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Voltage & Transconductance

Amplifiers
Willy Sansen
KULeuven, ESAT-MICAS
Leuven, Belgium
willy.sansen@esat.kuleuven.be
Willy Sansen

10-05

131

Table of contents

Definitions

Series-shunt FB for Voltage amplifiers.

Series-series FB for Transconductance amps.

Willy Sansen

10-05

132

Ideal feedback
vIN

vOUT

G
H

v = vIN - H vOUT

vOUT

vOUT = G v

vIN

1 + GH

1
H

if the loop gain LG = GH >> 1

Gray, Hurst, Lewis, Meyer: Design of analog integrated circuits, Wiley 2001
Willy Sansen

10-05

133

Shunt-shunt feedback configurations

RF
vIN
iIN

LG =
vOUT

A0

AR = RF
RIN 0
IN : shunt FB : RIN
OUT : shunt FB : ROUT

vOUT
vIN

= AvOL= A0

A0 104 106
OL Open Loop

Input shunt : RIN =

RINOL
1+LG

Output shunt : ROUT =

ROUTOL

Willy Sansen

1+LG
10-05

134

Calculation loop gain or return ratio

Low output resistance !

RF

LG =

vOUT
A0

vIN

vOUT
vIN

= AvOL= A0

A0 104 106
OL Open Loop

Independent sources : voltage source to zero

current source to infinity
Break loop where impedances are very different
Find the loop gain = return ratio
Willy Sansen

10-05

135

Calculation loop gain - alternate

RF
vOUT
vIN
Ideal separation!

LG =

A0

vOUT
vIN

= AvOL= A0

A0 104 106
OL Open Loop

Willy Sansen

10-05

136

Shunt-shunt FB pair in CMOS

VDD
AR = RF

M2
M1

+
vOUT
-

iIN
RF

LG = gm1ro1

Willy Sansen

10-05

137

Shunt-shunt FB pair in bipolar

VDD
AR = RF

Q2
Q1

+
vOUT
-

iIN
RF

LG = gm1ro1

r1
RF + r1

Willy Sansen

10-05

138

Loop gain or return ratio

VDD
vOUT
+
r1
-

Q2
Q1

ro1
gm1vIN
RF

LG = gm1ro1

r1
RF + r1

Ideal separation!

Willy Sansen

10-05

139

Series-shunt feedback configurations

vIN

vOUT

vOUT

vIN

R1

R2

Av = 1

Av = 1 +

RIN =

RIN =

IN : series FB : RIN
OUT : shunt FB : ROUT

R2
R1

IN : series FB : RIN
OUT : shunt FB : ROUT
Willy Sansen

10-05

1310

Calculation loop gain

vOUT

R1

LG =

A0
R2

vIN

vOUT
vIN

R1
R1+ R2

AvOL

AvOL A0 104 106

OL Open Loop

Av = 1 +
RIN

R2
R1

IN : series FB : RIN
OUT : shunt FB : ROUT

Input series : RIN = RINOL (1+LG)

Output shunt : ROUT =

ROUTOL
1+LG

Willy Sansen

10-05

1311

Shunt & series at input & output

Input

Output
A

Shunt

RF

RE

vIN

A
+
-

ROUT

iOUT

Series
RIN

vOUT

RF

IIN

RIN

ROUT

RF
RE

RF
Willy Sansen

10-05

1312

Shunt FB decreases the impedance

iOUT = iTT

iTT

+
vOUT
-

iOUT > iTT

iF

+
vOUT
-

RF
ROUT =

vOUT
iOUT
Willy Sansen

10-05

1313

Series FB increases the impedance

RL

RL

iIN
+
vIN = vGS
-

iIN
vGS
vIN > vGS

+
vS

RS

RIN =

vIN
iIN
Willy Sansen

10-05

1314

Input- & output impedances

1 =
H

Output

ROUT =

Input
Shunt

Shunt

RIN =

RINOL

vOUT

1+LG

iIN

Series RIN = RINOL(1+LG)

ROUTOL

vOUT
vIN

1+LG

= AR

= AV

Series
ROUT = ROUTOL(1+LG)

iOUT
iIN
iOUT
vIN

= AI

= AG

Willy Sansen

10-05

1315

Shunt vs series feedback

Shunt feedback
lowers impedance levels : higher bandwidths
Series feedback
increases impedances : lower node poles
Ouput shunt best for interconnect to next stage !
Output series acts as current source !

