Appendix II: Useful Data

A. Atomic Colors
Atomic number:

Atomic symbol:

Be

Atomic number:

11

12

14

15

16

17

19

Atomic symbol:

Na

Mg

Si

Cl

Atomic number:

20

29

30

35

53

54

Atomic symbol:

Ca

Cu

Zn

Br

Xe

B. Standard Thermodynamic Quantities

for Selected Substances at 25 C
Substance

H f (kJ>mol)

Aluminum
Al(s)
Al(g)
Al3+(aq)
AlCl3(s)
Al2O3(s)

0
330.0
-538.4
-704.2
-1675.7

Barium
Ba(s)
Ba(g)
Ba2+(aq)
BaCO3(s)
BaCl2(s)
BaO(s)
Ba(OH)2(s)

G f (kJ>mol) S (J>mol # K)

Substance

0
180.0
-537.6
-1213.0
-855.0
-548.0
-944.7

0
146.0
-560.8
-1134.4
-806.7
-520.3

28.32
164.6
-325
109.3
50.9
62.5
170.2
9.6
112.1
123.7
72.1

G f (kJ>mol) S (J>mol # K)

-1473.2

-1362.2

132.2

Beryllium
Be(s)
BeO(s)
Be(OH)2(s)

0
-609.4
-902.5

0
-580.1
-815.0

9.5
13.8
45.5

Bismuth
Bi(s)
BiCl3(s)
Bi2O3(s)
Bi2S3(s)

0
-379.1
-573.9
-143.1

0
-315.0
-493.7
-140.6

56.7
177.0
151.5
200.4

BaSO4(s)
0
289.4
-483
-628.8
-1582.3

H f (kJ>mol)

Boron
B(s)
B(g)

0
565.0

0
5.9
521.0
153.4
(continued on the next page)

A-7

A-8

A p p e n d i x I I : Useful Data

G f (kJ>mol) S (J>mol # K)

Substance

H f (kJ>mol)

BCl3(g)
BF3(g)
B2H6(g)
B2O3(s)
H3BO3(s)

-403.8
-1136.0
36.4
-1273.5
-1094.3

-388.7
-1119.4
87.6
-1194.3
-968.9

290.1
254.4
232.1
54.0
90.0

Bromine
Br(g)
Br2(l)
Br2(g)
Br-(aq)
HBr(g)

111.9
0
30.9
-121.4
-36.3

82.4
0
3.1
-102.8
-53.4

175.0
152.2
245.5
80.71
198.7

Cadmium
Cd(s)
Cd(g)
Cd2+(aq)
CdCl2(s)
CdO(s)
CdS(s)
CdSO4(s)

0
111.8
-75.9
-391.5
-258.4
-161.9
-933.3

0
77.3
-77.6
-343.9
-228.7
-156.5
-822.7

51.8
167.7
-73.2
115.3
54.8
64.9
123.0

Calcium
Ca(s)
Ca(g)
Ca2+(aq)
CaC2(s)
CaCO3(s)
CaCl2(s)
CaF2(s)
CaH2(s)
Ca(NO3)2(s)
CaO(s)
Ca(OH)2(s)
CaSO4(s)
Ca3(PO4)2(s)

0
177.8
-542.8
-59.8
-1207.6
-795.4
-1228.0
-181.5
-938.2
-634.9
-985.2
-1434.5
-4120.8

0
144.0
-553.6
-64.9
-1129.1
-748.8
-1175.6
-142.5
-742.8
-603.3
-897.5
-1322.0
-3884.7

41.6
154.9
-53.1
70.0
91.7
108.4
68.5
41.4
193.2
38.1
83.4
106.5
236.0

0
2.9
671.3
-50.5
-60.2

5.7
2.4
158.1
186.3
234.6
270.2
177.8
201.7
309.7
216.4
218.8
129.0
242.9
126.8
239.9
200.9
219.3

Carbon
C(s, graphite)
C(s, diamond)
C(g)
CH4(g)
CH3Cl(g)
CH2Cl2(g)
CH2Cl2(l)
CHCl3(l)
CCl4(g)
CCl4(l)
CH2O(g)
CH2O2(l, formic acid)
CH3NH2(g, methylamine)
CH3OH(l)
CH3OH(g)
C2H2(g)
C2H4(g)

