unreasona%"e. .n this #ase, the goa" (minimi<ing or e"iminating the use o- the esta%"ishments #overe$ %y the or$inan#e -or i""i#it se, prostitution, $rug use an$ other i""i#it a#tivities) is "aw-u", %ut the means emp"oye$ was an ar%itrary intrusion into private rights sin#e it a"so ha$ the e,e#t o- prohi%iting the "egitimate use o- the sai$ esta%"ishments. 4he means o- en-or#ement must %e reasona%"y ne#essary to attain the purpose o- the or$inan#e an$ there must %e no other a"ternative a#tion "ess intrusive o- private rights. (. Eminent $omain "*4on v. 5ernando ?/00:B 5acts: A"%on 2"e$ a tapayer>s suit against the City o- ;ariGina -or using pu%"i# -un$s to repair private property via the issuan#e o- Cr$inan#e )9 whi#h provi$es -or pu%"i# worGs to wi$en, #"ear an$ repair the si$ewa"G o- ;ariGina &reenheights su%$ivision. #octrine: 4he Cr$inan#e is va"i$ %ut the #ase was reman$e$ to $etermine whether it is the City or the su%$ivision that owne$ the si$ewa"Gs. +u#h $etermination is important as +e#. 11) o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e provi$es that pu%"i# money #annot %e use$ -or private purposes. 1A( City o- %ani*a v C'inese Co((unity ?7@7@B 5acts: 4he City o- ;ani"a wante$ to epropriate "an$, use$ as a #emetery, -or the etension o- /i<a" Avenue. 4he Chinese Community #"aims that the epropriation was not ne#essary %e#ause there were other "ots whi#h #ou"$ %e epropriate$ -or the same purpose. #octrine: 4hough the City Charter o- ;ani"a a""ows it to epropriate "an$ -or pu%"i# purposes, the right o- epropriation is not an inherent power in a muni#ipa" #orporation in that where the statute $oes not $esignate the property to %e taGen nor how it may %e taGen, the ne#essity o- taGing a parti#u"ar property is a 9uestion -or the #ourts to $e#i$e. .n this #ase, the 2rst #on$ition on epropriation %y the City o- ;ani"a was met, as the "an$ sought to %e epropriate$ is private %ut the se#on$ #on$ition (pu%"i# purpose) was not met as it was not shown that the etension o- the street was ne#essary an$ its etension through the #emetery was a"so not shown to %e ne#essary as other "ots have %een o,ere$ to the #ity -ree o- #harge. 5i+uracion v. Li4i ?/00HB 5acts: 'igura#ion>s "an$ was epropriate$ %y the City o- Ce%u to eten$ =. Es#ario +treet an$ as not a"" o- the "an$ was use$, the remain$er was re#onveye$ to 'igura#ion. 4he Li%is (who o##upie$ the remain$er o- the sai$ "an$) oppose$ the re#onveyan#e to 'igura#ion. #octrine: /eversion is a pro#ee$ing where the +tate seeGs the return o- "an$s o- the pu%"i# $omain or the improvements thereon through #an#e""ation o- private tit"e erroneous"y or -rau$u"ent"y issue$ over it. 4he Lo#a" &overnment Co$e grants "o#a" government units the power o- reversion o- pu%"i# roa$s an$ the /evise$ Charter o- the City o- Ce%u states that property with$rawn -rom pu%"i# servitu$e may %e use$ or #onveye$ -or any purpose, whi#h in#"u$es re#onveyan#e to the previous owner. As su#h, the City o- Ce%u ha$ every right to re#onvey the remain$er o- the "an$ to 'igura#ion. Spouses Musay v. C" ?/077B 5acts: +pouses Musay argue$ that /eso"ution ))(, whi#h authori<e$ the epropriation o- the "an$ o- the spouses Musay -or the $eve"opment o- "owD#ost housing, is inva"i$ as it $oes not satis-y the re9uirement that an or$inan#e 2rst %e passe$ authori<ing the mayor to eer#ise the power to epropriate. #octrine: 4he reso"ution is not a va"i$ authori<ation -or the mayor to eer#ise the power to epropriate as he #an on"y eer#ise the power o- eminent $omain through an or$inan#e, whi#h is a "aw possessing a genera" an$ permanent #hara#ter, as oppose$ to a reso"ution whi#h is mere"y a $e#"aration o- a sentiment or opinion o- a "awDmaGing %o$y on a spe#i2# matter an$ whi#h is temporary in nature. 1A1 Province o- Ca(arines Sur v. C" ?7@@2B 5acts: 4he +o"i#itor &enera" #"aims that %e-ore Camarines +ur #an epropriate property (%y virtue o- /eso"ution 1(9) -or the purposes o- putting up a -arm an$ housing proJe#t -or government emp"oyees, the provin#e must 2rst se#ure the approva" o- the Department o- Agrarian /e-orm (DA/). #octrine: Epropriation o- agri#u"tura" "an$s %y "o#a" government units is not su%Je#t to the prior approva" o- the Department o- Agrarian /e-orm +e#retary as +e#. 9 o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e $oes not re9uire the approva" o- the DA/ +e#retary -or #onverting agri#u"tura" "an$ to nonDagri#u"tura" "an$. .t is the "egis"ative %ran#h o- the "o#a" government unit that sha"" $etermine whether epropriation is -or a pu%"i# purpose or -or pu%"i# use sin#e epropriation is an epression o- "egis"ative po"i#y. %asi=ip v. Pasi+ City ?/00:B 5acts: ;asiGip assai"e$ Cr$inan#e B( (whi#h authori<es the ;ayor o- :asig to epropriate ;asiGip>s "ot to %ui"$ a sports an$ $eve"opment an$ re#reationa" a#tivity #enter -or Barangay Caniogan resi$ents), an$ argue$ that there is no genuine ne#essity -or the epropriation %e#ause there eists an esta%"ishe$ sports $eve"opment an$ re#reationa" a#tivity #enter %eing use$ %y resi$ents o- the sai$ Barangay. #octrine: 4he Court #ite$ the #ase o- City o- ;ani"a v. Are""ano Law Co""ege to emphasi<e that the ne#essity -or the epropriation must %e reasona%"e or o- pra#ti#a" ne#essity (not an a%so"ute one), whi#h wou"$ ?#om%ine the greatest %ene2t to the pu%"i# with the "east in#onvenien#e an$ epense to the #on$emning party an$ the property owner #onsistent with su#h %ene2t.@ 4he as#ertainment o- the ne#essity must pre#e$e or a##ompany, an$ not -o""ow, the taGing o- the "an$. .n this #ase, there was no genuine ne#essity -or the epropriation %e#ause the sports an$ re#reation -a#i"ity envisione$ to %e %ui"t was not -or a pu%"i# purpose %ut mere"y -or the e#"usive use o- the resi$ents o- the ;e"en$res Compoun$ *omeowners Asso#iation. Caran+ay Sinda*an v. C" ?/00HB 5acts: 4he spouses ;agtoto argue$ that the p"an to epropriate part o- their property in or$er to maGe a -ee$er roa$ "ea$ing to the muni#ipa" roa$ is a#tua""y -or the private use o- the homeowners o- Davsan .. +u%$ivision. #octrine: 4here was no genuine ne#essity -or the epropriation %e#ause on"y the su%$ivision resi$ents wou"$ %ene2t -rom the -ee$er roa$. A"though the pu%"i# nature o- the prospe#tive eer#ise o- epropriation #annot $epen$ on the ?numeri#a" #ount o- those to %e serve$ or the sma""ness or "argeness o- the #ommunity to %e %ene2te$@, the essentia" re9uirement -or a va"i$ eer#ise o- eminent $omain is -or the epropriator to prove that the epropriation is -or a pu%"i# use. 1AB <IL C'ristian Sc'oo* 5oundation v. %unicipa*ity o- Pasi+ ?/00AB 5acts: An or$inan#e was issue$ authori<ing the ;ayor to initiate epropriation o- Cuang#os property to %e #onverte$ into a roa$ "ea$ing to a %arangay whi#h was a 2re ha<ar$. *owever, the Cuang#os to"$ :asig City that they so"$ the "an$ to !.L Christian +#hoo", an$ !.L #"aims that there was no va"i$ an$ $e2nite o,er ma$e to them %y :asig City. #octrine: 4he epropriation was improper as there was no va"i$ an$ $e2nite o,er. Be-ore a "o#a" government unit #an eer#ise the power o- eminent $omain, there must 2rst %e a) an or$inan#e ena#te$ %y the "o#a" "egis"ative #oun#i" authori<ing the "o#a" #hie- ee#utive, in %eha"- o- the L&8, to eer#ise the power o- eminent $omain or pursue epropriation pro#ee$ings over a parti#u"ar private propertyN %) 4he power o- eminent $omain is eer#ise$ -or pu%"i# use, purpose or we"-are, or -or the %ene2t o- the poor an$ the "an$"essN #) 4here is payment o- Just #ompensation, as re9uire$ un$er +e#tion 9, Arti#"e ... o- the Constitution an$ other pertinent "awsN an$ $) A va"i$ an$ $e2nite o,er has %een previous"y ma$e to the owner o- the property sought to %e epropriate$, %ut sai$ o,er was not a##epte$. 4here was no o,er %e#ause the "etter :asig sent the Cuang#os an$ the invitation to the engineer>s oH#e on"y prove$ its intent to a#9uire the property -or a right o- way an$ $i$ not amount to a va"i$ an$ $e2nite o,er. "ntonio v. eroni(o ?/00AB 5acts: Antonio, against whom Cato"os 2"e$ an un"aw-u" $etainer suit, move$ to stay the $emo"ition o- his property on Cato"os> "an$ %e#ause he #onten$s that the two reso"utions passe$ %y :asig City authori<ing the epropriation o- Cato"os> "an$ (passe$ whi"e the $emo"ition was taGing p"a#e) were supervening events that ren$ere$ the $emo"ition unJust an$ ine9uita%"e. #octrine: 4he reso"utions -or epropriation were not supervening events %e#ause the ru"e is that i- Ju$gment is ren$ere$ against the $e-en$ant, it is imme$iate"y ee#utory. A"so, the ;ayor #annot eer#ise the power o- eminent $omain pursuant to two reso"utions o- the muni#ipa" #oun#i" as he may on"y $o so pursuant to an or$inan#e. Orte+a v. City o- Ce4u ?/00@B 5acts: Ce%u #onten$s that the pri#e set %y the /egiona" 4ria" Court on the epropriate$ property o- the Crtega>s "an$ was %eyon$ the rea#h o- the inten$e$ %ene2#iaries o- the so#ia"i<e$ housing program. #octrine: 4he $etermination o- Just #ompensation is a Ju$i#ia" prerogative, an$ Ce%u $is#ontinue$ the epropriation Just %e#ause the #ompensation 2e$ is %eyon$ its 2nan#ia" #apa#ity. An or$er 2ing Just #ompensation $oes not a,e#t a prior or$er o- epropriation. 1. 4aing power 1A) On+suco v. %a*ones ?/00@B 5acts: :etitioners, sta"" ho"$ers at the marGet, argue$ that a pu%"i# hearing was re9uire$ -or the imposition o- the -ees impose$ %y Cr$inan#e 89D01, whi#h raise$ the renta" an$ goo$wi"" -ees -or the ;aasin :u%"i# ;arGet. ;aasin #ountere$ that the or$inan#e is not a ta measure %ut invo"ve$ the operation an$ management o- an e#onomi# enterprise o- the muni#ipa"ity. #octrine: 4he renta"s an$ goo$wi"" -ees impose$ %y the muni#ipa" or$inan#e are #harges, maGing the muni#ipa" or$inan#e voi$ an$ unen-or#ea%"e as there was no va"i$ pu%"i# hearing #on$u#te$ as man$ate$ %y +e#. 18A o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e, whi#h epress"y provi$es that or$inan#es "evying taes, -ees or #harges #annot %e ena#te$ without any pu%"i# hearing. SIS v. City Treasurer o- %ani*a ?/00@B 5acts: 4he City 4reasurer assesse$ rea" property taes on the ( properties owne$ %y the &overnment +ervi#e .nsuran#e +ystem (&+.+), %ut &+.+ argue$ that %oth its o"$ #harter an$ #urrent #harter eempt it -rom a"" -orms o- taes. #octrine: &+.+ is eempt -rom rea" property ta %e#ause as an instrumenta"ity o- the nationa" government, the &+.+ is outsi$e the s#ope o- "o#a" taation. A"though the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e (L&C) strippe$ the &+.+ o- its ta eemption, /epu%"i# A#t 8(91 "ater restore$ the sai$ eemption. *owever, rea"ty taes may %e assesse$ on the &+.+ property %eing "ease$ %y ;ani"a *ote" Corporation (;*C), %ut the sai$ taes sha"" %e pai$ %y the taa%"e entity (i.e., ;*C) pursuant to the ?%ene2#ia" use@ prin#ip"e un$er +e#. (1B(a) o- the L&C whi#h provi$es that the unpai$ ta atta#hes to the property an$ is #hargea%"e against the taa%"e person who ha$ a#tua" or %ene2#ia" use an$ possession o- it, regar$"ess o- whether or not it is the owner. 8ueGon City v. Cayan Te*eco((unications ?/00:B 5acts: Bayante" ho"$s a "egis"ative -ran#hise where%y it was grante$ eemption -rom rea" estate taes %y virtue o- the term ?e#"usive o- the -ran#hise@ 9ua"i-ying the phrase ?same taes on its rea" estate, %ui"$ing an$ persona" property,@ -oun$ in +e#. 1B o- its -ran#hise, /epu%"i# A#t 1()9. *owever, the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e (L&C) with$rew eemptions -rom rea" estate taes -or properties o- whatever Gin$ "o#ate$ within ;etro ;ani"a. 4herea-ter, Congress ena#te$ /epu%"i# A#t 7A11 whi#h restore$ the rea"ty ta eemption grante$ %y Bayante">s origina" -ran#hise. 4he Lue<on City government ena#te$ a "o#a" /evenue Co$e, imposing rea" property ta on a"" rea" properties in its territoria" Juris$i#tion an$ thus epress"y with$rew a"" ta eemption privi"eges in genera". #octrine: Bayante" is eempt -rom rea"ty taes on its properties that are a#tua""y, $ire#t"y an$ e#"usive"y use$ in the pursuit o- its -ran#hise. Congress may grant a ta eemption previous"y with$rawn %y the L&C. Despite the -a#t that +e#. ), Arti#"e 3 o- the Constitution gives "o#a" "egis"ative %o$ies the power to ta, their eer#ise o- this power 1AA may %e su%Je#t to gui$e"ines an$ "imitations as Congress may provi$e. 4hus, the power to ta is sti"" primari"y veste$ in Congress. 4hrough +e#. (1( o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e whi#h provi$es that ?a provin#e or #ity or muni#ipa"ity within the ;etropo"itan ;ani"a Area may "evy an annua" a$ va"orem ta on rea" property_not hereina-ter spe#i2#a""y eempte$,@ the Congress high"ighte$ its power to therea-ter eempt #ertain rea"ties -rom the taing power o- "o#a" government units. 4he use, in turn, o- the same phrase ?e#"usive o- this -ran#hise@ in /epu%"i# A#t 7A11, whi#h was the %asis -or Bayante>s eemption -rom rea"ty taes prior to the L&C, shows the intention on the part o- Congress to on#e again remove -rom the L&C>s $e"egate$ taing power a"" o- the -ran#hisee>s properties a#tua""y, $ire#t"y an$ e#"usive"y use$ in the pursuit o- its -ran#hise. %I"" v. C" ?/00:B 5acts: 4he CH#e o- &overnment Corporate Counse" with$rew the ta eemption enJoye$ %y the ;ani"a .nternationa" Airport Authority (or the ;.AA, whose #harter eempts it -rom rea" estate ta) arguing that +e#. 191 o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e (L&C) epress"y with$raws the ta eemption privi"eges o- governmentDowne$ an$ #ontro""e$ #orporations. #octrine: ;.AA, not %eing a governmentDowne$ an$ #ontro""e$ #orporation, is eempt -rom rea" estate ta %e#ause it is a government instrumenta"ity veste$ with #orporate powers. An instrumenta"ity re-ers to any agen#y o- the =ationa" &overnment not integrate$ within the $epartment -rameworG, veste$ with spe#ia" -un#tions or Juris$i#tion %y "aw, en$owe$ with some i- not a"" #orporate powers, a$ministering spe#ia" -un$s, an$ enJoying operationa" autonomy, usua""y through a #harter. +e#. 111 o- the L&C states that the taing powers o- provin#es, #ities, muni#ipa"ities an$ %arangays sha"" not eten$ to the "evy o- taes, -ees or #harges o- any Gin$ on the =ationa" &overnment, its agen#ies an$ instrumenta"ities. 4his #onstitutes a "imitation impose$ %y Congress on the "o#a" government>s eer#ise o- the power to ta. 'urthermore, the power o- "o#a" governments to ta nationa" government instrumenta"ities is #onstrue$ stri#t"y against "o#a" governments an$ the ru"e is that a ta is never presume$ an$ that there must %e #"ear "anguage in the "aw imposing the ta. 8ueGon City v. "CS3CCN ?/00EB 5acts: 4he Lue<on City /evenue Co$e impose$ a -ran#hise ta on %usinesses within its Juris$i#tion. /epu%"i# A#t 79AA grante$ AB+DCB= a -ran#hise whi#h provi$e$ that it wou"$ pay -ran#hise ta e9uiva"ent to 1O o- gross re#eipts in "ieu o- a"" other taes. Lue<on City argue$ that the ?in "ieu o- other taes@ #"ause #ou"$ not have %een inten$e$ to prevai" over the #onstitutiona" man$ate ensuring the via%i"ity an$ se"-DsuH#ien#y o- "o#a" government units. #octrine: Khi"e Congress has the inherent power to ta an$ grant ta eemptions, +e#. ), Arti#"e 3 o- the 1987 Constitution #on-ers on muni#ipa" #orporations a genera" power to "evy taes an$ otherwise #reate sour#es o- revenue an$ they no "onger have to wait -or a statutory grant o- these powers. .n interpreting statutory provisions on muni#ipa" 1A7 2s#a" powers, $ou%ts wi"" %e reso"ve$ in -avor o- muni#ipa" #orporations. .n this #ase, the ?in "ieu o- other taes@ provision $oes not epress"y provi$e in #"ear an$ unam%iguous "anguage what Gin$ o- taes AB+DCB= is eempte$ -rom, an$ as a #"aim o- ta eemption is not -avore$ nor presume$ in "aw %ut must %e #"ear"y shown, AB+DCB= is "ia%"e -or Lue<on City>s -ran#hise ta. Ma(ane v. C" Lepanto Condo(iniu( Corporation ?/00AB 5acts: 4he noti#e o- assessment o- %usiness taes against BA Lepanto Con$ominium Corporation $i$ not state the "ega" %asis o- the %usiness taes assesse$. 4he City 4reasurer #"aime$ that the #on$ominium owners were maGing pro2t %y maGing the #on$ominium>s marGet pri#e higher through its amenities #octrine: BA Lepanto is not "ia%"e -or %usiness taes %e#ause Mamane>s noti#e o- assessment $i$ not state the "ega" %asis o- the ta. +e#. 111($) o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e $e2nes %usiness as ?tra$e or #ommer#ia" a#tivity regu"ar"y engage$ in as a means o- "ive"ihoo$ or with a view to pro2t@ an$ as the purpose o- the #on$ominium #orporation has nothing to $o with pro2tDmaGing (as the owner o- the #on$ominium unit an$ not the #on$ominium #orporation o%tains pro2t -rom the sa"e o- the units an$ it is a"so the owner who pays #apita" gains ta on the appre#iate$ va"ue o- the #on$ominium) it $oes not -a"" un$er the $e2nition o- a %usiness whi#h is "ia%"e to pay %usiness taes. Secretary o- 5inance v. I*arde ?/00AB 5acts: Ca%a"una was #harge$ more than (BO o- the "an$ taes $ue him as pena"ty -or his -ai"ure to pay "an$ taes. *e pai$ the amount un$er protest on the groun$ that the two regu"ations issue$ %y the then ;inister o- 'inan#e whi#h serve$ as the %asis -or pena"ty -or $e"in9uent payments, vio"ate$ +e#. AA o- the /ea" :roperty 4a Co$e, whi#h impose$ a (BO "imit on pena"ties -or $e"in9uent taes. #octrine: Both regu"ations are inva"i$ %e#ause they go %eyon$ the (BO "imit pres#ri%e$ %y +e#. AA o- the /ea" :roperty 4a Co$e. 4he issuan#e o- Ee#utive Cr$er (EC) 71 (whi#h the ;inister o- 'inan#e #"aims is the %asis o- the two regu"ations in 9uestion) $i$ not a"ter the stru#ture o- rea" property ta assessments as prov$e$ -or in the /ea" :roperty 4a Co$e. 4he provision in +e#. ( o- EC 71 giving the ;inister o- 'inan#e the power to ?promu"gate the ne#essary ru"es an$ regu"ations to imp"ement@ the sai$ EC $oes not give the ;inister o- 'inan#e the authority to tinGer with the rates o- pena"ty on $e"in9uen#y taes in the /ea" :roperty 4a Co$e %e#ause EC 71 $i$ not #over the topi# o- amen$ment o- rates o- $e"in9uest taes or the amen$ment o- rates o- pena"ty on $e"in9uent taes. *owever, -rom !anuary 199( onwar$s, it is the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e that wi"" govern (in this #ase the assesse$ taes were -or 198AD199( an$ 1991D199(). S(art Co((unications Inc. v. #avao City ?/00EB 5acts: +mart argue$ that its te"e#enter in Davao City is eempt -rom the payment o- "o#a" -ran#hise ta %e#ause its "egis"ative -ran#hise a""ege$"y eempts it -rom a"" taes %y 1A8 way o- the nationa" -ran#hise ta whi#h is pai$ ?in "ieu o- a"" taes.@ #octrine: +mart is "ia%"e to pay Davao>s -ran#hise ta %e#ause its "egis"ative -ran#hise $i$ not epress"y provi$e the spe#i2# taes -rom whi#h it was eempt. 4he ?in "ieu o- a"" taes@ #"ause in +mart>s "egis"ative -ran#hise $i$ not epress"y an$ #ategori#a""y state that the eemption app"ies to %oth "o#a" an$ nationa" taes an$ thus, the phrase in 9uestion must %e app"ie$ on"y to nationa" interna" revenue taes. 4a eemptions are never presume$ an$ are #onstrue$ stri#t"y against the tapayer an$ "i%era""y in -avor o- the taing authority. B. C"osure an$ opening o- roa$s 5avis v. City o- Ca+uio ?7@:@B 5acts: 4he City Coun#i" o- Baguio passe$ a reso"ution permitting the "ease o- two #ity "ots to +he"", whi#h #ause$ the street use$ %y 'avis as his ingressRegress to %e $iminishe$. #octrine: 4he reso"ution is va"i$ %e#ause the #ity is empowere$ %y its Charter to #"ose or re$u#e the si<e o- a #ity street. By the reso"ution, no right o- the pu%"i# is $e-eate$ (the portion "ease$ to +he"" not %eing ne#essary -or pu%"i# use). 4he power to va#ate a street or a""ey is $is#retionary an$ wi"" not or$inari"y %e #ontro""e$ or inter-ere$ with %y the #ourts, un"ess there %e -rau$ or #o""usion. .n $etermining the a$visa%i"ity o- #"osing a street, the muni#ipa"ity must #onsi$er the -o""owing5 a) the topography o- the property surroun$ing the street in "ight o- ingress an$ egress to other streets, %) the re"ationship o- the street in the roa$ system throughout the su%$ivision, #) the pro%"em pose$ %y the `$ea$ en$> o- the street, $) the wi$th o- the street, e) the #ost o- re%ui"$ing an$ maintaining the street as #ontraste$ to its u"timate va"ue to a"" o- the property in the vi#inity, $) in#onvenien#e o- those visiting the su%$ivision, an$ e) whether the #"osing o- the street wou"$ #ut o, any property owners -rom a##ess to a street. San++a*an+ v. I"C ?7@E@B 5acts: 4he Be"DAir 6i""age Asso#iation #onteste$ the a#tion o- the ;ayor o- ;aGati o- or$ering the opening o- !upiter street to the pu%"i# to $e#ongest traH# an$ -or pu%"i# #onvenien#e, arguing that !upiter +treet is -or the e#"usive use o- Be"DAir resi$ents. #octrine: 4he ;ayor>s a#t is va"i$ %e#ause in this #ase, the #ity has the power to open a #ity street -or pu%"i# use. Despite "oss o- priva#y among Be"DAir resi$ents, more important than this is the $uty o- a "o#a" ee#utive to taGe #are o- the nee$s o- the maJority at the epense o- the minority. ). Legis"ative power a) /e9uisites -or va"i$ or$inan#e %) Lo#a" initiative an$ re-eren$um A. Corporate powers a) 4o sue an$ %e sue$ 1A9 #epart(ent o- Pu4*ic Services La4or Union v. Court o- Industria* !e*ations ?7@:7B 5acts: 4he ;ayor an$ ;uni#ipa" Boar$ o- ;ani"a move$ to $ismiss the #ase 2"e$ against them %y the Department o- :u%"i# +ervi#es La%or 8nion to en-or#e /epu%"i# A#t 1880, whi#h re$u#e$ the 7 $ay worG weeG o- government emp"oyees to ) $ays. 4he ;ayor #"aiming that the Court o- .n$ustria" /e"ations (C./) has no Juris$i#tion over the su%Je#t matter an$ that they were immune -rom suit. #octrine: 4he C./ has no Juris$i#tion to taGe #ogni<an#e o- the #ase sin#e the City o- ;ani"a, through the Department o- :u%"i# +ervi#es (in whi#h the "a%orers worGe$), per-orme$ governmenta" -un#tions (i.e., -un#tions where it $oes not o%tain pe#uniary pro2t %ut on"y a#ts in the interest o- hea"th, sa-ety an$ a$van#ement o- the pu%"i# goo$ or we"-are as a,e#ting the pu%"i# genera""y) an$ there-ore a#te$ as an agent o- the state an$ is immune -rom suit, un"ess it gives epress #onsent to %e sue$. %unicipa* Coard o- Ce4u City v. Court o- Ta) "ppea*s ?7@:FB 5acts: 4he ;uni#ipa" Boar$, representing Ce%u City, appea"e$ the eemption -rom rea"ty taes grante$ %y the Boar$ o- Assessment Appea"s o- Ce%u City to the Court o- 4a Appea"s (C4A). 4he C4A $ismisse$ the #ase on the groun$ that the Boar$ o- Assessment Appea"s is mere"y the instrumenta"ity o- the City o- Ce%u an$ the "atter, %eing a governmenta" agen#y, is not among those who may appea" to the C4A %e#ause it is not a ?person, asso#iation or #orporation a$verse"y a,e#te$ %y a $e#ision or ru"ing o- the Co""e#tor o- .nterna" /evenue, the Co""e#tor o- Customs or any provin#ia" or #ity Boar$ o- Assessment Appea"s@ who may 2"e an appea" in the C4A. #octrine: 4he City o- Ce%u #an appea" -rom the Boar$ o- Assessment Appea"s $e#ision. 4he City o- Ce%u #onstitutes a po"iti#a" %o$y #orporate #reate$ %y a spe#ia" #harter (Commonwea"th A#t =o. )8), en$owe$ with the powers whi#h pertain to a muni#ipa" #orporation. As su#h, it possesses the #apa#ity to sue an$ %e sue$. Ca**e9a v. C" ?7@:HB 5acts: Ca""eJa, a #ivi" servi#e emp"oyee whose position was a%o"ishe$ %y the muni#ipa" #oun#i" o- .riga -or "a#G o- -un$s, 2"e$ an a#tion -or man$amus against the ;uni#ipa"ity o- .riga, whi#h was grante$. A #opy o- the $e#ision was given to the :rovin#ia" 'is#a" representing .riga %ut the noti#e o- appea" an$ appea" %on$ was 2"e$ not %y the :rovin#ia" 'is#a" %ut %y the muni#ipa" attorney. Ca""eJa argue$ that it was on"y the :rovin#ia" 'is#a" who #ou"$ represent .riga. #octrine: 4he muni#ipa" attorney o- a muni#ipa"ity is a "ega" oH#er o- the muni#ipa"ity an$ thus, #an represent the same. +e#. 1, paragraph 1 (a) o- /epu%"i# A#t ((AB provi$es that the muni#ipa"ity may #reate the oH#e o- ;uni#ipa" Attorney who sha"" a#t as the "ega" #ounse" o- the muni#ipa"ity. .n a$$ition, the ;uni#ipa" Coun#i" o- .riga passe$ /eso"ution 1A whi#h provi$es that the ;uni#ipa" Attorney sha"" %e the #hie- "ega" a$viser 170 o- the muni#ipa"ity an$ has the $uty to represent the muni#ipa"ity or any muni#ipa" oH#er who is a party in a #ase in his oH#ia" #apa#ity. Province o- Ce4u v. I"C ?7@EHB 5acts: 4he oH#ers an$ mem%ers o- the Ce%u ;ayorEs League (in %eha"- o- their respe#tive muni#ipa"ities), a"ong with some tapayers, hire$ a private attorney to sue -or the nu""i2#ation o- the $onation ma$e %y 6i#e &ov. A"men$ras. #octrine: 4he hiring o- the private attorney in this #ase is #a""e$ -or. A"though the ru"e is that on"y the provin#ia" 2s#a" an$ the muni#ipa" attorney #an represent a provin#e or muni#ipa"ity in "aw suits, an$ a"though private attorneys #annot #o""a%orate with the 2s#a" an$ muni#ipa" attorney un"ess there is %oar$ authori<ation, the muni#ipa"ity may hire a private "awyer provi$e$ it %e epress"y "imite$ to situations where the provin#ia" 2s#a" is $is9ua"i2e$ to represent it. *ere, the :rovin#ia" Boar$ wou"$ never have given authori<ation -or the hiring o- a private attorney. 'urthermore, even i- the provin#ia" 2s#a" shou"$ si$e with the governor in the 2"ing o- the #ase in 9uestion, the provin#ia" %oar$, whose mem%ers are $e-en$ants in this #ase, #an simp"y -rustrate his e,orts %y $ire#ting him to $ismiss the #ase or %y re-using to appropriate -un$s -or the epenses o- the "itigation. 4hus, this #ase -a""s un$er the situation where a private attorney may %e hire$ %y the muni#ipa"ity as the provin#ia" 2s#a" is $is9ua"i2e$ to represent it. %unicipa*ity o- Pi*i**a, !iGa* v. C" ?7@@FB 5acts: :hi"ippine :etro"eum Corporation (::C) 9uestione$ the authority o- :rivate Attorney ;en$io"a to represent the muni#ipa"ity o- :i"i""a in the #omputation o- ::C>s %usiness ta. #octrine: Atty. ;en$io"a #annot represent :i"i""a. 4he muni#ipa"ity>s authority to emp"oy a private "awyer is epress"y "imite$ to situations where the provin#ia" 2s#a" is $is9ua"i2e$ -rom representing it an$ -or su#h e#eption to app"y, the -a#t that the provin#ia" 2s#a" was $is9ua"i2e$ to han$"e the muni#ipa"ity>s #ase must appear on re#or$. .n this #ase, the 2s#a" was not $is9ua"i2e$ %ut mere"y re-use$ to represent the muni#ipa"ity, whi#h re-usa" is not a "ega" Justi2#ation to emp"oy the servi#es o- a private #ounse". 4he muni#ipa" #oun#i" shou"$ have re9ueste$ the +e#retary o- !usti#e to appoint an a#ting provin#ia" 2s#a". %) 4o a#9uire an$ se"" property $er+ara v. O(4uds(an ?/00@B 5acts: 6ergara a""eges that the agreements %etween the ;ayor o- Ca"am%a (who was authori<e$ %y /eso"ution 11) to negotiate an$ pur#hase a par#e" o- "an$ -or the new #ity ha"") an$ :amana .n#. an$ :ru$entia" BanG are voi$ %e#ause they were not rati2e$ %y the #ity #oun#i". #octrine: /ati2#ation %y the #ity #oun#i" is not a #on$ition sine 9ua non -or the "o#a" 171 #hie- ee#utive to %e a%"e to enter into #ontra#ts on %eha"- o- the #ity. +e#. (( (#) o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e on"y re9uires prior authori<ation -rom the City Coun#i" an$ in this #ase, /eso"utions 11) an$ (80 were the City Coun#i">s stamp o- approva" an$ authority -or the mayor to pur#hase the su%Je#t "ots. As su#h, the agreements, though not rati2e$ %y the #ity #oun#i", are va"i$ City o- Ca*oocan v. C" and otesco ?/00:B 5acts: 4he +angguniang :ang"ungso$ o- Ca"oo#an passe$ Cr$inan#e A8 whi#h authori<e$ the ;ayor to negotiate an$ se"" the #ity>s patrimonia" property. ;ayor Asistio an$ ;r. &o o- Ever &otes#o ee#ute$ a $ee$ o- a%so"ute sa"e over the property. 4herea-ter, the +angguniang :ang"ungso$ issue$ an or$inan#e amen$ing the previous or$inan#e to #omp"y (an$ in#reasing the se""ing pri#e) to se#ure the Commission on Au$it>s approva" o- the sa"e. 4he new mayor, ;ayor ;a"on<o, vetoe$ the amen$e$ or$inan#e, re-use$ to sign the amen$e$ $ee$ o- sa"e, an$ 2"e$ suit to enJoin the registration o- what he $eeme$ was an anoma"ous sa"e an$ to annu" the $ee$ o- a%so"ute sa"e an$ #an#e" the tit"e issue$ to &otes#o. #octrine: +e#. B)) o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e gives the ;ayor the authority to 2"e suits -or the re#overy o- -un$s an$ property -or the #ity even without prior authori<ation -rom the +anggunian. 4his is supporte$ %y +e#. 9 o- the Ca"oo#an City Charter whi#h provi$es that the mayor has the power to institute Ju$i#ia" pro#ee$ings to re#over property an$ -un$s o- the #ity. *owever, sin#e the mayor is the proper party to 2"e su#h suits, he shou"$ ne#essari"y %e the one to sign the #erti2#ation against -orumDshopping an$ not the City Lega" CH#er who was mere"y the City>s #ounse" an$ not a party to the #ase. #) 4o enter into #ontra#ts (i) /e9uisites $ice %ayor $icencio v. CO" C'air(an $i**ar, et a*. ?/07/B 5acts: 4he new 6i#e ;ayor, 6i#en#io, use$ Cr$inan#e 1)D(001 (authori<ing then 6i#e ;ayor Mam%ao to enter into #ontra#ts -or #onsu"tan#y servi#es) to a"so enter into a new #ontra#t -or #onsu"tan#y servi#es #octrine: 6i#e ;ayor 6i#en#io ha$ no authority to enter into new #onsu"tan#y #ontra#ts using Cr$inan#e 1)D(001, as the sai$ Cr$inan#e is not a #ontinuing authority -or any person who enters the CH#e o- the 6i#e ;ayor to enter into su%se9uent, a"%eit simi"ar, #ontra#ts. +e#. B)A o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e provi$es that there is no inherent authority on the part o- the #ity 6i#e ;ayor to enter into #ontra#ts on %eha"- o- the "o#a" government unit, un"iGe that provi$e$ -or the #ity mayor. (ii) 8"tra vires #ontra#ts Coracay 5oundation, Inc. v. Province o- "=*an, et a*. ?/07/B 5acts: Bora#ay 'oun$ation, .n#. argues that the -avora%"e en$orsement o- the "o#a" 17( government units (L&8s) o- Barangay Cati#"an an$ ;a"ay ;uni#ipa"ity pursuant to the #onsu"tation pro#e$ures as re9uire$ %y Lo#a" &overnment Co$e (L&C) was not o%taine$ %y the :rovin#e o- AG"an, an$ that there were no proper #onsu"tations entere$ into with the #on#erne$ L&8s when the +angguniang Bayan o- Cati#"an issue$ a reso"ution stating its strong opposition on the epansion o- the port -a#i"ities at Cati#"an. #octrine: 4here was no proper, time"y, an$ suH#ient pu%"i# #onsu"tation -or the proJe#t. +e#. 1A o- the L&C provi$es that it is the $uty o- L&8s to promote the peop"e>s right to a %a"an#e$ e#o"ogy, an$ it is the $uty o- nationa" government agen#ies in the maintenan#e o- e#o"ogi#a" %a"an#e to se#ure prior pu%"i# #onsu"tation an$ approva" o- the L&8s -or these proJe#ts. As su#h, the proJe#t>s imp"ementation was i""ega". 7. Lia%i"ity o- L&8s 5i*invest Land Inc. v. 5*ood3afected Ho(eo,ners o- %eritvi**e "**iance ?/00HB 5acts: *omeowners o- ;eritvi""e 2"e$ a #omp"aint against 'i"invest Lan$, .n#. ($eve"oper o- ;eritvi""e) %e#ause their "ots were a"ways Uoo$e$ $uring the typhoon season a""ege$"y $ue to the "atter>s neg"igen#e. #octrine: +e#. 