Willy Sansen

10-05

1316

Shunt versus series for sensors

vIN

+
R

vIN

iIN

Microphone
is a voltage source
requires a high Rin amplifier
Pressure- , temperature
sensors are voltage sources
require a high Rin amp.
Pixel-, photodiode , radiation
detectors are current sources,
require a low Rin amp.
Willy Sansen

10-05

1317

Table of contents

Definitions

Series-shunt FB for Voltage amplifiers

Series-series FB for Transconductance amps

Willy Sansen

10-05

1318

Series-shunt FB configuration
RIN

+
RNP

vIN
vIN

A0vIN

A0 104 106
ROUT

R2
R1 << RNP
R1

vOUT

RO << R2
AV =

vOUT
vIN

RIN

R2 + R1
R1

ROUT 0

Willy Sansen

10-05

1319

Series-shunt FB : loop gain

+
vIN
=0

RNP
vIN

A0 104 106

A0vIN

R2

vOUTLG

RO << R2

AV =

vINLG

R1 << RNP

R2 + R1

R1
LG =

vOUTLG
vINLG

R1
R2 + R1

R1

A0

Willy Sansen

10-05

1320

Series-shunt FB : input resistance

RIN

+
RNP

vIN

A0 104 106

A0vIN

vIN

R2
R1

RO << R2

vOUT
AV =

RIN =

vIN
iIN

R2 + R1
R1

= RINOL LG

RINOL = RIN (A0 = 0) = RNP + R1//R2

Willy Sansen

10-05

1321

Series-shunt FB : output resistance

vIN
=0

A0 104 106

A0vIN

ROUT

vIN

R2
R1
ROUT =

RO << R2

vOUT
AV =

ROUTOL
LG

R2 + R1
R1

0 ROUTOL = ROUT (A0 = 0)

= RO//(R2+) RO
Willy Sansen

10-05

1322

Series-shunt FB pair : loop gain

VDD
AV =

M2

vIN

M1

R2

R1

R2 + R1

M3

R1

LG = ?
+
vOUT
-

R1 > 1/gm1

Willy Sansen

10-05

1323

Series-shunt FB pair : series input

RL

R L < ro
+

1/gm

RIN 1/gm
R1 > 1/gm

RIN = R1

R1

R1

R1

R1

RL
+

1/gm

RIN =

RIN = 1/gm

Willy Sansen

10-05

1324

Series-shunt FB pair : gain input stage

RL

R L < ro
+

vOUT

R2

vIN

R1

vOUT

vIN

R2 > 1/gm
R1 > 1/gm

vOUT

vIN

RL

R2

R2

R1

R1
R1+R2

gmro

RL
+

vOUT

vIN
R2

RL
R2

vOUT
vIN
R2

= gmro

Willy Sansen

10-05

1325

Series-shunt FB pair : input & output resistance

VDD
AV =

M2

vIN

M1

R2

R1
R1 > 1/gm1

R2 + R1
R1

M3

LG =

R1
+
gm1ro1 gm2ro2
R1+R2
vOUT
RIN
ROUT =

1/gm3
LG

Willy Sansen

10-05

1326

Series-shunt FB pair : loop gain

VDD

RL
M2

vIN

M1

M3

R2

vIN

+
vOUT
-

R1

LG = gm2ro2

RL
R2

R2

M1

R1

LG = gm1ro1 gm2ro2

R1
R1 + R2

Willy Sansen

10-05

1327

Series-shunt FB pair : output loading

VDD
AV =

R2 + R1

M2