0
1.88
716.7
-74.6
-81.9
-95.4
-124.2
-134.1
-95.7
-128.2
-108.6
-425.0
-22.5
-238.6
-201.0
227.4
52.4

-63.2
-73.7
-62.3
-66.4
-102.5
-361.4
32.7
-166.6
-162.3
209.9
68.4

Substance

H f (kJ>mol)

C2H6(g)
C2H5OH(l)
C2H5OH(g)
C2H3Cl(g, vinyl chloride)
C2H4Cl2(l, dichloroethane)
C2H4O(g, acetaldehyde)
C2H4O2(l, acetic acid)
C3H8(g)
C3H6O(l, acetone)
C3H7OH(l, isopropanol)
C4H10(l)
C4H10(g)
C6H6(l)
C6H5NH2(l, aniline)
C6H5OH(s, phenol)
C6H12O6(s, glucose)
C10H8(s, naphthalene)
C12H22O11(s, sucrose)
CO(g)
CO2(g)
CO2(aq)
CO32-(aq)
HCO3-(aq)
H2CO3(aq)
CN-(aq)
HCN(l)
HCN(g)
CS2(l)
CS2(g)
COCl2(g)
C60(s)

G f (kJ>mol) S (J>mol # K)

-84.68
-277.6
-234.8
37.2
-166.8
-166.2
-484.3
-103.85
-248.4
-318.1
-147.3
-125.7
49.1
31.6
-165.1
-1273.3
78.5
-2226.1
-110.5
-393.5
-413.8
-677.1
-692.0
-699.7
151
108.9
135.1
89.0
116.7
-219.1
2327.0

-15.0
-15.71
124.5
149.2
-50.4
-910.4
201.6
-1544.3
-137.2
-394.4
-386.0
-527.8
-586.8
-623.2
166
125.0
124.7
64.6
67.1
-204.9
2302.0

229.2
160.7
281.6
264.0
208.5
263.8
159.8
270.3
199.8
181.1
231.0
310.0
173.4
191.9
144.0
212.1
167.4
360.24
197.7
213.8
117.6
-56.9
91.2
187.4
118
112.8
201.8
151.3
237.8
283.5
426.0

Cesium
Cs(s)
Cs(g)
Cs+(aq)
CsBr(s)
CsCl(s)
CsF(s)
CsI(s)

0
76.5
-258.0
-400
-438
-553.5
-342

0
49.6
-292.0
-387
-414
-525.5
-337

85.2
175.6
132.1
117
101.2
92.8
127

Chlorine
Cl(g)
Cl2(g)
Cl-(aq)
HCl(g)
HCl(aq)
ClO2(g)
Cl2O(g)

121.3
0
-167.1
-92.3
-167.2
102.5
80.3

105.3
0
-131.2
-95.3
-131.2
120.5
97.9

165.2
223.1
56.6
186.9
56.5
256.8
266.2

0
396.6
-1971

0
351.8

23.8
174.5

Chromium
Cr(s)
Cr(g)
Cr3+(aq)

-32.0
-174.8
-167.9
53.6
-79.6
-133.0
-389.9
-23.4
-155.6

A-9

B. Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 25 C

Substance
CrO42-(aq)

H f (kJ>mol)

G f (kJ>mol) S (J>mol # K)

Cr2O3(s)
Cr2O72-(aq)

-872.2
-1139.7
-1476

-717.1
-1058.1
-1279

44
81.2
238

Cobalt
Co(s)
Co(g)
CoO(s)
Co(OH)2(s)

0
424.7
-237.9
-539.7

0
380.3
-214.2
-454.3

30.0
179.5
53.0
79.0

Copper
Cu(s)
Cu(g)
Cu+(aq)
Cu2+(aq)
CuCl(s)
CuCl2(s)
CuO(s)
CuS(s)
CuSO4(s)
Cu2O(s)
Cu2S(s)

