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Name: RAFAEL, DUNE VIENIS KAREN N.

Year &
Section: BS-Pharmacy 4A
Date Performed: November 27, 2009 Rating:
____________________

Activity No. 05
CHLORAL HYDRATE

I. Objectives:
1. To detect the presence of chloral hydrate in a sample by performing
ammonium sulfide test, phloroglucinol test, and Nessler’s test,
2. To understand the principles behind each test, and
3. Interpret the results after performing each method of detection.

I. Data:

Method of Detection Observations


Ammonium sulfide Actual: The solution turned to deep brick red color
Test with yellowish white precipitates.
Ideal (+):
Phloroglucinol Test Actual: The solution formed two layers which
consists of a dark red-orange color in the upper
layer and transparent in the lower layer.
Ideal (+):
Nessler’s Test Actual: The solution produced a yellow orange color
upon the adding a drop to the chloral hydrate
solution. After settling for 30 minutes, yellowish red
precipitate settled at the bottom of the test tube.
Ideal (+): The solution produced a yellowish red
precipitate, the color of which will change after a
while to a dirty yellowish green (Warren, 1921).

II. Answers to Questions:

1. What are the uses of chloral hydrate in infants and children?


Chloral hydrate is used or indicated for nocturnal sedation in infants
and children (Rxlist, 2004). It has a calming effect on children as they
prepare for surgery. Chloral hydrate can be used to calm tense or nervous
children (Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders, 2009).

2. List down the adverse effects of chloral hydrate in man?


The adverse effects of chloral hydrate in man are (RxMED, 2002):
➢ Gastrointestinal:
○ Gastrointestinal irritation manifested by nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea and stomach pain. Unpleasant taste and
flatulence may also occur. Ileus in an infant has been
reported.
➢ Central Nervous System:
○ Lightheadedness, ataxia, nightmares, drowsiness, vertigo,
headache, confusion, and malaise. Hangover effect may
occur, al though it is less commonly observed than with
barbiturates and some benzodiazepines. Rarely,
paradoxical and idiosyncratic reactions (hallucinations,
delirium, unusual excitement, disorientation, incoherence,
paranoia) have occurred.
➢ Cardiovascular:
○ Hypotension, ventricular and atrial arrhythmias, torsades
de pointes, depression of myocardial contractility, and
shortening of refractory period.
➢ Respiratory:
○ Life-threatening respiratory obstruction episodes have
been reported in young children.
➢ Dermatologic:
○ Erythematous rash, urticaria, angioedema, eczematoid
dermatitis, scarlatiniform exanthema, bullous lesions,
non-thrombocytopenic purpura and erythema multiform.
Some cutaneous reactions are accompanied by fever.
Chloral hydrate is an irritant when applied to the skin and
mucous membranes.
➢ Metabolic:
○ Precipitate attacks of acute intermittent porphyria. Rarely,
ketonuria has been reported.
➢ Hematologic
○ Leukopenia and eosinophilia.
➢ Ophthalmologic:
○ Oculotoxicities manifesting as ptosis, allergic
conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis.
➢ Other:
○ Increases in middle ear pressure in infants and children.

I. Conclusion/s:

Chloral hydrate is used or indicated for nocturnal sedation in infants


and children. It has a calming effect on children as they prepare for surgery.
Chloral hydrate can be used to calm tense or nervous children. In cases of
chloral hydrate poisoning, it could be detected by ammonium sulfide test,
phloroglucinol test and Nessler’s test.

II. Bibliography:

Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders. (2009). Chloral Hydrate. Retrieved December 08, 2009, from minddisorders.com:
http://www.minddisorders.com/Br-Del/Chloral-hydrate.html

Rxlist. (2004, August 12). Noctec (Chloral Hydrate) Drug Information. Retrieved December 08, 2009, from
Rxlist.com: http://www.rxlist.com/noctec-drug.htm

RxMED. (2002, October 02). RxMed: Pharmaceutical Information - Chloral Hydrate. Retrieved December 08, 2009,
from rxmed.com: http://www.rxmed.com/b.main/b2.pharmaceutical/b2.1.monographs/CPS-%20Monographs/CPS-
%20%28General%20Monographs-%20C%29/CHLORAL%20HYDRATE.html

Warren, W. H. (1921). Laboratory Manual for the Detection of Poisons and Powerful Drugs. New Jersey: Read Books.

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