Chemical

BONDING

Chemical Bond
A bond results from the attraction of nuclei
for electrons
All atoms trying to achieve a stable octet

IN OTHER WORDS
the p+ in one nucleus are attracted to the e- of
another atom
Electronegativity

Bond Formation
exothermic process
E
N
E
R
G
Y

Reactants

Energy
released

Products

Breaking Bonds
Endothermic reaction
energy must be put into the bond in order
to break it
E
N
E
R
G
Y Reactants

Products
Energy
Absorbed

Bond Strength
Strong, STABLE bonds require lots of
energy to be formed or broken
weak bonds require little E

Two Major Types of

Bonding
Ionic Bonding
forms ionic compounds
transfer of e-

Covalent Bonding
forms molecules
sharing e-

One minor type of bonding

Metallic bonding
Occurs between like atoms of a metal in the
free state
Valence e- are mobile (move freely among all
metal atoms)
Positive ions in a sea of electrons

Metallic characteristics
High mp temps, ductile, malleable, shiny
Hard substances
Good conductors of heat and electricity as (s) and (l)

Its the mobile electrons

that enable me tals to
conduct electricity!!!!!!

IONic Bonding
electrons are transferred between
valence shells of atoms
ionic compounds are
NOT MOLECULES
made of ions
ionic compounds are called Salts or
Crystals

IONic bonding
Always formed between metals and
non-metals
+
[METALS ] [NON-METALS ]
Lost e-

Gained e-

IONic Bonding
Electronegativity difference > 2.0
Look up e-neg of the atoms in the bond
and subtract
NaCl
CaCl2

Compounds with polyatomic ions

NaNO3

Properties of Ionic
Compounds
SALTS
Crystals

hard solid @ 22oC

high mp temperatures
nonconductors of electricity in solid
phase
good conductors in liquid phase or
dissolved in water (aq)

Covalent Bonding
molecules
Pairs of e- are shared
between non-metal atoms

electronegativity difference < 2.0

forms polyatomic ions

Properties of Molecular
Substances
Covalent
bonding

Low m.p. temp and b.p. temps

relatively soft solids as compared
to ionic compounds
nonconductors of electricity in
any phase

Covalent, Ionic, metallic

bonding?
NO2

sodium
hydride
Hg

H2S

sulfate

NH4+
Aluminum
phosphate
KH
KCl
HF

CO
Co

Also study
your
characteristics!

Drawing ionic compounds

using Lewis Dot Structures
Symbol represents the KERNEL of the
atom (nucleus and inner e-)
dots represent valence e-

NaCl
This is the finished Lewis Dot
Structure
How did we get here?

+
[Na]

[ Cl ]

 Step 1 after checking that it is IONIC

Determine which atom will be the +ion
Determine which atom will be the - ion

Step 2
Write the symbol for the + ion first.
NO DOTS

Draw the e- dot diagram for the ion

COMPLETE outer shell

Step 3
Enclose both in brackets and show each charge

Draw the Lewis Diagrams

LiF
MgO
CaCl2
K2S

Drawing molecules using

Lewis Dot Structures
Symbol represents the KERNEL of the
atom (nucleus and inner e-)
dots represent valence e-

Always remember atoms are

trying to complete their
outer shell!
The number of electrons the atoms
needs is the total number of bonds
they can make.
Ex. H? O? F? N? Cl? C?
one two one three one four

Methane CH4
This is the finished Lewis dot structure
How did we get here?

 Step 1
count total valence e- involved
Step 2
connect the central atom (usually the first in
the formula) to the others with single bonds
Step 3
complete valence shells of outer atoms
Step 4
add any extra e- to central atom

IF the central atom has 8 valence e- surrounding

it . . YOURE DONE!

Sometimes . . .
You only have two atoms, so there is
no central atom, but follow the same
rules.
Check & Share to make sure all the
atoms are happy.