0
337.4
51.9
64.9
-137.2
-220.1
-157.3
-53.1
-771.4
-168.6
-79.5

0
297.7
50.2
65.5
-119.9
-175.7
-129.7
-53.6
-662.2
-146.0
-86.2

33.2
166.4
-26
-98
86.2
108.1
42.6
66.5
109.2
93.1
120.9

Fluorine
F(g)
F2(g)
F-(aq)
HF(g)

79.38
0
-335.35
-273.3

62.3
0
-278.8
-275.4

158.75
202.79
-13.8
173.8

Gold
Au(s)
Au(g)

0
366.1

0
326.3

47.4
180.5

126.2

Hydrogen
H(g)
H+(aq)
H+(g)
H2(g)

218.0
0
1536.3
0

203.3
0
1517.1
0

114.7
0
108.9
130.7

Iodine
I(g)
I2(s)
I2(g)
I-(aq)
HI(g)

106.76
0
62.42
-56.78
26.5

70.2
0
19.3
-51.57
1.7

180.79
116.14
260.69
106.45
206.6

0
416.3
-87.9
-47.69
-740.6
-341.8
-399.5

0
370.7
-84.94
-10.54
-666.7
-302.3
-334.0

27.3
180.5
113.4
293.3
92.9
118.0
142.3

Helium
He(g)

Iron
Fe(s)
Fe(g)
Fe2+(aq)
Fe3+(aq)
FeCO3(s)
FeCl2(s)
FeCl3(s)

G f (kJ>mol) S (J>mol # K)

Substance

H f (kJ>mol)

FeO(s)
Fe(OH)3(s)
FeS2(s)
Fe2O3(s)
Fe3O4(s)

-272.0
-823.0
-178.2
-824.2
-1118.4

-255.2
-696.5
-166.9
-742.2
-1015.4

60.75
106.7
52.9
87.4
146.4

Lead
Pb(s)
Pb(g)
Pb2+(aq)
PbBr2(s)
PbCO3(s)
PbCl2(s)
PbI2(s)
Pb(NO3)2(s)
PbO(s)
PbO2(s)
PbS(s)
PbSO4(s)

0
195.2
0.92
-278.7
-699.1
-359.4
-175.5
-451.9
-217.3
-277.4
-100.4
-920.0

0
162.2
-24.4
-261.9
-625.5
-314.1
-173.6

64.8
175.4
18.5
161.5
131.0
136.0
174.9

-187.9
-217.3
-98.7
-813.0

68.7
68.6
91.2
148.5

Lithium
Li(s)
Li(g)
Li+(aq)
LiBr(s)
LiCl(s)
LiF(s)
LiI(s)
LiNO3(s)
LiOH(s)
Li2O(s)

0
159.3
-278.47
-351.2
-408.6
-616.0
-270.4
-483.1
-487.5
-597.9

0
126.6
-293.3
-342.0
-384.4
-587.7
-270.3
-381.1
-441.5
-561.2

29.1
138.8
12.24
74.3
59.3
35.7
86.8
90.0
42.8
37.6

Magnesium
Mg(s)
Mg(g)
Mg2+(aq)
MgCl2(s)
MgCO3(s)
MgF2(s)
MgO(s)
Mg(OH)2(s)
MgSO4(s)
Mg3N2(s)

0
147.1
-467.0
-641.3
-1095.8
-1124.2
-601.6
-924.5
-1284.9
-461

0
112.5
-455.4
-591.8
-1012.1
-1071.1
-569.3
-833.5
-1170.6
-401

32.7
148.6
-137
89.6
65.7
57.2
27.0
63.2
91.6
88

Manganese
Mn(s)
Mn(g)
Mn2+(aq)
MnO(s)
MnO2(s)
MnO4-(aq)

0
280.7
-219.4
-385.2
-520.0
-529.9

0
238.5
-225.6
-362.9
-465.1
-436.2

32.0
173.7
-78.8
59.7
53.1
190.6

Mercury
Hg(l)
Hg(g)

0
61.4

0
75.9
31.8
175.0
(continued on the next page)

A-10

A p p e n d i x I I : Useful Data

G f (kJ>mol) S (J>mol # K)

Substance

H f (kJ>mol)