17 o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e maGes "o#a" government units responsi%"e -or provi$ing %asi# servi#es an$ -a#i"ities (in#"u$ing those that $ea" with $rainage, sewerage an$ Uoo$ #ontro"). As it is the =aga /iver whi#h overUows an$ #auses Uoo$ing, an$ as the sai$ river is pu%"i# property, it is the responsi%i"ity o- the government, parti#u"ar"y the #ity government o- Las :iVas City, to $evise an$ imp"ement Uoo$D#ontro" measures to a$$ress the pro%"em. City o- %ani*a v. Teotico ?7@:EB 5acts: 4eoti#o 2"e$ an a#tion -or $amages against the City o- ;ani"a %e#ause he -e"" into an un#overe$ manho"e an$ su,ere$ inJuries. 4he City o- ;ani"a averre$ that it is not "ia%"e as +e#. B o- the Charter o- the City o- ;ani"a states that the #ity ?sha"" not %e "ia%"e or he"$ -or $amages or inJuries to persons or property arising -rom...the neg"igen#e o- sai$ ;ayor, ;uni#ipa" Boar$ or other en-or#ers@ whi"e en-or#ing or attempting to en-or#e the provisions o- the #harter or any other "aw or or$inan#e. 4eoti#o argue$ that the #ity is "ia%"e un$er Art. (189 o- the Civi" Co$e, whi#h ho"$s provin#es, #ities an$ muni#ipa"ities "ia%"e -or $amages -or the $eath o- or inJuries su,ere$ %y any person $ue to the $e-e#tive #on$ition o- roa$s, streets an$ other pu%"i# worGs un$er their #ontro" an$ supervision. #octrine: 4he app"i#a%"e provision is that o- Art. (189 o- the Civi" Co$e as it governs "ia%i"ity $ue to ?$e-e#tive streets@, whi#h 4eoti#o a""ege$ to %e the #ause o- his inJuries. +e#. B o- the City Charter is not $e#isive on the issue as it re-ers mere"y to "ia%i"ity arising -rom neg"igen#e in genera", regar$"ess o- the o%Je#t thereo-, whi"e Art. (189 governs "ia%i"ity $ue to ?$e-e#tive streets@ in parti#u"ar. Cn the a""egation o- the City o- ;ani"a that it is not "ia%"e %e#ause the street where 4eoti#o was inJure$ was a nationa" highway, the Court ru"e$ that un$er Art. (189 o- the Civi" Co$e, it is not ne#essary that the $e-e#tive roa$s or streets %e"ong to the provin#e, #ity or muni#ipa"ity on whi#h responsi%i"ity is p"a#e$. .t is enough that the sai$ provin#e, #ity or muni#ipa"ity have 171 either #ontro" or supervision over the sai$ street or roa$. ui*atco v. City o- #a+upan ?7@E@B 5acts: &ui"at#o 2"e$ an a#tion -or $amages against the City o- Dagupan %e#ause she -e"" into an un#overe$ manho"e on a si$ewa"G on :ere< Bou"evar$, an$ su,ere$ inJuries. 4he City o- Dagupan argue$ that :ere< Bou"evar$, where the $rainage ho"e is "o#ate$, is a nationa" roa$ whi#h is not un$er the supervision or #ontro" o- the #ity. #octrine: 4he City o- Dagupan is "ia%"e -or $amages. .t is not ne#essary -or the "ia%i"ity un$er Art. (189 to atta#h that the $e-e#tive roa$s or streets %e"ong to the provin#e, #ity or muni#ipa"ity -rom whi#h responsi%i"ity is ea#te$, %ut it is on"y re9uire$ that the provin#e, #ity or muni#ipa"ity has either #ontro" or supervision over sai$ street or roa$. 4he City Charter #"ear"y in$i#ates that the #ity has supervision an$ #ontro" over the si$ewa"G where the open $rainage ho"e is "o#ate$ as the sai$ #harter provi$es that the "aying out, #onstru#tion an$ improvement o- streets, avenues an$ a""eys an$ si$ewa"Gs, an$ regu"ation o- their use, may %e "egis"ate$ %y the ;uni#ipa" Boar$. Pa*a-o) vs. Province o- I*ocos Norte ?7@AEB 5acts: 4he heirs o- :a"a-o 2"e$ an a#tion -or $amages against the :rovin#e o- ."o#os =orte when :a"a-o $ie$ a-ter he was hit %y a tru#G %eing $riven %y a $river o- the provin#ia" government whi"e the "atter was worGing in the highway #onstru#tion. #octrine: 4he :rovin#e o- ."o#os =orte is not "ia%"e -or $amages as the #orporate "ia%i"ity o- muni#ipa" #orporations on"y app"ies where the government is engage$ in proprietary or %usiness -un#tions. 4o atta#h "ia%i"ity to the state -or the neg"igen#e o- its oH#er or emp"oyee, the "atter must %e a#ting as a spe#ia" agent. .n the #ase at %ar, the :rovin#e o- ."o#os =orte, through the $river o- the tru#G, was engage$ in a governmenta" -un#tion an$ as su#h, #annot %e sue$ -or $amages. %unicipa*ity o- San <uan, %etro %ani*a v. C" ?/00AB 5acts: Chan 2"e$ an a#tion -or $amages against the ;uni#ipa"ity o- +an !uan a-ter she su,ere$ inJuries when the tire o- her #ar -e"" into a manho"e "e-t open $ue to the e#avations at the #orner o- two roa$s in +an !uan. #octrine: 4he ;uni#ipa"ity o- +an !uan is "ia%"e -or $amages, -or it is not ne#essary -or the "ia%i"ity un$er Art. (189 to atta#h that the $e-e#tive roa$s or streets %e"ong to the provin#e, #ity or muni#ipa"ity -rom whi#h responsi%i"ity is ea#te$. .t is on"y re9uire$ that the provin#e, #ity or muni#ipa"ity have either #ontro" or supervision over sai$ street or roa$. A"though it was the Department o- :u%"i# KorGs an$ *ighways that issue$ the permit to un$ertaGe the e#avation, the ;uni#ipa"ity o- +an !uan is sti"" "ia%"e as it is man$ate$ to eer#ise supervision an$ #ontro" over the p"a#e in 9uestion, as the sangguniang %ayan o- muni#ipa"ities are man$ate$ %y the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e to regu"ate ?the $ri""ing an$ e#avation o- the groun$ -or the "aying o- gas, water, sewer, 17B an$ other pipes, the %ui"$ing an$ repair o-_sewers, $rains,@ an$ it must a"so ?a$opt measures to ensure pu%"i# sa-ety against open #ana"s, manho"es_an$ simi"ar ha<ar$s to "i-e an$ property, an$ provi$e Just #ompensation or re"ie- -or persons su,ering -rom them.@ %unicipa*ity o- Ti,i and San++unian+ Cayan o- Ti,i v. Cetito ?/070B 5acts: 4he +angguniang Bayan o- 4iwi (a muni#ipa"ity o- A"%ay) authori<e$ ;ayor Corra", through a reso"ution, to hire a "awyer to represent 4iwi in the re#overy o- their right-u" share in rea"ty taes to %e pai$ %y the =ationa" :ower Corporation to the provin#e o- A"%ay. 4hus, ;ayor Corra" entere$ into a Contra#t o- Lega" servi#es with Atty. Betito an$ Atty. LawenGo. #octrine: 4he Court he"$ that the ;uni#ipa"ity o- 4iwi is %oun$ %y the Contra#t o- Lega" +ervi#es entere$ into %y ;ayor Corra" as the prior authori<ation o- the +angguniang Bayan o- 4iwi (re9uire$ un$er +e#. BB o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e -or the ;ayor to %e a%"e to #ontra#t on %eha"- o- the muni#ipa"ity) was grante$ %y the sai$ +anggunian. 4he +angguniang Bayan>s rati2#ation o- the #ontra#t, however, is not ne#essary -or the #ontra#t to %in$ 4iwi. 5a9ardo v. Hon. "*-redo Li( ?/00:B 5acts: 'aJar$o 2"e$ an a#tion -or $amages against ;ayor Lim an$ City A$ministrator ;ar<an -or not re"easing the #he#Gs -or the pur#hase o- 'aJar$o>s "ots. #octrine: 4he Lo#a" &overnment Co$e re9uires the City A$ministrator to #ountersign the #he#G payment. As su#h, the Ju$gment granting man$amus was $ire#te$ to whoever was ho"$ing the CH#e o- City A$ministrator to re"ease the #he#Gs. ;ayor Lim was a%so"ve$ o- any #ivi" "ia%i"ity an$ no $amages were awar$e$ to 'aJar$o. 8. +ett"ement o- %oun$ary $isputes Ca*anGa v. PICOP ?/00@B 5acts: 4he :aper .n$ustries Corporation o- the :hi"ippines (:.CC:) #"aims that the "an$ it o##upies W -or whi#h Ca"an<a se#ure$ a mining permit -rom Davao Crienta" W is situate$ in +urigao $e" +ur an$ not in Davao Crienta". Khen Ca"an<a 2"e$ a #ase in the /egiona" 4ria" Court (/4C), :.CC: averre$ that the /4C ha$ no Juris$i#tion over the $ispute sin#e the area is %etween two muni#ipa"ities o- two $i,erent provin#es. #octrine: 4he /4C has no origina" Juris$i#tion over the $ispute, as +e#. 118 o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e (L&C) provi$es that %oun$ary $isputes invo"ving muni#ipa"ities or 17) #omponent #ities o- $i,erent provin#es sha"" %e Joint"y re-erre$ -or sett"ement to the +anggunians o- the provin#es #on#erne$. Khi"e +e#. 119 o- the L&C gives a $issatis2e$ party an avenue to 9uestion the $e#ision o- the +anggunian to the /4C having Juris$i#tion over the area, the /4C #annot eer#ise appe""ate Juris$i#tion over the #ase sin#e there was no petition that was 2"e$ an$ $e#i$e$ %y the +angguniang :an"a"awigans o- Davao Crienta" an$ +urigao $e" +ur. City o- Pasi+ v. CO%ELEC and %unicipa*ity o- Cainta ?7@@@B 5acts: 4he City o- :asig wante$ to #reate two %arangays whi#h Cainta #"aims are the su%Je#ts o- a territoria" $ispute in a pen$ing #ase %e-ore the /egiona" 4ria" Court o- Antipo"o. Cainta wante$ to suspen$ or #an#e" the p"e%is#ites -or the #reation o- these two %arangays. #octrine: 4he p"e%is#ites must %e suspen$e$ as the %oun$ary $ispute %etween :asig an$ Cainta must 2rst %e $e#i$e$ %e-ore p"e%is#ites may %e he"$, an$ the %oun$aries must %e #"ear -or they $e2ne the "imits o- the territoria" Juris$i#tion o- a "o#a" government unit. Ianan+a v. %adrona ?/002B 5acts: Xananga move$ to $ismiss the #ase invo"ving a $ispute %etween the ;uni#ipa"ity o- Xananga an$ Crmo# City, 2"e$ in the /egiona" 4ria" Court (/4C) o- Crmo#, -or "a#G o- Juris$i#tion. #octrine: +e#. 118 o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e, re9uiring that %oun$ary $isputes invo"ving muni#ipa"ities or #omponent #ities o- $i,erent provin#es %e Joint"y re-erre$ -or sett"ement to the sanggunians o- the provin#es #on#erne$, has no app"i#ation in this #ase sin#e one party is an in$epen$ent #omponent #ity. +in#e there is no "ega" provision spe#i2#a""y governing Juris$i#tion over %oun$ary $isputes %etween a muni#ipa"ity an$ an in$epen$ent #omponent #ity, the genera" ru"es governing Juris$i#tion shou"$ then %e use$ an$ as the /4Cs have genera" Juris$i#tion to a$Ju$i#ate a"" #ontroversies e#ept those epress"y withhe"$ -rom their p"enary powers, the /4Cs have the power to hear an$ reso"ve the $ispute in the #ase at %ar. 9. +u##ession o- e"e#tive oH#ia"s Unda v. CO%ELEC ?7@@0B 5acts: 8n$a, the e"e#te$ 6i#e ;ayor, assume$ the position o- the $e#ease$ ;ayor &ui"ing an$ was ma$e to su##ee$ &ui"ing as protestee in an e"e#tion protest 2"e$ %y /angiris. 17A #octrine: 8n$a #an su%stitute &ui"ing as protestee in the e"e#tion protest 2"e$ %y /angiris p"a#e. 4he Lo#a" &overnment Co$e states that the 6i#e ;ayor stan$s net in "ine o- su##ession to the ;ayor in #ase o- a permanent va#an#y in the "atter>s positionN as su#h, in this #ase, 8n$a as in#um%ent 6i#e ;ayor su##ee$e$ %y operation o- "aw to the va#ate$ oH#e o- ;ayor an$ is entit"e$ to o##upy the same -or the unepire$ term o- the $e#ease$ ;ayor. As the su##essor, he is the one $ire#t"y #on#erne$ in the -air an$ regu"ar #on$u#t o- the e"e#tion, whi#h maGes him the rea" party in interest in the e"e#tion protest 2"e$ %y /angiris an$ in whi#h he must %e su%stitute$ as the protestee. %aca*inca+ v. C'an+ ?7@@/B 5acts: 4he a#ting +e#retary o- 'inan#e issue$ an Cr$er o- :reventive +uspension against ;aGati ;uni#ipa" 4reasurer Chang. Chang #onten$s that a government oH#er is not suspen$e$ unti" someone has assume$ the post an$ the oH#er su%Je#t o- the suspension or$er has #ease$ per-orming his oH#ia" -un#tion. #octrine: :reventive suspension un$er +e#. B1 o- the :resi$entia" De#ree 807 (Civi" +ervi#e Law) $oes not provi$e -or the re9uirement o- $esignating a rep"a#ement -or the preventive suspension to %e e,e#te$. 'urthermore, +e#. 1)A o- Batas :am%ansa 117 provi$es that in #ase o- suspension o- the muni#ipa" treasurer, the assistant muni#ipa" treasurer or the treasury oH#ia" net in ranG sha"" automati#a""y assume the position. As su#h, Chang>s preventive suspension %e#ame e,e#tive upon his re#eipt o- the or$er o- preventive suspension, maGing the $esignation o- the oH#erDinD#harge to rep"a#e Chang immateria" to the e,e#tivity o- his suspension. Sandova* v. CO%ELEC ?7@@2B 5acts: +o#rates, e"e#te$ ;ayor o- :uerto :rin#esa, argue$ that the re#a"" reso"ution, whi#h a""owe$ *age$orn to run in the re#a"" e"e#tion $espite the #onstitutiona" an$ statutory prohi%itions against a -ourth #onse#utive term -or e"e#tive "o#a" oH#ia"s, was improper $ue to the a%sen#e o- noti#e to the :reparatory /e#a"" Assem%"y mem%ers. #octrine: 4he re#a"" assem%"y was proper. *age$orn is not $is9ua"i2e$ -rom running in the re#a"" e"e#tion as any su%se9uent e"e#tion, "iGe a re#a"" e"e#tion, is no "onger #overe$ %y the prohi%ition on serving -or more than 1 #onse#utive terms #ontaine$ in +e#. B1 o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e. Any su%se9uent e"e#tion "iGe a re#a"" e"e#tion is no "onger an imme$iate reDe"e#tion a-ter three #onse#utive terms an$ the intervening perio$ #onstitutes an invo"untary interruption in the #ontinuity o- servi#e. %onte4on v. CO%ELEC ?/00EB 5acts: A-ter a :etition -or Dis9ua"i2#ation was 2"e$ against :oten#ioso on the groun$ 177 that he has a"rea$y serve$ three terms as muni#ipa" #oun#i"or, :oten#ioso argue$ that he is 9ua"i2e$ to run anew %e#ause his se#on$ term was interrupte$ when he su##ee$e$ as 6i#e ;ayor o- 4u%uran $ue to the retirement o- 6i#e ;ayor ;en$o<a. #octrine: +e#. B1 o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e provi$es that an e"e#tive "o#a" oH#ia" #annot serve -or more than three #onse#utive terms, an$ that vo"untary renun#iation o- oH#e -or any "ength o- time $oes not interrupt the #ontinuity o- servi#e. 'or an oH#ia" to %e $is9ua"i2e$ -rom running %e#ause o- the threeDterm "imit, the oH#ia" must have %een e"e#te$ -or three #onse#utive terms in the same "o#a" government post, an$ he must have -u""y serve$ three #onse#utive terms. .n this #ase, there was an interruption in :oten#ioso>s se#on$ term as muni#ipa" #oun#i"or as he su##ee$e$ the retire$ 6i#e ;ayor ;en$o<a. +u#h su##ession in "o#a" government oH#es is %y operation o- "aw an$ $oes not #onstitute vo"untary renun#iation o- oH#e. 4hus, sin#e the su##ession $i$ not amount to a vo"untary renun#iation o- oH#e (whi#h $oes not interrupt the #ontinuity o- servi#e), :oten#ioso #ou"$ not %e sai$ to have -u""y serve$ his se#on$ term an$ as su#h, he is entit"e$ to run -or another term as muni#ipa" #oun#i"or. %endoGa v. 5a(i*ara and CO%ELEC ?/077B 5acts: A-ter a :etition -or Dis9ua"i2#ation was 2"e$ against ;en$o<a on the groun$ that he ha$ a"rea$y serve$ three #onse#utive terms, ;en$o<a argue$ that the threeDterm "imit on %arangay e"e#tive oH#ia"s in /epu%"i# A#t 91AB (An A#t :rovi$ing -or +yn#hroni<e$ Barangay an$ +angguniang Xa%ataan E"e#tions) was passe$ %y Congress on"y in (00( an$ shou"$ thus not #over the e"e#tions re#Gone$ -rom 199B, thus ren$ering him 9ua"i2e$ to run -or a new term as Barangay Captain. #octrine: ;en$o<a is $is9ua"i2e$ -rom running as the threeDterm "imit on %arangay e"e#tive oH#ia"s has %een em%o$ie$ %y the Barangay Law (ena#te$ in 1988) even %e-ore the 199B e"e#tions an$ was a$opte$ %y the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e. 4he term "imitation app"ies to a"" "o#a" e"e#tive oH#ia"s without any e#"usion or 9ua"i2#ation. %endoGa et a*. v. La)ina ?/002B 5acts: Laina tooG his oath o- oH#e an$ assume$ oH#e as Barangay Chairman. 'ermo, a riva" #an$i$ate, 2"e$ an e"e#tion protest an$ was $e#"are$ %y the ;etropo"itan 4ria" Court (;4C) as the winner, an$ it therea-ter grante$ 'ermo>s motion -or ee#ution pen$ing appea", #ausing Laina to va#ate the position an$ re"in9uish it to 'ermo. +u%se9uent"y, CC;ELEC annu""e$ the ;4C>s or$er granting ee#ution o- the $e#ision pen$ing appea" an$ or$ere$ 'ermo to va#ate the oH#e o- Barangay Chairman. *e therea-ter reDtooG his oath o- oH#e. ;en$o<a an$ other %arangay #oun#i"ors 2"e$ a #ase against Laina -or maGing it appear in the payro"" that he an$ his appointees ren$ere$ servi#es %e-ore renewing his oath o- oH#e an$ reassuming his oH#e. #octrine: 4he reDtaGing o- an oath o- oH#e %y a $u"yDpro#"aime$ %ut su%se9uent"y unseate$ "o#a" e"e#tive oH#ia" is not a #on$ition sine 9ua non to the va"i$ity o- his reD assumption into his oH#e. Cn#e Laina was pro#"aime$ an$ $u"y sworn into oH#e the 2rst time, he %e#ame entit"e$ to assume oH#e an$ eer#ise its -un#tions. 4he pen$en#y 178 o- an e"e#tion protest is not suH#ient %asis to stop him -rom assuming oH#e or $is#harging his -un#tions. Khen the CC;ELEC nu""i2e$ the writ o- ee#ution pen$ing appea" issue$ %y the ;4C in -avor o- 'ermo, the ;4C>s $e#ision pro#"aiming 'ermo as winner o- the e"e#tion was staye$ an$ the status 9uo W or when Laina was o##upying the oH#e o- Barangay Captain W was restore$. As su#h, the reDtaGing o- his oath was a mere -orma"ity, %e#ause through the stay o- the ;4C>s $e#ision, it was as i- the writ o- ee#ution was not issue$ an$ he was not ouste$ -rom oH#e. %ayor "4undo v. CO%ELEC ?/072B 5acts: A-ter a :etition -or Dis9ua"i2#ation was 2"e$ against A%un$o on the groun$ o- the threeDterm "imit, A%un$o argue$ that his se#on$ term is not to %e #ounte$ in the threeD term "imit. .n that e"e#tion, he was $e#"are$ as the $u"y e"e#te$ oH#ia" upon an e"e#tion protest on"y a-ter two years -rom the year o- the e"e#tion an$ as su#h, the sai$ perio$ $uring whi#h he serve$ shou"$ not %e #onsi$ere$ as -u"" servi#e o- that parti#u"ar term. #octrine: A%un$o is not $is9ua"i2e$ -rom running -or another term. 'or an oH#ia" to %e $is9ua"i2e$, the oH#ia" #on#erne$ must have %een e"e#te$ -or three #onse#utive terms in the same "o#a" government post an$ shou"$ have -u""y serve$ three #onse#utive terms. .n this #ase, his opponent 4orres serve$ as ;ayor -or two years o- his se#on$ term %e-ore he (A%un$o) was $e#"are$ the right-u" winner in the mayora"ty #ontest. 4his perio$ shou"$ %e #onsi$ere$ an interruption, whi#h remove$ A%un$o>s #ase -rom the am%it o- the threeDterm "imit. 10. Dis#ip"ine o- "o#a" oH#ia"s a) E"e#tive oH#ia"s (i) &roun$s Sison v. Peop*e ?/070B 5acts: During a postDau$it investigation, it was -oun$ out that ;ayor +ison $i$ not #on$u#t pu%"i# %i$$ing $uring his term. 4hus, 7 #ounts o- vio"ations o- +e#. 1(e) o- /epu%"i# A#t 1019 (AntiD&ra-t an$ Corrupt :ra#ti#es A#t) were 2"e$ against him in the +an$igan%ayan. #octrine: ;ayor +ison is gui"ty o- vio"ations o- +e#. 1(e) o- /epu%"i# A#t 1019 %e#ause he $i$ not #on$u#t any pu%"i# %i$$ing an$ $i$ not -u"2" the re9uirements o- a persona" #anvass. 4here was no showing that that the awar$ was $e#i$e$ %y the Committee on Awar$s. +isonEs signing in a $ua" #apa#ity D as #hairman an$ mem%er (representing the hea$ o- oH#e -or whose use the supp"ies were %eing pro#ure$) is prohi%ite$. "(ora, <r. v. CO%ELEC ?/077B 5acts: A :etition -or Dis9ua"i2#ation was 2"e$ against Amora, a #an$i$ate -or ;ayor o- 179 Can$iJay, Boho", on the groun$ that his Certi2#ate o- Can$i$a#y (CCC) was $e-e#tive"y notari<e$, as the CCC was not proper"y sworn to in a##or$an#e with the Cmni%us E"e#tion Co$e as Amora on"y presente$ his Community 4a Certi2#ate to the notary pu%"i# instea$ o- presenting #ompetent evi$en#e o- his i$entity. #octrine: Amora shou"$ not %e $is9ua"i2e$ as +e#. B0 o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e $oes not spe#i-y that a $e-e#tive notari<ation is a groun$ -or the $is9ua"i2#ation o- a #an$i$ate. 'urthermore, sin#e Amora an$ the =otary :u%"i# Gnew ea#h other, there was no nee$ -or #ompetent evi$en#e o- i$entity, an$ the notary pu%"i# on"y nee$s to in$i#ate that heRshe persona""y Gnows the #an$i$ate. $a**es v. CO%ELEC ?/000B 5acts: A :etition -or Dis9ua"i2#ation was 2"e$ against Lope<, a #an$i$ate -or &overnor o- Davao Crienta", on the groun$ that she was an Austra"ian #iti<en. #octrine: Lope< is not $is9ua"i2e$. +e#. B0($) o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e uses the term `$ua" #iti<enship> as a $is9ua"i2#ation, meaning $ua" a""egian#e. 'or #an$i$ates "iGe Lope< with $ua" #iti<enship, it is enough that they e"e#t :hi"ippine #iti<enship upon the 2"ing o- their #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y to terminate their status as persons with $ua" #iti<enship. As su#h, i- in the #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y, one $e#"ares that heRshe is a 'i"ipino #iti<en an$ that heRshe wi"" support an$ $e-en$ the Constitution o- the :hi"ippines an$ wi"" maintain true -aith an$ a""egian#e thereto, su#h a $e#"aration, un$er oath, operates as an e,e#tive renun#iation o- -oreign #iti<enship. .n this #ase, Lope< shou"$ not %e $is9ua"i2e$ as the :hi"ippine "aw on #iti<enship a$heres to the prin#ip"e o- Jus sanguinis. 4hereun$er, a #hi"$ -o""ows the nationa"ity or #iti<enship o- the parents regar$"ess o- the p"a#e o- hisRher %irth. Lope<, is a 'i"ipino #iti<en, having %een %orn to a 'i"ipino -ather. A"so, the -a#t that Lope< was %orn in Austra"ia $i$ not amount to her "osing her :hi"ippine #iti<enship. 'urthermore, the -a#t that Lope< was a ho"$er o- an Austra"ian passport an$ ha$ an a"ien #erti2#ate o- registration $i$ not mean that she was renoun#ing her 'i"ipino #iti<enship sin#e a renun#iation must %e epress to resu"t in the "oss o- #iti<enship. %oreno v. CO%ELEC ?/00:B 5acts: A :etition -or Dis9ua"i2#ation was 2"e$ against ;oreno, a #an$i$ate -or :unong Barangay, on the groun$ that he was #onvi#te$ %y 2na" Ju$gment o- the #rime o- Ar%itrary Detention. ;oreno argue$ that he was a"rea$y grante$ pro%ation thus he is not $is9ua"i-e$ to run as the $is9ua"i2#ation un$er the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e (L&C) on"y app"ies on"y to those who serve$ their senten#e. #octrine: ;oreno shou"$ not %e $is9ua"i2e$ as +e#. B0(a) o- the L&C provi$es that those who have %een senten#e$ %y 2na" Ju$gment -or an o,ense punisha%"e %y imprisonment o- one year or more, within two years a-ter serving senten#e, are $is9ua"i2e$ -rom running -or any e"e#tive "o#a" position. 4his provision, however, $oes not spe#i2#a""y $is9ua"i-y pro%ationers -rom running -or a "o#a" e"e#tive oH#e. 180 !odri+ueG v. CO%ELEC ?7@@:B 5acts: A :etition -or Dis9ua"i2#ation was 2"e$ against /o$rigue<, a #an$i$ate -or &overnor o- Lue<on :rovin#e, on the groun$ that he was a `-ugitive -rom Justi#e> %e#ause he "e-t the 8nite$ +tates where a #harge has %een 2"e$ against him %e-ore the Los Ange"es ;uni#ipa" Court. 8n$er +e#. B0(e) o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e, E-ugitives -rom Justi#eE are $is9ua"i2e$ -rom running -or any e"e#tive "o#a" position. #octrine: /o$rigue< shou"$ %e not %e $is9ua"i2e$ an$ his pro#"amation as the winner o- the gu%ernatoria" e"e#tions shou"$ not %e nu""i2e$ as he is not a -ugitive -rom Justi#e. A -ugitive -rom Justi#e in#"u$es not on"y those who Uee a-ter #onvi#tion to avoi$ punishment, %ut "iGewise those who, a-ter %eing #harge$, Uee to avoi$ perse#ution. /o$rigue< is not a -ugitive -rom Justi#e as his arriva" in the :hi"ippines -rom the 8nite$ +tates pre#e$e$ the 2"ing o- the -e"ony #omp"aint in the Los Ange"es Court an$ o- the issuan#e o- the arrest warrant %y the same #ourt %y a"most 2ve months. 4here was thus no intent to eva$e (whi#h is #ompe""ing -a#tor whi#h #auses one>s Uight -rom a parti#u"ar Juris$i#tion) sin#e there #an on"y %e su#h when there is Gnow"e$ge %y the Ueeing su%Je#t o- an a"rea$y institute$ in$i#tment or o- a promu"gate$ Ju$gment o- #onvi#tion. %ercado v. %anGano ?7@@@B 5acts: A :etition -or Dis9ua"i2#ation was 2"e$ against ;an<ano, a #an$i$ate -or 6i#e ;ayor o- ;aGati City, on the groun$ that he is an Ameri#an #iti<en %ase$ on the re#or$ o- the Bureau o- .mmigration, an$ that he misrepresente$ himse"- as a natura"D%orn 'i"ipino #iti<en. #octrine: ;an<ano shou"$ not %e $is9ua"i2e$ %e#ause the ?$ua" #iti<enship@ meant in +e#. B0 ($) o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e as a groun$ -or $is9ua"i2#ation, re-ers to ?$ua" a""egian#e@. Dua" #iti<enship arises when, as a resu"t o- the #on#urrent app"i#ation o- the $i,erent "aws o- two or more states, a person is simu"taneous"y #onsi$ere$ a nationa" %y the sai$ states, whi"e $ua" a""egian#e, re-ers to the situation in whi#h a person simu"taneous"y owes, %y some positive a#t, "oya"ty to two or more states. 'or #an$i$ates with $ua" #iti<enship, it is enough that they e"e#t :hi"ippine #iti<enship upon the 2"ing o- their #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y, to terminate their status as persons with $ua" #iti<enship. ;an<ano`s oath o- a""egian#e to the :hi"ippines, when #onsi$ere$ with the -a#t that he has spent his youth an$ a$u"thoo$, re#eive$ his e$u#ation, pra#ti#e$ his pro-ession as an artist, an$ taGen part in past e"e#tions in this #ountry, shows his e"e#tion o- :hi"ippine #iti<enship. "4e**a v. CO%ELEC ?7@@7B 5acts: A :etition -or Dis9ua"i2#ation was 2"e$ against A%e""a, a #an$i$ate -or &overnor o- Leyte, on the groun$ o- a""ege$ -a"se statements in her #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y regar$ing her resi$en#e7 she stipu"ate$ that she was a resi$ent o- the ;uni#ipa"ity o- Xananga when in truth she was a resi$ent o- Crmo# City, a #omponent #ity o- the :rovin#e o- 181 Leyte whose #harter prohi%its her -rom voting -or any provin#ia" e"e#tive oH#ia"s an$ "iGewise running -or su#h positions. #octrine: A%e""a shou"$ %e $is9ua"i2e$ as +e#. B((1) o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e provi$es that those who are not 9ua"i2e$ voters registere$ as su#h in the %arangay, muni#ipa"ity, #ity or provin#e where the person proposes to %e e"e#te$ are $is9ua"i2e$ -rom running. .t was proven that A%e""a "e-t her resi$en#e in Xananga in 197) to move to Crmo# City with her hus%an$, an$ there was no proo- that she #an#e""e$ her voter>s registration in Crmo# City an$ trans-erre$ registration in Xananga. 5riva*do v. CO%ELEC ?7@@:B 5acts: A :etition -or Dis9ua"i2#ation was 2"e$ against 'riva"$o, the new"y e"e#te$ &overnor o- +orsogon, on the groun$ that he was on"y repatriate$ as a #iti<en o- the :hi"ippines on the $ay o- his oathDtaGing. #octrine: 'riva"$o shou"$ %e $is9ua"i2e$. 4he Cmni%us E"e#tion Co$e says that the per-e#tion o- 9ua"i2#ations must have %een on the $ay o- the e"e#tions an$ not upon taGing his oath o- oH#e. La4o, <r. v. CO%ELEC ?7@@/B 5acts: A :etition -or Dis9ua"i2#ation was 2"e$ against La%o !r., a #an$i$ate -or Baguio City ;ayor, on the groun$ that he ma$e a -a"se representation when he state$ therein that he is a Tnatura"D%ornT #iti<en o- the :hi"ippines. #octrine: La%o shou"$ %e $is9ua"i2e$ as he -ai"e$ to prove that he has rea#9uire$ his :hi"ippine #iti<enship %y a $ire#t a#t o- Congress, %y natura"i<ation, or %y repatriation. :hi"ippine #iti<enship is an in$ispensa%"e re9uirement -or ho"$ing an e"e#tive oH#e, an$ even i- he was e"e#te$ %y the maJority o- the e"e#torate is o- no moment %e#ause the 9ua"i2#ations pres#ri%e$ -or e"e#tive oH#e #annot %e erase$ %y the e"e#torate a"one, -or i- a person seeGs to serve in the /epu%"i# o- the :hi"ippines, he must owe his tota" "oya"ty to this #ountry on"y, a%Juring an$ renoun#ing a"" -ea"ty an$ 2$e"ity to any other state. 4he #an$i$ate who got the se#on$ highest vote may not %e pro#"aime$ as governor when the #an$i$ate -or su#h position was $is9ua"i2e$ un"ess the e"e#torate, -u""y aware in -a#t an$ in "aw o- a #an$i$ateEs $is9ua"i2#ation so as to %ring su#h awareness within the rea"m o- notoriety, wou"$ nonethe"ess #ast their votes in -avor o- the ine"igi%"e #an$i$ate. <a*os9os v. CO%ELEC and Cardino ?/07/B 5acts: A :etition -or Can#e""ation o- his Certi2#ate o- Can$i$a#y (CCC) was 2"e$ against !a"osJos, a #an$i$ate -or ;ayor o- Dapitan City, on the groun$ that he ma$e a -a"se materia" representation in his CCC when he $e#"are$ un$er oath that he was e"igi%"e -or the CH#e o- ;ayor7 !a"osJos was #onvi#te$ %y 2na" Ju$gment -or ro%%ery an$ senten#e$ to prision mayor. 18( #octrine: !a"osJos ma$e misrepresentations in his CCC, an$ there-ore the same was nu"" an$ voi$. +e#tion B0 o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e provi$es that those who have re#eive$ a senten#e o- prisian mayor %y 2na" Ju$gment are $is9ua"i2e$ -rom running -or any e"e#tive "o#a" position, -or the pena"ty o- prisian mayor automati#a""y #arries with it, %y operation o- "aw, the a##essory pena"ties o- temporary a%so"ute $is9ua"i2#ation (whi#h $eprives one o- the right to vote an$ %eing e"e#te$ into oH#e $uring the meting o- the pena"ty) an$ perpetua" spe#ia" $is9ua"i2#ation whi#h, upon the 2na"ity o- the Ju$gment, wi"" automati#a""y ren$er him ine"igi%"e to run -or any e"e#tive pu%"i# oH#e perpetua""y. %ayor Ta*a+a v. CO%ELEC and "*ca*a ?/07/B 5acts: A :etition -or Can#e""ation o- his Certi2#ate o- Can$i$a#y (CCC) was 2"e$ against 4a"aga, a #an$i$ate -or ;ayor o- Lu#ena City, on the groun$ that he ma$e a -a"se materia" representation in his CCC when he $e#"are$ un$er oath that he was e"igi%"e to run -or the CH#e o- ;ayor $espite Gnowing that he ha$ %een e"e#te$ an$ ha$ serve$ three #onse#utive terms as ;ayor o- Lu#ena City. 4a"aga argue$ that the +angguniang Bayan preventive"y suspen$e$ him -rom oH#e $uring his se#on$ an$ thir$ terms, so the threeD"imit ru"e $i$ not app"y to him. #octrine: 4a"aga $e"i%erate"y ma$e misrepresentations in his CCC, there-ore the same was nu"" an$ voi$. 4he -a"se representation here must %e a $e"i%erate attempt to mis"ea$, misin-orm, or hi$e a -a#t that wou"$ otherwise ren$er a #an$i$ate ine"igi%"e. 4o prevent a #an$i$ate -rom running in an e"e#tora" ra#e, one may resort to either a petition -or $is9ua"i2#ation un$er +e#. B0 o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e (the e,e#t o- whi#h wi"" %e the prohi%ition o- the person -rom #ontinuing as a #an$i$ate) or to a petition to $eny $ue #ourse to, or #an#e", a #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y groun$e$ on a statement o- a materia" representation in the sai$ #erti2#ate that is -a"se (the e,e#t o- whi#h is the #an#e""ation or $enia" o- $ue #ourse o- the person>s #erti2#ate, with the sai$ person not treate$ as a #an$i$ate at a"" W as i- she never 2"e$ a CCC). A person whose CCC was #an#e""e$ $oes not give rise to a va"i$ #an$i$a#y an$ there-ore #annot %e su%stitute$ %y another person. Cayat v. CO%ELEC ?/00HB 5acts: A :etition -or Dis9ua"i2#ation was 2"e$ against Cayat, a #an$i$ate -or ;ayor o- Burguias Benguet, on the groun$ that he ma$e a misrepresentation that he was e"igi%"e to run when in truth he ha$ %een #onvi#te$ %y 2na" Ju$gment o- an o,ense invo"ving mora" turpitu$e, #onse9uent"y $is9ua"i-ying him -rom running. #octrine: Cayat shou"$ %e $is9ua"i2e$ %e#ause +e#. B0(a)(1) o- the Lo#a" &overnment CC$e provi$es that those who have re#eive$ a senten#e %y 2na" Ju$gment -or an o,ense invo"ving mora" turpitu$e -or an o,ense punisha%"e %y one year or more o- imprisonment within two years a-ter serving senten#e are $is9ua"i2e$ -rom running -or any e"e#tive "o#a" position. ;ora" turpitu$e ha$ %een $e2ne$ as everything whi#h is $one #ontrary to Justi#e, mo$esty, or goo$ mora"sN an a#t o- %aseness, vi"eness or $epravity in the private 181 an$ so#ia" $uties whi#h a man owes his -e""owmen, or to so#iety in genera", #ontrary to Justi#e, honesty, mo$esty or goo$ mora"s, an$ -or whi#h the #rime o- a#ts o- "as#iviousness #"ear"y invo"ves mora" turpitu$e. +e#. A o- /epu%"i# A#t AABA provi$es that a #an$i$ate $is9ua"i2e$ %y 2na" Ju$gment %e-ore an e"e#tion #annot %e vote$ -or, an$ votes #ast -or him sha"" not %e #ounte$. Cayat was $is9ua"i2e$ twentyDthree $ays %e-ore the e"e#tionsN thus he was "ega""y a nonDeistent #an$i$ate $uring the e"e#tions. 