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SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
MOTHER OF ENGINEERING
BRANCHES
THE WORD ENGINEER IS ENGINE + ER AND AN ENGINE IS AN
APPLICATION OF PURE MECHANICAL.
FIRST INVENTION AND TOOL FOR THE ENGINEERED PURPOSE WAS A
WHEEL AND THEN PULLEY, LONG BEFORE NONE OF ENGINEERING
EXISTED.A
ALL BRANCHES ARE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY DEPENDENT ON
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING. THEY CANT DO ANYTHING WITHOUT
MECHANICAL
CIVIL ENGINEERING IS JUST USELESS WITHOUT MECHANICAL HELP
AND PEOPLE STUDIED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES BEFORE MAKING
HOUSE, THEY DESIGNED TOOLS FOR HUNTING, THEY MADE WHEELS
WHICH ROTATES ON THE AXIS OF SHAFT AND FINALLY THE MADE
HOUSES. TODAY ALSO THEY R FULLY DEPENDENT ON MECHANICAL
EVERYTHING HAS SOME MECHANICAL COMPONENT TO IT. EVEN
SOFTWARE HAS TO RUN ON A PHYSICAL COMPUTER, AND IT HAS
ISSUES OF SIZE AND SPACE AND THERMAL DISSIPATION AND
SHIELDING AND MOUNTING.
MOTHER OF ENGINEERING
BARNCHES
IMPRACTICABLE TO DRAW HARD-AND-FAST LINES BETWEEN
VARIOUS BRANCHES , BECAUSE ALL LARGE PROJECTS INVOLVE
SEVERAL SPECIALISTS.
THE OLDEST ENGINEERING IS CIVIL ENGINEERING THAT DEALS
WITH CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES, BRIDGES ETC. THIS SORT OF
ENGINEERING WAS THERE FROM THE TIME EGYPTIANS BUILT
PYRAMIDS . . . SO THIS IS THE OLDEST ENGINEERING.
ONCE THE STEAM ENGINE WAS INVENTED THE WHOLE CIVILIZATION
TOOK A STEP AHEAD AND A NEW ERA BEGAN. IT WAS THE TIME
THAT ENGINEERS TRIED TO DO ANYTHING FORM SKINNING AN
APPLE TO DIGGING MINES, BY NEWLY DISCOVERED POWER (STEAM,
LATER OIL) THROUGH COMPLICATED SYSTEMS OF MECHANICAL
PARTS (HUNDREDS OF SPRINGS, GEARS, LEVERS, ETC.)
THIS GOLDEN ERA CAME TO END WHEN THE COMPUTERS ARRIVED.
THEN COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS STARTED TO RULE
TECHNOLOGY. EVERY DAY YOU GET FASCINATED BY A NEW
COMPETENCE IN YOUR CELLPHONE OR PC, IN INTERNET, GPS . . .
HISTORY OF ENGINEERING
HISTORY OF ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING IS ONE OF THE OLDEST PROFESSIONS IN THE
WORLD. ENGINEERING HAS BEEN AN ASPECT OF LIFE SINCE THE
BEGINNINGS OF HUMAN EXISTENCE.
HISTORY - MILITARY
ENGINEERING
THE FIRST ENGINEERS WERE MILITARY
COMBINING MILITARY AND CIVIL SKILLS.
ENGINEERS,
HISTORY - MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING WAS THE SECOND BRANCH OF
ENGINEERING TO EMERGE IN THE LAST PART OF THE 1700s.
THE INVENTION OF THE STEAM ENGINE WAS THE STARTING POINT
FOR THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.
HISTORY - ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
KNOWLEDGE OF ELECTRICITY GREW SLOWLY DURING THE 1800s.
THE ORIGINAL ELECTRIC CELL WAS INVENTED BY ALESSANDRO
VOLTA IN 1800, THE GRAMME DYNAMO AND ELECTRIC MOTOR WERE
INVENTED IN 1872, THE TRANSISTOR AND THE VACUUM TUBE
APPEARED BY THE MID 1900S.
BY THE END OF THE 1900s ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERS OUTNUMBERED ALL THE OTHER TYPES OF ENGINEERS
IN THE WORLD.
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HISTORY - CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING
IN THE 1800s, INDUSTRY STARTED USING MORE AND MORE
CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN MANY AREAS SUCH AS METALLURGY,
FOOD PRODUCTION AND TEXTILES.
AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY, THE INCREASED USE OF
CHEMICALS IN THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY EVENTUALLY
CREATED A NEW INDUSTRY, AN INDUSTRY WHOSE MAIN FUNCTION
WAS THE PRODUCTION OF CHEMICALS.