vIN

M1

LG =

R2

R1
R1 > 1/gm1
Output loading : R2 ro2

R1

+
vOUT
-

gm1ro1 gm2

ro2 R1
R1+R2+ro2

RIN
ROUT =

(R1+R2)//ro2
LG
Willy Sansen

0 ??
10-05

1328

Series-shunt FB pair : output loading with R

VDD

AV =

R2 + R1
R1

M2

vIN

M1

LG =

R2

R1

+
R3 vOUT
-

R1 > 1/gm1
Output loading : R2 R3 ro2

gm1ro1 gm2

ro2//R3 R1
R1+R2+ro2//R3

RIN
ROUT =

(R2+R1)//ro2//R3
LG
Willy Sansen

0 ??
10-05

1329

Series-shunt pair in BiCMOS

VDD
M2

Q1

RS
vIN

R2
R1
R1 > 1/gm1

Input loading : RIN <

AV =

R2 + R1
R1

LG =

M3

+
vOUT
-

gm1ro1 gm2ro2

R1
R1+R2

RIN = RINOL LG
RINOL = r1+ (R1//R2 )
ROUT =

1/gm3
LG
Willy Sansen

0
10-05

1330

Series-shunt FB pair with resistances

VDD

RL2

RL1

Q3

LG =

Q2

vIN

Q1 R2

R1

AV =

RE
RD

R1 > 1/gm1
Input loading : RIN <

CD

R2 + R1

RL1//r2
R2

R1
gm2ro2

RL2
RL2 + ro2

RIN = RINOL LG

+
vOUT RINOL = r1+ (R1//R2 )
ROUTOL
ROUT =
0
LG
RL2//ro2
1
ROUTOL =
+
gm3

Willy Sansen

10-05

1331

Table of contents

Definitions

Series-shunt FB for Voltage amplifiers.

Series-series FB for Transconductance amps.

Willy Sansen

10-05

1332

Series-series feedback : gain

VDD

vIN

R1

iOUT

A0

ROUT

R2
RE

RE12 = RE // (R1 + R2)

LG = A0

R1
R2 + R1

AGOL = A0

AG =

1
RE12

R2 + R1 1
R1

RE12

R2 + R1 + RE 1
R1
Willy Sansen

RE
10-05

1333

Series-series feedback : in- & output resistances

VDD

vIN

R1

iOUT

A0

ROUT

R2
RE

LG = A0

R1
R2 + R1

RIN =
ROUTOL = ro (1 + gmRE12)
ROUT = ROUTOL LG

RE12 = RE // (R1 + R2)

Willy Sansen

10-05

1334

Series-series feedback with load RL

VDD

RL
+

vIN

R1

A0

AG =
+

iOUT

R2

vOUT
RE

RE12 = RE // (R1 + R2)

AV = -

=-

R2 + R1 1
R1

RE12

R2 + R1 RL
R1

RE12

R2 + R1 + RE RL
R1

RE

RIN =
ROUT = RL
Willy Sansen

10-05

1335

Ideal current source

iOUT
RIN

A0

ROUT

+
vIN

RE

LG = A0

iOUT =

vIN

RE

RIN
ROUT = ROUTOL LG
ROUTOL ro (1+gmRE )

Willy Sansen

10-05

1336

Series-series feedback : two outputs

RL
+

vIN

A0

LG = A0

R1
R2 + R1

+
R2 + R1 RL
vOUT1 AV1 = R1
RE12

R2

R1

VDD

RE

+
R2 + R1
vOUT2 AV2 =
R1
ROUT1 = RL

RE12 = RE // (R1 + R2)

ROUT2 =

1/gm
LG

Willy Sansen

10-05

1337

Series-series FB triple
VDD
RL
M2

vIN

M1 R
2

R1
R1 > 1/gm1
RE12 = RE // (R1 + R2)