4he #an$i$ate with the se#on$ highest num%er o- votes sha"" %e#ome the ;ayor. Cautista v. CO%ELEC ?/002B 5acts: A :etition -or Can#e""ation o- his #erti2#ate o- #an$i$a#y was 2"e$ against Bautista, a #an$i$ate -or :unong Barangay Barangay Lum%angan, on the groun$ that he was not a registere$ voter in Lum%angan. #octrine: Bautista is $is9ua"i2e$ as +e#. 19(a) o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e provi$es that an e"e#tive "o#a" oH#ia" must not on"y %e a ?9ua"i2e$ e"e#tor@ or a ?9ua"i2e$ voter,@ he must a"so %e a ?registere$ voter where he inten$s to %e e"e#te$@. Bautista a$mitte$ in his aH$avit that he was not a registere$ voter o- Barangay Lum%angan, an$ his name was stri#Gen o, the voterEs "ist an$ on#e ma$e aware o- su#h -a#t, he never $i$ anything to register anew. As Bautista was on"y $is9ua"i2e$ a-ter the e"e#tions, the highest ranGing +angguniang Barangay mem%er, or in the #ase o- his permanent $isa%i"ity, the se#on$ highest ranGing +angguniang mem%er, sha"" %e#ome the :unong Barangay. Cernardo, et a*. v. "4a*os, et a*. ?/00FB 5acts: 4he #harge against A%a"os !r., who ran -or ;ayor o- ;an$a"uyong City, o- voteD %uying was $ismisse$ %y the Commission on E"e#tions $ue to insuH#ien#y o- evi$en#e. #octrine: 4he #omp"ainant -ai"e$ to esta%"ish that they vio"ate$ the Cmni%us E"e#tion A#t re-erring to e"e#tioneering %e#ause a"" the a#ts were #ommitte$ even %e-ore the start o- the #ampaign perio$. As su#h, A%a"os, !r. is inno#ent. %a.ui*in+ v. CO%ELEC ?/072B 5acts: 4here were three ;ayora"ty #an$i$ates in Lanao $e" =orte W Ba"ua, Arna$o an$ ;a9ui"ing. Ba"ua 2"e$ a :etition -or Dis9ua"i2#ation with the Commission on E"e#tions (CC;ELEC) against Arna$o, a $ua" #iti<en who app"ie$ -or repatriation, tooG his Cath o- A""egian#e to the /epu%"i# o- the :hi"ippines in an AH$avit o- /enun#iation, %ut $espite his oath, sti"" #ontinuous"y use$ his 8.+. :assport even a-ter 2"ing his Certi2#ate o- Can$i$a#y (CCC). Arna$o su%se9uent"y won in the e"e#tions, %ut the CC;ELEC 'irst 18B Division $is9ua"i2e$ him %ut the CC;ELEC en %an# ru"e$ in his -avor an$ uphe"$ his repatriation. #octrine: 4he Court he"$ that Arna$o is $is9ua"i2e$ -rom running %e#ause whi"e he satis2e$ the two re9uirements nee$e$ to 9ua"i-y to run -or a pu%"i# oH#e un$er /epu%"i# A#t 9()) (i.e., taGing the Cath o- A""egian#e an$ renoun#ing his -oreign #iti<enship), his use o- a -oreign passport a-ter renoun#ing his -oreign #iti<enship is a positive an$ vo"untary a#t o- representation as to one>s nationa"ity an$ #iti<enship. By representing himse"- as an Ameri#an #iti<en, Arna$o vo"untari"y an$ e,e#tive"y reverte$ to his ear"ier status as a $ua" #iti<en who is, un$er +e#. B0 o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e, $is9ua"i2e$ -rom running -or any "o#a" e"e#tive position. As Arna"$o is %arre$ -rom even %eing a #an$i$ate, his CCC is ren$ere$ voi$ -rom the %eginning an$ the votes #ast in his -avor shou"$ not have even %een #ounte$. ;a9ui"ing is thus the 9ua"i2e$ #an$i$ate who o%taine$ the highest num%er o- votes, maGing him the winner o- the e"e#tions. 4he ru"e o- su##ession un$er the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e wi"" thus not app"y. (ii) !uris$i#tion O(4uds(an v. !odri+ueG ?/070B 5acts: :unong Barangay /o$rigue< argue$ that the +angguniang Bayan an$ not the Cm%u$sman shou"$ eer#ise Juris$i#tion over the #omp"aint 2"e$ against him -or a%use o- authority, $ishonesty, oppression, mis#on$u#t in oH#e, an$ neg"e#t o- $uty. #octrine: A"though +e#. A1 o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e provi$es that the +angguniang Bayan has $is#ip"inary authority over any e"e#tive %arangay oH#ia", the Cm%u$sman has #on#urrent Juris$i#tion with the +angguniang Bayan over a$ministrative #ases against e"e#tive %arangay oH#ia"s o##upying positions %e"ow sa"ary gra$e (7, su#h as the position o- :unong Barangay /o$rigue<. Even i- they 2"e$ in the Cm%u$sman an$ the +angguniang Bayan i$enti#a" #omp"aints against /o$rigue<, they $i$ not vio"ate the ru"e against -orum shopping %e#ause their #omp"aint was in the nature o- an a$ministrative #ase. .n a$ministrative #ases invo"ving the #on#urrent Juris$i#tion o- two or more $is#ip"ining authorities, the %o$y in whi#h the #omp"aint is 2"e$ 2rst, an$ whi#h 2rst opts to taGe #ogni<an#e o- the #ase, a#9uires Juris$i#tion to the e#"usion o- other tri%una"s eer#ising #on#urrent Juris$i#tion. .n this #ase, sin#e the #omp"aint was 2"e$ 2rst with the Cm%u$sman, an$ the Cm%u$sman opte$ to assume Juris$i#tion over the #omp"aint, the Cm%u$sman>s eer#ise o- Juris$i#tion is to the e#"usion o- the +angguniang Bayan eer#ising #on#urrent Juris$i#tion. La)ina, Sr. v. O(4uds(an ?/00AB 5acts: A #omp"aint -or grave mis#on$u#t was 2"e$ against Barangay Chairman Laina, -or an a""ege$ attempte$ rape. 4he Department o- .nterior an$ Lo#a" &overnment (D.L&) re-erre$ the #omp"aint to the Lue<on City Coun#i", whi"e a simi"ar #omp"aint was 2"e$ with the Cm%u$sman. Laina argue$ that the respon$ents (the Cm%u$sman, the D.L& +e#retary an$ the City ;ayor o- Lue<on City) shou"$ have $ismisse$ the #ases against 18) him on the groun$ o- -orumDshopping. #octrine: 'irst"y, the ru"e on -orumDshopping app"ies on"y to Ju$i#ia" #ases or pro#ee$ings an$ not to a$ministrative #ases. +e#on$"y, the Cm%u$sman an$ the Lue<on City Coun#i" have #on#urrent Juris$i#tion over a$ministrative #ases against e"e#tive oH#ia"s "iGe Laina. 4hir$"y, Laina is estoppe$ -rom 9uestioning the Juris$i#tion o- the Cm%u$sman as the re#or$s show that Laina parti#ipate$ in the pro#ee$ings %y 2"ing his #ounterDaH$avit with supporting evi$en#e. *e a"so $i$ not in-orm the Cm%u$sman o- the eisten#e o- the other a$ministrative #omp"aint o- whi#h he is presuma%"y aware at the time the pro#ee$ings in the Cm%u$sman were ongoing. :arti#ipation in the a$ministrative pro#ee$ings without raising any o%Je#tion thereto %ars the parties -rom raising any Juris$i#tiona" in2rmity a-ter an a$verse $e#ision is ren$ere$ against them. Espiritu v. %e*+ar ?7@@/B 5acts: A preventive suspension was impose$ %y the :rovin#ia" &overnor on ;ayor ;e"gar o- =auJan, Crienta" ;in$oro a-ter a #omp"aint -or grave mis#on$u#t -or a""ege$ assau"t an$ use o- physi#a" vio"en#e was 2"e$ against him in the Department o- .nterior an$ Lo#a" &overnment (D.L&), an$ a simi"ar #omp"aint 2"e$ with the +angguniang :an"a"awigan o- Crienta" ;in$oro. #octrine: 4he Court he"$ that, per +e#. A1 o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e, the :rovin#ia" &overnor has the authority to suspen$ ;e"gar. 4he :rovin#ia" &overnor o- Crienta" ;in$oro is authori<e$ %y "aw to preventive"y suspen$ ;e"gar at any time a-ter the issues ha$ %een Joine$ an$ any o- the -o""owing groun$s enumerate$ in +e#. A1 o- the L&C were shown to eist7 1) when there is reasona%"e groun$ to %e"ieve that the respon$ent has #ommitte$ the a#t or a#ts #omp"aine$ o-, () when the evi$en#e o- #u"pa%i"ity is strong, 1) Khen the gravity o- the o,ense so warrants, or B) when the #ontinuan#e in oH#e o- the respon$ent #ou"$ inUuen#e the witnesses or pose a threat to the sa-ety an$ integrity o- the re#or$s an$ other evi$en#e. (iii) :reventive suspension Cunye v. Escarea* ?7@@2B 5acts: 4he +an$igan%ayan p"a#e$ ;ayor Bunye et a". un$er suspension -or vio"ation o- /epu%"i# A#t (/A) 1019 (AntiD&ra-t an$ Corrupt :ra#ti#es A#t). Bunye, et a". argue$ that the suspension -or vio"ation o- /A 1019 partaGes o- a pena"ty even %e-ore a Ju$gment o- #onvi#tion is rea#he$, an$ is thus vio"ative o- her #onstitutiona" right to %e presume$ inno#ent. #octrine: 4he suspension is man$atory un$er /A 1019. +e#tion 11 o- /A 1019 provi$es that the suspension o- a pu%"i# oH#er upon the 2"ing o- a va"i$ in-ormation is man$atory. :reventive suspension is not vio"ative o- the Constitution as it is not a pena"ty. anGon v. C" ?7@@7B 18A 5acts: ;ayor &an<on, who was given a A0D$ay preventive suspension an$ three more suspension or$ers $ue to the 2n$ing o- pro%a%"e #ause in the ten a$ministrative #omp"aints that he -a#e$, #"aims that the :resi$ent an$ his agents (in this #ase, the Department o- .nterior an$ Lo#a" &overnment) no "onger have the power to suspen$ a "o#a" oH#ia" %e#ause the phrase ?as may %e provi$e$ %y "aw@ (in re"ation to the eer#ise %y the :resi$ent o- the power o- suspension an$Ror remova" over "o#a" oH#ia"s) has %een remove$ in the 1987 Constitution. #octrine: 4he $e"etion o- the phrase `as may %e provi$e$ %y "aw> $i$ not $ivest the :resi$ent o- the power to investigate, $is#ip"ine, or remove "o#a" oH#ia"s as the :resi$ent #an sti"" suspen$ a "o#a" oH#ia" %ut, su#h must %e #onsistent with "aw. 4hus, Congress maintains its #ontro" over muni#ipa" #orporations, a"though it may $e"egate su#h power to the :resi$ent. *owever, on"y one suspension or$er shou"$ have %een impose$ in this #ase as ten suspension or$ers wou"$ prevent the mayor -rom per-orming his -un#tions. 4he suspension is not meant to serve as a pena"ty %ut mere"y to prevent the a##use$ -rom inUuen#ing the #ourse o- the investigation. %ondano v. Si*vosa ?7@AAB 5acts: ;ayor ;on$ano, a##use$ o- rape an$ #on#u%inage, 9uestions his suspension -rom oH#e %y the :rovin#ia" &overnor as in$orse$ %y the Assistant Ee#utive +e#retary pursuant to a #omp"aint 2"e$ %e-ore the :resi$entia" Comp"aints an$ A#tion Committee. #octrine: 4he investigation an$ suspension were i""ega" %e#ause, a"though provin#ia" supervision over muni#ipa" oH#ia"s %e"ongs to the :rovin#ia" &overnor an$ he may su%mit written #harges %e-ore the :rovin#ia" Boar$ an$ suspen$ the oH#ia", the #harges in this #ase are not ma"-easan#es #ontemp"ate$ un$er +e#. (188 o- the /evise$ A$ministrative Co$e. 4he #harges may %e #onsi$ere$ as invo"ving mora" turpitu$e, %ut %e-ore the :rovin#ia" Boar$R&overnor may -orma""y #harge an$ suspen$ the petitioner, there must 2rst %e a #onvi#tion whi#h was "a#Ging in this #ase. He4ron v. !eyes ?7@AEB 5acts: ;ayor *e%ron, #harge$ with oppression, grave a%use o- authority an$ serious mis#on$u#t, was suspen$e$ in$e2nite"y %y the CH#e o- the :resi$ent whi"e the #ase was un$er investigation. #octrine: 4he suspension was i""ega" %e#ause the :resi$ent has no origina" power to suspen$ a "o#a" oH#ia". 4he Ee#utive must o%serve the man$atory pro#e$ure -or $is#ip"inary a#tions over muni#ipa" oH#ia"s to %e eer#ise$ %y the :rovin#ia" Boar$ provi$e$ in +e#s. (188 to (191 o- the /evise$ A$ministrative Co$e an$ the =ationa" &overnment may #on$u#t an investigation on"y as a means to as#ertain whether or not the :rovin#ia" %oar$ shou"$ taGe a#tion. %iranda v. Sandi+an4ayan ?/00AB 187 5acts: ;ayor ;iran$o, who was p"a#e$ un$er preventive suspension %y the Cm%u$sman -or A months -or vio"ating /epu%"i# A#t A711 (Co$e o- Con$u#t an$ Ethi#a" +tan$ar$s -or :u%"i# CH#ia"s an$ Emp"oyees), argue$ that %ase$ on +e#tion A1(%) o- the Lo#a" &overnmen Co$e (L&C), "o#a" e"e#tive oH#ia"s #ou"$ not %e preventive"y suspen$e$ -or a perio$ %eyon$ A0 $ays. #octrine: 4he Cm%u$sman may suspen$ a "o#a" e"e#tive oH#ia" -or not more than 90 $ays. A$ministrative #omp"aints #ommen#e$ un$er the Cm%u$sman Law are $istin#t -rom those initiate$ un$er the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e, as +e#tion A1 o- the L&C $oes not govern preventive suspensions impose$ %y the Cm%u$sman, whi#h is a #onstitutiona""y #reate$ oH#e an$ in$epen$ent -rom the Ee#utive %ran#h o- governmentN the Cm%u$sman>s power o- preventive suspension is governe$ %y /epu%"i# A#t =o. A770. Co*asti+ v. Sandi+an4ayan ?7@@FB 5acts: &overnor Bo"astig, who was p"a#e$ un$er preventive suspension -or 90 $ays %y the +an$igan%ayan -or vio"ating /epu%"i# A#t 1019 (AntiD&ra-t an$ Corrupt :ra#ti#es A#t), argue$ that there #an on"y %e preventive suspension when it is shown that the suspension or$er prevents the a##use$ -rom using his oH#e to inUuen#e potentia" witnesses or tamper with re#or$s whi#h may %e vita" in the prose#ution o- the #ase against him #octrine: +e#. 11 o- /epu%"i# A#t 1019 provi$es that it is man$atory -or the +an$igan%ayan to suspen$ any pu%"i# oH#er against whom a va"i$ in-ormation #harging vio"ation o- that "aw. 4he $uration o- preventive suspension wi"" vary to the etent that it is #ontingent on the time it taGes the #ourt to $e#i$e the #ase %ut not on a##ount o- any $is#retion "o$ge$ in the #ourt, taGing into a##ount the pro%a%i"ity that the a##use$ may use his oH#e to hamper his prose#ution. (iv) /emova" SC o- Caran+ay #on %ariano %arcos v. Punon+ Caran+ay Severino %artineG ?/00EB 5acts: 4he +angguniang Bayan pena"i<e$ Barangay Captain ;artine< %y removing him -rom oH#e %e#ause o- an a$ministrative #harge o- Dishonesty, ;is#on$u#t in CH#e an$ 6io"ation o- the AntiD&ra-t an$ Corrupt :ra#ti#es A#t 2"e$ against the Barangay Captain. #octrine: 4he +angguniang Bayan #an not remove ;artine< -rom oH#e. +e#. A0 o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e provi$es that the power to remove e"e#tive "o#a" oH#ia"s -rom oH#e is "o$ge$ with the #ourts. (v) A$ministrative appea" Catu v. !e**osa ?/00EB 188 5acts: /e""osa, the :unong Barangay, represente$ one o- the parties invo"ve$ in a #omp"aint against the tenants o- the %ui"$ing owne$ %y the Catus a-ter the #on#i"iation meeting that /e""osa arrange$ -ai"e$. #octrine: /e""osa may appear as #ounse" o- two o- the parties su%Je#t to authori<ation -rom the Department o- .nterior an$ Lo#a" &overnment. A"though +e#tion 90 o- /epu%"i# A#t 71A0 (4he Lo#a" &overnment Co$e) provi$es that "o#a" oH#ia"s, governors, #ity mayors an$ muni#ipa" mayors are prohi%ite$ -rom pra#ti#ing their pro-ession or engaging in any o##upation other than the eer#ise o- their -un#tions as "o#a" #hie- ee#utives, punong %arangays are not mentione$ in this prohi%ition in the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e. 4here-ore, /e""osa as :unong Barangay was not -or%i$$en to pra#ti#e his pro-ession. *owever, he vio"ate$ the /evise$ Civi" +ervi#e /u"es, parti#u"ar"y +e#. 1( whi#h prohi%its oH#ers or emp"oyees -rom $ire#t"y engaging in any private %usiness, vo#ation or pro-ession without written permission -rom the hea$ o- the $epartment. As punong %arangay, /e""osa shou"$ have o%taine$ prior written permission -rom the +e#retary o- .nterior an$ Lo#a" &overnment %e-ore entering his appearan#e as #ounse" o- two o- the parties. !epu4*ic v. !a(4uyon+ ?/070B 5acts: Atty. /i#har$ /am%uyong, then in#um%ent 6i#e ;ayor o- .pi", appeare$ as #ounse" o- Chua in a #ase 2"e$ -or #o""e#tion o- a sum o- moneyR$amages against the =ationa" :ower Corporation (=:C). #octrine: /am%uyong may not appear as #ounse" o- Chua. +e#tion ((10) o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e (L&C) provi$es that =:C is a government instrumenta"ity, an$ +e#. 90(%)(1) o- the L&C provi$es that sanggunian mem%ers are prohi%ite$ to appear as #ounse" %e-ore any #ourt wherein any oH#e, agen#y or instrumenta"ity o- the government is the a$verse party an$ %eing a government owne$ an$ #ontro""e$ #orporation (&CCC), =:C -a""s is within the term `instrumenta"ity>. Peop*e v. Sandi+an4ayan ?/00EB 5acts: ;ayor 6i""apan$o was #harge$ with vio"ation o- Art. (BB o- the /evise$ :ena" Co$e (whi#h provi$es that any pu%"i# oH#er who sha"" Gnowing"y nominate or appoint to any pu%"i# oH#e any person "a#Ging the "ega" 9ua"i2#ations sha"" %e pena"i<e$) when he hire$ 4iape as ;uni#ipa" A$ministrative an$ Deve"opment :"anning Consu"tant in the CH#e o- the ;uni#ipa" ;ayor, when it has not yet %een more than a year sin#e 4iape "ost the e"e#tions. #octrine: 4iape is ine"igi%"e to assume the position as +e#. A, Art. .3 o- the 1987 Constitution an$ +e#. 9B(%) o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e o- 1991 prohi%its "osing #an$i$ates within one year a-ter su#h e"e#tion to %e appointe$ to any oH#e in the government or any governmentDowne$ or #ontro""e$ #orporation or in any o- their su%si$iaries. A "osing #an$i$ate has to wait one year %e-ore assuming any appointe$ position. 189 Sa*es v. Carreon, <r. ?/00HB 5acts: 4he new"y e"e#te$ ;ayor Carreon, !r. revoGe$ a"" 81 appointments ma$e %y then Dapitan City ;ayor /ui<, in #omp"ian#e with the Civi" +ervi#e Commission (C+C) ;emoran$um Cir#u"ar imposing a %an on issuing appointments in the #ivi" servi#e $uring the e"e#tion perio$, arguing that the 9uestione$ appointments were not on"y Tissue$ in %u"GT %ut that there was no urgent nee$ to 2"" those positions. #octrine: A"" 81 appointments are voi$. 4he C+C is re9uire$ to pu%"ish the "ist o- va#ant positions an$ su#h pu%"i#ation sha"" %e poste$ %y the #hie- personne" or a$ministrative oH#er o- a"" "o#a" government units in the $esignate$ p"a#es. 4he va#ant positions may on"y %e 2""e$ %y the appointing authority a-ter they have %een reporte$ to the C+C as va#ant, an$ on"y a-ter pu%"i#ation. .n this #ase, the pu%"i#ation o- va#an#ies was ma$e even %e-ore the positions invo"ve$ a#tua""y %e#ame va#ant. 8uiro+ v. "u(entado ?/00EB 5acts: Boho" :rovin#ia" &overnor /e"ampagos> appointment o- Luirog as :rovin#ia" &overnment Department *ea$ o- the CH#e o- the :rovin#ia" Agri#u"ture was oppose$ on the groun$ that Luirog was part o- the %u"G o- mi$night appointments ma$e %y &overnor /e"ampagos %e-ore the en$ o- this term. #octrine: Luirog>s appointment was va"i$. 4he appointment o- Luirog #annot %e #ategori<e$ as a mi$night appointment as Luirog ha$ %een $is#harging an$ per-orming the $uties #on#omitant with the su%Je#t position -or a year prior to her permanent appointment thereto. NaGareo v. City o- #u(a+uete ?/00@B 5acts: 4he new"y e"e#te$ Dumaguete City ;ayor :er$i#es announ#e$ that he wou"$ not honor the appointments ma$e %y -ormer ;ayor /emo""o, who promote$ 1) an$ regu"ari<e$ another 7B #ity ha"" emp"oyees. #octrine: 4he +upreme Court he"$ that a"" the promotions an$ regu"ari<ations were voi$. A"though not a"" Emass appointmentsE are prohi%ite$ %y the Civi" +ervi#e Commission, it must %e shown that the appointments have un$ergone the regu"ar s#reening pro#ess, that the appointee is 9ua"i2e$, that there is a nee$ to 2"" up the va#an#y imme$iate"y, an$ that the appointments are not in %u"G. 4he va"i$ity o- an appointment issue$ imme$iate"y %e-ore an$ a-ter e"e#tions %y an outgoing "o#a" #hie- ee#utive is to %e $etermine$ on the %asis o- the nature, #hara#ter, an$ merit o- the in$ivi$ua" appointment an$ the parti#u"ar #ir#umstan#es surroun$ing the same. .n this #ase, there was no evi$en#e to show any $e"i%eration on the 9ua"i2#ations o- the appointe$ #ity ha"" emp"oyees, nor any in$i#ation o- an urgent nee$ -or the issuan#e o- su#h appointments. 190 %ontuerto v. Ty ?/00EB 5acts: 4he +angguniang Bayan re9ueste$ the Civi" +ervi#e Commission to revoGe the appointment o- ;ontuerto as Bu$get CH#er as it was not with the #on#urren#e o- the +angguniang Bayan. #octrine: ;ontuerto>s appointment was inva"i$. +e#. BB1(a) an$ ($) o- the Lo#a" &overnment Co$e provi$es that the hea$ o- a $epartment or oH#e in the muni#ipa" government, su#h as the ;uni#ipa" Bu$get CH#er, sha"" %e appointe$ %y the mayor with the #on#urren#e o- the maJority o- a"" +angguniang Bayan mem%ers su%Je#t to #ivi" servi#e "aw, ru"es an$ regu"ations. %ayor To*entino v. CO%ELEC ?/070B 5acts: E"e#tion protests were 2"e$ against the pro#"amation o- 4o"entino an$ $e Castro as $u"y e"e#te$ ;ayor an$ 6i#eD;ayor, respe#tive"y. .n "ight o- the issuan#es o- the Commission on E"e#tions or$ering the revision o- -ortyD-our %a""ot %oes without 2rst reso"ving whether siteen o- the sai$ -ortyD-our %a""ot %oes, whi#h were segregate$ or set asi$e, shou"$ %e in#"u$e$ in the revision, an$ without reso"ving how the revision (eamination o- %a""ots whi#h resu"ts -rom a genera" averment o- -rau$ or irregu"arities in the #ounting o- votes) pro#ee$ings wou"$ %e #on$u#te$, 4o"entino an$ $e Castro argue$ that they were $enie$ their right to $ue pro#ess. #octrine: 4o"entino an$ $e Castro were not $enie$ their right to $ue pro#ess, as the re9uirements -or pro#e$ura" $ue pro#ess enumerate$ in Air ;ani"a .n# v. Ba"at%at7 1) the right to noti#e, %e it a#tua" or #onstru#tive, o- the institution o- the pro#ee$ings that may a,e#t a person>s "ega" right, () the right to a reasona%"e opportunity to appear an$ $e-en$ his rights an$ to intro$u#e witnesses an$ re"evant evi$en#e in his -avor, 1) the right to a tri%una" so #onstitute$ as to give him reasona%"e assuran#e o- honesty an$ impartia"ity, an$ one o- #ompetent Juris$i#tion, an$ B) the right to a 2n$ing or $e#ision o- that tri%una" supporte$ %y su%stantia" evi$en#e presente$ at the hearing or at "east as#ertaine$ in the re#or$s or $is#"ose$ to the parties, were satis2e$ when the parties were a,or$e$ -air an$ reasona%"e opportunity to ep"ain their si$e o- the #ontroversy at han$. 4he CC;ELEC ha$ re9uire$ 4o"entino to provi$e the names o- his revisors (who wi"" raise o%Je#tions, #"aim the votes -or him, or #ontest votes in -avor o- his opponent) an$ he has not a""ege$ %eing $eprive$ o- this opportunity. 4he opportunity $uring the revision stage to raise a"" o%Je#tions, present his evi$en#e an$ witnesses an$ 2"e his memoran$um %e-ore the #ase wou"$ %e su%mitte$ -or reso"ution, -u""y meet the $eman$s o- $ue pro#ess.
"cuGar v. <aro*an and Hon. "presa ?/070B 191 5acts: A#u<ar, who was $ismisse$ -rom the :hi"ippine =ationa" :o"i#e -or an a$ministrative #ase -or having an i""i#it re"ationship with a minor argue$ that he was $enie$ $ue pro#ess %e#ause the :eop"e>s Law En-or#ement Boar$ (:LEB)>s $e#ision was rea#he$ a""ege$"y without giving him an opportunity to %e hear$. #octrine: A#u<ar was not $enie$ $ue pro#ess in an a$ministrative #ontet, as $ue pro#ess $oes not re9uire tria"Dtype pro#ee$ings simi"ar to those in #ourts o- Justi#e. .n a$ministrative pro#ee$ings, pro#e$ura" $ue pro#ess has %een re#ogni<e$ to in#"u$e5 1) the right to a#tua" or #onstru#tive noti#e o- the institution o- pro#ee$ings whi#h may a,e#t a respon$ent>s "ega" rights, () a rea" opportunity to %e hear$ persona""y or with the assistan#e o- #ounse", to present witnesses an$ evi$en#e in one>s -avor, an$ to $e-en$ one>s rights, 1) a tri%una" veste$ with #ompetent Juris$i#tion an$ so #onstitute$ as to a,or$ a person #harge$ a$ministrative"y a reasona%"e guarantee o- honesty as we"" as impartia"ity, an$ B) a 2n$ing %y sai$ tri%una" whi#h is supporte$ %y su%stantia" evi$en#e su%mitte$ -or #onsi$eration $uring the hearing or #ontaine$ in the re#or$s or ma$e Gnown to the parties a,e#te$. A#u<ar was noti2e$ o- the #omp"aint against him, he was a%"e to su%mit his #ounterDaH$avit an$ the aH$avits o- his witnesses, an$ he atten$e$ hearings with his #ounse". (vi) Do#trine o- #on$onation %) Appointive oH#ia"s #e $i**a et a*. v. T'e City o- Caco*od ?7@@0B 5acts: 4he City o- Ba#o"o$ argues that the .ntegrate$ =ationa" :o"i#e (.=:) Dire#tor &enera">s a#t o- re"ieving Lt. Co". :"otena as Ba#o"o$ City .=: +tation Comman$er an$ assigning him to the :hi"ippine Consta%u"ary (:C) :rovin#ia" *ea$9uarters in Ba#o"o$ City is inva"i$ an$ i""ega" %e#ause Ee#utive Cr$ers (EC) 10(7 an$ 10(8 provi$e$ that there ha$ to %e prior re#ommen$ation o-, or #onsu"tation with the "o#a" #hie- ee#utive whi#h is the City ;ayor o- Ba#o"o$ %e-ore any re"ie- is $one. #octrine5 ECs 101( an$ 10(7 $i$ not remove a$ministrative supervision an$ #ontro" (i.e., the power to a"ter or mo$i-y or nu""i-y or set asi$e what a su%or$inate oH#er has $one in the per-orman#e o- his $uties an$ to su%stitute the Ju$gment o- the -ormer -or that o- the "atter) over po"i#e units -rom the .=: #hie-. 4he "o#a" ee#utives have genera" supervision (i.e., the power to see to it that units or e"ements o- the .=: per-orm their $uties proper"y a##or$ing to eisting "aws an$ ru"es) an$ operationa" supervision (i.e., the same as genera" supervision, with the a$$e$ power to $ep"oy or emp"oy su#h units or e"ements in #oor$ination with the :rovin#ia" or Distri#t :o"i#e +uperinten$ent, +tation Comman$er or CH#erDinDCharge) over "o#a" po"i#e units, %ut no power o- a$ministrative supervision or #ontro" over them. As su#h, un$er eisting "aws, the power to re"ieve or reassign a #ity .=: +tation Comman$er is "o$ge$ with the .=: Dire#tor &enera" an$ #onse9uent"y, the .=: Dire#tor &enera">s a#t o- re"ieving Lt. Co". :"otena as Ba#o"o$ .=: +tation Comman$er an$ assigning him to the :C :rovin#ia" *ea$9uarters in Ba#o"o$ City is va"i$ an$ "ega". 11. /e#a"" 19( 1(. 4erm "imits Carpio v. E)ecutive Secretary ?7@@/B 5acts: Carpio #"aims that there was a mani-est $erogation o- the power o- #ontro" o- the =ationa" :o"i#e Commission (=A:CLCC;) over the :hi"ippine =ationa" :o"i#e (:=:) when /epu%"i# A#t A97) veste$ the power to #hoose the :=: :rovin#ia" Dire#tor an$ the Chie-s o- :o"i#e in the &overnors an$ ;ayors, respe#tive"y, the power o- ?operationa" supervision an$ #ontro"@ over po"i#e units in #ity an$ muni#ipa" mayors, parti#ipation in appointments to the positions o- +enior +uperinten$ent to Deputy Dire#torD&enera" as we"" as the a$ministration o- 9ua"i-ying entran#e eaminations in the Civi" +ervi#e Commission, an$ $is#ip"inary powers over :=: mem%ers in the :eop"e>s Law En-or#ement Boar$s an$ #ity an$ muni#ipa" mayors. #octrine: 4here is no usurpation o- the power o- #ontro" o- the =A:CLCC;. 8n$er +e#. )1 o- /epu%"i# ACt A97), -u"" #ontro" remains with the =ationa" :o"i#e Commission, an$ un$er this provision, "o#a" ee#utives are on"y a#ting as representatives o- the =A:CLCC;N 4hey wi"" #hoose the oH#ers #on#erne$ -rom a "ist o- e"igi%"es to %e re#ommen$e$ %y :=: oH#ia"s. I+nacio v. Canate, <r. ?7@EHB 5acts: .gna#io, then :resi$ent o- the Xatipunang :an"ungso$ ng mga Barangay (X:B) an$ a mem%er o- the +angguniang :an"ungso$ or City Coun#i", argue$ that Banate, his appointe$ rep"a#ement in the X:B, is not 9ua"i2e$ to rep"a#e him %e#ause Banate is not an oH#er, mu#h "ess :resi$ent o- the Xatipunan an$ has not %een $u"y e"e#te$ -or any sai$ positions. #octrine: Banate, !r., not %eing a Barangay Captain an$ never having %een e"e#te$ presi$ent o- the asso#iation o- %arangay #oun#i"s, #annot %e appointe$ a mem%er o- the +angguniang :an"ungso$ as an un9ua"i2e$ person #annot %e appointe$ a mem%er even in an a#ting #apa#ity. +e# 1, par. 1 o- Batas :am%ansa )1 provi$es that one has to %e a %arangay #hairman an$ presi$ent o- the %aranga#y #oun#i"s to %e 9ua"i2e$. +in#e the appointment o- .gna#io>s su##essor (Banate) is inva"i$, .gna#io>s tenure #ou"$ not %e terminate$ on the %asis o- su#h appointment. a*arosa v. $a*encia ?7@@2B 5acts: Lasay, the in#um%ent Barangay Captain o- %arangay &ima"oto o- the muni#ipa"ity o- +orsogon, assai"s that &a"arosa, the in#um%ent presi$ent o- the Xatipunang Bayan or Asso#iation o- Barangay Coun#i"s (ABC) o- the muni#ipa"ity o- +orsogon, an$ an appointe$ mem%er o- the +anggunian Bayan o- +orsogon, shou"$ %e rep"a#e$ sin#e the terms o- oH#e o- the +angguniang Bayan o- +orsogon has a"rea$y en$e$. #octrine: &a"arosaEs term as eDoH#io mem%er o- +angguniang Bayan en$s with the en$ o- the term o- the "atter. *e #an #ontinue to serve as a mem%er o- the +angguniang 191 Bayan %eyon$ 10 !une 199( (the $ate when the term o- oH#e o- the +angguniang Bayan o- +orsogon epire$) %ut on"y through ho"$ing over authority as there is no "aw whi#h prohi%its them -rom ho"$ing over as mem%ers o- the +angguniang Bayan i- there has yet to %e a ree"e#tion o- Barangay Captain. 4he ho"$Dover authority o- ABC presi$ents is a"so re#ogni<e$. 4hus, whi"e his term o- oH#e has epire$, &a"arosa #an stay on as mem%er o- the +angguniang Bayan unti" the oH#ers o- the Liga are e"e#te$.
