AN APPROXIMATE POWER PREDICTION METHOD
by
J. Holtrop* and G.G.J. Mennen*
1. Introduction
In a recent publication [1] a statistical method was
presented for the determination of the required pro-
pulsive power at the initial design stage of a ship. This
method was developed through a regression analysis
of random model experiments and fullscale data,
available at the Netherlands Ship Model Basin, Because
the accuracy of the method was reported to be insuf-
ficient when unconventional combinations of main
parameters were used, an attempt was made to extend
the method by adjusting the original numerical predic-
tion model to test data obtained in some specific cases
This adaptation of the method has resulted into a set
of prediction formulae with a wider range of applica-
tion. Nevertheless, it should be noticed that the given
‘modifications have a tentative character only, because
the adjustments are based on a small number of ex-
periments, In any case, the application is limited to
hull forms resembling the average ship described by
the main dimensions and form coefficients used in the
method.
The extension of the method was focussed on im-
proving the power prediction of high-block ships with
low L/B-ratios and of slender naval ships with a com-
plex appendage arrangement and immersed transom
sterns.
Some parts of this study were carried out in the
scope of the NSMB Co-operative Research programme
The adaptation of the method to naval ships was
carried out in a research study for the Royal Nether-
lands Navy. Permission to publish results of these
studies is gratefully acknowledged.
2. Resistance prediction
‘The total resistance of a ship has been subdivided
into:
Regia = Rp +ky) +Ryppt Ry +Ry * Rye + Ry
where:
Ry frictional resistance according to the ITTC-
1957 friction formula
1+k, form factor describing the viscous resistance
of the hull form in relation to Ry
Rapp Tesistance of appendages
Ry wave-making and wave-breaking resistance
Rg additional pressure resistance of bulbous bow
near the water surface
a
*) Netherlands Ship Model Basin, (Marin), Wapeinge, The Netherlands,
Ryp additional pressure resistance of immersed
transom stern
t4 model-ship correlation resistance.
For the form factor of the hull the prediction for-
mula:
14K, = e,5 (0.93 + ,9(B/Ly 927
(0.95 ~ Cy 95248 (1 — Cy +0.0225 1)
ean be used.
In this formula C, is the prismatic coefficient based
on the waterline length £ and feb is the longitudinal
position of the centre of buoyancy forward of 0.5L as,
2 percentage of Z. In the form-factor formula Ly is a
Parameter reflecting the length of the run according
to:
LgiL=1~ Cp + 0.06 Cpleb|(4 Cp — 1)
The coefficient ¢,, is defined as:
when T/L > 0.05
Tinyo22 846
48.20(T/L — 0.02)7078 + 0.479948
when 0.02 < T/L < 0.05
when T/L < 0.02
0.479948
a
In this formula T is the average moulded draught,
The coefficient ¢,; accounts for the specific shape of
the afterbody and is related to the coefficient Coy, 9°
cording to:
45 = 1 + 0.003 €,
8 ‘tern
For the coefficient C,
“sem the following tentative
‘guidelines are given
Afterbody form Coreen
Veshaped sections 10
Normal section shape 0
U-shaped sections with
Hogner stern +10
The wetted area of the hull can be approximated
well by:
S=LQT +B) VCy (0.453 + 0.4425 Cy +
— 0.2862 Cy — 0.003467 B/T +0.3696 Cyp) +
$2.38 Apr /Cy -
In this formula Cy is the midship section coef
ficient, Cy is the block coefficient on the basis of thewaterline length L, Cyp is the waterplane area coef-
ficient and Ay is the transverse sectional area of the
bulb at the position where the still: water surface inter~
sects the stem.
The appendage resistance can be determined from
Rapp = 95 DVS gppll + ha eg Cp
where p is the water density, V the speed of the ship,
Sapp the wetted area of the appendages, 1 +k, the
appendage resistance factor and Cy the coefficient of
frictional resistance of the ship according to the ITTC-
1957 formula,
In the Table below tentative 14k, values are
given for streamlined flow-oriented appendages. These
values were obtained from resistance tests with bare
and appended ship models. In several of these tests
turbulence stimulators were present at the leading
edges to induce turbulent flow over the appendages.
Approximate 1 +k, values
rudder behind skeg 15-20
rudder behind stern 13-15
twin-screw balance rudders 2.8
shaft brackets 3.0
skeg 15-20
strut bossings 3.0
hull bossings 20
shafts 20-40
stabilizer fins 28
dome 27
bilge keels 14
The equivalent 1+, value for a combination of
appendages is determined from:
EC +K)S pp
Sapp
(4k Deg
‘The appendage resistance can be increased by the
resistance of bow thruster tunnel openings according
to:
ov.
20° Coro
where d is the tunnel diameter.
‘The coefficient Cy7q ranges from 0.003 to 0.012, For
‘openings in the cylindrical part of a bulbous bow the
lower figures should be used.
The wave resistance is determined from:
Ry =C,¢3¢5 Vow expim, Fa +m, cos(F, ?)}
with:
1 = 2223105 3.78615 (7B 1.0798 (99 — jg) 197888
+ = 0.229577 (B/L)399 when B/L < 0.11
BIL when 0.11 < B/L < 0.25
cy = 0.5 ~ 0.0625 LB when B/E > 0.25
exp(— 1.89.¥e)
1-084, (BT Cy)
In these expressions ¢, is @ parameter which accounts
for the reduction of the wave resistance due to the ac-
tion of a bulbous bow. Similarly, c, expresses the in-
fluence of a transom stern on the wave resistance. In
the expression A, represents the immersed part of
the transverse area of the transom at zero speed.
