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Big Idea
http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/overviewfs.html
factories, industry,
municipal treatment
plants
Nonpoint Source
(NPS) Pollution is
pollution associated
with stormwater or
runoff
Examples of NPS
Impervious Cover
provides a surface for
accumulation of
pollutants
leads to increased
polluted runoff and
flooding
inhibits recharge of
groundwater
Toxics
Pesticides
Herbicides
Fungicides
Insecticides
Metals (naturally occurring
in soil, automotive
emissions/ tires)
Lead
Zinc
Mercury
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
(automotive exhaust and
fuel/oil)
Debris
Litter and illegal dumping
Nutrients
Various types of materials that
become
dissolved and
suspended in water (commonly
found in fertilizer and plant material):
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Bacteria/ Pathogens
Originating from:
Pets
Waterfowl
Failing septic systems
Thermal Stress
Heated runoff,
removal of
streamside
vegetation
Nutrients: Fertilizers
and septic systems
Pathogens: Pet waste
and septic systems
Sediment:
Construction, road
sand, soil erosion
Toxic: Pesticides,
household products
Debris: Litter and illegal
dumping
Thermal: heated runoff,
removal of streamside
vegetation
Inefficient Irrigation
Worldwide, the
amount of land under
irrigation has been
increasing.
Whether from
aquifers or surface
bodies of water, the
majority of the
freshwater we use for
irrigation is lost
before it ever
reaches the crops.
Figure 14-15
Inefficient Irrigation
Flood irrigation
Wasteful
Center pivot
(efficiency 80% with low-pressure
sprinkler and 9095% with LEPA
Drip irrigation
sprinkler)
Gravity flow
Water usually pumped from
(efficiency 9095%)
(efficiency 60% and 80% with surge valves) Above- or below-ground
underground and sprayed
Water usually comes from an
from mobile boom with
pipes or tubes deliver water
aqueduct system or a nearby river.
sprinklers.
to individual plant roots.
Fig. 13-20, p. 335
Eutrophication
Eutrophication
Outcomes:
Decreased sunlight
Decaying matter uses oxygen
Suffocation/Fish Kills
Artificial Eutrophication
POLLUTION OF
GROUNDWATER
Leaking
tank
Water
table
Groundwater
flow
Free gasoline
dissolves in
Gasoline
leakage plumegroundwater
(liquid phase) (dissolved
phase)
Migrating
vapor phase
Laws
Mitigation banking