e. N"TION"L ECONO%M "N# P"T!I%ONM National Patrion( !e+a*ian #octrine La Buga"DB>Laan 4ri%a" Asso#iation v. /amos ((00B) 4he La Buga"DB>"aan 4ri%a" Asso#iation #ha""enge$ the issuan#e o- mining permits an$ other measures a""owing -or the ep"oration, $eve"opment o- natura" resour#es. 4he Court he"$ that the mining permits shou"$ no "onger %e issue$, app"ying the the /ega"ian Do#trine. 4he /ega"ian Do#trine, whi#h $e#"ares a"" natura" resour#es o- the :hi"ippines, in#"u$ing minera" "an$s an$ minera"s, to %e property %e"onging to the +tate, eten$s not on"y to "an$ %ut a"so to Ta"" natura" wea"th that may %e -oun$ in the %owe"s o- the earth.T +pain, in parti#u"ar, re#ogni<e$ the uni9ue va"ue o- natura" resour#es, viewing them, espe#ia""y minera"s, as an a%un$ant sour#e o- revenue to 2nan#e its wars against other nations. Nationa*ist and CitiGens'ip !e.uire(ent Provisions E#U o- Natura* !esources 5ranc'ises, "ut'ority, and Certifcates o- Pu4*ic Uti*ities "c.uisition O,ners'ip and Trans-er o- Pu4*ic and Private Lands Practice o- Pro-essions Or+aniGation and !e+u*ation o- Corporations, Private and Pu4*ic %onopo*ies, !estraint o- Trade and Un-air Co(petition National -cono( and Patrion( 4ana$a v. Angara (1997) 19B +enate /eso"ution =o. 97, whi#h rati2e$ the Kor"$ 4ra$e Crgani<ation Agreement, was #ha""enge$, on the groun$ that it vio"ates Arti#"e .., +e#tion 19 an$ Arti#"e 3.., +e#tions 10 an$ 1( o- the 1987 Constitution (em%o$ying the ?'i"ipino 'irst@ po"i#y). 4he +C uphe"$ the K4C agreement. Khi"e the Constitution has a %ias towar$s 'i"ipino goo$s, servi#es, "a%or, an$ enterprises, there is a"so a nee$ -or some $egree o- e9ua"ity an$ re#ipro#ity in the #ountry>s %usiness $ea"ings with the rest o- the wor"$. 4he -ramers $i$ not inten$ to a$opt an iso"ationist po"i#y. A ?se"-Dre"iant an$ in$epen$ent nationa" e#onomy@ #annot %e interprete$ to mean a %ar on -oreign investments, goo$s, an$ servi#es. .t is not ?e#onomi# se#"usion@, nor is it ?men$i#an#y in the internationa" #ommunity.@ Khat the Constitution sha"" $o is prote#t 'i"ipino enterprises against un-air -oreign #ompetition. Nat#ral Re!o#rce! La Buga" B>"aan 4ri%a" Ass>n v. /amos ((00B), supra. .ssue5 Khat is the proper interpretation o- the phrase ?agreements invo"ving either te#hni#a" or 2nan#ia" assistan#e@ in Art. 3.., +e#tion ((B) o- the Constitutionb *e"$5 4he ep"oration, $eve"opment an$ uti"i<ation (ED8) o- natura" resour#es may %e un$ertaGen in the -o""owing ways5 1) the +tate %y itse"- $ire#t"y an$ so"e"y, () %y #oD pro$u#tion, Joint venture or pro$u#tion sharing agreements with 'i"ipino #iti<ens or #orporations, 1) sma""Ds#a"e uti"i<ation a""owe$ %y "aw in -avor o- 'i"ipino #iti<ens, an$, )) "argeDs#a"e ED8 o- minera"s, petro"eum an$ other minera" oi"s via agreements with -oreignDowne$ #orporations invo"ving either te#hni#a" or 2nan#ia" assistan#e a##or$ing to the genera" terms an$ #on$itions provi$e$ %y "aw. 4he use o- the wor$ ?invo"ving@ signi2es the possi%i"ity o- the in#"usion o- other -orms o- assistan#e or a#tivities having to $o with, otherwise re"ate$ to or #ompati%"e with 2nan#ia" or te#hni#a" assistan#e. +ervi#e #ontra#ts were not %anne$ un$er the 1987 Constitution. Agrarian Re+or Ur"an Land Re+or and Ho#!ing OrganiDation and Reg#lation o+ Pri'ate Cor)oration! O)eration o+ P#"lic Utilitie! On Ma!! Media and Ad'erti!ing Ind#!tr( Practice o+ Pro+e!!ion! State O)eration o+ Pri'ate -nter)ri!e! 19) Agan v. :iat#o ((00B) 4he #onsortium that eventua""y %e#ame :.A4CC was awar$e$ the =A.A ... termina" proJe#t. As a #onse9uen#e, it entere$ into a ?Con#ession Agreement -or the Bui"$D CperateDan$D4rans-er Arrangement o- the =A.A :assenger 4ermina" ...@ (1997 Con#ession Agreement). 4he &overnment grante$ :.A4CC the -ran#hise to operate an$ maintain the sai$ termina" $uring the #on#ession perio$ an$ to #o""e#t the -ees, renta"s an$ other #harges in a##or$an#e with the rates or s#he$u"es stipu"ate$ in the 1997 Con#ession Agreement. 4he Agreement provi$e$ that the #on#ession perio$ sha"" %e -or twentyD2ve (()) years #ommen#ing -rom the inDservi#e $ate, an$ may %e renewe$ at the option o- the &overnment -or a perio$ not e#ee$ing twentyD2ve (()) years. At the en$ o- the #on#ession perio$, :.A4CC sha"" trans-er the $eve"opment -a#i"ity to ;.AA. ;eanwhi"e, the ;.AA whi#h was #harge$ with the maintenan#e an$ operation o- the =A.A 4ermina"s . an$ .., ha$ eisting #on#ession #ontra#ts with various servi#e provi$ers to o,er internationa" air"ine airport servi#es. 4his "e$ the emp"oyees o- the servi#e provi$ers to 2"e a petition -or prohi%ition. +evera" emp"oyees o- ;.AA "iGewise 2"e$ a petition assai"ing the "ega"ity o- the various agreements. Cn the issue o- whether or not the +tate #an temporari"y taGe over a %usiness a,e#te$ with pu%"i# interest, the +C he"$ in this #ase that it #ou"$ not. :.A4CC #ou"$ not, %y mere #ontra#tua" stipu"ation, #ontravene the Constitutiona" provision on temporary government taGeover an$ o%"igate the government to pay ?reasona%"e #ost -or the use o- the 4ermina" an$Ror 4ermina" Comp"e.@ Arti#"e 3.., +e#tion 17 o- the 1987 Constitution provi$es that in times o- nationa" emergen#y, when the pu%"i# interest so re9uires, the +tate may, $uring the emergen#y an$ un$er reasona%"e terms pres#ri%e$ %y it, temporari"y taGe over or $ire#t the operation o- any private"y owne$ pu%"i# uti"ity or %usiness a,e#te$ with pu%"i# interest. 4he nationa" emergen#y #ontemp"ate$ in that provision was $e2ne$ to in#"u$e threat -rom eterna" aggression, #a"amities or nationa" $isasters, %ut not stri,es ?un"ess it is o- su#h proportion that it wou"$ para"y<e government servi#e.@ 4he $uration o- the emergen#y is the $etermining -a#tor as to how "ong the temporary taGeover o- the government wi"" "ast. Mono)olie!/ Co"ination!/ and Un+air Co)etition =EA v. ;en$o<a (198)) 4he .B: Crienta" ;in$oro Chapter oppose$ the in#rease$ e"e#tri# rates %eing #harge$ %y C/;ECC in a##or$an#e with the =EA>s approve$ in#rease in rates, on the groun$ that it $i$ so without a pu%"i# hearing. 4he C'. issue$ a restraining or$er that prevente$ C/;ECC -rom #harging the rates. 4he +upreme Court he"$ that the C'. grave"y a%use$ its $is#retion an$ set the or$er asi$e.%e#ause the #onsumers are members o- the #ooperative C/;ECC, whi#h is a nonD 19A pro2t organi<ation. 4he #onsumers are a"rea$y represente$ %y the Boar$ o- Dire#tors whom they ha$ e"e#te$. 4he ne#essity o- a pu%"i# hearing is "ost. Mone(/ Ban$ing/ and Credit Coo)erati'e! Co#nication and In+oration in Nation-B#ilding A#tono( o+ Local Go'ernent! Recognition o+ Rig1t! o+ Indigeno#! C#lt#ral Co#nitie! Hone!t P#"lic Ser'ice and F#ll P#"lic *i!clo!#re 6a"monte v. Be"monte (1989)
6a"monte wante$ Be"monte to give him a "ist o- names o- the opposition mem%ers o- the Batasang :am%ansa who were a%"e to se#ure a :( mi""ion "oan on guaranty o- .me"$a ;ar#os -rom the &+.+. &+.+ re-use$ on the groun$ o- #on2$entia"ity. 6a"monte, et a"., 2"e$ a petition -or man$amus. 4he +C he"$ that the right to a##ess the re#or$s $oes not in#"u$e the right to #ompe" #usto$ians o- oH#ia" re#or$s to prepare "ists, a%stra#ts, summaries an$ the "iGe. 4he &+.+ is a trustee o- #ontri%utions -rom the government an$ the a$ministrator o- insuran#e programs -or the %ene2t o- the "atter. .ts -un$s assume a pu%"i# #hara#ter. Consi$ering the nature o- its -un$s, the &+.+ is epe#te$ to manage its resour#es with utmost pru$en#e an$ in stri#t #omp"ian#e with "aw. 4he pu%"i# nature o- the -un$s an$ the pu%"i# oH#e o- the a""ege$ %orrowers maGe the in-ormation sought #"ear"y a matter o- pu%"i# interest an$ #on#ern. Chave< v. :u%"i# Estates Authority ((00() :EA is the #entra" imp"ementing agen#y -or re#"amation proJe#ts in the #ountry. .t tooG over the "easing an$ se""ing -un#tions o- the DE=/ as -ar as re#"aime$ -oreshore "an$s are #on#erne$. :EA entere$ into a !oint 6enture Agreement (!6A) with A;A/. to re#"aim portions o- ;ani"a Bay. Despite a +enate investigation report, the Lega" 4asG 'or#e appointe$ %y the :resi$ent uphe"$ the !6A. Chave< 2"e$ a petition -or man$amus an$ asGe$ that :EA pu%"i#"y $is#"ose the terms o- any renegotiation o- the !6A. 4he +C he"$ that the right to in-ormation in#"u$es oH#ia" in-ormation on onDgoing negotiations %e-ore a 2na" #ontra#t. 4he in-ormation, however, must #onstitute $e2nite propositions %y the government an$ shou"$ not #over re#ogni<e$ e#eptions "iGe privi"ege$ in-ormation, mi"itary an$ $ip"omati# se#rets, an$ simi"ar matters a,e#ting nationa" se#urity an$ pu%"i# or$er. 197 -. SOCI"L <USTICE "N# HU%"N !IHTS +. E#UC"TION, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOM, "!TS, CULTU!E "N# SPO!TS '. PUCLIC INTE!N"TION"L L"& uide*ines :"ease note that there are a num%er o- #ases that #ome up -re9uent"y in the stu$y o- internationa" "aw %e#ause they are ri#h with in-ormation an$ he"p-u" ep"anations on $i,erent aspe#ts o- internationa" "aw (e.g. .ort" Sea %ase! .icara&ua v. Anited States). 'or the purpose o- this re-eren#e materia", these #ases have %een $isti""e$ to provi$e on"y the very %asi# $o#trines re"evant to the su%Je#t %eing $is#usse$ an$ ne#essary to have a #omprehensive un$erstan$ing o- internationa" "aw. A greater appre#iation o- the tea#hings o- these #ases #an on"y %e rea#he$ %y rea$ing the #ases in -u"". ". Internationa* La, and Nationa* La, .nternationa" Law (.L) is a %o$y o- prin#ip"es, norms, an$ pro#esses whi#h regu"ates the re"ations o- states an$ other internationa" persons, an$ governs their #on$u#t a,e#ting the interests o- the internationa" #ommunity o- states as a who"e. (1a&allona) .L is #hara#teri<e$ as a #ontinuing pro#ess o- authoritative $e#isions. .t is a system o- normative #on$u#t7#on$u#t whi#h is regar$e$ %y ea#h a#tor, an$ %y the group as a who"e, as %eing o%"igatory. (Bi&&ins, ?:ro%"ems an$ :ro#ess@, 199B) 4he $eve"opment o- .L -o""ows the a#tua" use o- ru"es $es#ri%e$ as ru"es o- .L %y governments. A"" norma" governments emp"oy eperts to provi$e routine an$ other a$vi#e on matters o- .L an$ #onstant"y $e2ne their re"ations with other states in terms o- .L. &overnments an$ their oH#ia"s routine"y use ru"es whi#h they have -or a "ong time #a""e$ ?the "aw o- nations@ or ?internationa" "aw.@ /e-eren#e %y governments to internationa" "aw has %een part o- the norma" pro#ess o- $e#isionD maGing. (-ro)nlie! ?:rin#ip"es o- :u%"i# .nternationa" Law@, 1998 E$ition) .nternationa" "aw is that "aw whi#h $ea"s with the #on$u#t o- states an$ o- internationa" organi<ations an$ with their re"ations inter se, as we"" as with some o- their re"ations with persons, whether natura" or Juri$i#a". (?/estatement o- 'oreign /e"ations Law o- the 8nite$ +tates@) 198 Ta4*e 7. Co(parison o- Internationa* La, and Nationa*N%unicipa* La, (Base$ on the $is#ussion in -ernas, ?.ntro$u#tion to :u%"i# .nternationa" Law@) Internationa* Nationa* Source 'oun$ in treaties an$ #ustoms grown among states :ro$u#t o- "o#a" #ustom or o- "egis"ation !e*ations !e+u*ated /egu"ates re"ations %etween states /egu"ates re"ations %etween in$ivi$ua" persons un$er the state Su4stance A "aw %etween sovereign states A "aw o- a sovereign over in$ivi$ua"s Base$ on eisting treaties, when there is a #onUi#t %etween internationa" an$ nationa" "aw, the ru"e provi$e$ in internationa" "aw must prevai"5 "rtic*e /H o- t'e $ienna Convention on t'e La, o- Treaties A party may not invoGe the provisions o- its interna" "aw as Justi2#ation -or its -ai"ure to per-orm a treaty. "rtic*e 72 o- t'e #ec*aration o- !i+'ts and #uties o- States ?7@F@B Every +tate has the $uty to #arry out in goo$ -aith its o%"igations arising -rom treaties an$ other sour#es o- internationa" "aw, an$ it may not invoGe provisions in its #onstitution or its "aws as an e#use -or -ai"ure to per-orm this $uty. *owever, $omesti# "aw sti"" has an impa#t on internationa" "aw. As wi"" %e $is#usse$ -urther un$er ?+our#es o- .nternationa" Law@, $omesti# "aw #an %e a sour#e o- internationa" "aw i- it propoun$s a ru"e or #ustom genera""y a##epte$ %y $omesti# "ega" systems. C. Sources o- Internationa* La, "rtic*e 2E o- t'e Statute o- t'e Internationa* Court o- <ustice ?IC<B 1. 4he Court, whose -un#tion is to $e#i$e in a##or$an#e with internationa" "aw su#h $isputes as are su%mitte$ to it, sha"" app"y5 a. internationa* conventions, whether genera" or parti#u"ar, esta%"ishing ru"es epress"y re#ogni<e$ %y the #ontesting statesN %. internationa* custo(, as evi$en#e o- a genera" pra#ti#e a##epte$ as "awN #. t'e +enera* princip*es o- *a, re#ogni<e$ %y #ivi"i<e$ nationsN an$ $. su%Je#t to the provisions o- Arti#"e )9, 9udicia* decisions and t'e teac'in+s o- t'e (ost 'i+'*y .ua*ifed pu4*icists o- t'e various nations, as su%si$iary means -or the $etermination o- the ru"es o- "aw. 199 (. 4his provision sha"" not preJu$i#e the power o- the Court to $e#i$e a #ase e( ae5uo et bono, i- the parties agree thereto. NoteO .n #ertain #ases, the .C! wi"" ren$er a $e#ision on a $ispute without a#tua""y app"ying any o- the -oregoing sour#es o- internationa" "aw. 4his happens when the Court $e#"ares that ?there is nothing on whi#h to give Ju$gment@, su#h as when the o%Je#t o- the #"aim has $isappeare$. C"SE N#clear Te!t Ca!e! 4Ne% Eealand '. France/ A#!tralia '. France/ 56;89 'ran#e was #on$u#ting atmospheri# nu#"ear tests over the +outh :a#i2#, prompting #omp"aints -rom Austra"ia an$ =ew Yea"an$. 4he Court ru"e$ that sin#e 'ran#e, through its :resi$ent an$ ;inister o- De-ense, ha$ ma$e severa" pu%"i# statements that the testing wou"$ #ease, the o%Je#t o- the $ispute #ease$ to eist. Khen it is the intention o- a state maGing a $e#"aration that it shou"$ %e %oun$ a##or$ing to its terms, that intention #on-ers on the $e#"aration the #hara#ter o- a "ega" un$ertaGing, the state %eing "ega""y re9uire$ to -o""ow a #ourse o- #on$u#t #onsistent with its $e#"aration. SOU!CES O5 L"& #I55E!ENTI"TE# 7. Internationa* Conventions W re-er to "awDmaGing treaties an$ other simi"ar sour#es. Treaties #reate "ega" o%"igations, the nonDo%servan#e o- whi#h %y in$ivi$ua" states wi"" not $isso"ve the o%"igations. NoteO ?E)ceptionB "rtic*e A2 o- t'e 7@:@ $ienna Convention on Treaties PTreaties conLictin+ ,it' a pere(ptory nor( o- +enera* internationa* *a,Q ?3#! cogen!9 A treaty is voi$ i-, at the time o- its #on#"usion, it #onUi#ts with a peremptory norm o- genera" internationa" "aw. 'or the purposes o- the present Convention, a peremptory norm o- genera" internationa" "aw is a norm a##epte$ an$ re#ogni<e$ %y the internationa" #ommunity o- +tates as a who"e as a norm -rom whi#h no $erogation is permitte$ an$ whi#h #an %e mo$i2e$ on"y %y a su%se9uent norm o- genera" internationa" "aw having the same #hara#ter. *(amples: 4he *ague Convention o- 1899 an$ 1907 on the Law o- Kar an$ =eutra"ity 4he &eneva :roto#o" o- 19() o- :rohi%ite$ Keapons /. Internationa* Custo( ?or Custo(ary La,B W +tates #reate "aw %y what they $o in pra#ti#e or %y their #on$u#t, %e"ieving that their pra#ti#e or #on$u#t is o%"igatory. .n or$er -or #ustomary "aw to -orm, +tates must a#t with the %e"ie- that the pra#ti#e is re9uire$ %y "aw, an$ not %e#ause o- #ourtesy or po"iti#a" epe$ien#y. (1a&allona) E*e(ents o- Custo(ary La, (00 a. 8ni-ormity, #onsisten#y, an$ genera"ity o- pra#ti#e W #omp"ete uni-ormity, #onsisten#y, an$ genera"ity is not re9uire$. /ather, it must %e esta%"ishe$ %y a party re"ying on this #ustom that this #ustom has %een esta%"ishe$ an$ is %in$ing on the other party. (See Asylum %ase and %olombia v. Peru in case list belo)< Evi$en#e o- uni-orm, #onsistent, an$ genera" state pra#ti#e may %e esta%"ishe$ in numerous ways, e.g. the presentation o- %i"atera" treaties, #on#"usions o- internationa" #on-eren#es, an$ reso"utions o- the 8nite$ =ations &enera" Assem%"y. %. /pinio juris et necessitatis W the %e"ie- on the part o- +tates that a parti#u"ar #ustom or #on$u#t is o%"igatory c /n duration of practice W Duration is not ne#essari"y an e"ement -or the esta%"ishment o- #ustomary "aw. (See .ort" Sea %ase belo)< *owever, it may %e use$ as evi$en#e o- uni-orm, #onsistent, an$ genera" pra#ti#e %y +tates. NoteO ?E)ceptionB Khi"e a #ustom is #oming to %e esta%"ishe$, the emerging #ustom wi"" not %e %in$ing upon a state that is a persistent objector. Evi$en#e o- the state>s o%Je#tion to the pra#ti#e must %e #"ear an$ #onsistent. (See .ort" Sea %ase belo)< C"SES F#roda '. ,alandoni 45686/ P1ili))ine ca!e9 Xuro$a was #harge$ with war #rimes -o""owing the !apanese C##upation. Xuro$a argue$ that sin#e the :hi"ippines was not a signatory to the *ague Convention on /u"es an$ /egu"ations #overing Lan$ Kar-are, the #rimes he was #harge$ with were not %ase$ on "aw. 4he +upreme Court ru"e$ that the ru"es an$ regu"ations o- the *ague an$ &eneva Conventions -orm part o- an$ are who""y %ase$ on the genera""y a##epte$ prin#ip"es o- internationa" "aw, hen#e these ru"es %e#ame part o- :hi"ippine "aw $espite the :hi"ippines> status as nonDsignatory to the re"evant Conventions. Ca!e Concerning t1e Militar( and Parailitar( Acti'itie! in and Again!t Nicarag#a 4GNicarag#a '. United State!H/ 567>/ International Co#rt o+ ,#!tice9 =i#aragua institute$ pro#ee$ings against the 8nite$ +tates in re"ation to mi"itary an$ parami"itary a#tivities in an$ against =i#aragua. .n response to =i#aragua>s invo#ation o- the #ustomary prohi%ition on the use o- -or#e, the 8nite$ +tates argue$ that the #ustomary e#eption to the prohi%ition is the right to in$ivi$ua" an$ #o""e#tive se"-D $e-ense. 4he .C! 2rst ma$e a #"ear pronoun#ement as to the prohi%ition on the use o- -or#e as a we""Desta%"ishe$ ru"e in #ustomary .L (sin#e %oth =i#aragua an$ the 8nite$ +tates pra#ti#e$ and $isp"aye$ %e"ie- in its status as "aw) %e-ore a#Gnow"e$ging that there was an e#eption to this genera" ru"e. Nort1 Sea Continental S1el+ Ca!e! 456>69 &ermany, DenmarG, an$ the =ether"an$s were in $ispute over the $e"imitation o- the #ontinenta" she"- they share$. DenmarG an$ the =ether"an$s argue$ that the use o- the e9ui$istan#e prin#ip"e in $e"imitation was a prin#ip"e o- #ustomary or genera" .L, %in$ing on &ermany. 4he Court ru"e$ that &ermany was not %oun$ to use the e9ui$istan#e prin#ip"e %e#ause this prin#ip"e was not a prin#ip"e o- #ustomary "aw. Khi"e the Court (01 a#Gnow"e$ge$ that a #ustomary ru"e #ou"$ evo"ve in a re"ative"y short perio$ o- time, what was materia" was whether there was etensive an$ su%stantia""y uni-orm state pra#ti#e parti#u"ar"y among states whose interests were spe#ia""y a,e#te$. 4here was no evi$en#e that the e9ui$istan#e prin#ip"e was #onsistent"y use$ to $e"ineate the #ontinenta" she"- o- states in $ispute over it. Cn the #ontrary, &ermany ha$ persistent"y o%Je#te$ to the use o- the e9ui$istan#e prin#ip"e. A!(l# Ca!e 4Colo"ia '. Per#/ 56=?/ International Co#rt o+ ,#!tice9 Co"om%ia uni"atera""y grante$ a :eruvian re%e" asy"um in the Co"om%ian em%assy in :eru. .n $e-ense o- its a#tion, Co"om%ia argue$ that $ip"omati# asy"um (where the re-ugee is in the territory o- the state where the o,ense was #ommitte$) was a prin#ip"e o- #ustomary "aw an$ presente$ numerous treaties an$ #onventions on etra$ition as evi$en#e. Khi"e the Court a#Gnow"e$ge$ the #onventions, it ru"e$ that $ue to the "imite$ num%er o- states whi#h ha$ rati2e$ the #onventions, $ip"omati# asy"um was not yet a prin#ip"e o- #ustomary "aw. Legalit( o+ t1e U!e "( a State o+ N#clear 0ea)on! in Ared ConIict 4Ad'i!or( O)inion o+ t1e IC,/ 566>9 4he 9uestion pose$ to the Court %y the 8nite$ =ations &enera" Assem%"y was5 ?.s the threat or use o- nu#"ear weapons in any #ir#umstan#e permitte$ un$er .Lb@ 4he Court ru"e$ that there was no ru"e in #ustomary .L whi#h permits or prohi%its the threat or use o- nu#"ear weapons. 4he Court note$ that the mem%ers o- the internationa" #ommunity were $ivi$e$ on the matter o- nu#"ear weapons, maGing it $iH#u"t to $etermine uni-orm pra#ti#e or even opinio juris. .nstea$ the Court he"$ that the use o- nu#"ear weapons shou"$ %e su%Je#t to the same ru"es an$ restraints as other weapons (e.g. ne#essity an$ proportiona"ity un$er internationa" humanitarian "aw), regar$"ess o- the uni9ue nature o- nu#"ear weapons. T1e Ca!e o+ t1e Pa@#ete Ha"ana 4Aerican Ca!e/ 56??9 During the +panishDAmeri#an Kar, two +panish 2shing vesse"s were sei<e$ %y the Ameri#an navy whi"e they were 2shing o, the #oast o- Cu%a. 4he 2shermen were treate$ as prisoners o- war an$ their #argo sei<e$. 4he Court ru"e$ that whi"e there was no spe#i2# "aw, statute, or treaty eempting 2shing %oats -rom #apture $uring wartime, it was an an#ient ru"e o- #ustom that nations were to "eave 2shing vesse"s a"one. By tra#ing the origins o- the #ustom, the Court -oun$ that it was a #ustom %etween #ivi"i<e$ nations to "eave 2shing vesse"s a"one even $uring wartime, an$ this #ustom ha$ ripene$ into a ru"e o- internationa" "aw. T1e Ca!e Concerning t1e Rig1t o+ Pa!!age O'er Indian Territor( 4GPort#gal '. IndiaH/ 56>?9 :ortuga" #"aime$ a right o- passage %etween its territory o- Damao to its "an$"o#Ge$ territories o- Da$ra an$ =agarDAve"i, %oth o- whi#h were surroun$e$ %y .n$ian territory. 4he Court he"$ that :ortuga" #ou"$ #"aim a right o- passage %ase$ on "ongDstan$ing "o#a" #ustom %etween .n$ia an$ :ortuga" themse"ves. A #ustomary ru"e may $eve"op to %in$ two states an$ impose mutua" rights an$ o%"igations, provi$e$ that it is shown this was a "ongDhe"$ pra#ti#e %etween the two states an$ a##epte$ %y them as regu"ating their re"ations. Salonga '. -.ec#ti'e Secretar( 4P1ili))ine Ca!e/ :??69 (0( Danie" +mith was move$ -rom the ;aGati City !ai" to a $etention #e"" in the 8+ Em%assy. 4he Court he"$ that it was a #ustomary ru"e that -oreign arme$ -or#es a""owe$ to enter a state>s territory are immune -rom "o#a" Juris$i#tion, e#ept to the etent agree$ upon. 4he 6'A, whi#h was the re"evant agreement, provi$e$ that whi"e +mith #ou"$ %e in 8+ #usto$y pen$ing tria", in the event o- a #onvi#tion he shou"$ %e $etaine$ %y :hi"ippine authorities. 2. enera* Princip*es o- La, W whi"e genera" prin#ip"es o- "aw may in#"u$e ru"es o- #ustomary "aw, they are primari"y ru"es that have %e#ome so we""Desta%"ishe$ an$ a##epte$ that they are no "onger $ire#t"y asso#iate$ with state pra#ti#e. *(amples: :rin#ip"e o- #onsent :rin#ip"e o- re#ipro#ity :rin#ip"e o- e9ua"ity o- states :rin#ip"e o- 2na"ity o- awar$s an$ sett"ements :rin#ip"e o- the "ega" va"i$ity o- agreements :rin#ip"e o- goo$ -aith :rin#ip"e o- $omesti# Juris$i#tion C"SES Pro!ec#tor '. Tadic 4ICTA/ 566=9 4a$i# was #harge$ %e-ore the .C4M -or war #rimes he was a""ege$ to have #ommitte$ in Bosnia. *e argue$ that the 4ri%una" was not esta%"ishe$ a##or$ing to "aw an$ there-ore "a#Ge$ Juris$i#tion, an$ that it was a genera" prin#ip"e o- "aw that the #harges %rought against him shou"$ on"y %e $etermine$ %y a tri%una" esta%"ishe$ %y "aw. 4he Court ru"e$ that the tri%una" was esta%"ishe$ %y "aw an$ reaHrme$ the 4ri%una">s Juris$i#tion %ase$ on the genera" prin#ip"e o- la competence de la competence ('ren#h) or ,ompeten8+ ,ompeten8 (&erman). 4he power o- a tri%una" to $etermine its Juris$i#tion over a $ispute is a maJor part o- the in#i$enta" or inherent Juris$i#tion o- any Ju$i#ia" or ar%itra" tri%una". .t is a ne#essary #omponent in the eer#ise o- the Ju$i#ia" -un#tion an$ $oes not nee$ to %e epress"y provi$e$ -or in the #onstitutive $o#uments o- tri%una"s. Ca!e Concerning Prea1 Vi1ear Te)le 4Ca"odia '. T1ailand/ IC,/ 56>:9 4he temp"e o- :reah 6ihear sat on the %or$er o- Cam%o$ia an$ 4hai"an$. 4he $emar#ation o- the Cam%o$iaD4hai"an$ %or$er was, %y agreement, to -o""ow the natura" water"ine %ut the maps $rawn up were not in #omp"ian#e with the agreement an$ the temp"e was marGe$ as %eing on Cam%o$ian soi". +evera" $e#a$es passe$ %e-ore 4hai"an$ 9uestione$ the maps, an$ the Court ru"e$ that %ase$ on its %ehavior 4hai"an$ was $eeme$ to have a##epte$ the maps (in so many wor$s, the prin#ip"e o- estoppe"). Cor+# C1annel Ca!e 4IC,/ 56869 British warships sai"e$ through A"%anian waters in the =orth Cor-u, hitting severa" mines that ha$ %een "ai$ in the water. 4he Court ru"e$ that the A"%anian authorities ha$ an o%"igation to noti-y the British warships a%out the eisten#e o- mine2e"$s in A"%anian waters. 4his o%"igation was not an#hore$ on the *ague Convention o- 1907, %ut on genera" an$ we""Dre#ogni<e$ prin#ip"es o- internationa" "aw5 e"ementary #onsi$erations o- humanity (espe#ia""y in times o- pea#e, not Just war), -ree$om o- maritime (01 #ommuni#ation, an$ the o%"igation o- every state to ensure that its territory wi"" not %e use$ in a manner that wi"" vio"ate the rights o- other states. C1orDo% Factor( Ca!e 4Peranent Co#rt o+ International ,#!tice/ 56:79 &ermany #"aime$ reparations -rom :o"an$ -or the "atter>s taGeover o- a nitrate -a#tory in Chor<ow. 4he Court ru"e$ that it is a genera" prin#ip"e o- internationa" "aw (?an$ even a genera" #on#eption o- "aw@) that any %rea#h o- a right or o%"igation invo"ves an o%"igation to maGe reparation. /eparation must wipe out a"" the #onse9uen#es o- the i""ega" a#t an$ must restore the vi#tim to the state he wou"$ have %een i- not -or the i""ega" a#t. .- this is not possi%"e, then the vi#tim must %e #ompensate$ in an amount #orrespon$ing to the va"ue whi#h restitution wou"$ %ear. Barcelona Traction/ Lig1t/ and Po%er Co)an( Ca!e 4IC,/ 56;?9 4he #ompany in this #ase was a Cana$ian #ompany in +pain whi#h eventua""y went %anGrupt. Be"gium initiate$ pro#ee$ings %e-ore the .C! on %eha"- o- Be"gian shareho"$ers o- the #ompany, who were suppose$"y preJu$i#e$ %y the %anGrupt#y pro#ee$ings in +pain. 4he Court ep"aine$ that it is to ru"es genera""y a##epte$ %y muni#ipa" systems, an$ not to the muni#ipa" "aw o- a parti#u"ar state, that internationa" "aw re-ers. 4he Court ru"e$ that it was a genera" prin#ip"e o- internationa" "aw that i- an i""ega" a#t is #ommitte$ against a #ompany, it is the #ountry o- whi#h the #ompany is a nationa" that #an seeG prote#tion or re$ress (in this #ase, Cana$a). =o ru"e o- internationa" "aw #on-ers this right to the #ountry o- whi#h a shareho"$er is a nationa". T-JACO '. Li"(a 456;79 Li%ya sought to nationa"i<e a"" the rights, interests, an$ properties o- 4E3ACC, arguing that muni#ipa" an$ not internationa" "aw shou"$ govern the pro#ess. Both parties #ite$ 8= &enera" Assem%"y /eso"utions as %ases -or their arguments. 4he Court ru"e$ that 8= &enera" Assem%"y /eso"utions are not %in$ing $e#"arations o- genera" prin#ip"es o- internationa" "aw, an$ -or su#h reso"utions to %e %in$ing they must %e a##epte$ %y the mem%ers o- the 8=, in parti#u"ar those mem%er states that are spe#ia""y a,e#te$ %y the reso"ution (e.g. $eve"oping #ountries). BP -.)loration '. Li"(a 456;<9 B: an$ Li%ya were in $isagreement as to whi#h "aw shou"$ govern their $ispute5 internationa" "aw a"one, or Li%yan "awb Base$ on the #on#ession agreement entere$ into %y B: an$ Li%ya, the Court ru"e$ that Li%yan "aw wou"$ %e app"ie$ inso-ar as Li%yan "aw #orrespon$e$ to prin#ip"es o- internationa" "aw. Cn"y when there were no prin#ip"es o- Li%yan "aw #ommon with internationa" "aw wou"$ the genera" prin#ip"es o- internationa" "aw %e app"ie$. .n other wor$s, when Li%yan "aw is in #onUi#t with internationa" "aw, then genera" prin#ip"es o- "aw must %e app"ie$. Sa#di Ara"ia '. Ara"ian Aerican Oil Co)an( 456><9 4he parties were in #onUi#t over the terms o- two agreements -or the eport an$ sa"e o- oi". 4he Court ru"e$ in -avor o- A/A;CC>s #"aim as 2rst #on#essionaire, $e#"aring that the prin#ip"e o- respe#t -or a#9uire$ rights is one o- the -un$amenta" prin#ip"es %oth o- pu%"i# internationa" "aw an$ o- muni#ipa" "aw o- most #ivi"i<e$ states. F. <udicia* #ecisions and t'e Teac'in+s o- t'e %ost Hi+'*y 8ua*ifed Pu4*icists W it is important to stress that these are subsidiary sour#es -or the $etermination o- the (0B ru"es o- "aw. 8"timate"y, the tri%una" %e-ore whi#h these sour#es are presente$ must $etermine the va"ue an$ persuasiveness o- the materia" presente$. <udicia* #ecisions a. De#isions o- internationa" tri%una"s (e.g. the .nternationa" Court o- !usti#e, the respe#tive regiona" human rights #ourts su#h as the .nterDAmeri#an Court o- *uman /ights) %. De#isions o- ad "oc internationa" tri%una"s W these $i,er -rom other internationa" tri%una"s in that they are esta%"ishe$ %y a num%er o- states -or a spe#ia" purpose. Due to the spe#ia" nature o- these tri%una"s, they are o-ten a sour#e o- va"ua%"e pronoun#ements on high"y spe#i2# issues. An eamp"e o- an ad "oc internationa" tri%una" wou"$ %e the .nternationa" Crimina" 4ri%una" -or the 'ormer Mugos"avia, -rom whi#h a great num%er o- vita" $o#trines o- internationa" humanitarian "aw have emerge$. #. De#isions o- nationa" an$ muni#ipa" #ourts &ritin+s o- t'e %ost Hi+'*y 8ua*ifed Pu4*icists Again, the $etermination o- whether a pu%"i#ist is in$ee$ the ?most high"y 9ua"i2e$@ is u"timate"y up to the $is#retion o- the tri%una" %e-ore whi#h the pu%"i#ist>s worG is presente$. 4here are #ertain materia"s, however, that have %een #onsi$ere$ at "east as authoritative as the writings o- the most high"y 9ua"i2e$ pu%"i#ists, i.e. the Dra-t Arti#"es on +tate /esponsi%i"ity prepare$ %y the .nternationa" Law Commission an$ the reports an$ reso"utions o- the .nstitute o- .nternationa" Law an$ other epert %o$ies. C"SE Medellin '. Te.a! 4Aerican Ca!e/ :??79 ;e$e""in an$ his gangDmates were senten#e$ to $eath -or the rapeRs"ay o- two "itt"e gir"s. *e argue$ that he ha$ a right un$er the 6ienna Convention an$ #ustomary "aw to a review an$ re#onsi$eration o- his senten#e, among his evi$en#e a $e#"aration o- :resi$ent Bush that the 8+ wou"$ #omp"y with its o%"igations un$er the .C! $e#ision in Avena. 4he Court ru"e$ that the Avena $e#ision was not en-or#ea%"e as $omesti# "aw. As provi$e$ in Arti#"e 9B o- the 8= Charter, $e#isions o- the .C! on"y ep"i#it"y %in$s states whi#h are a party to the #ase. Even an un$ertaGing to #omp"y with the $e#ision is not an a#Gnow"e$gment that an .C! $e#ision wi"" have imme$iate "ega" e,e#t in the #ourts o- 8= mem%ers, %ut a #ommitment on the part o- 8= mem%ers to taGe -uture a#tions o- #omp"ian#e through their po"iti#a" %ran#hes. C. I(portant Concepts Cther than the %asi# out"ine o- internationa" "aw an$ its sour#es provi$e$ a%ove, there are a -ew -un$amenta" #on#epts that must %e high"ighte$ in or$er to so"i$i-y one>s un$erstan$ing o- internationa" "aw. (0) 7. O4*i+ations erga one! C"SES Barcelona Traction/ Lig1t/ and Po%er Co)an( Ca!e 4!#)ra9 An o%"igation er&a omnes is an o%"igation o- every state towar$s the internationa" #ommunity as a who"e. .t is an o%"igation whi#h is the #on#ern o- a"" states. .n view o- the importan#e o- the rights invo"ve$ in this Gin$ o- o%"igation, a"" states #an %e he"$ to have a "ega" interest in their prote#tion. T1e Ca!e Concerning -a!t Tior 4GPort#gal '. A#!traliaH/ IC, Ca!e/ 566=9 :ortuga" institute$ pro#ee$ings against Austra"ia over the "atter>s #ontinuing negotiations with .n$onesia in re"ation to the $e"imitation o- the #ontinenta" she"- %etween Austra"ia an$ East 4imor. :ortuga" a""ege$ that Austra"ia ha$ vio"ate$ the right o- the peop"e o- East 4imor to se"-D$etermination, as we"" as :ortuga">s right as the a$ministering power. Khi"e the Court re-use$ to ru"e on the #ase %e#ause .n$onesia was not a party, it agree$ that the right o- peop"es to se"-D$etermination has an er&a omnes #hara#ter. *owever, simp"y %e#ause a right invoGe$ is o- an er&a omnes #hara#ter $oes not mean that the Court #an a#9uire Juris$i#tion over a state whi#h has not #onsente$ to the Court>s Juris$i#tion in a #ase. /egar$"ess o- the #hara#ter o- the right invoGe$, the Court #annot eva"uate the "aw-u"ness o- the #on$u#t o- a state whi#h is not a party to the #ase. :. ,#! cogen! Cus co&ens, as $is#usse$ in Arti#"e )1 o- the 19A9 6ienna Convention on the Law o- 4reaties (see above<, is an a%so"ute ru"e o- internationa" "aw. .t is a genera" prin#ip"e o- "aw that has %e#ome so 2rm"y esta%"ishe$ an$ re#ogni<e$ %y the internationa" #ommunity o- states as a who"e that $erogation is simp"y not permitte$. .t #an %e mo$i2e$ on"y %y a su%se9uent norm o- genera" internationa" "aw having the same #hara#ter. 4here is no #onsensus as to the #riteria whi#h wou"$ ena%"e one to i$enti-y whi#h genera" prin#ip"es o- "aw have %e#ome peremptory norms. 'or instan#e, some important provisions o- human rights treaties (e.g. $ue pro#ess) have not %een #"ear"y esta%"ishe$ to %e jus co&ens. (Aust! ?*an$%ooG o- .nternationa" Law@, (010) *(amples of accepted Jus #ogens norms: :rohi%ition on geno#i$e :rohi%ition on s"avery :rohi%ition on ra#ia" $is#rimination :rohi%ition on torture an$ #rimes against humanity :rohi%ition on the use o- -or#e C"SE -. Parte Pinoc1et 4IC, Ca!e/ 56669 :ino#het was the -ormer hea$ o- state o- Chi"e a##use$ with, among others, the #rime o- torture. +pain sought his etra$ition whi"e he was in Lon$on -or me$i#a" treatment. .n $enying his immunity -or the #rime o- torture, the Court ep"aine$ that the ru"e o- internationa" "aw prohi%iting torture has the #hara#ter o- jus co&ens or a peremptory norm. 4he vio"ation o- a jus co&ens norm #annot %e su%Je#t to any Gin$ o- immunityN the (0A universa" Juris$i#tion grante$ over those who vio"ate the ru"e against torture is Justi2e$ %y its jus co&ens nature. <. -. ae@#o et "ono Arti#"e 18 o- the +tatute o- the .nternationa" Court o- !usti#e (.C!) 1. 