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TELUGU READER &


SUPPLEMENTARY READER

JO@~x`#O J=#+O
JO@~x`#O <~O
JO@~x`#O O

`q<_ ~ QO^ O
K< 600 006.

Tamilnadu Textbook Corporation


College Road, Chennai - 600 006.

Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition - 2005
Chairperson :
Mrs.M.KAMESWARI M.A.,
HOD of Telugu
Queen Mary's College, Chennai - 4.
Reviewers
Dr. M.CHANDRAVALLI
HOD of Telugu
Presidency College, Chennai - 5.
Dr. C.V.USHARANI
Ethiraj College for women, Chennai - 8.
Authors :
K.Sreeramachandra Murthy
Spl. Grade Telugu Pandit
M.P.U. Hr. Sec. School, Sowcarpet, Chennai-79.
C. Santhakumar, P.G. Teacher in Telugu
S.K.D.T. Hr. Sec. School, Villivakkam, Chennai - 49.
Mrs. M.Annapurna, Telugu Pandit
K.T.C.T. Girls Hr. Sec. School. Chennai - 79.

Price : Rs.
This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M. paper

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140

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141

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145

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HKO Nx"~=Q~ Oz# '=<~= #\OK


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K}H `^iQ ~= = #@_x OO |__. ~=^
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1946 U 16= `n# ~i. PO^<@H HH~ $^ |i


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148

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