AV1 = -

+
M3 v
OUT1

R2 + R1 RL
R1

AV2 =

RE12

R2 + R1
R1

+
R1
vOUT2 LG = A1A2
RE
R2 + R1
Ai = gmiroi

RIN

ROUT1 = RL

ROUT2 =

1/gm2
LG

Willy Sansen

10-05

0
1338

Series-series FB triple
VDD
RD

RL
M2

vIN

M1 R
2

R1
R1 > 1/gm1
RE12 = RE // (R1 + R2)

AV1 = -

+
M3 v
OUT1

RE

+
vOUT2

R2 + R1 RL
R1

AV2 =

RE12

R2 + R1
R1

LG = gm2ro2

RIN
ROUT1 = RL

ROUT2 =

1/gm2
LG

Willy Sansen

10-05

RD
R2

0
1339

Series-series triple
RL2

RL1

vIN

Q1 R2

Q2

R1
R1 > 1/gm1

Input loading : RIN <

Wooley, JSSC Feb.71, 24-34

VDD

RL3
Q3

vOUT
RE

AV = -

R2 + R1 RL3
R1

RE12 = RE // (R1+R2)
LG
gm2(ro2//RL2)

R2 > ROUTQ3

RE12

RL1//r2
R2

RIN = RINOL LG
RINOL = r1+ (R1//R2)
ROUT = RL3
Willy Sansen

10-05

1340

Nonideal single-transistor FB
VDD
RL
RS
vIN

AG

1
RE

Av -

RL
RE

LG = gmRE (>>1)

vOUT

RIN = r + RE

ROUT = RL//roL

iOUT
RE

Output loading : RL roL

roL = ro (gmRE)

Input loading : RS < RIN

RIN = r + RE
Willy Sansen

10-05

1341

Decreasing distortion by feedback

iout

Vid/2

M1

-iout

M1

-Vid/2

2Ibias

LG = gmR (>>1)

iout

Vid/2

Ibias
AG

M1

-iout

M1

2R

-Vid/2

Ibias

1
R
Willy Sansen

10-05

1342

By tunable feedback
iout

Vid/2

M1

-iout

Itune

M2

M2

M1

-Vid/2

R = 1/gm2
Ibias
LG = gmR (>>1)

Ibias

AG

1
R

Ref.Torrance etal CAS Nov.85, 1097-1104

Willy Sansen

10-05

1343

Decreasing distortion by more feedback

iout
-iout

iou

2R

Additional local FB

-iout

A0

A0

2R

More FB with opamps

Willy Sansen

10-05

1344

Low-pass filter
RL

|Av|

RL

Av0

vOUT
vIN

-20 dB/dec

CL

fp

(Av)

90o

RE

0o
-90o

Av0 = 2 RL/RE

Av =

Av0
(1 + j

f
fp

fp =
)

1
2 2RLCL

Willy Sansen

10-05

1345

High-frequency booster
RL

RL

|Av|
20 dB/dec

vOUT
CE

vIN

Av0
f

fz

(Av)

90o

RE

0o
-90o

Av0 = 2 RL/RE

Av = Av0 (1 + j

f
fz

fz =

1
2 RECE

Willy Sansen

10-05

1346

Single-transistor FB with two outputs

VDD
RL
RS
vIN

+ vOUT1

iOUT
RE

RE

Av2 1

LG = gmRE (>>1)
RIN = r + RE

+ vOUT2
-

Av1 -

RL

ROUT1 = RL//roL
ROUT2 = 1/gm + RS/

Output loading : RL roL

roL = ro (gmRE)

Input loading : RS < RIN

RIN = r + RE
Willy Sansen

10-05

1347

Table of contents

Definitions

Series-shunt FB for Voltage amplifiers.

Series-series FB for Transconductance amps.

Willy Sansen

10-05

1348