4he Court, whose -un#tion is to $e#i$e in a##or$an#e with internationa" "aw su#h $isputes as are su%mitte$ to it, sha"" app"y5 a. internationa" #onventions, whether genera" or parti#u"ar, esta%"ishing ru"es epress"y re#ogni<e$ %y the #ontesting statesN %. internationa" #ustom, as evi$en#e o- a genera" pra#ti#e a##epte$ as "awN #. the genera" prin#ip"es o- "aw re#ogni<e$ %y #ivi"i<e$ nationsN an$ $. su%Je#t to the provisions o- Arti#"e )9, Ju$i#ia" $e#isions an$ the tea#hings o- the most high"y 9ua"i2e$ pu%"i#ists o- the various nations, as su%si$iary means -or the $etermination o- the ru"es o- "aw. /. T'is provision s'a** not pre9udice t'e po,er o- t'e Court to decide a case e. ae@#o et "ono, i- t'e parties a+ree t'ereto. *( ae5uo et bono is a Latin phrase that rough"y trans"ates to ?what is -air an$ Just@ an$ is very simi"ar to the #on#ept o- e9uity. As provi$e$ in Arti#"e 18(() o- the .C! +tatute, i- the parties agree to it, then the Court may $e#i$e a #ase without a$hering to the eisting ru"es o- internationa" "aw an$ reso"ve the $ispute a##or$ing to what is -air an$ Just un$er the #ir#umstan#es. #. Su49ects o- Internationa* La, Ta4*e /. Enu(eration o- Su49ects in Internationa* La, Esta4*is'ed Le+a* Persons 1. +tates (. :o"iti#a" entities "ega""y proimate to states (e.g. the -ormer 'ree City o- Dan<ig) 1. Con$ominium W the Joint eer#ise o- state power within a parti#u"ar territory %y means o- an autonomous "o#a" a$ministration a#ting as an Specia* Types o- Persona*ities 1. =onDse"-Dgoverning peop"es (. =ationa" "i%eration movements 1. +tates in statu nascendi W the #ontinuity o- the po"iti#a" entity o- the state, in #ertain #ases, in or$er to give e,e#t to a#ts $one %e-ore in$epen$en#e B. Lega" #onstru#tions W the opposite o- d1 a%ove, when (07 agent o- the states B. .nternationa"i<e$ territories W a spe#ia" status #reate$ %y mu"ti"atera" treaties an$ prote#te$ %y an internationa" organi<ation ). 8= a$ministration o- territories imme$iate"y prior to in$epen$en#e (e.g. 8= 4ransitiona" A$ministration o- East 4imor) A. .nternationa" organi<ations 7. Agen#ies o- states W entities a#ting as agents o- states with $e"egate$ powers (e.g. an ar%itra" tri%una") #a""e$ -or a state>s "ega" entity may %e proJe#te$ in #ertain #ases even though the state has po"iti#a""y #ease$ to eist ). Be""igerentRinsurgent #ommunities W paraDstata" entities re#ogni<e$ as possessing a $e2nite i- "imite$ -orm o- internationa" persona"ity A. Entities sui &eneris W e.g. the *o"y +ee an$ the 6ati#an 7. .n$ivi$ua"s C"SES Barcelona Traction Ca!e 4!#)ra9 Even in muni#ipa" "aw, there is a #"ear $istin#tion %etween the rights o- a #ompany an$ those o- a shareho"$er. Cn"y the #ompany, whi#h has a $istin#t an$ separate "ega" persona"ity -rom its shareho"$ers, may maGe a #"aim -or #ompensation. A wrong $one to the #ompany $oes in -a#t preJu$i#e its shareho"$ers, %ut this $oes not mean that %oth the #ompany an$ shareho"$ers are entit"e$ to maGe #"aims -or #ompensation. Re)aration! +or In3#rie! S#&ered in t1e Ser'ice o+ t1e UN 4IC, Ad'i!or( O)inion/ 56869 4he 8= &enera" Assem%"y asGe$ the .C! severa" 9uestions re"ating to whether the 8= #ou"$ %ring #"aims -or reparations -or itse"- an$ in %eha"- o- its agents. 4he Court ru"e$ that the 8= was an internationa" person su%Je#t o- internationa" "aw an$ #apa%"e o- possessing internationa" rights an$ $uties, as we"" as the #orrespon$ing #apa#ity to prote#t its rights %y %ringing internationa" #"aims. 4he #ompeten#e to %ring an internationa" #"aim is the #apa#ity to resort to the #ustomary metho$s re#ogni<e$ %y internationa" "aw -or the esta%"ishment, presentation, an$ sett"ement o- #"aims. Ma'roati! Ca!e 4Peranent Co#rt o+ International ,#!tice/ 56:89 ;avrommatis was a &reeG nationa" em%roi"e$ in $isputes with &reat Britain over #on#essions awar$e$ to him in BritishD#ontro""e$ :a"estine. Khen &ree#e %rought Britain %e-ore the Court, the Court tooG #ogni<an#e o- the #ase, 2n$ing that there was in -a#t a $ispute %etween two states5 Britain an$ &ree#e. 4he "atter was #"aiming in$emnity %e#ause Britain ha$ a#te$ in %rea#h o- its o%"igations to one o- &ree#e>s su%Je#ts. A state (08 is entit"e$ to prote#t its su%Je#ts when they are inJure$ %y a#ts o- another state whi#h are #ontrary to internationa" "aw. 7. ST"TES "rtic*e 7 o- t'e %ontevideo Convention on t'e !i+'ts and #uties o- States 4he state as a person o- internationa" "aw shou"$ possess the -o""owing 9ua"i2#ations5 1. A permanent popu*ationN (. A $e2ne$ territoryN 1. overn(entN an$ B. Capacity to enter into re*ations with other states. NOTES ON 8U"LI5IC"TIONS 5O! ST"TEHOO# 7. Territory W argua%"y the most important 9ua"i2#ation. 4here must %e a reasona%"y sta%"e %asis -or a po"iti#a" #ommunity in #ontro" o- a spe#i2# area. Khi"e #"ear"y $emar#ate$ %or$ers are not ne#essary, there must %e an area #"ear"y marGe$ as a p"a#e where a po"iti#a" #ommunity is esta%"ishe$. TE!!ITO!I"L SO$E!EINTM +overeignty in the re"ation %etween states signi2es in$epen$en#e. .n$epen$en#e in regar$ to a portion o- the g"o%e is the right to eer#ise therein, to the e#"usion o- any other state, the -un#tions o- a state. .t is the prin#ip"e o- e#"usive #ompeten#e o- the state with regar$ to its own territory. (#sland of Palmas %ase< Su((ary o- %odes o- "c.uirin+ Territoria* Soverei+nty ?Cro,n*ieB 1. Dis#overy an$ e,e#tive o##upation W a-ter $is#overing territory, there must %e e,e#tive o##upation, i.e. an intention to a#t as a sovereign over that territory (animus occupandi< as we"" as the #ontinuous $isp"ay o- su#h authority (. Cession W the trans-er o- territory -rom one state to another %y agreement, usua""y treaty. 4he va"i$ity o- the #ession $epen$s on the va"i$ity o- the tit"e o- the #e$ing state 1. :res#ription W o##upation whi#h must %e7 a. 8n$er the tit"e o- sovereigntyN %. :ea#e-u" an$ uninterrupte$N #. :u%"i#N an$ $. En$ure -or a "ength o- time (09 B. A##ession or a##retion W the natura" pro#ess o- "an$ trans-er resu"ting in an in#rease o- territory Cases I!land o+ Pala! Ca!e 4PCI,/ 56<:9 4he Dut#h an$ the Ameri#ans were in $ispute over the is"an$5 the Dut#h #"aime$ that the Dut#h East .n$ies Company possesse$ an$ eer#ise$ rights o- sovereignty through agreements ma$e with the nativesN the Ameri#ans #"aime$ that they ha$ a#9uire$ their rights through the +panish, who suppose$"y $is#overe$ the is"an$ aroun$ the same time that they -oun$ the rest o- the :hi"ippines. 4he Court -avore$ the Dut#h %ase$ on the evi$en#e presente$, emphasi<ing that it was not on"y $is#overy o- the is"an$ that esta%"ishe$ sovereignty, %ut e,e#tive o##upation through the $isp"ay o- state authority. -a!tern Greenland Ca!e 4PCI,/ 56<<9 =orway an$ DenmarG were in $ispute over the territory o- Eastern &reen"an$. Both si$es ha$ e9ua" amounts o- evi$en#e with varying su%stan#e to prove their #"aim, %ut tipping it in DenmarG>s -avor was pu%"i# a#9uies#en#e %y the =orwegian ;inister o- 'oreign A,airs as to DenmarG>s sovereignty over the territory. Khi"e a#9uies#en#e is not a means o- gaining tit"e, it strengthene$ DenmarG>s #"aim. A$$itiona""y, whi"e =orway was in #onstant o##upation o- the area in $ispute, there was no eer#ise o- state authority. Khat was materia" to the Court was not Just physi#a" possession, %ut the intent to eer#ise state authority over an area. Min@#ier! and -cre1o! Ca!e 4GUnited Fingdo '. FranceH/ IC,/ 56=59 4he 8X an$ 'ran#e were in $ispute over two groups o- ro#Gy is"an$s, %oth #iting an#ient tit"e, treaties, an$ suppose$"y sovereign a#ts. 4he Court ru"e$ in -avor o- the 8X %e#ause it prove$ the eer#ise o- Juris$i#tion, "o#a" a$ministration, an$ "egis"ation over the is"an$s. 4he eer#ise o- or$inary "o#a" a$ministration ("i#ensing, #ustoms, or$inary #ourt -un#tions, the registry o- $ee$s, et#.) was %etter proo- o- sovereignty than any an#ient tit"e or treaty, in the Court>s view. Ca!e Concerning So'ereignt( o'er P#la# Ligitan and P#la# Si)adan 4GIndone!ia '. Mala(!iaH/ IC,/ :??:9 .n$onesia an$ ;a"aysia were in $ispute over two is"an$s, %oth #iting treaties, #o"onia" e6ectivites! an$ tit"e %y su##ession. 4he .C! ru"e$ in ;a"aysia>s -avor %e#ause o- its ?a#ts o- a$ministration@ over the is"an$s (e.g. its regu"ation on the gathering o- turt"e eggs an$ $e#"aration o- a %ir$ san#tuary). -ritrea '. Aeen 4IC,/ 56679 Eritrea an$ Memen were in $ispute over numerous is"an$s, #iting histori# tit"e (on the part o- Memen) an$ e,e#tive o##upation -or over a hun$re$ years (on the part o- Eritrea). 4he Court $i$ not awar$ a"" the is"an$s to one #"aimant, instea$ $etermining the ownership o- ea#h is"an$ or is"an$ group in$ivi$ua""y. C- note in this #ase is the Court>s use o- the :orti#o Do#trine5 .s"an$s nearest to #oasta" states (parti#u"ar"y those within the state>s territoria" sea) %e"ong to su#h states. (10 Li"(a '. C1ad 4IC,/ 56689 Li%ya an$ Cha$ were em%roi"e$ in a $ispute over %oun$aries. Cha$ was #iting a treaty entere$ into %etween Li%ya an$ 'ran#e, when 'ran#e was sti"" Cha$>s #o"onia" ru"er. 4he Court ru"e$ in Cha$>s -avor, propoun$ing the theory o- autoD"imitation5 in or$er to prevent #onUi#t an$ insta%i"ity, a %oun$ary esta%"ishe$ %y a treaty %e#omes permanent, though the treaty itse"- is not ne#essari"y permanent. Anglo-Nor%egian Fi!1erie! Ca!e 4GUnited Fingdo '. Nor%a(H/ IC,/ 56;=9 A-ter $rawing its own %ase"ines, =orway issue$ a $e#ree $e"ineating its e#"usive 2shery <ones, prompting protest -rom the 8X. 4he Court "ai$ $own the -un$amenta" #onsi$erations in the $rawing o- %ase"ines an$ the $etermination o- territoria" waters5 (1) the %ase"ines must not $epart to any appre#ia%"e etent -rom the genera" $ire#tion o- the #oast %e#ause it is "an$ whi#h #on-ers upon the #oasta" state the right to the waters o, its #oastN (() the seas "ying within the %ase"ine must %e #"ose"y "inGe$ to the "an$ $omain to %e su%Je#t to the regime o- interna" watersN an$ (1) the e#onomi# interest pe#u"iar to the region, as evi$en#e$ %y "ong usage. 0e!tern Sa1ara Ca!e 4IC,/ 56;=9 ;oro##o an$ ;auritania %oth ma$e #"aims to the e,e#t that they ha$ "ega" ties to the Kestern +ahara. +pain argue$ that the Kestern +ahara was terra nullius at the time, hen#e its o##upation thereo- was not to the preJu$i#e o- any re#ogni<e$ +tate. 4he Court ru"e$ that the Kestern +ahara was not terra nullius (or ?a territory %e"onging to no one@) over whi#h sovereignty may %e a#9uire$ through o##upation. +tate pra#ti#e is to the e,e#t that a territory inha%ite$ %y tri%es with a so#ioDpo"iti#a" organi<ation (e.g. the Be$ouins) is not terra nullius. But neither #an there %e reversion o- tit"e to either ;oro##o or ;auritania, sin#e neither were a%"e to prove "ega" ties that $emonstrate$ either state>s #ontro" over the region. -l Sal'ador '. Hond#ra! %it1 Nicarag#a Inter'ening 4IC,/ 566:9 'o""owing the #o""apse o- +panish ru"e over Centra" Ameri#a, severa" states sought to have their %oun$aries $etermine$ %y the Court. 4he Court $i$ not re"y on the ru"e o- e,e#tive o##upation, sin#e a-ter a"" on"y one #o"onia" power #ontro""e$ the area an$ mere"y esta%"ishe$ a$ministrative %oun$aries. .nstea$, the Court app"ie$ the prin#ip"e o- uti possidetis juris5 previous #o"onia" %oun$aries are #ontinua""y a$opte$, an$ the su##ee$ing state must respe#t the %oun$aries set -orth %y the outgoing #o"onia" powers. Cli))erton I!land Ar"itration 4France '. Me.ico/ 56<59 'ran#e $e#"are$ sovereignty over C"ipperton .s"an$ a-ter 'ran#e>s navy 2rst "an$e$ on the uninha%ite$ is"an$ in 18)8. 4he Court ru"e$ that 'ran#e ha$ su##ess-u""y a#9uire$ tit"e over what was terra nullius through o##upation. .t a"so e"a%orate$ that #ontinue$ physi#a" o##upation o- territory is not ne#essary where5 (1) the territory is terra nullius at the time the o##upying state arrives thereN an$ (() taGing o- possession an$ intent to possess is shown %y a pu%"i# $e#"aration o- sovereignty. /. Popu*ation W together with territory, popu"ation provi$es the physi#a" evi$en#e -or the eisten#e o- a state. ?As an e"ement o- a state, `peop"e> simp"y means a #ommunity o- persons suH#ient in num%er an$ #apa%"e o- maintaining the permanent eisten#e o- (11 the #ommunity an$ he"$ together %y a #ommon %on$ o- "aw. .t is o- no "ega" #onse9uen#e i- they possess $iverse ra#ia", #u"tura", or e#onomi# interests. =or is a minimum popu"ation re9uire$.@ (-ernas< 2. overn(ent W the eisten#e o- an e,e#tive government with #entra"i<e$ "egis"ative an$ a$ministrative organs is the %est evi$en#e o- a sta%"e po"iti#a" #ommunity. 4hat %eing sai$, no spe#i2# -orm o- government has %een re9uire$ in internationa" "aw. 'urthermore, states have %een #onsi$ere$ to #ontinue to eist in the a%sen#e o- an e,e#tive government7su#h as when states are ro#Ge$ %y vio"ent interna" upheava"s or $uring the o##upation %y a -oreign power. F. Capacity to enter into re*ations ,it' ot'er states W this 9ua"i2#ation is atta#he$ to the #on#ept o- in$epen$en#e, as we"" as an imp"ie$ re9uirement5 re#ognition o- statehoo$ %y other states. A-ter a"", i- other states $o not re#ogni<e one to %e a -e""ow state, re"ations are not possi%"e. *owever, it has %een argue$ that a new state a#9uires "ega" persona"ity pure"y %y its own a#ts in a#hieving the o%Je#tive 9ua"i2#ations o- statehoo$, rather than through re#ognition %y other states. .- re#ognition were ma$e a re9uirement o- statehoo$, some states #ou"$ not %e #onsi$ere$ su#h on a##ount o- the re-usa" %y some other states to re#ogni<e their in$epen$en#e (e.&. 4aiwan an$ Xosovo).
/. INTE!N"TION"L O!"NIK"TIONS An internationa" organi<ation is an organi<ation that is set up %y treaty among two or more states. +in#e the #onstitutive $o#ument o- internationa" organi<ation is a treaty, on"y states are mem%ers o- internationa" organi<ations. (-ernas< An important -eature o- internationa" organi<ations is they o-ten enJoy immunities an$ privi"eges in or$er to -a#i"itate the e,e#tive eer#ise o- their -un#tions. 4heir powers an$ privi"eges are in turn Gept in #he#G %y the treaties that #reate$ them. *(amples of #nternational /r&ani8ations: Anited .ations #nternational %ourt of Custice C"SES Legalit( o+ t1e U!e "( a State o+ N#clear 0ea)on! in Ared ConIict 4!#)ra9 .nternationa" organi<ations are su%Je#ts o- internationa" "aw whi#h $o not, un"iGe +tates, possess a genera" #ompeten#e. .nternationa" organi<ations are governe$ %y the prin#ip"e o- spe#ia"ity, i.e. they are investe$ %y the +tates whi#h #reate them with powers, the "imits o- whi#h are a -un#tion o- the #ommon interests whose promotion those +tates entrust to them. 4he powers #on-erre$ on internationa" organi<ations are norma""y the su%Je#t o- an epress statement in their #onstituent instruments. =everthe"ess, the ne#essities o- internationa" "i-e may point to the nee$ -or organi<ations to possess su%si$iary (or ?imp"ie$@) powers not epress"y provi$e$ -or in their %asi# instruments. International Cat1olic Migration Coi!!ion '. Calle3a 4P1ili))ine Ca!e/ 566?/ G.R. No. 7=;=?9 (1( 4his invo"ve$ two #onso"i$ate$ #ases5 #%1% v. %alleja an$ Dapisanan n& m&a 1an&&a&a)a v. #nternational Rice Researc" #nstitute =#RR#<. .n the #ase o- .C;C, the Court aHrme$ the immunity o- .C;C as a spe#ia"i<e$ agen#y un$er the Charter o- the 8nite$ =ations. Kith respe#t to .//., the Court note$ that whi"e it was not an internationa" organi<ation %e#ause it was the pro$u#t o- a ;CA %etween the :hi"ippines an$ two private organi<ations, the promu"gation o- a :resi$entia" De#ree grante$ .//. the privi"eges an$ immunities o- an internationa" organi<ation. 4he Court ep"aine$ that the o%Je#tive o- granting immunity to internationa" organi<ations is to avoi$ the $anger o- partia"ity an$ inter-eren#e %y the host #ountry in their interna" worGings. 0orld Healt1 OrganiDation '. A@#ino 4P1ili))ine Ca!e/ G.R. No. L-<=5<5/ 56;:9 A Ju$ge issue$ a sear#h warrant -or the persona" e,e#ts o- an oH#ia" o- the K*C. .n 9uashing the warrant, the Court ep"aine$ that $ip"omati# immunity is essentia""y a po"iti#a" 9uestion an$ #ourts shou"$ re-use to "ooG %eyon$ a $etermination %y the ee#utive %ran#h o- the government. Khere the p"ea o- $ip"omati# immunity is re#ogni<e$ an$ aHrme$ %y the ee#utive %ran#h, the Ju$i#ia" $epartment must -o""ow the a#tion o- the po"iti#a" %ran#h an$ shou"$ not em%arrass the "atter %y assuming antagonisti# Juris$i#tion. *e)artent o+ Foreign A&air! '. National La"or Relation! Board 4P1ili))ine Ca!e/ G.R. No. 55<565/ 566>9 An i""ega" $ismissa" #ase was 2"e$ against the Asian Deve"opment BanG. .n upho"$ing the ADB>s immunity, the Court #ite$ severa" provisions o- the ADB>s Charter granting it ?immunity -rom "ega" pro#ess o- every -orm@. .t a"so repeate$ the $o#trine in the ear"ier #ase o- 3B/ v. A5uino an$ pointe$ out that the Charter o- the ADB was a treaty that the :hi"ippines was a party to. .n entering into that treaty, the po"iti#a" %ran#hes o- the :hi"ippine government eten$e$ immunities to the ADB whi#h #ou"$ not %e ignore$ %y the Ju$i#ia" $epartment. ,e&re( Liang 4H#e Feng9 '. Peo)le 4P1ili))ine Ca!e/ G.R. No. 5:=7>=/ :??59 Liang was #harge$ with grave ora" $e-amation. Khi"e Liang, an e#onomist, was an agent o- an internationa" organi<ation, the immunity grante$ to oH#ers an$ sta, o- the ADB was not a%so"ute. 4he immunity is "imite$ to a#ts per-orme$ in an oH#ia" #apa#ity an$ $oes not #over the #ommission o- a #rime7s"an$er or ora" $e-amation are not a#ts that #an %e #onsi$ere$ as ones per-orme$ in oH#ia" #apa#ity. 2. IN#I$I#U"LS .n the ear"y $ays o- internationa" "aw, in$ivi$ua"s were o%Je#ts, or at %est %ene2#iaries o- internationa" "aw, e#"usive"y un$er the #ontro" o- states. (-ernas) 4he internationa" "ega" status o- in$ivi$ua"s is uni9ue5 it is "opsi$e$ %e#ause as -ar as their internationa" o%"igations are #on#erne$, they are re9uire$ to respe#t #ertain -un$amenta" va"ues an$ may %e punishe$ as in$ivi$ua"s -or -ai"ure to $o so. *owever, when their in$ivi$ua" rights are vio"ate$, they $o not a"ways have the right to %ring their #ases %e-ore internationa" %o$ies an$ instea$ have to re"y on their own states to %ring the #ases on their %eha"-. 4he on"y e#eption is when a treaty that their state has entere$ into or a reso"ution that an internationa" (11 organi<ation has a$opte$ envisages the right o- the in$ivi$ua" to %ring a #ase to an internationa" %o$y on his own %eha"-. (%assese! ?.nternationa" Law@, (001N -ernas) INTE!N"TION"L C!I%IN"L L"& .nternationa" Crimina" Law #an tra#e its %eginnings to the en$ o- Kor"$ Kar .., when the wor"$ was #on-ronte$ with the rea"ity that $uring the war mi""ions o- #rimes ha$ %een #ommitte$ %y in$ivi$ua"s. 4he horror o- the +e#on$ Kor"$ Kar %rought a%out the i$ea that in #ertain #ases, some a#ts are so horri2# that #ompensation -rom the state wi"" not suH#e, an$ the in$ivi$ua" $ire#t"y responsi%"e must %e punishe$. 4he ear"iest #ourts -or internationa" #rimina" "aw were the =urem%erg 4ri%una" an$ 4oGyo Kar Crimes 4ri%una". 4he &eneva Conventions o- 19B9 an$ the 1978 A$$itiona" :roto#o"s to the &eneva Conventions were the net step in the $eve"opment o- internationa" #rimina" "aw, though the parti#u"ar -o#us o- these #onventions an$ proto#o"s were #rimes #ommitte$ in the #ontet o- an arme$ #onUi#t. 4he Mugos"avia Kar Crimes 4ri%una" (1991) an$ /wan$a Kar Crimes 4ri%una" (199B) were spe#ia" tri%una"s un$er the 8nite$ =ations +e#urity Coun#i". Again, the -o#us o- these %o$ies was the punishment o- #rimes #ommitte$ in the #ontet o- an arme$ #onUi#t. *owever, these a$ ho# tri%una"s %rought %a#G an i$ea that the 8= ha$ %een #ontemp"ating sin#e its #reation5 the ne#essity -or a permanent #ourt to $ea" with #ases o- internationa" #rimina" "aw. 4he /ome +tatute on the .nternationa" Crimina" Court was a$opte$ %y the 8= in 1998. T1e Fo#r Mo!t Serio#! International Crie! 4a! )ro'ided in t1e Roe Stat#te9 1. &eno#i$e (. Crimes against humanity 1. Kar #rimes B. 4he #rime o- aggression 4he prin#ip"e o- complementarity app"ies with respe#t to Juris$i#tion5 muni#ipa" #ourts o- states party to the +tatute sti"" have the primary $uty to prose#ute internationa" #rimes #ommitte$ %y their nationa"s or #ommitte$ in their territory. 4he .nternationa" Crimina" Court (.CC) wi"" on"y have Juris$i#tion i- the state is unwi""ing or genuine"y una%"e to prose#ute the internationa" #rime. E. #ip*o(atic and Consu*ar La, (1B 4he $ienna Convention on #ip*o(atic !e*ations (19A1) is the #o$i2#ation o- ru"es o- internationa" "aw parti#u"ar"y app"i#a%"e to the po"iti#a" re"ations o- states. Dip"omati# re"ations %etween states are entere$ into %y mutua" #onsent. 4he $ienna Convention on Consu*ar !e*ations (19A7) is the #o$i2#ation o- ru"es o- internationa" "aw parti#u"ar"y app"i#a%"e to #onsu"ar re"ations. Khi"e #onsu"ar re"ations %etween states are a"so entere$ into %y mutua" #onsent, #onsu"ar re"ations are more spe#i2# than $ip"omati# re"ations. Consu"s atten$ to a$ministrative an$ e#onomi# matters %etween the sen$ing an$ re#eiving states. .t is #"ari2e$ in Arti#"e 1(() o- the 6ienna Convention on Dip"omati# /e"ations that a $ip"omati# mission may sti"" per-orm #onsu"ar -un#tions. Ta4*e 2. Co(parison o- t'e t,o $ienna Conventions Cn Dip"omati# /e"ations Cn Consu"ar /e"ations 5unctions Arti#"e 15 1. /epresenting the sen$ing state (++) in the re#eiving state (/+). (. :rote#ting the interests o- the ++ an$ its nationa"s in the /+. 1. =egotiating with the government o- the /+. B. As#ertaining %y a"" "aw-u" means the #on$itions an$ $eve"opments in the /+ an$ reporting su#h to the ++. ). :romoting -rien$"y re"ations %etween the ++ an$ /+, as we"" as $eve"oping their e#onomi#, #u"tura", an$ s#ienti2# re"ations. Arti#"e ) (summari<e$, trimme$ $own -rom -u"" enumeration)5 1. :rote#ting the interests o- the ++ an$ its nationa"s (%oth in$ivi$ua" an$ %o$ies #orporate). (. 'urthering the $eve"opment o- #ommer#ia", e#onomi#, #u"tura", an$ s#ienti2# re"ations, as we"" as promoting -rien$"y re"ations. 1. As#ertaining %y a"" "aw-u" means the #on$itions an$ $eve"opments in the /+> #ommer#ia", e#onomi#, #u"tura", an$ s#ienti2# "i-e, an$ reporting to persons intereste$. B. .ssuing passports an$ trave" $o#uments to ++ nationa"sN issuing visas an$ other $o#uments to persons wishing to trave" to the ++. ). Assisting nationa"s o- the (1) ++. A. A#ting as notary, #ivi" registrar, in simi"ar #apa#ities, an$ per-orming #ertain -un#tions o- a$ministrative nature not #ontrary to /+ "aws. 7. 'o""owing /+ pro#e$ura" "aws, representing or arranging -or the representation o- ++ nationa"s %e-ore /+ tri%una"s an$ authorities. 8. 4ransmitting Ju$i#ia" an$ etraDJu$i#ia" $o#uments. 9. Eer#ising rights o- supervision an$ inspe#tion in respe#t o- ++ vesse"s, air#ra-t, an$ #rew. 10. :er-orming other -un#tions entruste$ to a #onsu"ar post %y the ++, not prohi%ite$ %y /+ "aws or not o%Je#te$ to %y the /+. Heads Arti#"e 1B5 C"asses o- *ea$s 1. Am%assa$ors or nun#ios (. Envoys, ministers, an$ internun#ios 1. Charges $es a,aires *(cept as concerns precedence =i.e. seniority< and eti5uette! t"ere s"all be no di6erentiation bet)een "eads of mission by reason of t"eir class Arti#"e 95 C"asses o- *ea$s 1. Consu"sDgenera" (. Consu"s 1. 6i#eD#onsu"s B. Consu"ar agents Persona non +rata Arti#"e 95 1. 4he /+ may, at any time an$ without having to ep"ain its $e#ision, noti-y the ++ that the hea$ o- the mission, any mem%er o- the $ip"omati# sta,, or mem%er o- the mission is persona non grata or not a##epta%"e. 4he ++ sha"" either re#a"" or terminate the person>s -un#tions with the mission. 4he $e#"aration o- a person to Arti#"e (15 1. 4he /+ may, at any time an$ without ep"anation, noti-y the ++ that a #onsu"ar oH#er or any mem%er o- the #onsu"ar sta, is persona non grata or not a##epta%"e. 4he ++ sha"" either re#a"" the person or terminate his -un#tions with the #onsu"ar post. (. .- the ++ re-uses or -ai"s within a reasona%"e time to #arry out its o%"igation to (1A %e persona non grata or not a##epta%"e may #ome %e-ore his arriva" in the /+> territory. (. .- the ++ re-uses or -ai"s within a reasona%"e perio$ to #arry out its o%"igation to re#a"" or terminate the person>s -un#tions, the /+ may re-use to re#ogni<e the person as a mem%er o- the mission. re#a""Rterminate -un#tions, the /+ may either with$raw the e(e5uatur (the $e#"aration ma$e %y the /+ re#ogni<ing the #onsu" o- the ++ an$ authori<ing him to per-orm his -un#tion in the /+. 4here is no pres#ri%e$ -orm -or an e(e5uatur. 1. A person appointe$ as a mem%er o- the #onsu"ar post may %e $e#"are$ una##epta%"e, without ep"anation, %e-ore arriving in the territory o- the /+ or %e-ore %eginning his $uties. 4he ++ sha"" with$raw his appointment. End o- 5unction Arti#"e B15 1. 8pon noti2#ation %y the ++ to the /+ that the -un#tions o- the $ip"omati# agent have #ome to an en$. (. 8pon noti2#ation %y the /+ to the ++ that it re-uses to re#ogni<e the $ip"omati# agent as a mem%er o- the mission. Arti#"e ()5 1. 8pon noti2#ation %y the ++ to the /+ that the -un#tions o- a mem%er o- the #onsu"ar post have #ome to an en$. (. 8pon with$rawa" o- the e(e5uatur. 1. =oti2#ation %y the /+ to the ++ that the /+ has #ease$ to #onsi$er the mem%er o- the #onsu"ar sta, as a mem%er o- the #onsu"ar sta,. Invio*a4i*ity o- "+entNO>cer Arti#"e (95 4he person o- a $ip"omati# agent sha"" %e invio"a%"e. *e sha"" not %e "ia%"e to any -orm o- arrest or $etention. 4he /+ sha"" treat him with $ue respe#t an$ sha"" taGe a"" appropriate steps to prevent any atta#G on his person, -ree$om, or $ignity. Arti#"e B05 4he /+ sha"" treat #onsu"ar oH#ers with $ue respe#t an$ sha"" taGe a"" appropriate steps to prevent any atta#G on their person, -ree$om, or $ignity. Arti#"e B15 1. Consu"ar oH#ers sha"" not %e "ia%"e to arrest or $etention pen$ing tria" e(cept in the #ase o- a grave #rime an$ pursuant to a $e#ision %y the #ompetent Ju$i#ia" authority. (17 (. Consu"ar oH#ers sha"" not %e #ommitte$ to prison or "ia%"e to any other -orm o- restri#tion on their persona" -ree$om save in ee#ution o- a Ju$i#ia" $e#ision o- 2na" e,e#t (same e#eption as d1 a%ove). 1. .- #rimina" pro#ee$ings are institute$ against a #onsu"ar oH#er, he must appear %e-ore the #ompetent authorities. 4he pro#ee$ings sha"" %e #on$u#te$ with the respe#t $ue him %y reason o- his oH#ia" position an$ (e#ept in #ases o- grave #rime) in a manner whi#h wi"" hamper the eer#ise o- oH#ia" -un#tions as "itt"e as possi%"e. .n #ases o- grave #rime, when it %e#omes ne#essary to $etain a #onsu"ar oH#er, the pro#ee$ings against him sha"" %e institute$ with minimum $e"ay. Invio*a4i*ity o- Pre(ises Arti#"e ((5 1. 4he premises o- the mission sha"" %e invio"a%"e. 4he agents o- the /+ may not enter without the #onsent o- the hea$ o- the mission. (. 4he /+ is un$er a spe#ia" $uty to taGe a"" appropriate steps to prote#t the premises o- the mission against any intrusion or $amage, an$ to prevent any $istur%an#e o- the mission or impairment o- its $ignity. 1. :remises o- the mission, -urnishings, an$ other property thereon, in#"u$ing the means o- transport o- Arti#"e 115 1. Consu"ar premises sha"" %e invio"a%"e to the etent provi$e$ in this arti#"e. (. 4he /+ authorities sha"" not enter that part o- the #onsu"ar premises whi#h is use$ e#"usive"y -or the purpose o- the worG o- the #onsu"ar post e#ept with the #onsent o- the hea$ o- the #onsu"ar post or o- his $esignee, or o- the hea$ o- the $ip"omati# mission. +u#h #onsent may %e assume$ in #ases o- 2re or other $isaster re9uiring prompt prote#tive a#tion. 1. 4he /+ is un$er a spe#ia" $uty to taGe a"" appropriate (18 the mission, sha"" %e immune -rom sear#h, re9uisition, atta#hment, or ee#ution. Arti#"e 105 1. 4he private resi$en#e o- a $ip"omati# agent sha"" enJoy the same invio"a%i"ity an$ prote#tion as the premises o- the mission. (. *is papers, #orrespon$en#e, an$ (e#ept as provi$e$ in Arti#"e 11 %e"ow) property sha"" a"so %e invio"a%"e. steps to prote#t the #onsu"ar premises against any intrusion or $amage an$ to prevent any $istur%an#e o- the pea#e o- the #onsu"ar post or impairment o- its $ignity. B. Consu"ar premises, -urnishings, property o- the #onsu"ar post, an$ its means o- transport sha"" %e immune -rom any -orm o- re9uisition -or purposes o- nationa" $e-ense or pu%"i# uti"ity. .- epropriation is ne#essary -or su#h purposes, a"" possi%"e steps sha"" %e taGen to avoi$ impe$ing per-orman#e o- #onsu"ar -un#tions an$ prompt, a$e9uate, an$ e,e#tive #ompensation sha"" %e pai$ to the ++. I((unity -ro( <urisdiction Arti#"e 115 1. A $ip"omati# agent sha"" enJoy immunity -rom the #rimina" Juris$i#tion o- the /+. *e sha"" a"so enJoy immunity -rom its #ivi" an$ a$ministrative Juris$i#tion. (. A $ip"omati# agent is not o%"ige$ to give evi$en#e as a witness. 1. =o measures o- ee#ution may %e taGen in respe#t o- a $ip"omati# agent. Arti#"e B15 1. Consu"ar oH#ers an$ #onsu"ar emp"oyees sha"" not %e amena%"e to the Juris$i#tion o- the Ju$i#ia" or a$ministrative authorities o- the /+ in respe#t o- a#ts per-orme$ in the eer#ise o- #onsu"ar -un#tions. E)ceptions to I((unity -ro( <urisdiction Arti#"e 115 A $ip"omati# agent is not immune -rom #ivi" an$ a$ministrative Juris$i#tion in #ases o-7 1. A rea" a#tion re"ating to private immova%"e property situate$ in /+ territory, un"ess (e#eption to the e#eption) he ho"$s it on %eha"- o- the ++ -or purposes o- the mission. (. An a#tion re"ating to Arti#"e B15 4he immunity provi$e$ sha"" not app"y in respe#t o- a #ivi" a#tion either7 1. Arising out o- a #ontra#t #on#"u$e$ %y a #onsu"ar oH#er or a #onsu"ar emp"oyee in whi#h he $i$ not #ontra#t epress"y or imp"ie$"y as an agent o- the ++N or (. By a thir$ party -or (19 su##ession in whi#h the $ip"omati# agent is invo"ve$ as ee#utor, a$ministrator, heir, or "egatee as a private person an$ not on %eha"- o- the ++. 1. An a#tion re"ating to any pro-essiona" or #ommer#ia" a#tivity eer#ise$ %y the $ip"omati# agent in the /+ outsi$e his oH#ia" -un#tions c;easures o- ee#ution may %e taGen in respe#t o- a $ip"omati# agent in the three #ases "iste$ a%ove, provi$e$ that su#h measures #an %e taGen without in-ringing upon the invio"a%i"ity o- his person or resi$en#e. $amage arising -rom an a##i$ent in the /+ #ause$ %y a vehi#"e, vesse", or air#ra-t. &aiver o- I((unity Arti#"e 1(5 1. 4he immunity -rom Juris$i#tion o- $ip"omati# agents may %e waive$ %y the ++. (. Kaiver must a"ways %e epress. 1. .nitiation o- pro#ee$ings %y a $ip"omati# agent sha"" pre#"u$e him -rom invoGing immunity -rom Juris$i#tion in respe#t o- any #ounterD #"aim $ire#t"y #onne#te$ with the prin#ipa" #"aim. B. Kaiver o- immunity -rom Juris$i#tion in respe#t o- #ivi" or a$ministrative pro#ee$ings sha"" not %e he"$ to imp"y waiver o- immunity in respe#t o- the ee#ution o- the Ju$gment, -or whi#h a separate waiver sha"" %e ne#essary. Arti#"e B)5 1. 