4.1 Decimals and Fractions 1 digit to the right of the decimal Decimals 1. A decimal is a fraction with a point To multiply decimals denominator of 10 or a power of 10. Therefore, 7.9 has 1 decimal point. (a) Multiply the decimals in the same way as 2. To convert a fraction into a decimal, whole numbers. divide the numerator by the ii) 7.94 (b) The number of decimal places in the denominator. 2 digits to the right of the decimal answer is equal to the sum of decimal 3. To change a decimal into a fraction. point places in the individual decimals. Divide it by the power of 10 such as 10, Therefore, 7.94 has 2 decimal points. 100, 1 000,.. Example : Example: iii) 7.948 i) 3.45 x 1.7 = 5.865 3 digits to the right of the decimal 2 point 3.45 ( 2 d.p.) i) = 0.4 5 Therefore, 7.948 has 3 decimal x 1.7 ( 1 d.p.) 0.4 is read as zero point four points. 2415 8 345 ii) 3.08 = 3 + 4.3 Addition and Subtraction of 5.865 ( 3 d.p.) 100 Decimals 3.08 is read as three point zero eight 6.9 690 ii) 6.9 ÷ 0.03 = = To add or subtract decimals, arrange the 0.03 3 4.2 Place Value and Digit Value digits of the same place value in the same = 230 1. vertical column. Tens units Decimal tenths hundredths Example: 4.5 Combined Operations point 27.064 +1.3 + 0.91 = 29.274 In performing the combined operations of 1 2 . 4 5 decimals, we follow the same rule as 27 . 064 those for whole nuir 12.45 = 10 + 2 + 0.4 +0.05 1. 3 (a) Work out the expressions in brackets. 4 5 + 0 . 91 (b) Do multiplication and division from left = 10 + 2 + + 29 . 274 10 100 to right. (c) Do addition and subtraction from left to right. 2. The decimal places are the places Example: occupied by the digit after the decimal 6x ( 4.1 – 2.12 ) ÷ 0.8 point. = 6 x 1.98 ÷ 0.8 = 11.88 / 0.8 = 14.85 1. To find the percentage of a quantity, change into fraction and multiply by the 5. Increase may be dividend, commission, quantity. simple interest or profit. Chapter 5 PERCENTAGES (%) Increase 5.1 Percentages Example: 30% of 400 = % increase x original value 30 = x 400 Final value 1. Percentage is a fraction out of 100. 100 2. Change a fraction into a percentage, = 120 = Original value + increase multiply it by 100%. 2. To find the percentage one number is of Example : 3 another, change both quantities to the Example: x 100% = 75% 300 is increased by 20 % same unit, form a fraction and multiply 4 by 100% Value of increase = 3. To change a decimal into a percentage, Example: 3 of 10 20 multiply by 100%. x300 = 60 3 100 = x 100% Example: 0.29 x 100% = 29% 10 = 30% Final value = 300 +60 4. To change a percentage into fraction, = 360 divide by 100% and reduce to its lowest 3. To find a number given the percentage, terms. first find the value of 6. Decrease may be discount or loss. 1 % then find the value of 100% of the 30 number. Decrease Example:1.30% = 1 + = % decrease x original value 100 Example: 3 Given 10% of a number = 50 Final value =1 10 = Original value - decrease 50 5. To change a percentage into a decimal, 1% of a number 50 = 10 Example: divide by 100%. 50 Selling price = RM 500 The number = x 100 16 10 Discount = 30% Example: 16% = 100 = 500 30 Decrease = xRM 500 = 0.16 100 4. To find the percentage increase or = RM 150 5.2 Perform computations decrease Selling price = 500 – 150 Percentage change = =RM 350