THE NEW CHEMICAL ENGINEER WAS INVOLVED IN THE DESIGN AND
OPERATION OF THESE NEW CHEMICAL PRODUCING PLANTS.
AROUND 1900, THE TERM "CHEMICAL ENGINEER" WAS BEING USED,
BUT IT WASN'T UNTIL THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PETROLEUM
INDUSTRY THAT CHEMICAL ENGINEERING BECAME RECOGNIZED AS
A UNIQUE ENGINEERING DISCIPLINE.
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APPROACH TO NATURAL
WORLD
FOR THE NATURAL SCIENTIST, NATURE IS THE OBJECT OF
RESEARCH.
SCIENTISTS ARE INTERESTED IN DISCOVERING ALL THEY CAN
ABOUT NATURAL PHENOMENA, WHETHER DIRECTLY AVAILABLE TO
HUMAN EXPERIENCE OR THROUGH ACTIVE INTERVENTION (ATOM
SPLITTING) IN NATURAL PROCESSES.
THROUGH SYSTEMATIC INVESTIGATION AND EXPERIMENTATION
THE NATURAL WORLD CAN BE DISCOVERED AND UNIVERSAL LAWS
STATED WHICH EXPLAIN HOW THE NATURAL WORLD FUNCTIONS.
THE ENGINEER INVENTS AND DEVISES WAYS AND MEANS OF
APPLYING ALL AVAILABLE RESOURCES TO THE USES OF MANKIND.
HIS MOTTO, IS "UTILITY," AND HIS EVERY THOUGHT AND ACT MUST
BE TO EMPLOY TO THE BEST ADVANTAGE THE MATERIALS AND
CONDITIONS AT HAND.
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STRUCTURAL ENGINEER IN
ACTION !!
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GRAND CHALLENGES TO DO
LIST
MAKE SOLAR ENERGY AFFORDABLE.
IN THE WORLD TODAY, MANY OF ENGINEERINGS GIFTS TO
PROVIDE
ENERGY
FROM FUSION.
CIVILIZATION
ARE
DISTRIBUTED
UNEVENLY.
DEVELOP CARBON SEQUESTRATION METHODS.
SO IN
PURSUING
THE CENTURYS
MANAGE
THE NITROGEN
CYCLE. GREAT CHALLENGES,
ENGINEERS MUST FRAME THEIR WORK WITH THE ULTIMATE
PROVIDE
ACCESS
TO CLEAN WATER.
GOAL
OF UNIVERSAL
ACCESSIBILITY
IN MIND.
RESTORE AND IMPROVE URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE.
JUST
AS ABRAHAM
LINCOLN
NOTED THAT A HOUSE DIVIDED
ADVANCE
HEALTH
INFORMATICS.
AGAINST ITSELF CANNOT STAND, A WORLD DIVIDED BY
ENGINEER BETTER MEDICINES.
WEALTH AND POVERTY, HEALTH AND SICKNESS, FOOD AND
REVERSE-ENGINEER
BRAIN. A STABLE PLACE FOR
HUNGER,
CANNOT LONGTHE
REMAIN
CIVILIZATION
TONUCLEAR
THRIVE. TERROR.
PREVENT
THROUGH
THE
ENGINEERING ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE
SECURE
CYBERSPACE.
PAST, THE WORLD HAS BECOME SMALLER, MORE INCLUSIVE,
ENHANCE
REALITY.
AND
MORE VIRTUAL
CONNECTED.
THE
CHALLENGES
FACING
ENGINEERING
ARE NOT THOSE
OF ISOLATED LOCALES,
ADVANCETODAY
PERSONALIZED
LEARNING.
BUT OF THE PLANET AS A WHOLE AND ALL THE PLANETS
ENGINEER THE TOOLS FOR SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY.
PEOPLE.
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3. DEVELOP CARBON
SEQUESTRATION METHODS
MOST NOTORIOUSLY, EVIDENCE IS MOUNTING THAT THE CARBON
DIOXIDE PUMPED INTO THE AIR BY THE BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS
IS INCREASING THE PLANETS TEMPERATURE AND THREATENS
DISRUPTIVE EFFECTS ON CLIMATE.
THE GROWTH IN EMISSIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE, IMPLICATED AS A
PRIME CONTRIBUTOR TO GLOBAL WARMING, IS A PROBLEM THAT
CAN NO LONGER BE SWEPT UNDER THE RUG. BUT PERHAPS IT CAN
BE BURIED DEEP UNDERGROUND OR BENEATH THE OCEAN.