4he ++ may waive the privi"eges or immunities provi$e$ -or a mem%er o- the #onsu"ar post. (. 4he waiver sha"" in a"" #ases %e epress, e#ept as provi$e$ un$er this Arti#"e, an$ sha"" %e #ommuni#ate$ to the /+ in writing. 1. 4he initiation o- pro#ee$ings %y a #onsu"ar oH#er or a #onsu"ar emp"oyee in a matter where he might enJoy immunity sha"" pre#"u$e him -rom invoGing immunity -rom Juris$i#tion in respe#t o- any #ounterD#"aim $ire#t"y #onne#te$ with the prin#ipa" #"aim. B. 4he waiver o- immunity -rom Juris$i#tion -or the purpose o- #ivi" or a$ministrative pro#ee$ings sha"" not %e $eeme$ to imp"y the waiver o- immunity -rom the measures o- ee#ution ((0 resu"ting -rom the Ju$i#ia" $e#ision (in whi#h #ase a separate waiver sha"" %e ne#essary). Specia* O4*i+ations o- "+entsNO>cers Arti#"e B15 1. Kithout preJu$i#e to their privi"eges an$ immunities, it is the $uty o- a"" persons enJoying su#h privi"eges an$ immunities to respe#t the /+> "aws an$ not to inter-ere in the interna" a,airs o- that state. (. A"" oH#ia" %usiness with the /+ entruste$ to the mission %y the ++ sha"" %e #on$u#te$ with or through the ;inistry o- 'oreign A,airs o- the /+ or su#h other ministry as may %e agree$. 1. :remises o- the mission must not %e use$ in any manner in#ompati%"e with the -un#tions o- the mission un$er this Convention, ru"es o- genera" .L, or spe#ia" agreements %etween the /+ an$ ++. Arti#"e ))5 1. Kithout preJu$i#e to their privi"eges an$ immunities, it is the $uty o- a"" persons enJoying su#h privi"eges an$ immunities to respe#t the /+> "aws an$ not to inter-ere in the interna" a,airs o- that state. 4he #onsu"ar premises sha"" not %e use$ in any manner in#ompati%"e with the eer#ise o- #onsu"ar -un#tions. 4his provision sha"" not e#"u$e the possi%i"ity o- oH#es o- other institutions or agen#ies %eing insta""e$ in part o- the %ui"$ing in whi#h the #onsu"ar premises are situate$, provi$e$ that the premises assigne$ to them are separate -rom those use$ %y the #onsu"ar post. +ai$ oH#es are not #onsi$ere$ to -orm part o- the #onsu"ar premises. Ce+innin+ and End o- I((unities and Privi*e+es Arti#"e 195 1. .mmunities an$ privi"eges are enJoye$ -rom the moment the agent enters the /+> territory on pro#ee$ing to taGe up his post. (. .- he is a"rea$y in the /+> territory, immunities an$ privi"eges are enJoye$ when his appointment is noti2e$ to the ;inistry o- 'oreign A,airs. 1. Khen the agent>s -un#tions have #ome to an en$, the immunities an$ privi"eges he enJoys sha"" norma""y #ease the moment Arti#"e )15 1. .mmunities an$ privi"eges are enJoye$ -rom the moment the mem%er o- the #onsu"ar post enters the /+> territory on pro#ee$ing to taGe up his post. (. .- he is a"rea$y in the #ountry, immunities an$ privi"eges are enJoye$ when he enters on his $uties with the #onsu"ar post. 1. Khen the -un#tions o- the mem%er o- the #onsu"ar post have #ome to an en$, immunities an$ privi"eges sha"" #ease the moment he "eaves the /+ or on the ((1 he "eaves the #ountry or on epiry o- a reasona%"e perio$ to $o so (in the meantime, they su%sist, even $uring an arme$ #onUi#t). B. Kith respe#t to a#ts per-orme$ %y an agent in the eer#ise o- his -un#tions as a mem%er o- the mission, immunity sha"" su%sist. epiry o- a reasona%"e perio$ to $o so, whi#hever is sooner (%ut sha"" su%sist unti" that time, even $uring an arme$ #onUi#t). B. Kith respe#t to a#ts per-orme$ %y a #onsu"ar oH#er or a #onsu"ar emp"oyee in the eer#ise o- his -un#tions, immunity sha"" #ontinue to su%sist without "imitation o- time. 5. Treaties 4he "aw on treaties is -oun$ in the 6ienna Convention o- the Law o- 4reaties (19A9) "rtic*e /, $ienna Convention on t'e La, o- Treaties A treaty is an internationa" agreement #on#"u$e$ %etween +tates in written -orm an$ governe$ %y internationa" "aw, whether em%o$ie$ in a sing"e instrument or in two or more re"ate$ instruments an$ whatever its parti#u"ar $esignation. Su((ary o- Essentia* Princip*es in t'e $ienna Convention on t'e La, o- Treaties Consent to %e %oun$ %y a treaty may %e epresse$ %y signature, e#hange o- instruments #onstituting a treaty, rati2#ation, a##eptan#e, approva", or a##ession, or %y any other means i- so agree$ (Arti#"e 11) Summary of steps to ma,e a treaty bindin& upon a state =as provided in t"e >ienna %onvention on t"e La) of 2reaties<: 1. =egotiation (. &iving o- #onsent to %e %oun$5 a. +igning o- treaty %. E#hange o- instruments with the epress provision that in $oing so the e#hanging parties %e#ome %oun$ ((( #. /ati2#ationRa##eptan#eRapprova" W pro#ess o- rati2#ation varies with ea#h +tate. At a"" times the instrument whi#h is proo- o- the rati2#ation must %e $eposite$ with the %o$y spe#i2e$ as $epositary or, i- not spe#i2e$, the 8= +e#retary &enera". 4he e,e#t o- nonD$eposit is that the treaty #annot %e en-or#e$ against the state %y any 8= agen#y ERatication in t"e P"ilippines5 +e#tion (1 o- Arti#"e 6.. o- the Constitution provi$es that no treaty or internationa" agreement sha"" %e va"i$ an$ e,e#tive un"ess #on#urre$ in %y at "east twoDthir$s o- a"" the ;em%ers o- the +enate Every state whi#h has signe$ or otherwise epresse$ its #onsent to %e %oun$ %y a treaty has the o%"igation not to $e-eat the o%Je#t an$ purpose o- a treaty prior to its entry into -or#e (Arti#"e 18) Pacta sunt servanda is the prin#ip"e that every treaty in -or#e is %in$ing upon the parties to it an$ must %e per-orme$ %y them in goo$ -aith (Arti#"e (A) +tates may, when signing, rati-ying, a##epting, approving, or a##e$ing to a treaty, -ormu"ate a reservation unless7 (a)the reservation is prohi%ite$ %y the treatyN (%)the treaty provi$es on"y spe#i2e$ reservationsN or (#) the reservation is in#ompati%"e with the o%Je#t an$ purpose o- the treaty (Arti#"e 19) 4reaties enter into -or#e in a manner an$ $ate agree$ upon %y the parties. .- there is no provision as to howRwhen, the treaty enters into -or#e as soon as #onsent to %e %oun$ has %een given. (Arti#"e (B) ;ost mu"ti"atera" treaties #ontain provisions saying how many states must signRrati-y the treaty %e-ore it enters into -or#e. 'or eamp"e, the 6ienna Convention on the Law o- 4reaties was 2rst signe$ in 19A9 %ut on"y entere$ into -or#e in 1980 %e#ause that was on"y when the re9uire$ num%er o- states -or it to enter into -or#e was rea#he$. 4reaties may %e inva"i$ate$ on the -o""owing groun$s5 1. Error (Arti#"e B8) (. 'rau$ (Arti#"e B9) 1. Corruption o- a representative o- a state (Arti#"e )0) B. Coer#ion o- a representative o- a state (Arti#"e )1) ). Coer#ion o- a state %y use o- -or#e (Arti#"e )() A. 6io"ation o- jus co&ens (Arti#"e )1) ((1 7. 6io"ations o- the restri#tions impose$ on the authority o- representatives o- a +tate (Arti#"e B7) 4reaties may %e terminate$ or suspen$e$ outright"y on the -o""owing groun$s5 1. ;ateria" %rea#h (Arti#"e A0) (. +upervening impossi%i"ity o- per-orman#e (Arti#"e A1) 1. Rebus sic stantibus, or the -un$amenta" #hange o- #ir#umstan#es (Arti#"e A() Cases Li '. -.ec#ti'e Secretar( 4P1ili))ine Ca!e/ :??:9 :ursuant to the 6isiting 'or#es Agreement an$ the ;utua" De-ense 4reaty entere$ into %etween the :hi"ippines an$ the 8nite$ +tates, 8+ mi"itary personne" tooG part in Ba"iGatan eer#ises. 4he Court saw the wor$ ?a#tivities@ in the 6'A as an intentiona""y %roa$ phraseo"ogy that ver%a"i<e$ the parties> intentions. .n so ru"ing, the Court app"ie$ Arti#"es 11 an$ 1( o- the 6ienna Convention on the Law o- 4reaties, whi#h provi$e the stan$ar$ ru"es -or interpretation, e.g. (1) p"ain meaningN (() goo$ -aithN an$ (1) eamination o- preparatory worG -or the agreement. Pientel '. -.ec#ti'e Secretar( 4P1ili))ine Ca!e/ :??=9 4he petitioners wante$ to #ompe" the D'A to transmit the signe$ #opy o- the /ome +tatute to the +enate -or rati2#ation. 4he Court ep"aine$ that the power to rati-y is veste$ in the :resi$ent, su%Je#t to the #on#urren#e o- the +enate. 4he Court "ai$ $own its own enumeration o- the treatyDmaGing pro#ess5 (1)=egotiation %y the hea$ o- state or his authori<e$ representativesN (()+igning as a means o- authenti#ating the instrument an$ sym%o"i<ing the goo$ -aith o- the partiesN (1)/ati2#ation as the -orma" a#t %y whi#h a state #on2rms an$ a##epts the provisions o- a treaty #on#"u$e$ %y its representativesN an$ (B)E#hange o- the instruments o- rati2#ation. Ba(an M#na '. -.ec#ti'e Secretar( 4P1ili))ine Ca!e/ :?559 4he :hi"ippines signe$ the /ome +tatute %ut $i$ not rati-y it. A-ter signing, the :hi"ippines entere$ into a Bi"atera" Agreement with the 8nite$ +tates where it agree$ that it wou"$ not surren$er any 8+ nationa" to an internationa" tri%una" without the #onsent o- the 8+. 4he petitioners #"aime$ that this agreement was in vio"ation o- spe#i2# provisions o- the /ome +tatute. 4he Court $istinguishe$ %etween a signatory state an$ a stateDparty5 the -ormer is on"y o%"ige$ to re-rain -rom a#ts whi#h wou"$ $e-eat the o%Je#t an$ purpose o- the treaty sin#e it has yet to rati-yN the "atter, having rati2e$, is "ega""y o%"ige$ to -o""ow a"" the provisions o- the treaty in goo$ -aith. ((B Ba(an '. Eaora 4:???9 and Nicola! '. Ro#lo/ Salonga et al. '. -.ec#ti'e Secretar( 4:??69 K P1ili))ine Ca!e! %it1 t1e !ae i!!#e .n %oth these #ases, the petitioners #ha""enge$ the #onstitutiona"ity o- the 6'A an$ assai"e$ its status as a treaty %in$ing the :hi"ippines, sin#e the 8+ +enate $i$ not rati-y it. .n %oth #ases, the Court he"$ that the 6'A was #onstitutiona". .n the (000 #ase, it he"$ that ee#utive agreements were %in$ing as treaties, regar$"ess o- #on#urren#e %y Congress. .n the (009 #ase, the Court ru"e$ that the 6'A was the imp"ementing agreement to the main /:D8+ ;utua" De-ense 4reaty an$ there was no nee$ to su%mit it to the 8+ +enate -or #onsent. Medellin '. Te.a! 4Aerican Ca!e/ :??79 ;e$e""in invoGe$ his right un$er internationa" "aw to the review an$ re#onsi$eration o- his $eath senten#e. 4he Court ep"aine$ that whi"e treaties may #omprise internationa" #ommitments, they are not $omesti# "aw un"ess Congress has either ena#te$ imp"ementing statutes or the treaty itse"- #onveys an intention that it %e se"-Dee#uting an$ is rati2e$ on these terms. . Nationa*ity and State*essness =ationa"ity is the "ega" %on$ %etween a person an$ a state. .t is a re"ationship that gives rise to materia" rights an$ o%"igations on the part o- the in$ivi$ua" an$ the state #on#erne$. .t is a mutua" re"ationship %etween state an$ in$ivi$ua". (3eis! ?=ationa"ity an$ +tate"essness@) "rtic*e 7 o- t'e Convention !e*atin+ to t'e Status o- State*ess Persons A state"ess person is a person who is not #onsi$ere$ a nationa" %y any state un$er the operation o- its "aw. C"SES: Notte"o1 Ca!e 4Liec1ten!tein '. G#ateala/ IC, Ca!e/ 56==9 =otte%ohm was etra$ite$ to the 8nite$ +tates with the he"p o- the &uatema"an government, who #onsi$ere$ him to %e a &erman who ha$ never a#9uire$ #iti<enship -rom Lie#htenstein. 4he Court agree$ with &uatema"a an$ ep"aine$ that nationa"ity is a "ega" %on$ having as its %asis a so#ia" -a#t o- atta#hment, a genuine #onne#tion o- eisten#e, interests, an$ sentiments, together with re#ipro#a" rights an$ $uties. .t is the Juri$i#a" epression o- the -a#t that the in$ivi$ua" upon whom it is #on-erre$ is more #"ose"y #onne#te$ with the popu"ation o- the state #on-erring nationa"ity than with that o- any other state. Foo$ooritc1$in '. Solicitor General 4P1ili))ine Ca!e/ 56879 At war with /ussia>s #ommunist government, XooGoorit#hGin Ue$ to the :hi"ippines an$ 2"e$ a petition -or natura"i<ation a-ter () years o- "iving in the #ountry. 4he +o"i#itor &enera" oppose$ on the groun$ that he ha$ -ai"e$ to show that he ha$ "ost his /ussian #iti<enship un$er /ussian "aws. 4he Court ru"e$ in -avor o- XooGoorit#hGin, 2n$ing that he was a state"ess re-ugee who ha$ "ost a"" %on$s o- atta#hment to his -ormer -ather"an$, with whi#h he ha$ %een at war prior to his arriva" in the #ountry. (() H. State !esponsi4i*ity 4he $o#trine o- state responsi%i"ity is simp"y that i- a state vio"ates a #ustomary ru"e o- internationa" "aw or a treaty o%"igation, it #ommits an ?internationa""y wrong-u" a#t@ -or whi#h the +tate must %e he"$ responsi%"e. 4he .nternationa" Law Commission>s Dra-t Arti#"es on +tate /esponsi%i"ity is instru#tive as to ,'en t'ere is state responsi4i*ity. "rtic*e 7 o- t'e ILC #ra-t "rtic*es. Re!)on!i"ilit( o+ a State +or it! internationall( %rong+#l act! Every internationa""y wrong-u" a#t o- a +tate entai"s the internationa" responsi%i"ity o- that +tate. "rtic*e / o- t'e ILC #ra-t "rtic*es. -leent! o+ an internationall( %rong+#l act o+ a State 4here is an internationa""y wrong-u" a#t o- a +tate when #on$u#t #onsisting o- an a#tion or omission5 (a) .s attri%uta%"e to the +tate un$er internationa" "awN an$ (%) Constitutes a %rea#h o- an internationa" o%"igation o- the +tate. "rtic*e 2. C1aracteriDation o+ an act o+ a State a! internationall( %rong+#l 4he #hara#teri<ation o- an a#t o- a +tate as internationa""y wrong-u" is governe$ %y internationa" "aw. +u#h #hara#teri<ation is not a,e#te$ %y the #hara#teri<ation o- the same a#t as "aw-u" %y interna" "aw. .n genera", there must %e ?7B an a#t or omission attri%uta%"e to the stateN an$ ?/B a %rea#h o- an internationa" o%"igation (-rom any sour#e o- internationa" "aw). 4he .LC Dra-t Arti#"es a"so provi$e -or the stan$ar$ o- strict *ia4i*ity, i.e. intent, -au"t, or neg"igen#e is not re9uire$ -or a +tate to %e he"$ responsi%"e as "ong as %rea#h o- internationa" "aw is shown. .ntent, -au"t, or neg"igen#e are on"y materia" in $etermining the amount o- reparations to %e ma$e. 'ina""y, the .LC Dra-t Arti#"es provi$es -or the #onse9uen#es o- state responsi%i"ity5 "rtic*e 20 o- t'e ILC #ra-t "rtic*es. Ce!!ation and non-re)etition 4he +tate responsi%"e -or the internationa""y wrong-u" a#t is un$er an o%"igation to5 (a) Cease that a#t, i- it is #ontinuingN an$ (%) C,er appropriate assuran#es an$ guarantees o- nonDrepetition, i- #ir#umstan#es so re9uire. C"SE: ((A Legal Con!e@#ence! o+ t1e Con!tr#ction o+ a 0all in t1e Occ#)ied Pale!tinian Territor( 4IC, Ad'i!or( O)inion9 4he .C! opine$ that the #onstru#tion o- a wa"" %y .srae", the o##upying power in the :a"estinian 4erritory, resu"te$ in de facto anneation whi#h is #ontrary to internationa" "aw, in parti#u"ar the 8= Charter on the 8se o- 'or#e an$ internationa" humanitarian "aw. 4he Court then enumerate$ the "ega" #onse9uen#es o- an internationa""y wrong-u" a#t5 (1) -u"" reparation -or the inJury #ause$ %y the internationa""y wrong-u" a#t (inJury may #onsist o- materia" or mora" $amage)N (() the responsi%"e state is un$er $uty to per-orm the o%"igation %rea#he$N an$ (1) #essation o- the wrong-u" a#t i- it is sti"" #ontinuing, as we"" as the o,ering o- assuran#es an$ guarantees o- nonDrepetition, i- #ir#umstan#es so re9uire. Act! o+ State Organ! 4he a#ts o- organs or oH#ia"s o- a state are attri%ute$ to that state as its own a#ts in $etermining its responsi%i"ity -or internationa""y wrong-u" #on$u#t. "rtic*e F o- t'e ILC #ra-t "rtic*es. Cond#ct o+ organ! o+ a State 1. 4he #on$u#t o- any +tate organ sha"" %e #onsi$ere$ an a#t o- that +tate un$er internationa" "aw, whether the organ eer#ises "egis"ative, ee#utive, Ju$i#ia", or any other -un#tions, whatever position it ho"$s in the organi<ation o- the +tate, an$ whatever its #hara#ter as an organ o- the #entra" &overnment or o- a territoria" unit o- the +tate. (. An organ in#"u$es any person or entity whi#h has that status in a##or$an#e with the interna" "aw o- the +tate. "rtic*e H o- t'e ILC #ra-t "rtic*es. -.ce!! o+ a#t1orit( or contra'ention o+ in!tr#ction! 4he #on$u#t o- an organ o- a +tate or o- a person or entity empowere$ to eer#ise e"ements o- the governmenta" authority sha"" %e #onsi$ere$ an a#t o- the +tate un$er internationa" "aw i- the organ, person, or entity a#ts in that #apa#ity, even i- it e#ee$s its authority or #ontravenes instru#tions. C"SES: Union Bridge Co)an( Clai 4GUS '. Great BritainH/ 56:89 *arrison, the storeGeeper o- the Cape &overnment /ai"ways at :ort E"i<a%eth an$ agent o- the British government, move$ 8nion Bri$ge materia" -rom :ort E"i<a%eth to the .mperia" ;i"itary /ai"ways on instru#tions he re#eive$. 4he Court ru"e$ that the #onsignment o- the materia" was a wrong-u" inter-eren#e with property, an$ sin#e *arrison #ommitte$ the a#t un$er instru#tions, su#h instru#tions 2e$ "ia%i"ity on the British government. 4his "ia%i"ity was not a,e#te$ %y the -a#t that the a#t was $one un$er a mistaGe an$ without intention to appropriate the materia". Ao#an! Clai 4GUS '. Me.icoH/ 56:>9 A mo% Gi""e$ three Ameri#an nationa"s an$ the ;ei#an po"i#e>s attempt to 9ue"" the mo% un$er the "o#a" mayor>s instru#tions "e$ to the opening o- 2re an$ more Gi""ings. 4he Court he"$ ;ei#o "ia%"e -or the a#ts o- its po"i#e, ru"ing that a wrong-u" a#t o- an oH#ia" a#ting in the $is#harge o- his $uties #an %e attri%uta%"e to the government an$ the state ((7 #an %e he"$ "ia%"e. 4he Court re-use$ to #onsi$er the po"i#e>s a#ts as %eing $one in the po"i#e>s private #apa#ity, sin#e at the time o- #ommission o- su#h a#ts they were on $uty an$ un$er the imme$iate supervision an$ in the presen#e o- a #omman$ing oH#er. Act! o+ Pri'ate Indi'id#al! 7. InstructionsNContro* Arti#"e 8 o- the .LC Dra-t Arti#"es. Cond#ct directed or controlled "( a State 4he #on$u#t o- a person or a group o- persons sha"" %e #onsi$ere$ an a#t o- a +tate un$er internationa" "aw i- the person or group o- persons is in -a#t a#ting on the instru#tions o-, or un$er the #ontro" o- that +tate in #arrying out the #on$u#t. C"SES: Nicarag#a '. United State! 4!#)ra9 4he Court he"$ the #on$u#t o- the re%e"s (the contras< to %e attri%uta%"e to the 8nite$ +tates an$ ru"e$ that the "atter were responsi%"e -or the %rea#hes o- internationa" humanitarian "aw #ommitte$ %y the contras. .n parti#u"ar, the Court note$ that the 8+ eer#ise$ e,e#tive #ontro" over the re%e"s, sin#e it provi$e$ p"anning, $ire#tion, an$ support to the contras. Ea2ro Clai 4GGreat Britain '. United State!H/ 56:=9 4he Faro was a private ship #ommissione$ %y the 8+ mi"itary an$ #rewe$ %y Chinese so"$iers who pro#ee$e$ to "oot houses in Cavite $uring the +panishDAmeri#an Kar whi"e they were on shore "eave. 4he Court he"$ the 8+ "ia%"e -or the who"e $amage #ause$, as the Chinese Crew was shown to have parti#ipate$ to a su%stantia" etent an$ the part #hargea%"e to unGnown wrong$oers #ou"$ not %e i$enti2e$. 4he Court $isa""owe$ the #"aim -or "ega" interest, however, sin#e the 8+ $i$ not eer#ise e,e#tive #ontro" over the Chinese #rew at the time when the rea" $amage tooG p"a#e. /. !atifcation Arti#"e 11 o- the .LC Dra-t Arti#"es. Cond#ct ac$no%ledged and ado)ted "( a State a! it! o%n Con$u#t whi#h is not attri%uta%"e to a +tate un$er the pre#e$ing arti#"es sha"" neverthe"ess %e #onsi$ere$ an a#t o- that +tate un$er internationa" "aw i- an$ to the etent that the +tate a#Gnow"e$ges an$ a$opts the #on$u#t in 9uestion as its own. C"SES: United State! '. Iran 4IC, Ca!e/ 567<9 (As portraye$ in the 2"m Ar&o) 4he 8nite$ +tates Em%assy an$ its sta, in .ran were sei<e$ %y protesters without any intervention -rom .ranian authorities. Later on, the Ayato""ah ma$e statements supporting the a#tions o- the protesters. 4he Court ep"aine$ that the initia" taGeover o- the em%assy was not attri%uta%"e to the state. Attri%ution wou"$ %e present on"y when it is esta%"ishe$ that the a#ts were #arrie$ out in response to spe#i2# instru#tions -rom a #omponent organ o- the +tate. *owever, the statements o- ((8 support an$ en#ouragement o- the #ontinuing $etention o- hostages ma$e the mi"itants> a#ts the a#ts o- the .ranian +tate. Rain"o% 0arrior Ar"itration 4567?9 'ren#h agents $estroye$ the Rainbo) 3arrior! a &reenpea#e .nternationa" 6esse", whi"e it was in har%or in =ew Yea"an$, prompting =Y to prose#ute two #apture$ 'ren#h agents un$er the Dire#torate &enera" o- Eterna" +e#urity. A #ommuni9ue -rom the :rime ;inister o- 'ran#e #on2rme$ that the agents were a#ting un$er the 'ren#h government>s instru#tions. 4he Court went on to $etermine the etent o- #ompensation that 'ran#e wou"$ pay on a##ount o- its internationa" responsi%i"ity. 2. Conduct o- insurrectiona* (ove(ent Arti#"e 10 o- the .LC Dra-t Arti#"es. Cond#ct o+ an in!#rrectional or ot1er o'eent 1. 4he #on$u#t o- an insurre#tiona" movement whi#h %e#omes the new &overnment o- the +tate sha"" %e #onsi$ere$ an a#t o- that +tate un$er internationa" "aw. (. 4he #on$u#t o- a movement, insurre#tiona" or other, whi#h su##ee$s in esta%"ishing a new +tate in part o- the territory o- a preDeisting +tate or in a territory un$er its a$ministration, sha"" %e #onsi$ere$ an a#t o- the new +tate un$er internationa" "aw. 1. 4his arti#"e is without preJu$i#e to the attri%ution to a +tate o- any other #on$u#t, however re"ate$ to that o- the movement #on#erne$, whi#h is to %e #onsi$ere$ an a#t o- that +tate %y virtue o- Arti#"es B to 9. C"SE: Boli'ar Rail%a( Co)an( Clai 4GGreat Britain '. VeneD#elaH/ 56?<9 A-ter the revo"ution in 6ene<ue"a that %rought Castro into power, Bo"ivar 2"e$ #"aims against 6ene<ue"a an$ Castro in respe#t o- o%"igations in#urre$ %y %oth the o"$ an$ new governments. 4he Court a""owe$ the #"aims, ep"aining that responsi%i"ity was a""owe$ in this #ase %e#ause what is invo"ve$ is the same nation. =ations $o not $ie when there is a #hange o- governmentN these #hanges are %ut epressions o- a #hange o- nationa" wi"". 4he nation is responsi%"e -or the $e%ts #ontra#te$ %y its titu"ar government unti" the o%"igation is $is#harge$. 4he nation is responsi%"e -or the o%"igations o- a su##ess-u" revo"ution -rom its %eginning, sin#e su#h revo"ution represents ab initio a #hanging nationa" wi"", #rysta"i<ing in the 2na""y su##ess-u" resu"t. F. Co*or o- "ut'ority Arti#"e 9 o- the .LC Dra-t Arti#"es. Cond#ct carried o#t in t1e a"!ence o+ or de+a#lt o+ oBcial a#t1oritie! 4he #on$u#t o- a person or group o- persons sha"" %e #onsi$ere$ an a#t o- a +tate un$er internationa" "aw i- the person or group o- persons is in -a#t eer#ising e"ements o- the ((9 governmenta" authority in the a%sen#e or $e-au"t o- the oH#ia" authorities an$ in #ir#umstan#es su#h as to #a"" -or the eer#ise o- those e"ements o- authority. A. E(po,ered 4y *a, to e)ercise aut'ority Arti#"e ) o- the .LC Dra-t Arti#"es. Cond#ct o+ )er!on! or entitie! e.erci!ing eleent! o+ go'ernental a#t1orit( 4he #on$u#t o- a person or entity whi#h is not an organ o- the +tate un$er Arti#"e B %ut whi#h is empowere$ %y the "aw o- that +tate to eer#ise e"ements o- the governmenta" authority sha"" %e #onsi$ere$ an a#t o- the +tate un$er internationa" "aw, provi$e$ the person or entity is a#ting that #apa#ity in the parti#u"ar instan#e. I. <urisdiction o- States 7. Territoria*ity Princip*e 4he -un$amenta" sour#e o- Juris$i#tion is sovereignty over territory. A state has a%so"ute, %ut not ne#essari"y e#"usive, power to pres#ri%e, a$Ju$i#ate, an$ en-or#e ru"es -or #on$u#t that o##urs within its territory. 4his is why the $etermination o- territoria" %oun$aries are so important. (-ernas< C"SE: Trail Selter Ca!e 4Ar"itration "et%een US and Canada/ 56<7 K 56859 4he 8+ %rought Cana$a to ar%itration over -umes $is#harge$ -rom the sme"ter o- the Conso"i$ate$ ;ining an$ +me"ting Company in 4rai", British Co"um%ia. 4he Court reiterate$ the ?e,e#ts $o#trine@, where a state a"so has Juris$i#tion over a#ts o##urring outsi$e its territory when the e,e#ts o- the a#ts are -e"t within it. 4his $o#trine has two -a#ets5 (1) t"e subjective territorial principle! where there is Juris$i#tion to prose#ute an$ punish a #rime #ommitte$ within the state %ut #omp"ete$ or #onsummate$ a%roa$N an$ (() t"e objective territorial principle where there is Juris$i#tion to prose#ute an$ punish a #rime #ommen#e$ outsi$e the state %ut #onsummate$ within its territory. /. Nationa*ity Princip*e and State*essness 4he nationa"ity prin#ip"e provi$es that every state has Juris$i#tion over its nationa"s even when those nationa"s are outsi$e the state. (-ernas< +tate"ess persons are those who $o not have a nationa"ity. 4hey are either de jure or de facto state"ess. Ge jure state"ess persons are those who have "ost their nationa"ity, i- they ha$ one, an$ have not a#9uire$ a new one. Ge facto state"ess persons are those who have a nationa"ity %ut to whom prote#tion is $enie$ %y their state when out o- the state. 4his is the situation o- many re-ugees. (-ernas< C"SE: (10 Blac$er '. United State! 4Aerican Ca!e/ 56<:9 B"a#Gmer was an Ameri#an "iving in 'ran#e who was a$Ju$ge$ gui"ty o- #ontempt -or -ai"ure to respon$ to su%poenas serve$ upon him in 'ran#e. 4he Court ru"e$ that whi"e he may have remove$ his resi$en#e to 'ran#e, it was un$ispute$ that he #ontinue$ to %e a #iti<en o- the 8nite$ +tates. As su#h, he owe$ a""egian#e to the 8+ an$ the 8+ retaine$ authority over him, hen#e he was %oun$ %y its "aws even though he was a resi$ent a%roa$. 2. Protective Princip*e A state may eer#ise Juris$i#tion over #on$u#t outsi$e its territory that threatens its se#urity as "ong as that #on$u#t is genera""y re#ogni<e$ as #rimina" %y states in the internationa" #ommunity. (Restatement H:2I3J< C"SES: ,o(ce '. *irector o+ P#"lic Pro!ec#tion! 4Ho#!e o+ Lord!/ 568>9 ?Lor$ *aw *aw@ was an Ameri#an #iti<en who he"$ a British passport unti" 19B0. During Kor"$ Kar .., he %roa$#ast messages -rom &ermany trying to #onvin#e the A""ies to surren$er. *e was #onvi#te$ o- treason in the 8X %e#ause ?no prin#ip"e o- #omity $eman$s that a state shou"$ ignore the #rime o- treason #ommitte$ against it outsi$e its territory. A proper regar$ -or the state>s se#urity re9uires that a"" those who #ommit treasons, whether #ommit it within or without the rea"m, shou"$ %e amena%"e to its "aws.@ United State! '. A#ni! 4Aerican Ca!e/ 56779 Munis was one o- the hiJa#Gers a%oar$ a !or$anian p"ane that ha$ three Ameri#an nationa"s. 4he 8nite$ +tates wante$ to prose#ute him an$ invoGe$ the prote#tive prin#ip"e. 4he Court ep"aine$ that the prote#tive prin#ip"e has %een stri#t"y #onstrue$ to en#ompass on"y those o,enses posing a $ire#t, spe#i2# threat to nationa" se#urity. .n this #ase, the hiJa#Gers never ma$e any $eman$s on the 8+ government nor $ire#t"y threatene$ its se#urity. .n -a#t, ?it was a"most happenstan#e that three Ameri#an nationa"s were on %oar$ the air#ra-t.@ F. Universa*ity Princip*e 4he universa"ity prin#ip"e re#ogni<es that #ertain a#tivities, universa""y $angerous to states an$ their su%Je#ts, re9uire authority in a"" #ommunity mem%ers to punish su#h a#ts wherever they may o##ur, even a%sent a "inG %etween the state an$ the parties or the a#ts in 9uestion. 4his prin#ip"e starte$ with pira#y %ut has now epan$e$ to en#ompass geno#i$e, #rimes against humanity, war #rimes, an$ terrorism. (-ernas< C"SES: Filartiga '. Pena-Irala 4Aerican Ca!e/ 567?9 4his was a wrong-u" $eath a#tion %rought un$er the Ameri#an A"ien 4orts +tatute #harging :enaD.ra"a, then the .nspe#torD&enera" o- the po"i#e in :araguay, o- torturing to $eath a teenage :araguayan. 4he Court he"$ that $e"i%erate torture un$er the #o"or o- (11 oH#ia" authority vio"ate$ #ustomary internationa" "aw, regar$"ess o- the nationa"ity o- the parties. -ic1ann '. Attorne(-General o+ I!rael 4I!raeli Ca!e/ 56>:9 Ei#hmann was a highDranGing ++ oH#er who p"aye$ a #entra" part in the imp"ementation o- ?4he 'ina" +o"ution@ that saw the perse#ution o- mi""ions o- !ews in Europe $uring Kor"$ Kar ... *e es#ape$ to Argentina a-ter the war an$ was Gi$nappe$ %y .srae"i agents in 19A0 so he #ou"$ -a#e tria" in .srae" un$er the "atter>s $omesti# "aw. 4he Court ep"aine$ that the #rimes #reate$ %y the =a<i Co""a%orators Law a"ways %ore the stamps o- internationa" #rimes, %anne$ %y internationa" "aw an$ entai"ing in$ivi$ua" #rimina" "ia%i"ity. .t is the universa" #hara#ter o- these #rimes that vests in ea#h +tate the power to try an$ punish any who assiste$ in the #ommission o- su#h #rimes. !uris$i#tion was automati#a""y veste$ in the +tate o- .srae" upon its esta%"ishment in 19B8 as a sovereign +tate. .t was immateria" that the #rimes in 9uestion were #ommitte$ when the +tate o- .srae" $i$ not eist. A. Passive Persona*ity Princip*e 4he passive persona"ity prin#ip"e asserts that a state may app"y "aw7parti#u"ar"y #rimina" "aw7to an a#t #ommitte$ outsi$e its territory %y a person not its nationa" where the vi#tim o- the a#t was its nationa". 4he prin#ip"e has not %een or$inari"y a##epte$ -or or$inary torts or #rimes, %ut it is in#reasing"y a##epte$ as app"ie$ to terrorist an$ other organi<e$ atta#Gs on a state>s nationa"s %y reason o- their nationa"ity, or to assassination o- a state>s $ip"omati# representatives or other oH#ia"s. (%omment on Section H:2 of t"e 2"ird Restatement< C"SE: United State! '. A#ni! 4!#)ra9 Citing the 4hir$ /estatement, the Court ru"e$ that the passive persona"ity prin#ip"e (as we"" as the universa"ity prin#ip"e) were suH#ient groun$s to esta%"ish Juris$i#tion over a hiJa#Ger o- a p"ane #ontaining three Ameri#an nationa"s. A##or$ing to the Court, not on"y was the 8+ a#ting on %eha"- o- the wor"$ #ommunity to punish the #ommission o- #rimes that threaten the very -oun$ations o- wor"$ or$er, %ut the 8+ has its own interest in prote#ting its nationa"s. :. ConLicts o- <urisdiction +in#e there are various a##epte$ prin#ip"es -or assuming Juris$i#tion, more than one state may have a va"i$ #"aim to Juris$i#tion. Ameri#an #ourts have attempte$ to $eve"op three sophisti#ate$ mo$es o- reso"ving #onUi#t o- Juris$i#tion (-ernas<: a. Ba"an#ing 4est W when the answer to the three 9uestions %e"ow is ME+, the #ourt wi"" assume Juris$i#tion5 i. .s there an a#tua" or inten$e$ e,e#t on the stateb ii. .s the e,e#t suH#ient"y "arge to present a #ogni<a%"e inJury to the stateb (1( iii. Are the interest o-, an$ "inG to, the state suH#ient"y strong (vis+K+vis those o- other nations) to Justi-y an assertion o- etraor$inary authorityb %. .nternationa" Comity W even when a state has %asis -or eer#ising Juris$i#tion, it wi"" re-rain -rom $oing so i- its eer#ise wi"" %e unreasona%"e. 8nreasona%"eness is $etermine$ %y eva"uating various -a#tors, su#h as7 i. 4he "inG o- the a#tivity to the territory o- the regu"ating stateN ii. 4he #onne#tion (e.g. nationa"ity, resi$en#e, or e#onomi# a#tivity) %etween the regu"ating state an$ the person prin#ipa""y responsi%"e -or the a#tivity to %e regu"ate$N iii. 4he #hara#ter o- the a#tivity to %e regu"ate$N iv. 4he eisten#e o- Justi2e$ epe#tations that might %e prote#te$ or hurt %y the regu"ationN or v. 4he "iGe"ihoo$ o- #onUi#t with regu"ation %y another state #. Forum non conveniens W ?.