Hg2+(aq)
Hg22+(aq)
HgCl2(s)
HgO(s)
HgS(s)
Hg2Cl2(s)

170.21
166.87
-224.3
-90.8
-58.2
-265.4

164.4
153.5
-178.6
-58.5
-50.6
-210.7

-36.19
65.74
146.0
70.3
82.4
191.6

Nickel
Ni(s)
Ni(g)
NiCl2(s)
NiO(s)
NiS(s)

0
429.7
-305.3
-239.7
-82.0

0
384.5
-259.0
-211.7
-79.5

29.9
182.2
97.7
37.99
53.0

Nitrogen
N(g)
N2(g)
NF3(g)
NH3(g)
NH3(aq)
NH4+(aq)
NH4Br(s)
NH4Cl(s)
NH4CN(s)
NH4F(s)
NH4HCO3(s)
NH4I(s)
NH4NO3(s)
NH4NO3(aq)
HNO3(g)
HNO3(aq)
NO(g)
NO2(g)
NO3-(aq)
NOBr(g)
NOCl(g)
N2H4(l)
N2H4(g)
N2O(g)
N2O4(l)
N2O4(g)
N2O5(s)
N2O5(g)

472.7
0
-132.1
-45.9
-80.29
-133.26
-270.8
-314.4
0.4
-464.0
-849.4
-201.4
-365.6
-339.9
-133.9
-207
91.3
33.2
-206.85
82.2
51.7
50.6
95.4
81.6
-19.5
11.1
-43.1
13.3

455.5
0
-90.6
-16.4
-26.50
-79.31
-175.2
-202.9
-348.7
-665.9
-112.5
-183.9
-190.6
-73.5
-110.9
87.6
51.3
-110.2
82.4
66.1
149.3
159.4
103.7
97.5
99.8
113.9
117.1

72.0
120.9
117.0
151.1
259.8
266.9
146
210.8
240.1
146.70
273.7
261.7
121.2
238.5
220.0
209.2
304.4
178.2
355.7

Oxygen
O(g)
O2(g)
O3(g)
OH-(aq)
H2O(l)
H2O(g)
H2O2(l)
H2O2(g)

249.2
0
142.7
-230.02
-285.8
-241.8
-187.8
-136.3

231.7
0
163.2
-157.3
-237.1
-228.6
-120.4
-105.6

161.1
205.2
238.9
-10.90
70.0
188.8
109.6
232.7

153.3
191.6
260.8
192.8
111.3
111.17
113.0
94.6

Substance

H f (kJ>mol)

G f (kJ>mol) S (J>mol # K)

Phosphorus
P(s, white)
P(s, red)
P(g)
P2(g)
P4(g)
PCl3(l)
PCl3(g)
PCl5(s)
PCl5(g)
PF5(g)
PH3(g)
POCl3(l)
POCl3(g)
PO43-(aq)
HPO42-(aq)
H2PO4-(aq)
H3PO4(s)
H3PO4(aq)
P4O6(s)
P4O10(s)
Platinum
Pt(s)
Pt(g)

0
-17.6
316.5
144.0
58.9
-319.7
-287.0
-443.5
-374.9
-1594.4
5.4
-597.1
-558.5
-1277.4
-1292.1
-1296.3
-1284.4
-1288.3
-1640.1
-2984

0
565.3

0
-12.1
280.1
103.5
24.4
-272.3
-267.8

41.1
22.8
163.2
218.1
280.0
217.1
311.8

-305.0
-1520.7
13.5
-520.8
-512.9
-1018.7
-1089.2
-1130.2
-1124.3
-1142.6

364.6
300.8
210.2
222.5
325.5
-220.5
-33.5
90.4
110.5
158.2

-2698

0
520.5

228.9
41.6
192.4

Potassium
K(s)
K(g)
K+(aq)
KBr(s)
KCN(s)
KCl(s)
KClO3(s)
KClO4(s)
KF(s)
KI(s)
KNO3(s)
KOH(s)
KOH(aq)
KO2(s)
K2CO3(s)
K2O(s)
K2O2(s)
K2SO4(s)