In this figure the transverse area of wedges placed at
the transom chine should be included.
In the formula for the wave resistance, F, is the
Froude number based on the waterline length L, The
other parameters can be determined from:
d= 1.486 C, ~ 0.03.L/8 when L/B < 12
A = 1446 C — 0.36 when L/B > 12
my = 0.0140407 L/T ~ 1.75254 v9 /L +
~ 4.79323 Bil. eg
8.07981 Cp ~ 13.8673 C3 + 6.984388 C}
when Cp < 0.80
when Cp > 0.80
1.73014 ~ 0.7067 C,
2)
ys CP expel 0.1 Fy
my
The coefficient cy, is equal to 1.69385 for 13/7 <
512, whereas ¢y5 = 0.0 for L3/9 > 1727.
For values of 512.< L3/9 <1727, cy, is determined
from:
ys =~ 1.69385 + (L/7 #3— 8.0)/2.36
1s
a=-09
The half angle of entrance ig is the angle of the
waterline at the bow in degrees with reference to the
centre plane but neglecting the local shape at the stem.
If ig. is unknown, use can be made of the following
formula:
(L/B)9 9856 (1
0.0225 teb)*367( Lg /B)°*5
ig = 1489 exp Cy p
a-G
(100 9/3 046302
This formula, obtained by regression analysis of over
200 hull shapes, yields iy values between 1° and 90°
‘The original equation in {1} sometimes resulted in
negative i, values for exceptional combinations of
hhull-form parameters.
The coefficient that determines the influence of the
bulbous bow on the wave resistance is defined as:
0.56 Abg/(BTO31 VAgy + Ty — hy)where /tg is the position of the centre of the trans-
verse area Ag, above the keel line and T, is the for-
ward draught of the ship.
‘The additional resistance due to the presence of a
bulbous bow near the surface is determined from:
Ry = 0.11 exp(—3 Pp?) F3,A}S pai + £3)
Where the coefficient Py is a measure for the emer-
gence of the bow and F,, is the Froude number based
on the immersion:
Py = 0.56 VAgpi(Tp — 1.5 hg)
and
Fy 2 Vie p=
ip ~0.25 Vg) +0.15 V?
In a similar way the additional pressure resistance
due to the immersed transom can be determined:
Ryp = 05 pV2A gc,
‘The coefficient c, has been related to the Froude
number based on the transom immersion
0.21 ~ 02 Fyp)
« when Fyp <5
when Fyp 25
a has been defined as:
Fy = VWTeA, KB FBC, ,)
In this definition Ciyp is the waterplane area coeffi-
cient.
‘The model-ship correlation resistance Ry with
Ry =KeVSC,
is supposed to describe primarily the effect ofthe hull
roughness and the sil-ar resistance, From an analysis
of results of speed trials, which have been corrected to
ideal wial conditions, the following formula for the
correlation allowance coefficient C, was found:
Cy = 0.006(L + 100) 48 — 0.00205 +
+0.003VE/7S Cf (0.04 ~ cy)
with
eg = Tplk when T/L $0.04
= 0.04 when 7,/L > 0.04
In addition, Cy might be increased to calculate e.g.
the effect of a larger hull roughness than standard, To
this end the ITTC-1978 formulation can be used from
which the increase of C, can be derived for roughness
values higher than the standard figure of k, = 150 um
(mean apparent amplitude)
increase C, = (0.105 43 — 0.005579)
In these formulae L and k, are given in metres.
3. Prediction of propulsion factors
The statistical prediction formulae for estimating
the effective wake fraction, the thrust deduction frac
tion and the relative-rotative efficiency as presented in
[1] could be improved on several points.
For single-screw ships with a conventional stem ar
Tangement the following adapted formula for the wake
fraction can be used:
w=e5 6, (o06ars 1.217866, Loe
eT i "Gp
[BF 0.09726 , 0.11434
+0.24558 v8 O1434
VET Gi) 095-C, "085 —Cy
$0.75 CyaggCy + 0.002 Cary
The coefficient eg depends on a coefficient cy defined
as:
when B/T, <5
SSILDT 4)
(78/7, ~ 25)(LD(BIT, ~ 3))
when B/T, > 5
when cy < 28
16)(c, 24) when ¢, > 28
when 7, /D <2
4, = 0.0833333(T, /D)? + 1.33333
when T, /D> 2
In the formula for the wake fraction, Cy is the vis-
cous resistance coefficient with Cy = (1+) Cy +C,
Further:
Cp, = 145 Cp ~ 0.315 — 0.0225 le
In a similar manner the following approximate for-
mula for the thrust deduction for single-screw ships
with a conventional stern can be applied:
001979 LAB ~ BCp,)+ 1.0585 €y5 +
0.00524 — 0.1418 D? (BT) + 0.0015 C seen
‘The coefficient cy is defined as:
ey = BIL when L/B > 5.2
0.134615385)
when L/B < 5.2
25 — 0.003328402/(B/L
10
The relative-rotative efficiency can be predicted