- in the who"e #ir#umstan#es o- the #ase it %e $is#overe$ that there is a rea" un-airness to one o- the suitors in permitting the #hoi#e o- a -orum whi#h is not the natura" or proper -orum, either on the groun$ o- #onvenien#e o- tria" or the resi$en#e or $omi#i"e o- the parties or o- its %eing the locus contractus! or locus solutionis, then the $o#trine o- forum non conveniens is proper"y app"ie$.@ 4here are pu%"i# an$ private interest -a#tors that the #ourt must #onsi$er5 i. :rivate interest -a#tors5 a##ess to sour#es o- proo-, avai"a%i"ity o- #ompu"sory pro#ess -or unwi""ing witnesses, an$ other persona" pro%"ems whi#h maGe tria" easy, epe$itious, an$ inepensive ii. :u%"i# interest -a#tors5 #ongestion, $esire to sett"e "o#a" #ontroversies at home, an$ having the #ase trie$ in a -orum at home with the app"i#a%"e "aw <. Treat(ent o- "*iens -.tradition Etra$ition is the surren$er o- an in$ivi$ua" %y the state within whose territory he is -oun$ to the state un$er whose "aws he is a""ege$ to have #ommitte$ a #rime or to have %een #onvi#te$ o- a #rime. .t is a pro#ess that is governe$ %y treaty. 4he "ega" right to $eman$ etra$ition an$ the #orre"ative $uty to surren$er a -ugitive eist on"y when #reate$ %y treaty. (-ernas< Etra$ition is the remova" o- an a##use$ -rom the :hi"ippines with the o%Je#t o- p"a#ing him at the $isposa" o- -oreign authorities to ena%"e the re9uesting state to ho"$ him in (11 #onne#tion with any #rimina" investigation $ire#te$ against him or the ee#ution o- a pena"ty impose$ on him un$er the pena" or #rimina" "aw o- the re9uesting state or government. (@A.S. v. Pur&anan9! belo)< 5unda(enta* Princip*es (-rom -ernas< 1. =o state is o%"ige$ to etra$ite un"ess there is a treatyN (. Di,eren#es in "ega" system #an %e an o%sta#"e to interpretation o- what the #rime isN an$ 1. /e"igious an$ po"iti#a" o,enses are not etra$ita%"e C"SES: Fer '. Illinoi! 4Aerican Ca!e/ 567>9 Xer was Gi$nappe$ -rom :eru an$ %rought to CooG County to -a#e "ar#eny an$ em%e<<"ement #harges. Xer #"aime$ that the etra$ition treaty %etween .""inois an$ :eru was vio"ate$. 4he Court ru"e$ that there was no prohi%ition on a%$u#tion in the treaty. 'urthermore, any irregu"arity in the manner o- o%taining #usto$y $oes not a,e#t Juris$i#tion. 'or#i%"e a%$u#tion is no suH#ient reason why a party shou"$ not answer when %rought within the Juris$i#tion o- the #ourt whi#h has a right to try him. United State! '. Al'areD-Mac1ain 4Aerican Ca!e/ 566:9 ;a#hain was a%$u#te$ -rom ;ei#o an$ %rought to 4eas, where he was #harge$ with the Gi""ing o- a 8+ Drug En-or#ement Agen#y agent. *e argue$ that the a%$u#tion was in vio"ation o- the 8+D;ei#an Etra$ition 4reaty. 4he Court ru"e$ that the terms o- the treaty $i$ not #ontain any prohi%ition against a%$u#tion, in essen#e reiterating the ru"ing in Der v. #llinois. United State! '. ,#dge P#rganan 4GMar$ ,ieneD Ca!eH/ P1ili))ine Ca!e/ :??:9 .n 1999, the 8nite$ +tates sent a note ver%a"e to the :hi"ippine government re9uesting the etra$ition o- ;arG !imene< -or various #rimes (among them ta evasion, #onspira#y to $e-rau$ the 8+ government, an$ i""ega" e"e#tion #ontri%utions). 8"timate"y the Court $ire#te$ the /4C to #on$u#t etra$ition pro#ee$ings in #omp"ian#e with the treaty %etween the 8+ an$ the :hi"ippines, as we"" as the :hi"ippine Etra$ition Law. Proceeding +or -.tradition =based on t"e 1ar, Cimene8 %ases! t"e *(tradition 2reaty! and t"e *(tradition La)! P.G. 1?:;< 1. 4here is an e)tradition re.uest ma$e %y the -oreign $ip"omat o- the re9uesting state a$$resse$ to the +e#retary o- 'oreign A,airs whi#h #ontains the #opy o- the #rimina" #harge, re#ita" o- the a#ts -or whi#h etra$ition is re9ueste$, the tet o- the app"i#a%"e "aw, an$ other supporting $o#uments. .t is the tasG o- the ee#utive to eva"uate the suH#ien#y o- the re9uest. (1B (. 8pon 2n$ing that the re9uest is suH#ient, the D'A sha"" $e"iver it to the +e#retary o- !usti#e who sha"" imme$iate"y $esignate an$ authori<e the "awyer to han$"e the #ase. An e)tradition petition sha"" %e 2"e$ with the appropriate /4C. 4he Ju$ge sha"" summon the person to %e etra$ite$ an$ may immediately issue a warrant o- arrest in or$er to %ring him %e-ore the #ourt. 1. 4he e)tradition 'earin+ sha"" not %e in#onsistent with summary pro#ee$ings (sin#e etra$ition pro#ee$ings are summary in nature). 8pon re#eipt o- the petition, the Ju$ge sha"" maGe a prima -a#ie 2n$ing as to whether the petition is suH#ient in -orm an$ su%stan#e, whether it #omp"ies with the Etra$ition 4reaty an$ Law, an$ whether the person sought is etra$ita%"e. .n the #ourse o- the pro#ee$ings, the Ju$ge wi"" $etermine whether the person is etra$ita%"e an$ i- the o,ense -or whi#h etra$ition is re9ueste$ is a po"iti#a" one. B. 4he /4C>s $e#ision may %e appea*ed to t'e Court o- "ppea*s within ten $ays. 4he CA $e#ision sha"" %e 2na" an$ ee#utory. ). 4he $e#ision (o- the /4C or CA, as the #ase may %e) sha"" %e -orwar$e$ to the D'A through the DC!. A. 4he in$ivi$ua" to %e etra$ite$ is p"a#e$ at the $isposa" o- the authorities o- the re9uesting state, whi#h sha"" shou"$er the #osts an$ epenses o- the pro#ee$ings. Ta4*e F. E)tradition and deportation distin+uis'ed E)tradition #eportation 4he remova" o- an a##use$ -rom the :hi"ippines with the o%Je#t o- p"a#ing him at the $isposa" o- -oreign authorities Epu"sion o- an unwante$ or un$esira%"e a"ien Cn"y avai"a%"e i- there is a treaty %etween the state maGing the re9uest an$ the state %eing re9ueste$ A pure"y uni"atera" a#t an$ eer#ise o- sovereignty Done in the interest o- the state maGing the re9uest Done in the interest o- the #ountry o- resi$en#e I. Internationa* Hu(an !i+'ts La, ?IH!LB *uman rights are rights he"$ simp"y %y virtue o- %eing a human %eing. 4hey are part an$ par#e" o- the integrity an$ $ignity o- the human %eing. 4hey #annot %e given or with$rawn at wi"" %y any $omesti# "ega" system. A"though human rights are most (1) e,e#tive"y imp"emente$ %y the $omesti# "ega" system, that system is not the sour#e o- the rights. *uman rights "aw is $i,erent -rom internationa" human rights "aw in genera" in that o%"igations are owe$ $ire#t"y to in$ivi$ua"s an$ not to the nationa" government o- an in$ivi$ua". .t provi$es -or in$ivi$ua"s to have a##ess to tri%una"s an$ -or the e,e#tive guarantee o- the o%"igations owe$ to them on a##ount o- their human rights. (Bi&&ins< 7. T'e Universa* #ec*aration o- Hu(an !i+'ts 4he emergen#e o- an internationa" %i"" o- human rights was prompte$ %y the atro#ities #ommitte$ in Kor"$ Kar .. that so"i$i2e$ the view that the way nations treat peop"e un$er their Juris$i#tion is no "onger Just a $omesti# #on#ern %ut a"so one that #a""s -or the attention o- the internationa" #ommunity. (-ernas< 4he 8niversa" De#"aration o- *uman /ights was a$opte$ an$ pro#"aime$ %y the 8= &enera" Assem%"y on 10 De#em%er 19B8. .t is not %in$ing upon states in the sense o- a "aw or treaty, %ut it provi$es a #ommon stan$ar$ -or internationa" human rights. /. T'e Internationa* Covenant on Civi* and Po*itica* !i+'ts 4he .CC:/ was a$opte$ %y the 8= &enera" Assem%"y on 1A De#em%er 19AA. .t taGes the #ommon stan$ar$ provi$e$ -or in the 8D*/ an$ maGes it %in$ing on a"" states party to it. 4he su%stantive rights in the .CC:/ are provi$e$ in Arti#"es 1 an$ A to (7. .t is o- note that the 2rst su%stantive right provi$e$ -or is se"-D$etermination. "rtic*e 7 o- t'e ICCP! 1. A"" peop"es have the right o- se"-D$etermination. By virtue o- that right they -ree"y $etermine their po"iti#a" status an$ -ree"y pursue their e#onomi#, so#ia", an$ #u"tura" $eve"opment. (. A"" peop"es have the right, -or their own en$s, to -ree"y $ispose o- their natura" wea"th an$ resour#es without preJu$i#e to any o%"igations arising out o- internationa" e#onomi# #ooperation, %ase$ upon the prin#ip"e o- mutua" %ene2t, an$ internationa" "aw. .n no #ase may a peop"e %e $eprive$ o- its own means o- su%sisten#e. Non-*eroga"le Rig1t! =ot a"" rights un$er the .CC:/ are nonD$eroga%"e. As provi$e$ in Arti#"e B o- the .CC:/, in a time o- pu%"i# emergen#y whi#h threatens the "i-e o- the nation an$ the eisten#e o- whi#h is oH#ia""y pro#"aime$, the +tates :arties to the Covenant may taGe measures $erogating -rom their o%"igations un$er the .CC:/ to the etent stri#t"y re9uire$ %y the eigen#ies o- the situation, provi$e$ that su#h measures are not in#onsistent with their other o%"igations un$er internationa" "aw an$ $o not invo"ve $is#rimination so"e"y on the groun$ o- ra#e, #o"or, se, "anguage, re"igion, or so#ia" origin. 4he -o""owing rights are nonD$eroga%"e, meaning even in times o- pu%"i# emergen#y +tates :arties are %oun$ to their o%"igations un$er the .CC:/5 1. /ight to "i-e (Arti#"e A) (1A (. 'ree$om -rom torture an$ other inhuman punishment (Arti#"e 7) 1. 'ree$om -rom ens"avement or servitu$e (Arti#"e 8) B. :rote#tion -rom imprisonment -or ina%i"ity to -u"2"" #ontra#tua" o%"igations (Arti#"e 11) ). :rote#tion -rom e( post facto "aws (Arti#"e 1)) A. /ight to re#ognition everywhere as a person %e-ore the "aw (Arti#"e 1A) 7. 'ree$om o- thought, #ons#ien#e, an$ re"igion (Arti#"e 18) O)tional Protocol! to t1e ICCPR 1. 4he 'irst Cptiona" :roto#o" is a separate treaty whi#h ena%"es private parties (i.e. in$ivi$ua"s) who are vi#tims o- human rights vio"ations to 2"e #omp"aints $ire#t"y with the *uman /ights Committee #reate$ %y the Covenant. *owever, #omp"aints may on"y %e 2"e$ against +tates :arties to the .CC:/. (. 4he +e#on$ Cptiona" :roto#o" was aime$ at the a%o"ition o- the $eath pena"ty. 2. T'e Internationa* Covenant on Econo(ic, Socia*, and Cu*tura* !i+'ts 4he .CE+C/ was a$opte$ on the same $ay as the .CC:/. 4he nee$ -or two separate treaties was %oth i$eo"ogi#a" an$ pra#ti#a". .$eo"ogi#a""y, the #ontest was %etween Kestern #ountries on the one han$, whi#h argue$ that their governments wou"$ have $iH#u"ty a##epting e#onomi# an$ #u"tura" rights %eyon$ those provi$e$ in their respe#tive Constitutions an$ $omesti# "aws. Cn the other han$, so#ia"ist an$ $eve"oping #ountries argue$ that the a%sen#e o- e#onomi#, so#ia", an$ #u"tura" guarantees wou"$ ren$er #ivi" an$ po"iti#a" rights meaning"ess. 4he pra#ti#a" #onsi$eration was the notion that #ivi" an$ po"iti#a" rights #ou"$ %e imp"emente$ imme$iate"y, whereas so#ia" an$ #u"tura" rights #ou"$ on"y %e $one gra$ua""y an$ $epen$ent"y on $eve"opment #on$itions. (-ernas< 4he rights spe#i2# to the .CE+C/ are ?so#ia" we"-are rights state$ in $etai"@ (-ernas<! nota%"y5 1. /ight to worG (Arti#"e A) (. /ight to -avora%"e #on$itions o- worG (Arti#"e 7) 1. /ight to -orm -ree tra$e unions (Arti#"e 8) B. /ight to so#ia" se#urity an$ insuran#e (Arti#"e 9) ). /ight to spe#ia" assistan#e -or -ami"ies (Arti#"e 10) A. /ight to a$e9uate stan$ar$ o- "iving (Arti#"e 11) 7. /ight to the highest stan$ar$ o- physi#a" an$ menta" hea"th (Arti#"e 1() (17 8. /ight to e$u#ation in#"u$ing #ompu"sory primary e$u#ation (Arti#"es 11 an$ 1B) 9. /ight to the enJoyment o- #u"tura" an$ s#ienti2# %ene2ts an$ internationa" #onta#ts (Arti#"e 1)) Liit! on t1e rig1t! )ro'ided in t1e IC-SCR Arti#"e B o- the .CE+C/ 4he +tate may su%Je#t su#h rights on"y to su#h "imitations as are $etermine$ %y "aw on"y inso-ar as this may %e #ompati%"e with the nature o- these rights an$ so"e"y -or the purpose o- promoting the genera" we"-are in a $emo#rati# so#iety. L. Internationa* Hu(anitarian La, ?IHLB and Neutra*ity .nternationa" humanitarian "aw (.*L) is the "aw o- war or the "aw o- arme$ #onUi#t. .t seeGs to prote#t those most vu"nera%"e in times o- arme$ #onUi#t (e.g. #ivi"ians, the woun$e$ an$ si#G, prisoners o- war, women an$ #hi"$ren) an$ tries to #onstrain the #on$u#t o- mi"itary operations in a humanitarian -ashion. (S"a)! @#nternational La)9< Khi"e states have a"ways sought to regu"ate the #on$u#t o- war-are, .*L as un$erstoo$ to$ay was the pro$u#t o- the e,orts o- *enry Dunant, a +wiss %usinessman who was horri2e$ %y what he witnesse$ at the Batt"e o- +o"-erino. *e wrote a %ooG %ase$ on his eperien#e (A 1emory of Solferino< an$ inspire$ the #reation o- the .nternationa" /e$ Cross in 18A1. Priar( !o#rce! o+ IHL 1. 4he &eneva Conventions o- 19B95 &eneva . W Koun$e$ an$ +i#G on the Batt"e2e"$ &eneva .. W Koun$e$, +i#G, an$ +hipwre#Ge$ at +ea &eneva ... W :risoners o- Kar &eneva .6 W Civi"ians (. A$$itiona" :roto#o"s to the &eneva Conventions5 :roto#o" . W .nternationa" Arme$ ConUi#ts :roto#o" .. W =onD.nternationa" Arme$ ConUi#ts 1. 4he *ague Conventions on the ;eans an$ ;etho$s o- Kar-are B. .*/L 4he :hi"ippines in (009 ena#te$ /.A. 98)1, or the :hi"ippine A#t on Crimes Against .nternationa" *umanitarian Law, &eno#i$e, an$ Cther Crimes Against *umanity. .n it, the :hi"ippines a$opte$ the genera""y a##epte$ prin#ip"es o- internationa" humanitarian "aw, in#"u$ing the *ague Conventions an$ &eneva Conventions, as part o- the "aw o- the "an$. (18 ,#! in "ello c+. ,#! ad "ell# =Bi&&ins< .*L is jus in bello! the "aw o- arme$ #onUi#t. .t is operative on"y un$er spe#i2# #ir#umstan#es, i.e. the eisten#e o- an internationa" or nonDinternationa" arme$ #onUi#t, an$ #an %e -oun$ in #ustomary an$ #onventiona" "aw (most o- whi#h has %een em%o$ie$ in the *ague an$ &eneva Conventions). .t is the set o- "aws that #ome into e,e#t on#e a war has %egun. Cus ad bellum is the "aw on the use o- arme$ -or#e an$ is governe$ %y provisions in the 8= Charter. .t is the "aw that $e2nes the "egitimate reasons a state may use -or#e an$ engage in war an$ -o#uses on what #riteria ren$ers a war Just. As a genera" ru"e, a"" mem%ers o- the 8= must re-rain -rom the threat or use o- -or#e against any state (as provi$e$ in Arti#"e ( o- the 8= Charter). *owever, a state may use -or#e when (a) the +e#urity Coun#i" has authori<e$ #o""e#tive a#tion to maintain or en-or#e internationa" pea#e an$ se#urity (un$er Arti#"e )1 o- the 8= Charter)N or (%) an arme$ atta#G o##urs against a state (Arti#"e B( o- the 8= Charter). Ta4*e A. IH!L and IHL distin+uis'ed IH!L IHL Ori+in ;o$ern ((0 th Century) An#ient (peop"e have a"ways sought to govern the #on$u#t o- war-are) Structure 1. :rovi$es on"y minimum stan$ar$s (. +tate sovereignty is re#ogni<e$ an$ states are given "eeway in en-or#ing human rights =onD$eroga%"e #o$e o- #on$u#t Period App"i#a%"e at a"" times App"i#a%"e on"y in times o- arme$ #onUi#t Su49ects :rimari"y #on#erns states in their $ea"ings with in$ivi$ua"s Covers the #on$u#t o- +tate an$ nonDstate a#tors En-orcea4*e ri+'tsNduties :o"iti#a", e#onomi#, an$ #u"tura" rights 1. Limits the su,ering o- those not a#tive"y parti#ipating in the arme$ #onUi#t (. Limits the means an$ metho$s o- war-are 7. Cate+ories o- ar(ed conLicts (19 a. .nternationa" arme$ #onUi#t Common Arti#"e ( o- the &eneva Conventions An internationa" arme$ #onUi#t is one in whi#h at "east two +tates are invo"ve$. .t in#"u$es a"" #ases o- $e#"are$ war or o- any other arme$ #onUi#t whi#h may arise %etween two or more states whi#h are parties to the Conventions, even i- the state o- war is not re#ogni<e$ %y one o- them, an$ a"" #ases o- partia" or tota" o##upation o- the territory o- a +tate :arty, even i- the sai$ o##upation meets with no arme$ resistan#e. 4he operative ru"es #overing an internationa" arme$ #onUi#t are -oun$ in the &eneva Conventions an$ A$$itiona" :roto#o" .. %. =onD.nternationa" (re-erre$ to some as ?interna"@) arme$ #onUi#t =onDinternationa" arme$ #onUi#ts are those whi#h o##ur in the territory o- a sing"e +tate %etween its organi<e$ arme$ -or#es an$ $issi$ents, or %etween arme$ groups against one another. =onDinternationa" arme$ #onUi#ts are governe$ %y Common Arti#"e 1 o- the &eneva Conventions an$ %y A$$itiona" :roto#o" ... #. Kar o- nationa" "i%eration 4his is not a separate #ategory o- arme$ #onUi#t. A war o- nationa" "i%eration is stri#t"y #"assi2e$ as an internationa" arme$ #onUi#t an$ is proper"y $e2ne$ in A$$itiona" :roto#o" . to the &eneva Conventions. Arti#"e 1(B) o- A$$itiona" :roto#o" . to the &eneva Conventions An arme$ #onUi#t may %e o- su#h nature in whi#h peop"es are 2ghting against #o"onia" $omination an$ a"ien o##upation an$ against ra#ist regimes in the eer#ise o- their right o- se"-D$etermination, as enshrine$ in the 8= Charter an$ the De#"aration o- :rin#ip"es o- .nternationa" Law #on#erning -rien$"y re"ations an$ #ooperation among +tates in a##or$an#e with the 8= Charter. C"SES: Pro!ec#tor '. Tadic 4A))eal! ,#dgent/ 5666/ International Criinal Tri"#nal +or t1e Forer A#go!la'ia9 4a$i# was a BosnianD+er% who was #onvi#te$ o- 9 out o- 11 #ounts o- war #rimes -or his #on$u#t in severa" #on#entration #amps in BosniaD*er<egovina. .n or$er to #onvi#t him with war #rime, the Court ha$ to ep"ain why 4a$i#>s #on$u#t was #overe$ %y the "aw o- war. An arme$ #onUi#t eists whenever there is a resort to arme$ -or#e %etween +tates or protra#te$ arme$ vio"en#e %etween governmenta" authorities an$ organi<e$ arme$ groups, or %etween su#h groups within a +tate. 4he -ormer re-ers to an internationa" arme$ #onUi#t, the "atter to nonDinternationa" arme$ #onUi#ts. .t is a"so possi%"e -or a nonDinternationa" arme$ #onUi#t to %e trans-orme$ into an internationa" arme$ #onUi#t when another state intervenes in the #onUi#t %y sen$ing troops or when some o- the parti#ipants to an interna" arme$ #onUi#t a#t on %eha"- o- another state. (B0 Pro!ec#tor '. Lia3 4A))eal! ,#dgent/ International Criinal Tri"#nal +or t1e Forer A#go!la'ia/ :??=9 LimaJ an$ his #oDa##use$ where #harge$ with war #rimes -or their a#ts in a prison #amp. 'o""owing the gui$e"ines in 2adic! the Court -urther 9ua"i2e$ that the #riteria use$ to $etermine the eisten#e o- a nonDinternationa" arme$ #onUi#t are (1) the intensity o- the #onUi#t an$ (() the organi<ation o- the parties. 4hese #riteria are use$ to $istinguish arme$ #onUi#t -rom %an$itry, unorgani<e$ an$ shortD"ive$ insurre#tions, or terrorist a#tivities whi#h are not su%Je#t to .*L. /. Core internationa* o4*i+ations o- states under IHL :arties to an arme$ #onUi#t sha"" respe#t an$ ensure respe#t -or internationa" humanitarian "aw (Common Arti#"e 1 o- the &eneva Conventions) C"SE: Legalit( o+ t1e T1reat or U!e o+ N#clear 0ea)on! 4!#)ra9 .n sear#hing -or a #ustomary ru"e spe#i2#a""y pros#ri%ing the threat or use o- nu#"ear weapons per se, the Court esta%"ishe$ the #ar$ina" prin#ip"es #ontaine$ in .*L5 1. +tates must never maGe #ivi"ians the o%Je#t o- atta#G an$ must #onse9uent"y never use weapons that are in#apa%"e o- $istinguishing %etween #ivi"ian an$ mi"itary targets (. .t is prohi%ite$ to #ause unne#essary su,ering to #om%atants, hen#e it is a"so prohi%ite$ to use weapons that wou"$ #ause them su#h unne#essary harm or use"ess"y aggravate their su,ering. +tates $o not have un"imite$ -ree$om o- #hoi#e o- means in the weapons they use 2. Princip*es o- IHL a. 4he :rin#ip"e o- Distin#tion Arti#"e B8 o- A$$itiona" :roto#o" . 4he parties to the #onUi#t must at a"" times $istinguish %etween the #ivi"ian popu"ation an$ #om%atants an$ %etween #ivi"ian o%Je#ts an$ mi"itary o%Je#tives an$ a##or$ing"y sha"" $ire#t their operations on"y against mi"itary o%Je#tives. %. 4he :rin#ip"e o- =e#essity Arti#"e )7(1) o- A$$itiona" :roto#o" . Khen a #hoi#e is possi%"e %etween severa" mi"itary o%Je#tives -or o%taining a simi"ar mi"itary a$vantage, the o%Je#tive to %e se"e#te$ sha"" %e the atta#G whi#h may %e epe#te$ to #ause the "east $anger to #ivi"ian "ives an$ to #ivi"ian o%Je#ts. (B1 #. 4he :rin#ip"e o- :roportiona"ity Arti#"e )1(B) o- A$$itiona" :roto#o" . .n$is#riminate atta#Gs are prohi%ite$. Arti#"e )1())(%) Among others, the -o""owing are #onsi$ere$ to %e in$is#riminate atta#Gs5
(%) an atta#G whi#h may %e epe#te$ to #ause in#i$enta" "oss o- #ivi"ian "i-e, inJury to #ivi"ians, $amage to #ivi"ian o%Je#ts, or a #om%ination thereo-, whi#h wou"$ %e e#essive in re"ation to the #on#rete an$ $ire#t mi"itary a$vantage anti#ipate$. $. 4he :rin#ip"e o- :re#aution Arti#"e )7(1) o- A$$itiona" :roto#o" . .n the #on$u#t o- mi"itary operations, #onstant #are sha"" %e taGen to spare the #ivi"ian popu"ation, #ivi"ians, an$ #ivi"ian o%Je#ts. C"SES: Pro!ec#tor '. Fordic L Cer$eD 4A))eal! ,#dgent/ ICTA/ :??59 Xor$i# was #onvi#te$ -or war #rimes #ommitte$ against the Bosnian ;us"im popu"ation $uring the BosnianDCroat Kar. .n ru"ing against his $e-ense o- mi"itary ne#essity an$ #onse9uent #ivi"ian #asua"ties, the Court ep"aine$ that internationa" #ustomary "aw re#ogni<es that #o""atera" $amage is not un"aw-u" per se, provi$e$ that the prin#ip"es o- $istin#tion an$ proportiona"ity are respe#te$. Pro!ec#tor '. Galic 4Trial ,#dgent/ ICTA/ :??<9 &a"i# was #onvi#te$ o- #rimes against humanity -or a#ts $uring the +iege o- +araJevo in the Kar in Bosnia an$ *er<egovina. *is many a#ts in#"u$e$ intentiona""y "aun#hing atta#Gs to sprea$ terror among the #ivi"ian popu"ation, whi#h he $e-en$e$ as an a#t o- mi"itary ne#essity. 4he Court #onvi#te$ him, ep"aining that i- e#essive #asua"ties are epe#te$ to resu"t, the atta#G shou"$ not %e pursue$. 4he test -or proportiona"ity is whether a reasona%"y we""Din-orme$ person in the #ir#umstan#es o- the a#tua" perpetrator, maGing reasona%"e use o- the in-ormation avai"a%"e to him or her, #ou"$ have epe#te$ e#essive #ivi"ian #asua"ties to resu"t -rom the atta#G. Treatent o+ Ci'ilian! Arti#"e )0 o- A$$itiona" :roto#o" . A #ivi"ian is any person who $oes not %e"ong to an arme$ -or#e an$ who is not a #om%atant. .n #ase o- $ou%t as to whether a person is a #ivi"ian, that person sha"" %e #onsi$ere$ to %e a #ivi"ian. (B( Arti#"e )1 o- A$$itiona" :roto#o" . 4he #ivi"ian popu"ation an$ in$ivi$ua" #ivi"ians sha"" enJoy genera" prote#tion against $angers arising -rom mi"itary operations. 4o give e,e#t to this prote#tion, the -o""owing ru"es, whi#h are a$$itiona" to the other app"i#a%"e ru"es o- .nternationa" Law, sha"" %e o%serve$ in a"" #ir#umstan#es5 1. 4he #ivi"ian popu"ation as we"" as in$ivi$ua" #ivi"ians sha"" not %e the o%Je#t o- atta#G. A#ts or threats o- vio"en#e, the primary purpose o- whi#h is to sprea$ terror among the #ivi"ian popu"ation, are prohi%ite$. (. Atta#Gs against the #ivi"ian popu"ation or #ivi"ians %y way o- reprisa"s are prohi%ite$. Treatent o+ Pri!oner! o+ 0ar As provi$e$ in Arti#"e B o- &eneva ..., prisoners o- war are5 1. ;em%ers o- the arme$ -or#es o- a party to the #onUi#t, in#"u$ing mi"itia or vo"unteer #orps (. ;i"itia or vo"unteer #orps operating in or outsi$e their own territory, even i- su#h territory is o##upie$, provi$e$ that (a) they are %eing #omman$e$ %y a person responsi%"e -or his su%or$inatesN (%) they have a 2e$ $istin#tive sign re#ogni<a%"e at a $istan#eN (#) they #arry arms open"yN an$ ($) they #on$u#t operations in a##or$an#e with the "aws an$ #ustoms o- war 1. ;em%ers o- regu"ar arme$ -or#es who pro-ess a""egian#e to a government or authority not re#ogni<e$ %y the Detaining :ower B. Civi"ians who a##ompany the arme$ -or#es, provi$e$ that they have re#eive$ authori<ation -rom the arme$ -or#es whi#h they a##ompany ). ;em%ers o- #rews o- mer#hant marines an$ the #rews o- #ivi" air#ra-t o- the parties to the #onUi#t A. .nha%itants o- a nonDo##upie$ territory who on the approa#h o- the enemy spontaneous"y taGe up arms to resist the inva$ing -or#es, without having ha$ time to -orm themse"ves into regu"ar arme$ units, provi$e$ they #arry arms open"y an$ respe#t the "aws an$ #ustoms o- war 7. :ersons %e"onging to the arme$ -or#es o- the o##upie$ territory As provi$e$ in &eneva ..., prisoners o- war are entit"e$ to severa" %asi# prote#tions5 Arti#"e 1( (B1 :risoners o- war may on"y %e trans-erre$ %y the Detaining :ower to a :ower whi#h is a"so a party to &eneva Convention .... Arti#"e 11 :risoners o- war must at a"" times %e humane"y treate$. =o prisoner o- war may %e su%Je#te$ to physi#a" muti"ation or to me$i#a" or s#ienti2# eperiments o- any Gin$ whi#h are not Justi2e$ %y the me$i#a", $enta", or hospita" treatment o- the prisoner #on#erne$ an$ #arrie$ out in his interest. 4hey must at a"" times %e prote#te$, parti#u"ar"y against a#ts o- vio"en#e or intimi$ation, or insu"ts an$ pu%"i# #uriosity. ;easures o- reprisa"s against prisoners o- war are prohi%ite$. Arti#"e 1) :risoners o- war sha"" %e -ree o- #harge -or their maintenan#e an$ -or me$i#a" attention re9uire$ %y their state o- hea"th. Arti#"e 1B. Komen sha"" %e treate$ with a"" regar$ $ue to their se an$ sha"" in a"" #ases %ene2t %y treatment as -avora%"e as grante$ to men. (A"so see Arti#"e 7) o- :roto#o" .5 Komen sha"" %e he"$ in 9uarters separate$ -rom men>s 9uarters. 4hey sha"" %e un$er imme$iate supervision o- women. =everthe"ess, in #ases where -ami"ies are $etaine$ or interne$, they sha"", whenever possi%"e, %e he"$ in the same p"a#e an$ a##ommo$ate$ as -ami"y units.) F. La, on neutra*ity As provi$e$ in the *ague Convention /espe#ting the /ights an$ Duties o- =eutra" :owers, the "aw on neutra"ity is as -o""ows5 1. 4he territory o- the neutra" power is invio"a%"e (. Be""igerents are -or%i$$en to move troops or munitions o- war an$ supp"ies a#ross the territory o- a neutra" power 1. A neutra" power is -or%i$$en to a""ow %e""igerents to use its territory -or moving troops, esta%"ishing #ommuni#ation -a#i"ities, or -orming #orps o- #om%atants B. 4roops o- %e""igerent armies re#eive$ %y a neutra" power in its territory sha"" %e interne$ away -rom the theatre o- war ). 4he neutra" power may supp"y %e""igerents with -oo$, #"othing, or re"ie- as re9uire$ %y humanity A. .- the neutra" power re#eives es#ape$ prisoners o- war, it sha"" "eave them at "i%erty. .t may assign them a p"a#e o- resi$en#e i- it a""ows them to remain in its territory. (BB 7. 4he neutra" power may authori<e the passage into its territory o- the si#G an$ woun$e$ i- the means o- transport %ringing them $oes not #arry personne" or materia"s o- war. %. T'e La, o- t'e Sea 4he 8nite$ =ations Convention on the Law o- the +ea (8=CLC+) is a %o$y o- treaty ru"es an$ #ustomary norms governing the uses o- the sea, the ep"oitation o- its resour#es, an$ the eer#ise o- Juris$i#tion over maritime regimes. .t is the %ran#h o- pu%"i# internationa" "aw whi#h regu"ates the re"ations o- states with respe#t to the uses o- the o#eans. (1a&allona< A vita" -eature o- maritime "aw is the 4ase*ine, or the "ine -rom whi#h the %rea$th o- the territoria" sea an$ other maritime <ones is measure$. 4here are ?norma" %ase"ines@ -or most #oasta" states an$ %ase"ines -or a $i,erent #ategory o- states (i.e. ar#hipe"agi# states). 4he norma" %ase"ine is ?the "owDwater "ine a"ong the #oast as marGe$ on "argeD s#a"e #harts oH#ia""y re#ogni<e$ %y the #oasta" state.@ (Arti#"e ) o- the 8=CLC+) C"SE: Anglo-Nor%egian Fi!1erie! Ca!e 4!#)ra9 .n or$er to $etermine the ?"owDwater "ine@, what is -o""owe$ is the mean %etween the two ti$es, or the "owDwater marG as oppose$ to the highDwater marG. Interna* &aters "rtic*e E o- t'e UNCLOS Katers on the "an$war$ si$e o- the %ase"ine o- the territoria" sea -orm part o- the interna" waters o- the +tate. *(amples: Bays, estuaries, ports, rivers, #ana"s, "aGes, an$ in"an$ seas NoteO .n the #ase o- ar#hipe"agi# states, waters "an$war$ o- the %ase"ine7other than rivers, %ays, an$ "aGes7are #onsi$ere$ arc"ipela&ic waters (not interna" waters) su%Je#t to a $i,erent maritime regime. A state has sovereignty over its interna" waters. As a genera" ru"e, there-ore, no other states may enJoy the right o- inno#ent passage. *owever, there are e#eptions to this ru"e5 (1) there is a treaty granting the rightN (() a ship is in $istress an$ there is a risG pose$ against the "ives o- those on %oar$N an$ (1) a-ter %ase"ines are $rawn interna" waters en#ompass what were either territoria" waters or straits use$ -or internationa" navigation. Innocent Pa!!age "rtic*e 7E o- t'e UNCLOS: :assage means the navigation through the territoria" sea -or the purpose o- #rossing that sea without entering interna" waters or o- pro#ee$ing to or -rom interna" waters. .t may in#"u$e temporary stoppages, %ut on"y i- they are in#i$enta" to or$inary navigation or ne#essitate$ %y $istress or -or#e maJeure. (B) "rtic*e 7@ o- t'e UNCLOS: :assage is inno#ent so "ong as it is not preJu$i#ia" to the pea#e, goo$ or$er, or se#urity o- the #oasta" state. +u#h passage sha"" taGe p"a#e in #on-ormity with this Convention an$ with other ru"es o- internationa" "aw. C"SES Nicarag#a '. United State! 4!#)ra9 4he "aying o- mines in =i#aragua>s ports was one o- the groun$s -or the 8+> o%"igation to pay #ompensation. A state>s sovereignty eten$s to interna" waters an$ airspa#e, an$ the state>s "aws app"y over su#h areas. 4he "aying o- mines a"so hampere$ the state>s right to -ree$om o- navigation7not Just o- =i#araguan ships, %ut -oreign ships. Sa#di Ara"ia '. ARAMCO 4!#)ra9 4he ports o- every state must %e open to -oreign mer#hant vesse"s an$ #an on"y %e #"ose$ when the vita" interests o- the state so re9uire. Magallona et al. '. -.ec#ti'e Secretar( 4P1ili))ine Ca!e/ :?559 4he petitioners assai"e$ the #onstitutiona"ity o- /.A. 9)(( (the Base"ine Law), a""eging that it re$u#e$ :hi"ippine territory, opene$ :hi"ippine waters "an$war$ o- the %oun$aries $rawn up in the 4reaty o- :aris to passage %y a"" vesse"s an$ air#ra-t, an$ #onse9uent"y un$ermine$ :hi"ippine sovereignty an$ nationa" se#urity. 4he Court uphe"$ the "aw>s #onstitutiona"ity, 2n$ing that the $rawing o- the %ase"ines -rom the ar#hipe"ago>s outermost is"an$s an$ $rying ree-s was mere"y in #omp"ian#e with the :hi"ippines> o%"igations un$er 8=CLC+. As to the #onversion o- interna" waters to ar#hipe"agi# waters, the Court emphasi<e$ that the :hi"ippines wou"$ sti"" eer#ise sovereignty over ar#hipe"agi# waters7su%Je#t on"y to the right o- inno#ent passage an$ the right o- passage through sea "anes. T'e Territoria* Sea "rtic*e /?7B o- t'e UNCLOS A #oasta" state>s sovereignty eten$s %eyon$ its "an$ territory an$ interna" waters to an a$Ja#ent %e"t o- sea Gnown as the territoria" sea, a"though sometimes re-erre$ to as ?territoria" waters.@ +overeignty eten$s a"so to the %e$ an$ su%soi" o- the territoria" sea an$ the air spa#e a%ove it. "rtic*e 2 o- t'e UNCLOS Every state has the right to esta%"ish the %rea$th o- its territoria" sea up to a "imit not e#ee$ing 1( nauti#a" mi"es, measure$ -rom %ase"ines $etermine$ in a##or$an#e with this Convention. "rtic*e 7H o- t'e UNCLOS +hips o- a"" states, whether #oasta" or "an$"o#Ge$, enJoy the right o- inno#ent passage through the territoria" sea. NoteO 4he provision $oes not $istinguish %etween mer#hant ships or warships, meaning even warships enJoy the right o- inno#ent passage through the territoria" sea. As $e2ne$ in Arti#"e (9 o- the 8=CLC+, a warship is ?a ship %e"onging to the arme$ -or#es o- a state, (BA %earing the eterna" marGs $istinguishing su#h ships o- its nationa"ity, un$er the #omman$ o- an oH#er $u"y #ommissione$ %y the government o- the state an$ whose name appears in the appropriate servi#e "ist or its e9uiva"ent, an$ manne$ %y a #rew whi#h is un$er the regu"ar arme$ -or#es $is#ip"ine.