Cl2

Br2

H2

O2

N2

HCl

 DOUBLE bond
atoms that share two e- pairs (4 e-)

O O
TRIPLE bond
atoms that share three e- pairs (6 e-)

N N

Draw Lewis Dot Structures

You may represent valence electrons
from different atoms with the
following symbols x, ,
CO2
NH3

Draw the Lewis Dot Diagram for

polyatomic ions
Count all valence e- needed for
covalent bonding
Add or subtract other electrons based
on the charge
REMEMBER!
A positive charge means it LOST
electrons!!!!!

Draw Polyatomics
Ammonium
Sulfate

Types of Covalent Bonds

NON-Polar bonds
Electrons shared evenly in the bond
E-neg difference is zero
Between identical atoms
Diatomic molecules

Types of Covalent Bonds

Polar bond
Electrons unevenly shared
E-neg difference greater than zero
but
less than 2.0
closer to 2.0 more polar
more ionic character

Place these molecules in order

of increasing bond polarity
which is least and which is most?

HCl
CH4
CO2
NH3
N2
HF

a.k.a.

ionic character

non-polar MOLECULES
Sometimes the bonds within a
molecule are polar and yet the
molecule is non-polar because its
shape is symmetrical. H
H C H
Draw Lewis dot first and
see if equal on all sides

Polar molecules (a.k.a.

Dipoles)
Not equal on all sides
Polar bond between 2 atoms makes a
polar molecule
asymmetrical shape of molecule

H Cl

Space filling model

Electron-Cloud model
+

Cl

Water is asymmetrical
+

Water is a bent molecule

H

W-A-T-E-R
as bent as it can be!
Waters polar MOLECULE!
Waters polar MOLECULE!
The H is positive
The O is not - not - not - not

Making sense of the polar

non-polar thing
BONDS
Non-polar
Polar
Identical Different

MOLECULES
Non-polar
Symmetrical

Polar
Asymmetrical

IONIC bonds .
Ionic bonds are
so polar that the electrons are not
shared but transferred between
atoms forming ions!!!!!!

4 Shapes of molecules

Linear (straight line)

Ball and stick
model

Space filling
model

Bent
Ball and stick
model

Space filling
model

Trigonal pyramid
Ball and stick
model

Space filling
model

Tetrahedral
Ball and stick
model

Space filling
model

Intermolecular attractions
Attractions between
molecules
van der Waals forces
Weak attractive
forces between
non-polar
molecules
Hydrogen bonding
Strong attraction
between special
polar molecules

van der Waals

Non-polar molecules can exist in liquid
and solid phases
because van der Waals forces keep the
molecules attracted to each other

Exist between CO2, CH4, CCl4, CF4,

diatomics and monoatomics

van der Waals periodicity

increase with molecular mass.
Greater van der Waals force?
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2

increase with closer distance between

molecules
Decreases when particles are farther away

Hydrogen Bonding
Strong polar
attraction
Like magnets

Occurs ONLY
between H of one
molecule and N, O,
F of another
H bond

Why does H bonding

occur?
Nitrogen, Oxygen and Fluorine
small atoms with strong nuclear charges
powerful atoms

very high electronegativities

Intermolecular forces
dictate chemical properties
Strong intermolecular forces cause
high b.p., m.p. and slow evaporation
(low vapor pressure) of a substance.

Which substance has the

highest boiling point?
HF
NH3
H2O

Fluorine has the highest e-neg,

SO
HF will experience the

WHY?

needs the most energy to

weaken the i.m.f. and boil

strongest H bonding and

The Unusual Properties of

Water
Unusually
high
boiling
point
Compared to
other
compounds
in Group 16

Density????

H2O(s) is less dense than

H2O(l)

The hydrogen bonding in water(l) molecules

is random. The molecules are closely
packed.

The hydrogen bonding in water(s) molecules

has a specific open lattice pattern. The
molecules are farther apart.

The End