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2.
3.
4.
5.
Low Oblique
High Oblique
Horizontal
Vertical Photo
Vertical Photo
Oblique Photo
Oblique Photo
Period between morning & noon or noon & evening are preferable.
2.
3.
4.
The noon with scorching sun & the misty morning are also not favorable.
Film
S c al e = 1/((H)/(f))
PHOTO 1
PHOTO 2
Flying height
(Camera height) (H)
Height above the ground
Lens
Over-lap
Mean sea level
SIDE-LAP
flight direction
flight direction
OVER-LAP
60% overlap
clock
altimeter
fiducIal mark
Principal point
level
camera focal length
Photo Number
The
or
corresponds to
PD
GD
or
(1)/((GD)/(PD))
1: (PD) /(GD)
This is the basic statement of scale for all
map and photographs work. It is best
suited for calculations.
Example of a RF is
1: 100,000, which is the same as stating
1centimeter = 1 kilometer. Thus the RF
is really the familiar descriptive scale
with the confusion of two units of
measure removed.
Orientation of Photographs
Occasionally the terrain features of a photograph reverse themselves; that is,
the drainage appears as the highest points. Turn the photograph so that its
shadows fall toward you. This force the features into proper location. However,
some surveyors make a practice of working par-time with the relief reversed.
They keep the streams up above the country in the photographs for ease of
delineating drainage.
ILLUMINATION
DIRECTION
SHADOW SIDE
Shape
Size
Shadow
Tone/Color
Texture
Patter
Relation to surrounding
(Association)
objects
Class
Shape
Size
Keys
Tone/Colour
Pattern
Texture
Smooth
Thick Forest
Circular
Dimension*scal
White
Rows of houses
Thin Forest
Rectangular
Light gray
Regularly
Deciduous Forest
Oval
Medium gray
fields
Pine Forest
Square
Dark gray
Interchange highways
Agriculture
Cross
Terrace cultivation
(cropland)
Triangular
Dendritic
Agriculture (fallow)
Irregular
Trellis
Grass land
Parallel
Barren
Rectangular
10
Industrial Area
Radial
11
Urban Area
Centripetal
12
Sub-Urban Area
13
Flood plain
Water body
spaced
Moderate
rice Coarse
Lens
Lens
Photo1
Photo 2
Normal convergence of
lines of sight
Lens
Lens
Photo1
Photo 2
Normal convergence of
lines of sight
A pair of stereoscopic
photographs or images
can
be
viewed
stereoscopically
by
looking at the left image
with left eye and right
image with right eye.
This
is
called
stereoscopy.
O1
O2
f
a '2
a1
P '1
c 1 P '2
a2
P1
c2
P2
A
hC
hA
P1
P2
D a t u m P la n e
O1
O2
f
a '2
a1
P '1
c 1 P '2
a2
P1
c2
P2
A
hC
hA
P1
P2
D a t u m P la n e
O1
O2
f
a '2
a1
P '1
c 1 P '2
a2
P1
c2
P2
A
hC
hA
P1
P2
D a t u m P la n e
PA = a2 P1 + P1a1 = a2a1
O1
O2
f
a '2
a1
P '1
c 1 P '2
a2
P1
c2
P2
A
hC
hA
P1
P2
D a t u m P la n e
((f)* (B))/((H)-(hC)) = PC
T h e d iffe r e n c e in p a r a lla x b e tw e e n p o in t A a n d p o in t
C is g iv e n b y P A C
P
CA
L e t { (h C )-(h A )} = h
P
CA
CA
CA
CA*
CA
, th e n w e g e t
C A * { ((f)* (B ))/((
C A ))}
P A )* ((P A )+ ( P
C A )))}
Photo 1
a1
a1 a2
Photo 2
a2
c1
n1
c2
n'2
n2
n'1
b1
b2
n1 n2
a1 a2
Photo 2
a2
c1
n1
c2
n'2
n2
n'1
b1
b2
n1 n2
a1 a2
Photo 2
a2
c1
n1
c2
n'2
n2
n'1
b1
b2
n1 n2
c 1 c2
Photo 1
a1
a1 a2
Photo 2
a2
c1
n1
c2
n'2
n2
n'1
b1
b2
n1 n2
Generally;
((n1 n2) + (n1 n2))/2 = (b1 + b2) / 2 = b = (for the area
of the flat terrain b = b1 = b2 ) P
= (the photo-base distance of the stereo-pair used in
making the measurement)
parallax at point c = P= ((n1 n2) - (c1 c2))
parallax difference between point a and c
= P = ((c1 c2) - (a1 a2))
= the parallax difference between the base and top of
the tower
obtained height = h = (((H) * (P)) / (P + P))
clock
altimeter
f iducIal mark
Principal point
lev el
camera f ocal length
Photo Number
P1
Left photo
P2'
P1'
P2
Center photo
P3'
P2''
P3
Right photo
Lens
Lens
Photo1
Photo 2
Normal convergence of
lines of sight
Note:
Find out the scale of the aerial photo with and without
the help of reference map?
The scale of an aerial photograph is determined by two
factors at the moment it is snapped:
I st method
Height of airplane above the control points (not the
altitude of the plane) (Zc = Z-hc).
Focal length of the camera lens taking the photograph
(f).
The scale is calculated by the ratio (focal length) :
(height above ground) or (F) : (H).
Photo scale = f / Za
II nd method
Using the reference map the scale of the aerial
photographs can be determined and is defined as
the ratio of photographs distance to ground
distance with both distances expressed in the same
unit of measure.
Identify two ground control points on the
working area of the photographs and in the
reference map. The points should be extreme
apart as far as possible
Measure the distance on the photograph (PD)
and on the reference map (MD)
Calculate the scale of the photograph using the
formula
Photo scale = ((PD) * map scale)/(MD)
Procedure
LAN D
CO VER I N TERPRETATI O N
Determine the principal points (P1, P2, and P3) and orient the
photographs as in the Exercise 1.
Draw the reference point and lines (fiducial marks, roads and
drainages)
Now try to identify the terrain features on the aerial photographs
based on the keys to interpretations: Shape, Size, Shadow,
Tone/color, Texture, Pattern, Relation to surrounding objects
(Association), etc.
Identify and trace out the following features
Different types of Roads.
2. River / drainage.
3. Valley and hills.
4. Major land-cover types (forest, agriculture fields, urban, sub-urban,
etc.).
5. Quarry sites.
6. Flood damage (river bank erosion ?) area.
7. Any type of mass-movements.
8. Any other prominent feature on the photo.
1.
S.No
.
Class
Shape
Size
Keys
Tone/Colou
r
Pattern
Texture
Smooth
Thick Forest
Circular
Dimension*scal
White
Rows of houses
Thin Forest
Rectangular
Light gray
Regularly
Deciduous Forest
Oval
Medium gray
fields
Pine Forest
Square
Dark gray
Interchange highways
Agriculture
Cross
Terrace cultivation
(cropland)
Triangular
Dendritic
Agriculture (fallow)
Irregular
Trellis
Grass land
Parallel
Barren
Rectangular
10
Industrial Area
Radial
11
Urban Area
Centripetal
12
Sub-Urban Area
13
Flood plain
Water body
spaced
Moderate
rice Coarse