@ O"ligation! o+ a !tate )ertaining to it! territorial !ea 4Article :? K := o+ UNCLOS9 1. :rote#t navigationa" ai$s, #a%"es, an$ pipe"ines (. Conserve marine "iving resour#es 1. Cvera"" environmenta" prote#tion an$ s#ienti2# resear#h B. :reventing the in-ringement o- #ustoms, 2s#a", immigration, an$ sanitary "aws ). Ensuring the sa-ety o- navigation A. 4aGe the ne#essary steps to prevent passage whi#h is not inno#ent 3"en passa&e ceases to be innocent =Article 1;I2J of t"e A.%L/S< a. Any threat or use o- -or#e against the sovereignty, territoria" integrity, or po"iti#a" in$epen$en#e o- the #oasta" state %. Any other vio"ation o- the prin#ip"es o- internationa" "aw em%o$ie$ in the 8= Charter #. Any a#t aime$ at #o""e#ting in-ormation to the preJu$i#e o- the $e-ense or se#urity o- the #oasta" state $. Any a#t o- propagan$a aime$ at a,e#ting the $e-ense or se#urity o- the #oasta" state e. 4he "aun#hing, "an$ing, or taGing on %oar$ o- any air#ra-t or mi"itary $evi#e -. 4he "oa$ing or un"oa$ing o- any #ommo$ity, #urren#y, or person #ontrary to the #ustoms, 2s#a", immigration, an$ sanitary regu"ations o- the #oasta" state g. Any a#t o- wi""-u" or serious po""ution #ontrary to this Convention h. Any 2shing a#tivities i. 4he #arrying out o- resear#h or survey a#tivities J. Any a#t aime$ at inter-ering with any #ommuni#ation systems, -a#i"ities, or insta""ations o- the #oasta" state G. Any other a#tivity not having $ire#t %earing on passage (B7 7. 4he #oasta" state sha"" not impose re9uirements on -oreign ships whi#h have the e,e#t o- $enying or impairing the right o- inno#ent passage 8. 4he #oasta" state sha"" not $is#riminate against ships o- any state, or against ships #arrying #argo to an$ -rom or on %eha"- o- any state 9. 4he #oasta" state sha"" warn a"" ships o- any Gnown $anger to navigation within the territoria" sea Rig1t! o+ a !tate )ertaining to it! territorial !ea .n genera", a state enJoys -u"" sovereign rights an$ Juris$i#tiona" #ontro" over its territoria" sea. .n parti#u"ar7 1. Eer#ise o- #rimina" Juris$i#tion As a ru"e, a #oasta" state #annot eer#ise #rimina" Juris$i#tion on a -oreign ship (or its passengers) passing through the territoria" sea. *owever, there are e#eptions (as provi$e$ in Arti#"e (7 o- the 8=CLC+)5 a. 4he #onse9uen#es o- the #rime eten$ to the #oasta" state %. 4he #rime $istur%s the pea#e o- the #ountry or the goo$ or$er o- the territoria" sea #. 4he assistan#e o- the "o#a" authorities has %een re9ueste$ %y the master o- the ship or %y a $ip"omati# agent or #onsu"ar oH#er o- the Uag state $. +u#h measures as are ne#essary -or the suppression o- i""i#it traH# in nar#oti# $rugs or psy#hotropi# su%stan#es (. Eer#ise o- #ivi" Juris$i#tion As a ru"e, a #oasta" state #annot eer#ise #ivi" Juris$i#tion over a -oreign ship (or its passengers) passing through the territoria" sea. *owever, there are e#eptions (as provi$e$ in Arti#"e (8 o- the 8=CLC+)5 a. Khen the ship itse"- has assume$ o%"igations or in#urre$ "ia%i"ities in the #ourse o- its voyage through the #oasta" state %. .- #ivi" pro#ee$ings are #ommen#e$ or #on#"u$e$ against a -oreign ship in interna" waters, the #oasta" state may su%se9uent"y "evy an ee#ution against or arrest the -oreign ship even i- it has a"rea$y "e-t interna" waters an$ rea#he$ the territoria" sea C"SES (B8 T1e G#l+ o+ Sidra Incident! 45676/ )#"li!1ed in t1e Italian Aear"oo$ o+ International La%9 Li%ya shot $own Ameri#an air#ra-ts that were a""ege$"y #on$u#ting mi"itary eer#ises over the &u"- o- +i$ra. Li%ya #"aime$ to %e prote#ting its interna" waters, as the &u"- o- +i$ra was not part o- the territoria" sea %ut was a ?histori# %ay.@ 4he notion that waters may %e #onsi$ere$ histori#a""y su%Je#t to the sovereignty o- one state is ?a re"i# o- an o"$er an$ o%so"ete regime.@ Khi"e the internationa" #ommunity might %e wi""ing to #onsi$er eisting #"aims un$er high"y e#eptiona" #ir#umstan#es, etravagant #"aims en#roa#hing upon the #ommon $omain o- the internationa" #ommunity (i.e. the high seas) have a"ways %een reJe#te$. Anglo-Nor%egian Fi!1erie! Ca!e 4!#)ra9 'or the purpose o- measuring the %rea$th o- the territoria" sea, it is the "owDwater marG, or the mean %etween the high an$ "ow ti$es, whi#h has %een genera""y use$ as the starting point %y states. -l Sal'ador '. Hond#ra! %it1 Nicarag#a Inter'ening 4!#)ra9 A"so in $ispute in this #ase was the sovereignty over the &u"- o- 'onse#a, whi#h "ay %etween the three states. 4he Court ru"e$ that the &u"- was e,e#tive"y a ?#"ose$ sea@ %e"onging #ommuna""y to a"" three states with the e#eption o- ea#h state>s uni"atera""yD $e#"are$ threeDmi"e <one. A-ter the states a#hieve$ in$epen$en#e in 18(1, the waters remaine$ un$ivi$e$. 4he Court #onse9uent"y he"$ that the &u"- o- 'onse#a were ?histori# waters@, an$ the three states su##ee$e$ to #ommuna" sovereignty over it. Straits A straight is a natura""yD-orme$, narrow waterway that #onne#ts two "arger %o$ies o- water. "rtic*e 2F o- t'e UNCLOS ?T'e *e+a* status o- ,aters -or(in+ straits used -or internationa* navi+ationB 4he regime o- passage through straits use$ -or internationa" navigation esta%"ishe$ in this Convention sha"" not in other respe#ts a,e#t the "ega" status o- the waters -orming su#h straits or the eer#ise %y the states %or$ering the straits o- their sovereignty or Juris$i#tion over su#h waters an$ their air spa#e, sea%e$, an$ su%soi". O"ligation! o+ !tate! "ordering !trait! 1. /espe#t the right to transit passage 2"e ri&"t to transit passa&e is the right to eer#ise -ree$om o- navigation an$ overUight so"e"y -or the purpose o- #ontinuous an$ epe$itious transit through the straits use$ -or internationa" navigation (e.g. %etween two areas o- the high seas). A"" ships an$ air#ra-t enJoy the right o- transit passage. (Arti#"e 18 o- the 8=CLC+) NoteO 4he wor$ing o- the right to transit passage is important. .t is the right to eer#ise -ree$om o- navigation an$ overUight solely for t"e purpose o- #ontinuous an$ epe$itious transit. .- the ship or air#ra-t $oes not a#t in a##or$an#e with this right (e.g. (B9 the ship $rops an#hor in the strait -or reasons other than $istress or -or#e maJeure) the passage wi"" #ease to %e su%Je#t to the regime o- passage through straits an$ wi"" instea$ %e su%Je#t to the regime o- the territoria" sea or EEY, as the #ase may %e. (Arti#"e 19P1Q P#Q o- the 8=CLC+) 4here sha"" %e no suspension o- the right to transit passage. (Arti#"e BB o- the 8=CLC+) .n regu"ating the right to transit passage, states may on"y pass "aws an$ regu"ations whi#h (a) $o not $is#riminate among -oreign shipsN (%) $o not have the e,e#t o- $enying, hampering, or impairing the right to transit passageN an$ (#) are given $ue pu%"i#ity. (Arti#"e 18 o- the 8=CLC+) 3"at states may re&ulate in relation to t"e ri&"t to transit passa&e =Article H2I1J of t"e A.%L/S< a. 4he sa-ety o- navigation an$ regu"ation o- maritime traH# %. 4he prevention, re$u#tion, an$ #ontro" o- po""ution #. 4he prevention o- 2shing (in#"u$ing the stowage o- 2shing gear) $. 4he "oa$ing or un"oa$ing o- any #ommo$ity, #urren#y, or person in #ontravention o- #ustoms, 2s#a", immigration, or sanitary "aws 3"en t"e ri&"t to transit passa&e does not apply =Articles 3?! 3L! and HM of t"e A.%L/S< a. 4he strait has a high seas or an EEY route through it whi#h is o- simi"ar #onvenien#e %. 4he strait is -orme$ %y an is"an$ o- a state %or$ering the strait an$ its main"an$ #. 4he strait #onne#ts part o- the high seas or an EEY with the territoria" sea o- a thir$ state $. 4he "ega" regime o- the strait is governe$ %y a "ongDstan$ing treaty .n (a) to (#) a%ove, the regime o- inno#ent passage sha"" app"y. (. &ive appropriate pu%"i#ity to any $anger to navigation or overUight within or over the strait o- whi#h the state has Gnow"e$ge. (Arti#"e BB o- the 8=CLC+) O"ligation! o+ !1i)! and aircra+t in tran!it )a!!age 4Article <7 o+ t1e UNCLOS9 1. :ro#ee$ without $e"ay through or over the strait ()0 (. /e-rain -rom any threat or use o- -or#e against the sovereignty, territoria" integrity, or po"iti#a" in$epen$en#e o- states %or$ering the strait, or in any other manner in vio"ation o- the prin#ip"es o- internationa" "aw em%o$ie$ in the Charter o- the 8nite$ =ations 1. /e-rain -rom any a#tivities other than those in#i$ent to their norma" mo$es o- #ontinuous an$ epe$itious transit un"ess ren$ere$ ne#essary %y -or#e maJeure or %y $istress B. +hips shou"$ #omp"y with genera""y a##epte$ internationa" regu"ations, pro#e$ures, an$ pra#ti#es -or sa-ety at sea an$ the prevention, re$u#tion, an$ #ontro" o- po""ution -rom ships ). Air#ra-t must at a"" times monitor the ra$io -re9uen#y assigne$ %y the #ompetent internationa""y $esignate$ air traH# #ontro" authority or the appropriate internationa" $istress ra$io -re9uen#y A. Civi"ian air#ra-t must o%serve the /u"es o- Air esta%"ishe$ %y the .nternationa" Civi" Aviation Crgani<ationN state air#ra-t must taGe a"" sa-ety measures an$ must at a"" times operate with $ue regar$ -or the sa-ety o- navigation C"SE Cor+# C1annel Ca!e 4!#)ra9 .n times o- pea#e, states have a right to sen$ their warships through straits use$ -or internationa" navigation %etween two parts o- the high seas without the previous authori<ation o- the #oasta" state. *owever, the Court a"so emphasi<e$ that su#h passage must %e inno#ent (not yet transit passage, sin#e this #ase pre$ates the 8=CLC+). 4he reason that near"y unrestri#te$ passage through straits is grante$ is %e#ause they are o-ten use-u" routes -or internationa" maritime traH#. "rc'ipe*a+ic &aters "rtic*e F: o- t'e UNCLOS An ar#hipe"ago is a group o- is"an$s, in#"u$ing parts o- is"an$s, inter#onne#ting waters, an$ other natura" -eatures whi#h are so #"ose"y interre"ate$ that su#h is"an$s, waters, an$ natura" -eatures -orm an intrinsi# geographi#a", e#onomi#, an$ po"iti#a" entity, or whi#h histori#a""y have %een regar$e$ as su#h. An ar#hipe"agi# state is a state ma$e up who""y o- one or more ar#hipe"agos an$ may in#"u$e other is"an$s. S)ecial circ#!tance! relating to "a!eline! o+ arc1i)elago! A"" waters en#"ose$ %y the ar#hipe"agi# %ase"ines are ar#hipe"agi# waters, regar$"ess o- their $epth or $istan#e -rom the #oast. As provi$e$ in Arti#"e B9 o- the 8=CLC+, the sovereignty o- the ar#hipe"agi# state eten$s to ar#hipe"agi# waters, as we"" as to the airspa#e o- the ar#hipe"agi# waters, the sea%e$ an$ su%soi", an$ the resour#es #ontaine$ therein. By virtue o- their geographi#a" -ormation, there are spe#ia" ru"es -or the $rawing o- %ase"ines o- ar#hipe"agi# states (provi$e$ in Arti#"es B7 an$ B8 o- the 8=CLC+). ()1 4he %rea$th o- the territoria" sea, #ontiguous <one, #ontinenta" she"-, an$ the e#"usive e#onomi# <one (EEY) is measure$ -rom the straight ar#hipe"agi# %ase"ines. +traight ar#hipe"agi# %ase"ines Join the outermost points o- the outermost is"an$s an$ $rying ree-s o- the ar#hipe"ago, provi$e$ that within su#h %ase"ines are in#"u$e$ the main is"an$s. 4he $rawing o- ar#hipe"agi# %ase"ines sha"" not $epart to any appre#ia%"e etent -rom the genera" #on2guration o- the ar#hipe"ago. Ar#hipe"agi# %ase"ines sha"" not %e $rawn -rom "owDti$e e"evations un"ess "ighthouses or simi"ar insta""ations whi#h are permanent"y a%ove sea "eve" have %een %ui"t upon them. 4he system o- ar#hipe"agi# %ase"ines sha"" not %e app"ie$ %y an ar#hipe"agi# state in su#h a manner as to #ut o, the territoria" sea o- another state -rom the high seas or the EEY. O"ligation! o+ an arc1i)elagic !tate %it1 re!)ect to arc1i)elagic %ater! 1. /espe#t the right o- inno#ent passage (. /e#ogni<e tra$itiona" 2shing rights an$ other "egitimate a#tivities o- the imme$iate"y a$Ja#ent neigh%oring states (Arti#"e )1P1Q o- the 8=CLC+) 1. /espe#t eisting su%marine #a%"es "ai$ %y other states an$ passing through its waters, permitting the maintenan#e an$ rep"a#ement o- su#h #a%"es upon %eing noti2e$ o- their "o#ation an$ the intention to repair or rep"a#e them (Arti#"e )1P(Q o- the 8=CLC+) B. /espe#t the right o- ar#hipe"agi# sea "anes passage (Arti#"e )1P(Q o- the 8=CLC+) Arc"ipela&ic sea lanes passa&e is the right o- -oreign ships an$ air#ra-t to have #ontinuous, epe$itious, an$ uno%stru#te$ passage in sea "anes an$ air routes through or over the ar#hipe"agi# waters an$ the a$Ja#ent territoria" sea o- the ar#hipe"agi# state in transit %etween one part o- the high seas an$ another, or in transit %etween one part o- an EEY an$ another. (Arti#"e )1P1Q an$ P1Q o- the 8=CLC+) 4hese sea "anes an$ air routes in#"u$e a"" norma" passage routes use$ -or internationa" navigation or overUight through or over ar#hipe"agi# waters. (Arti#"e )1PBQ o- the 8=CLC+) All ships an$ air#ra-t (mi"itary or mer#hant) are entit"e$ to the right o- ar#hipe"agi# sea "anes passage. (Arti#"e )1P(Q o- the 8=CLC+) LiGe transit passage, ar#hipe"agi# sea "anes passage #annot %e suspen$e$. T'e Conti+uous Kone 4he #ontiguous <one is the maritime <one a$Ja#ent to the territoria" sea. .t may not eten$ %eyon$ (B nauti#a" mi"es -rom the %ase"ines -rom whi#h the %rea$th o- the ()( territoria" sea is measure$. 4he #oasta" state $oes not have sovereignty over the #ontiguous <one %ut it may eer#ise prote#tive Juris$i#tion in the #ontiguous <one un$er spe#i2# #ir#umstan#es (Arti#"e 11 o- the 8=CLC+)5 1. 4he #oasta" state may eer#ise the #ontro" ne#essary to prevent in-ringement o- its #ustoms, 2s#a", immigration, an$ sanitary "aws an$ regu"ations within its territory or territoria" seaN an$ (. 4he #oasta" state may eer#ise the #ontro" ne#essary to punish in-ringement o- #ustoms, 2s#a", immigration, an$ sanitary "aws an$ regu"ations #ommitte$ within its territory an$ territoria" sea. NoteO 4he #oasta" state may on"y un$ertaGe hot pursuit o- a -oreign ship in the #ontiguous <one i- there has %een a vio"ation o- the rights -or the prote#tion o- whi#h the #ontiguous <one was esta%"ishe$. (Arti#"e 111P1Q o- the 8=CLC+) .n a"" other respe#ts, the #ontiguous <one is an area that enJoys the -ree$om o- the high seas. T'e Continenta* S'e*- "rtic*e H:?7B o- t'e UNCLOS 4he #ontinenta" she"- #omprises the sea%e$ an$ su%soi" o- the su%marine areas that eten$ %eyon$ the territoria" sea o- a #oasta" state throughout the natura" pro"ongation o- the "an$ territory to either7 (a)the outer e$ge o- the #ontinenta" margin (the su%merge$ pro"ongation o- the "an$ mass o- the #oasta" state)N or (%)(00 nauti#a" mi"es -rom the %ase"ines -rom whi#h the %rea$th o- the territoria" sea is measure$, whi#hever is the greater. Rig1t! o+ coa!tal !tate! o'er t1e continental !1el+ 4Article ;; o+ t1e UNCLOS9 1. 4he #oasta" state eer#ises e(clusive sovereign rights over the #ontinenta" she"- -or the purpose o- ep"oring it an$ ep"oiting its natura" resour#es (i.e. minera" an$ nonD"iving resour#es o- the sea%e$ an$ su%soi", together with "iving organisms %e"onging to a se$entary spe#ies). =o other state may ep"ore an$ ep"oit without the epress #onsent o- the #oasta" state, an$ i- the #oasta" state $e#i$es not to un$ertaGe any su#h a#tivities, no one e"se may $o so. (. 4he rights o- the #oasta" state over the #ontinenta" she"- $o not $epen$ on o##upation or on any epress pro#"amation. C"SES ()1 Nort1 Sea Continental S1el+ Ca!e 4!#)ra9 4he rights o- the #oasta" state in respe#t o- the area o- #ontinenta" she"- #onstituting a natura" pro"ongation o- its "an$ territory un$er the sea eists ipso facto an$ ab initio, %y virtue o- its sovereignty over the "an$. 4hat right is inherent. =o spe#ia" "ega" a#ts nee$ %e per-orme$. Li"(a '. Malta 4IC, Ca!e/ 567=9 4he #ase sprang -rom a $ispute %etween Li%ya an$ ;a"ta over the $e"imitation o- the #ontinenta" she"- %etween them. 4he Court an$ the parties agree$ that the $ivision must %e governe$ %y a num%er o- e9uita%"e prin#ip"es, among them5 (1) there is to %e no 9uestion o- re-ashioning geographyN (() nonDen#roa#hment %y one party on areas appertaining to the otherN (1) respe#t $ue to a"" re"evant #ir#umstan#esN an$ (B) ?e9uity $oes not ne#essari"y imp"y e9ua"ity@ an$ there #an %e no 9uestion o- $istri%utive Justi#e. T#ni!ia '. Li"(a 4IC, Ca!e/ 567:9 4he parties signe$ a spe#ia" agreement re9uesting the Court to ren$er its Ju$gment o- the ru"es an$ prin#ip"es o- internationa" "aw whi#h may %e app"ie$ in the $e"imitation o- the #ontinenta" she"- %etween them. 4he Court ep"aine$ that when the area to %e $e"imite$ is a sing"e #ontinenta" she"- whi#h is the natura" pro"ongation o- %oth states, the prin#ip"e o- $e"imiting the #ontinenta" she"- %ase$ on the natura" pro"ongation $oes not app"y. Aegean Sea Continental S1el+ Ca!e 4GGreece '. T#r$e(H/ IC, Ca!e/ 56;79 4he re"evant 9uestion in this #ase re"ates to whether #ertain is"an$s un$er &reeG sovereignty were entit"e$ to a #ontinenta" she"- o- their own, ena%"ing &ree#e to #a"" -or the %oun$ary to %e $rawn %etween those is"an$s an$ the 4urGish Coast. 4urGey argue$ that the is"an$s in 9uestion were mere protu%eran#es o- the 4urGish #ontinenta" she"- an$ were not entit"e$ to a #ontinenta" she"- o- their own. 4hough u"timate"y the Court ru"e$ that it ha$ no Juris$i#tion over the $ispute, it $i$ reaHrm the prin#ip"e that ?the "an$ $ominates the sea@ an$ it is %y virtue o- the #oasta" state>s sovereignty over the "an$ that rights o- ep"oration an$ ep"oitation in the #ontinenta" she"- #an atta#h to it. Anglo-Frenc1 Ca!e 4GUnited Fingdo '. FranceH/ IC, Ca!e/ 56;69 4he Court was asGe$ to 2 the %oun$aries %etween parties> #ontinenta" she"- in the Eng"ish Channe". 4he Court ep"aine$ at "ength that the appropriateness o- any metho$ -or e,e#ting an e9uita%"e $e"imitation in any given #ase is a"ways a -un#tion or reUe#tion o- the geographi#a" an$ other re"evant #ir#umstan#es o- the #ase. Ca!e Concerning *eliitation Bet%een Greenland and ,an Ma(en 4G*enar$ '. Nor%a(H/ IC, Ca!e/ 566<9 DenmarG an$ =orway were arguing, among other things, over the $ivision o- their rights over the #ontinenta" she"-. App"ying Arti#"e A o- the 19)8 &eneva Convention on the Continenta" +he"-, the Court ep"aine$ that where the same #ontinenta" she"- is a$Ja#ent to the territories o- two or more states whose #oasts are opposite ea#h other, the %oun$ary o- the #ontinenta" she"- appertaining to su#h states sha"" %e $etermine$ %y agreement %etween them. .n the a%sen#e o- agreement, an$ un"ess another %oun$ary is Justi2e$ %y spe#ia" #ir#umstan#es, the %oun$ary sha"" %e the me$ian "ine %etween the #oasts. 4he app"i#ation o- the provision $i$ not e#"u$e the app"i#ation o- #ustomary "aw. .nternationa" "aw $oes not pres#ri%e the a$option o- a sing"e metho$ -or the $e"imitation ()B o- the maritime spa#es. 6arying systems o- $e"imitation may %e use$ -or various parts o- the #oast. "rtic*e H: o- t'e UNCLOS, Para+rap's F and :. -.tended continental !1el+ 4he #oasta" state is a""owe$ to #"aim a #ontinenta" she"- o- up to (00 nauti#a" mi"es -rom the %ase"inesN however, i- the outer margin eten$s %eyon$ (00 nauti#a" mi"es -rom the %ase"ines, then the outer "imit o- the #ontinenta" she"- sha"" not e#ee$ 1)0 nauti#a" mi"es -rom the %ase"ines. T'e E)c*usive Econo(ic Kone "rtic*e AA o- t'e UNCLOS 4he e#"usive e#onomi# <one is an area %eyon$ an$ a$Ja#ent to the territoria" sea, su%Je#t to the spe#i2# "ega" regime esta%"ishe$ in this :art, un$er whi#h the rights an$ Juris$i#tion o- the #oasta" state an$ the rights an$ -ree$oms o- other +tates are governe$ %y the re"evant provisions o- this Convention. "rtic*e A: o- t'e UNCLOS 1. .n the EEY, the #oasta" state has5 (a) sovereign rights -or the purpose o- ep"oring an$ ep"oiting, #onserving an$ managing the natura" resour#es, whether "iving or nonD"iving, o- the waters superJa#ent to the sea%e$ an$ o- the sea%e$ an$ its su%soi", an$ with regar$ to other a#tivities -or the e#onomi# ep"oitation an$ ep"oration o- the <one, su#h as the pro$u#tion o- energy -rom the water, #urrents, an$ win$sN (%) Juris$i#tion as provi$e$ -or in the re"evant provisions o- this Convention with regar$ to (i) the esta%"ishment an$ use o- arti2#ia" is"an$s, insta""ations, an$ stru#turesN (ii) marine s#ienti2# resear#hN an$ (iii) the prote#tion an$ preservation o- the marine environmentN (#) other rights an$ $uties provi$e$ -or in this Convention. (. .n eer#ising its rights an$ per-orming its $uties un$er this Convention in the EEY, the #oasta" state sha"" have $ue regar$ -or the rights an$ $uties o- other states an$ sha"" a#t in a manner #ompati%"e with the provisions o- this Convention. "rtic*e AH o- t'e UNCLOS 4he EEY sha"" not eten$ %eyon$ (00 nauti#a" mi"es -rom the %ase"ines -rom whi#h the %rea$th o- the territoria" sea is measure$. "rtic*e AE o- t'e UNCLOS 1. .n the EEY, a"" states, whether #oasta" or "an$"o#Ge$, enJoy, su%Je#t to the re"evant provisions o- this Convention, the -ree$oms re-erre$ to in Arti#"e 87 o- navigation an$ ()) overUight an$ o- the "aying o- su%marine #a%"es an$ pipe"ines, an$ other internationa""y "aw-u" uses o- the sea re"ate$ to these -ree$oms, su#h as those asso#iate$ with the operation o- ships, air#ra-t, an$ su%marine #a%"es an$ pipe"ines, an$ #ompati%"e with the other provisions o- this Convention. C"SE: MMV Saiga 4GSt. Vincent and t1e Grenadine! '. G#ineaH/ IC, Ca!e/ 56669 4he 1N> Sai&a was an oi" tanGer Uying the Uag o- +t. 6in#ent an$ the &rena$ines that was supp"ying oi" to 2shing vesse"s "i#ense$ %y &uinea to 2sh in its EEY. 4he Sai&a was arreste$ %y &uinean patro" %oats -or i""ega""y importing gas into the #ustoms ra$ius o- &uinea. 4he Court ru"e$ that in the EEY, #ustoms "aws an$ regu"ations are on"y app"i#a%"e with regar$ to arti2#ia" is"an$s, insta""ations, an$ stru#tures7not over the waters o- the EEY. 4o permit &uinea to eten$ its Juris$i#tion over the waters o- the EEY wou"$ #urtai" the rights o- other states an$ any a#tivities within the EEY. NoteO 4he $e"imitation o- the over"apping EEY %etween a$Ja#ent states is $etermine$ %y agreement. (-ernas< T'e Hi+' Seas 4he high seas are a"" parts o- the sea that are not in#"u$e$ in the EEY, the territoria" sea, the interna" waters o- a state, or in the ar#hipe"agi# waters o- an ar#hipe"agi# +tate. (Arti#"e 8A o- the 8=CLC+) 4he high seas are open to a"" +tates, whi#h enJoy the -o""owing -ree$oms (Arti#"e 87 o- the 8=CLC+)5 1. 'ree$om o- navigation (. 'ree$om o- overUight 1. 'ree$om to "ay su%marine #a%"es an$ pipe"ines B. 'ree$om to #onstru#t arti2#ia" is"an$s an$ other insta""ations permitte$ un$er internationa" "aw ). 'ree$om o- 2shing A. 'ree$om o- s#ienti2# resear#h Internationa* Tri4una* -or t'e La, o- t'e Sea ?ITLOSB :ea#e-u" sett"ement o- $isputes is #ompu"sory un$er the 8=CLC+. .- %i"atera" sett"ement -ai"s, Arti#"e (8) o- the 8=CLC+ re9uires su%mission o- the $ispute -or #ompu"sory ()A sett"ement in one o- the tri%una"s #"othe$ with Juris$i#tion. 4he a"ternatives are the .nternationa" 4ri%una" -or the Law o- the +ea, the .C!, or an ar%itra" tri%una" #onstitute$ un$er the Convention. (-ernas< "rtic*e /7, ITLOS Statute 4he Juris$i#tion o- the .4LC+ #omprises a"" $isputes an$ a"" app"i#ations su%mitte$ to it in a##or$an#e with the 8=CLC+. .t a"so in#"u$es a"" matters spe#i2#a""y provi$e$ -or in any agreement whi#h #on-ers Juris$i#tion on the 4ri%una". N. %adrid Protoco* and t'e Paris Convention -or t'e Protection o- Industria* Property Madrid Protocol As ep"aine$ %y the Kor"$ .nte""e#tua" :roperty Crgani<ation (K.:C), the ;a$ri$ :roto#o" is a more Uei%"e up$ate o- the ;a$ri$ Agreement Con#erning the .nternationa" /egu"ation o- ;arGs (2rst #on#"u$e$ in 1891) 4he ?;a$ri$ +ystem@ (as the :roto#o" an$ Agreement are re-erre$ to) maGes it possi%"e to prote#t a tra$emarG in a "arge num%er o- #ountries %y o%taining an internationa" registration that has e,e#t in ea#h o- the $esignate$ #ontra#ting parties An app"i#ation -or internationa" registration may on"y %e 2"e$ %y a natura" person or "ega" entity having a #onne#tion (through esta%"ishment, $omi#i"e, or nationa"ity) to a #ontra#ting party to either the :roto#o" or Agreement A tra$emarG may on"y %e the su%Je#t o- an internationa" app"i#ation i- it has a"rea$y %een registere$ with the tra$emarG oH#e o- the #ontra#ting party to whi#h the app"i#ant is #onne#te$ .nternationa" app"i#ations are presente$ to the .nternationa" Bureau o- the K.:C through the interme$iary o- the oH#e o- origin Pari! Con'ention +or t1e Protection o+ Ind#!trial Pro)ert( 4-!!ential Pro'i!ion!9 "rtic*e 7 (1) 4he #ountries to whi#h this Convention app"ies #onstitute a 8nion -or the proe#tion o- in$ustria" property. (() 4he prote#tion o- in$ustria" property has as its o%Je#t patents, uti"ity mo$e"s, in$ustria" $esigns, tra$emarGs, servi#e marGs, tra$e names, in$i#ations o- sour#e or appe""ations o- origin, an$ the repression o- un-air #ompetition. (1) .n$ustria" property sha"" %e un$erstoo$ in the %roa$est sense an$ sha"" app"y not on"y to in$ustry an$ #ommer#e proper, %ut "iGewise to agri#u"tura" an$ etra#tive in$ustries an$ to a"" manu-a#ture$ or natura" pro$u#ts, -or eamp"e wines, grain, to%a##o "ea-, -ruit, #att"e, minera"s, minera" waters, %eer, Uowers, an$ Uour. ()7 (B) :atents sha"" in#"u$e the various Gin$s o- in$ustria" patents re#ogni<e$ %y the "aws o- the #ountries o- the 8nion, su#h as patents o- importation, patents o- improvement, patents o- #erti2#ates o- a$$ition, et#. "rtic*e / (1) =ationa"s o- any #ountry o- the 8nion sha"", as regar$s the prote#tion o- in$ustria" property, enJoy in a"" the other #ountries o- the 8nion the a$vantages that their respe#tive "aws now grant, or may herea-ter grant, to nationa"sN a"" without preJu$i#e to the rights spe#ia""y provi$e$ -or %y this Convention. Conse9uent"y, they sha"" have the same prote#tion as the "atter, an$ the same "ega" reme$y against any in-ringement o- their rights, provi$e$ that the #on$itions an$ -orma"ities impose$ upon nationa"s are #omp"ie$ with. (() *owever, no re9uirement as to $omi#i"e or esta%"ishment in the #ountry where prote#tion is #"aime$ may %e impose$ upon nationa"s o- #ountries o- the 8nion -or the enJoyment o- any in$ustria" property rights. (1) 4he provisions o- the "aws o- ea#h o- the #ountries o- the 8nion re"ating to Ju$i#ia" an$ a$ministrative pro#e$ure an$ to Juris$i#tion, an$ to the $esignation o- an a$$ress -or servi#e or the appointment o- an agent, whi#h may %e re9uire$ %y the "aws on in$ustria" property are epress"y reserve$. "rtic*e 2 =ationa"s o- #ountries outsi$e the 8nion who are $omi#i"e$ or who have rea" an$ e,e#tive in$ustria" or #ommer#ia" esta%"ishments in the territory o- one o- the #ountries o- the 8nion sha"" %e treate$ in the same manner as nationa"s o- the #ountries o- the 8nion. O. Internationa* Environ(enta* La, 4he #on#ern o- environmenta" prote#tion is not Just a%out the atmosphere, the sea, the "an$, Uora, an$ -auna. .t is a"so a%out the preservation o- the #u"tura" heritage o- manGin$ as -oun$ in ar#haeo"ogi#a" an$ artisti# remains. (-ernas) Environmenta" "aw #ases o-ten have a human rights aspe#t as we"", emphasi<ing the importan#e o- environmenta" "aw %oth on the $omesti# an$ the internationa" 2e"$s. (Ganube Gam %aseO /posa v. Factoran! Cr.! belo)< C"SES *an#"e *a Ca!e 4GH#ngar( '. Slo'a$iaH/ IC, Ca!e/ 56679 *ungary an$ then C<e#hos"ovaGia entere$ into a treaty to #onstru#t $ams whi#h *ungary "ater stoppe$ $ue to environmenta" #on#erns. Khi"e the Court ru"e$ that *ungary>s noti#e o- termination was premature, it a"so ep"aine$ that the prote#tion o- the environment is an important part o- human rights, sin#e a hea"thy environment is a #on$ition sine 5ua non -or numerous rights, e.g. the right to hea"th, the right to "i-e. O)o!a '. Factoran/ ,r. 4P1ili))ine Ca!e/ 566<9 4he petitioners were minors asGing the +upreme Court to or$er the +e#retary o- =atura" /esour#es to #an#e" a"" eisting tim%er "i#ense agreements on the groun$ o- ()8 ?intergenerationa" prote#tion@, suing on %eha"- o- their generation an$ those yet to %e %orn. 4he Court re#ogni<e$ their right to %ring the #ase. 4he #ase emphasi<e$ that prote#tion o- the environment invo"ves a vita" human rights aspe#t. 4he +to#Gho"m De#"aration o- 197( was -ormu"ate$ $uring a 8= Con-eren#e on the *uman Environment atten$e$ %y 111 states. :rin#ip"e (1 o- the +to#Gho"m De#"aration +tates have, in a##or$an#e with the Charter o- the 8nite$ =ations an$ the prin#ip"es o- internationa" "aw, the sovereign right to ep"oit their own resour#es pursuant to their own environmenta" po"i#ies, an$ the responsi%i"ity to ensure that a#tivities within their Juris$i#tion or #ontro" $o not #ause $amage to the environment o- other +tates or o- areas %eyon$ the "imits o- nationa" Juris$i#tion. :rin#ip"e (1 o- the +to#Gho"m De#"aration is a #o$i2#ation o- a stan$ing ru"e o- internationa" "aw C"SE Trail Selter Ca!e 4!#)ra9 4he ar%itra" tri%una" ru"e$ that no state has the right to use or permit the use o- its territory in su#h a manner as to #ause inJury %y -umes in or to the territory o- another or the properties or persons therein. P. Internationa* Econo(ic La, .nternationa" e#onomi# "aw is the #omp"e regu"atory -rameworG Uowing -rom $i,erent sour#es o- "aw governing internationa" e#onomi# re"ations an$ transD%oun$ary e#onomi# #on$u#t %y +tates, internationa" organi<ations, an$ private a#tors. .n the interest o- tangi%"e #ontours, this notion is #on2ne$ to the regu"ation o- #rossD%or$er transa#tions in goo$s an$ #apita" an$ the internationa" prote#tion o- inte""e#tua" property. (Berde&en! @1a( Planc, *ncyclopedia of Public #nternational La)< Area! o+ International -conoic La% 4+ro Herdegen9 1. .nternationa" tra$e "aw W the internationa" regu"ation o- the e#hange o- goo$s an$ servi#es a#ross %or$ersN it is pre$ominant"y %ase$ on the re#ipro#a" #hara#ter o- the respe#tive rights an$ o%"igations o- a"" parties an$ #onsi$ere$ to a#hieve mutua" %ene2ts -or a"" o- them (. .nternationa" antiDtrust an$ #ompetition "aw W governs the interp"ay o- $omesti# #ompetition (antitrust) ru"es #on#erning the issue o- un$ertaGingsN it governs the "egitimate rea#h o- nationa" #ompetition "aws as to their etraterritoria" e,e#ts ()9 1. .nternationa" investment "aw W #overs the promotion o- -oreign investments an$ their prote#tion against inter-eren#es %y the host +tateN attra#ting -oreign investments %y esta%"ishing a -avora%"e investment #"imate is now re#ogni<e$ as a #ornerstone o- e#onomi# $eve"opment B. .nternationa" monetary "aw W $ea"s with monetary re"ationsN a maJor weaGness o- the a#tua" monetary system "ies in the "a#G o- a tru"y e,e#tive #ontro" o- rate manipu"ations