CARBON SEQUESTRATION IS CAPTURING THE CARBON DIOXIDE
PRODUCED BY BURNING FOSSIL FUELS AND STORING IT SAFELY
AWAY FROM THE ATMOSPHERE.
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GRAND
6. RESTORE
CHALLENGES
AND IMPROVE
TO
URBANDO
INFRASTRUCTURE
LIST
INFRASTRUCTURE IS THE COMBINATION OF FUNDAMENTAL
SYSTEMS THAT SUPPORT A COMMUNITY, REGION, OR COUNTRY.
IT INCLUDES EVERYTHING FROM WATER AND SEWER SYSTEMS TO
ROAD AND RAIL NETWORKS TO THE NATIONAL POWER AND
NATURAL GAS GRIDS.
IT IS NO SECRET THAT INFRASTRUCTURE OF MANY OTHER
COUNTRIES INCLUDING AMERICA, IS AGING AND FAILING, AND THAT
FUNDING HAS BEEN INSUFFICIENT TO REPAIR AND REPLACE IT.
THE PROBLEM IS PARTICULARLY ACUTE IN
URBAN
AREAS,
WHERE
GROWING
POPULATIONS STRESS SOCIETYS SUPPORT
SYSTEMS,
AND
NATURAL
DISASTERS,
ACCIDENTS, AND TERRORIST ATTACKS
THREATEN INFRASTRUCTURE SAFETY AND
SECURITY.
ENGINEERS OF THE 21ST CENTURY FACE
THE
FORMIDABLE
CHALLENGE
OF
MODERNIZING
THE
FUNDAMENTAL
STRUCTURES THAT SUPPORT CIVILIZATION.
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7. ADVANCE HEALTH
INFORMATICS
NO ASPECT OF HUMAN LIFE HAS ESCAPED THE IMPACT OF THE
INFORMATION AGE, AND PERHAPS IN NO AREA OF LIFE IS
INFORMATION MORE CRITICAL THAN IN HEALTH AND MEDICINE.
AS COMPUTERS HAVE BECOME AVAILABLE FOR ALL ASPECTS
OF HUMAN ENDEAVORS, THERE IS NOW A CONSENSUS THAT A
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO HEALTH INFORMATICS THE
ACQUISITION, MANAGEMENT, AND USE OF INFORMATION IN
HEALTH CAN GREATLY ENHANCE THE QUALITY AND
EFFICIENCY OF MEDICAL CARE AND THE RESPONSE TO
WIDESPREAD PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCIES.
A ROBUST HEALTH INFORMATICS SYSTEM
WOULD ENABLE HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
TO DETECT, TRACK, AND MITIGATE BOTH
NATURAL
HEALTH
AND
TERRORISM
EMERGENCIES.
FUTURE SYSTEMS MUST BE ENGINEERED
FOR SEAMLESS SHARING OF DATA, WITH
BUILT-IN GUARANTEES OF ACCURATE
UPDATING AND WAYS TO VERIFY A
PATIENTS IDENTITY.
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ONE
ENGINEERING
CHALLENGE
IS
DEVELOPING BETTER SYSTEMS TO RAPIDLY
ASSESS A PATIENTS GENETIC PROFILE.
QUICKER, MORE PRECISE DIAGNOSES MAY
LEAD TO MORE TARGETED AND EFFECTIVE
THERAPIES.
9. REVERSE-ENGINEER THE
BRAIN
FOR DECADES, SOME OF ENGINEERINGS
BEST MINDS HAVE FOCUSED THEIR
THINKING SKILLS ON HOW TO CREATE
THINKING MACHINES COMPUTERS
CAPABLE
OF
EMULATING
HUMAN
INTELLIGENCE.
WHILE SOME OF THINKING MACHINES
HAVE MASTERED SPECIFIC NARROW
SKILLS - PLAYING CHESS, FOR INSTANCE GENERAL-PURPOSE
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
(AI)
HAS
REMAINED
ELUSIVE.
TODAYS COMPUTERS HAVE ELECTRONIC
LOGIC GATES THAT ARE EITHER ON OR
OFF,
BUT
IF
ENGINEERS
COULD
REPLICATE
NEURONS
ABILITY
TO
ASSUME
VARIOUS
LEVELS
OF
EXCITATION, THEY COULD CREATE MUCH
MORE POWERFUL COMPUTING MACHINES
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ELECTRONIC
COMPUTING
AND
COMMUNICATION POSE SOME OF THE
MOST
COMPLEX
CHALLENGES
ENGINEERING HAS EVER FACED.
MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED ON HOW
PEOPLE
INTERACT
WITH
THEIR
COMPUTERS, WITH THE INTERNET,
AND WITH THE INFORMATION CULTURE
IN GENERAL.
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