ME410 MechanicalEngineeringSystems

Laboratory

Experiment3 MassandEnergyBalancesin
PsychrometricProcesses

Asst.Prof.Dr.TubaOKUTUCU,A143

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

AIRCONDITIONING(A/C)
Goal:Controltemperatureandhumidity
Types:
1. Comfort
2. Industrial

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

AIRCONDITIONING
Humancomfortprimarilydependson:
The(drybulb)temperature (2227C),
Relativehumidity(4060%),and
Air motion (enhancesheattransferbyconvectionandevaporation)
speed15m/min
e.g. Environmentat10Cwith48km/hwindfeelsascoldas7Cand3
km/hwindasaresultofbodychillingeffect(thewindchillfactor)

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

AIRCONDITIONING(A/C)
HumancomfortconditionsstatedbyASHRAE*:
Winter
Summer

Temperature

RelativeHumidity

2023C
2427C

5020%
5020%

*AmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigeratingandAirconditioningEngineers)

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

BASICS
Atmosphericair:
Theairintheatmospherethatnormally
containssomewatervapor(moisture).
Dryair:Airthatcontainsnowatervapor.
amountofwatervaporintheairissmall, but
itplaysamajorroleinhumancomfort.
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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

BASICS
InA/Capplications,
10C<T <50C
Inthisrange:
AirIDEALGASwithconstantspecificheat.
Enthalpyandenthalpychangeofdryair:

T :airtemperatureinC
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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

BASICS
Watervaporintheair=>idealgas(Pv =RT,h =h(T))
(behavesasifitexistedalone)
Atmospheric air: an ideal gas mixture
Its pressure = sum of the partial pressures of air and water vapor.

P= Pa +Pv

(kPa)
pressurewatervaporwouldexertif
itexistedaloneatthetemperature
andvolumeofthemixture

subscripts
a:dryair
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v:watervapor

ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

BASICS
hv(T,lowP) hg(T)
At0C,enthalpyofwater
vapor=2501.3kJ/kg
Averagecp ofwatervaporin
10C<T <50C
cp =1.82kJ/(kg.C)
hg(T)2501.3+1.82T(kJ/kg)T inC.
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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

SPECIFICHUMIDITY
Absolute(specific)humidity(humidityratio):
Themassofwatervaporpresentinaunitmassofdryair,.

Usingtheidealgasrelations

or
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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

RELATIVEHUMIDITY
Saturatedair:
As more vapor or moisture is added, the
specific humidity will keep increasing until the
air can hold no more moisture.
At this point, the air is said to be saturated
with moisture, and it is called saturated air.
Any moisture introduced into saturated air will
condense.
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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

RELATIVEHUMIDITY
Comfort level depends on the amount of
moisture the air holds (mv) relative to the
maximum amount of moisture the air can
hold at the same temperature (mg).
The ratio of the two is called the relative
humidity.

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

RELATIVEHUMIDITY
Relativehumidity:

Relativehumidityintermsofthespecific
humidity:

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

ENTHALPYOFATMOSPHERICAIR
Totalenthalpy:

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

TEMPERATURE
Drybulbtemperature:Theordinarytemperatureofatmospheric
air.
DEWPOINT:Tdp,thetemperatureatwhichcondensationbeginsif
theairiscooledatconstantpressure.

Tdp isthesaturationtemperature
ofwatercorrespondingtothe
vapor pressure:
Tdp =Tsat@Pv
Knowingthedewpointwecan
determinethevaporpressureand
thusrelativehumidity.
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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

ADIABATICSATURATIONPROCESS
Long,insulatedchannelcontaining
apoolofwater
Steadystreamofunsaturatedair.
Asairflowsoverwater,somewater
willevaporateandmixwiththeair
stream.
Moisturecontentofair
Temperatureofair
(evaporativecooling)
Longenoughchannel
o Saturatedairattheexit
o =100%
o T2 =Adiabaticsaturation
temperature

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

ADIABATICSATURATIONPROCESS
Massbalance:

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

ADIABATICSATURATIONPROCESS
Energybalance:

perunitmassofdryair

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

ADIABATICSATURATIONPROCESS
Thespecifichumidityattheinlet,

andattheexit( =100%),

Absoluteandrelativehumiditiescanbeobtained
justbymeasuringthetemperatureandpressure
oftheairstreamattheinletandexitofan
adiabaticsaturator.
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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

WETBULBTEMPERATURE
Amorepracticalwayof
achievingsaturation
conditions.
Temperaturemeasuredthis
wayiscalledthewetbulb
temperature,Twb
TwbTadiabaticsaturation

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

PSYCHROMETRICCHART
Stateoftheatmospheric
airatagiventotalpressure
canbedeterminedbytwo
independentintensive
properties.
Therestcanbecalculated
usingaboveequations.
Amorepracticalwayisto
usechartscalled
psychrometriccharts.
h inkJ/kgdryair
ForsaturatedairTdb =Twb =Tdp
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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

ASHRAEPSYCHROMETRICCHARTNO.5

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

 (gmoisture/kgdryair)

AIRCONDITIONINGPROCESSES

Tdb (C)

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

EXPERIMENTALSETUP
5

1
d

Discharge
Rotatingvane
anemometer

Mixer
4

Fan

Reheaters

Evaporato
r

Mixer

Mixer

Steam
Injection

Feed
Water

PreHeaters

T.E.V.

(3.6kW)

Inlet

(2.88kW)
Drier

Boiler

Condensate
Compressor
condenserunit

Liquid
Receiver
Schematicdrawingoftheexperimentalsetup

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1.44
kW

ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

2.5kW

1.44
kW

SIMPLEHEATINGANDCOOLING
Cooling

Heating

h1,h2 :enthalpiesperunitmassofdryairattheinletandtheexitrespectively
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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

HEATINGWITHHUMIDIFICATION
Insimpleheating,relativehumidity,
Toeliminatethisproblem,heatedairis
humidified.

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

HEATINGWITHHUMIDIFICATION
Ifsteamisintroducedinthehumidification
section =>additionalheating.
Ifhumidificationisaccomplishedbyspraying
waterintotheairstream=>cooling ofthe
heatedairstream.

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

COOLINGWITHDEHUMIDIFICATION
Itmaybenecessaryto
remove somemoisture
fromtheair,i.e.,to
dehumidifyit.
Thisrequirescoolingtheair
belowitsdewpoint.

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

EVAPORATIVECOOLING
Indesert(hotanddry)climates,the
highcostofcoolingcanbeavoided by
usingevaporativecoolers.
Aswaterevaporates,thelatentheat
ofvaporizationisabsorbedfromthe
waterbodyandthesurroundingair.
Asaresult,boththewaterandtheair
arecooledduringtheprocess

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

ADIABATICMIXINGOFAIRSTREAMS
Manyairconditioningapplicationsrequirethemixingoftwo
airstreams.
Thisisparticularlytruefor
largebuildings,
mostproductionandprocessplants,and
hospitals,
whichrequirethattheconditionedairbemixedwithacertain
fractionoffreshoutsideairbeforeitisroutedintothe
livingspace.

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

ADIABATICMIXINGOFAIRSTREAMS
Massandenergybalances

Eliminating

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

IDEALVAPORCOMPRESSION
REFRIGERATIONCYCLE

Eachcomponentisasteadyflowdevice.

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

IDEALVAPORCOMPRESSION
REFRIGERATIONCYCLE
Foreachcomponentinthecycle:

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

ACTUALVAPORCOMPRESSION
REFRIGERATIONCYCLE

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

P h diagramforR12

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes

REFERENCES
1. Thermodynamics,AnEngineeringApproach,
ThirdEdition,YunusA.engel,MichaelA.
Boles,McGrawHill,1998.
2. ASHRAE1989FundamentalsHandbook(SI)
3. ASHRAEPsychrometricChartNo.5

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ME410 Exp.3 MassandEnergyBalancesinPsychrometric Processes