0
89.0
-252.14
-393.8
-113.0
-436.5
-397.7
-432.8
-567.3
-327.9
-494.6
-424.6
-482.4
-284.9
-1151.0
-361.5
-494.1
-1437.8

0
60.5
-283.3
-380.7
-101.9
-408.5
-296.3
-303.1
-537.8
-324.9
-394.9
-379.4
-440.5
-239.4
-1063.5
-322.1
-425.1
-1321.4

64.7
160.3
101.2
95.9
128.5
82.6
143.1
151.0
66.6
106.3
133.1
81.2
91.6
116.7
155.5
94.14
102.1
175.6

Rubidium
Rb(s)
Rb(g)
Rb+(aq)
RbBr(s)
RbCl(s)
RbClO3(s)

0
80.9
-251.12
-394.6
-435.4
-392.4

0
53.1
-283.1
-381.8
-407.8
-292.0

76.8
170.1
121.75
110.0
95.9
152

A-11

B. Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 25 C

Substance
RbF(s)
RbI(s)
Scandium
Sc(s)
Sc(g)
Selenium
Se(s, gray)
Se(g)
H2Se(g)
Silicon
Si(s)
Si(g)
SiCl4(l)
SiF4(g)
SiH4(g)
SiO2(s, quartz)
Si2H6(g)
Silver
Ag(s)
Ag(g)
Ag+(aq)
AgBr(s)
AgCl(s)
AgF(s)
AgI(s)
AgNO3(s)
Ag2O(s)
Ag2S(s)
Ag2SO4(s)
Sodium
Na(s)
Na(g)
Na+(aq)
NaBr(s)
NaCl(s)
NaCl(aq)
NaClO3(s)
NaF(s)
NaHCO3(s)
NaHSO4(s)
NaI(s)
NaNO3(s)
NaNO3(aq)
NaOH(s)
NaOH(aq)
NaO2(s)
Na2CO3(s)
Na2O(s)
Na2O2(s)

H f (kJ>mol)

G f (kJ>mol) S (J>mol # K)

-557.7
-333.8

-328.9

118.4

0
377.8

0
336.0

34.6
174.8

Substance

H f (kJ>mol)

G f (kJ>mol)

S (J>mol # K)

Na2SO4(s)
Na3PO4(s)

-1387.1
-1917

-1270.2
-1789

149.6
173.8

Strontium
Sr(s)
Sr(g)
Sr2+(aq)
0
227.1
29.7

0
187.0
15.9

42.4
176.7
219.0

0
450.0
-687.0
-1615.0
34.3
-910.7
80.3

0
405.5
-619.8
-1572.8
56.9
-856.3
127.3

18.8
168.0
239.7
282.8
204.6
41.5
272.7

Sulfur
S(s, rhombic)

42.6
173.0
73.45
107.1
96.3
84
115.5
140.9
121.3
144.0
200.4

HS-(aq)

0
107.5
-240.34
-361.1
-411.2
-407.2
-365.8
-576.6
-950.8
-1125.5
-287.8
-467.9
-447.5
-425.8
-470.1
-260.2
-1130.7
-414.2
-510.9

0
246.0
77.11
-96.9
-109.8
-185
-66.2
-33.4
-11.2
-40.7
-618.4

0
77.0
-261.9
-349.0
-384.1
-393.1
-262.3
-546.3
-851.0
-992.8
-286.1
-367.0
-373.2
-379.7
-419.2
-218.4
-1044.4
-375.5
-447.7

51.3
153.7
58.45
86.8
72.1
115.5
123.4
51.1
101.7
113.0
98.5
116.5
205.4
64.4
48.2
115.9
135.0
75.1
95.0

55.0

164.4

130.9

-545.51

-557.3

-39

164.6
114.9

SrCl2(s)

-828.9

-781.1

SrCO3(s)

-1220.1

-1140.1

97.1

-561.9
-1340.9

54.4
117.0

SrO(s)
SrSO4(s)

S(s, monoclinic)

-592.0
-1453.1

0
0.3

0
0.096

32.1
32.6

S(g)

277.2

236.7

167.8

S2(g)

128.6

79.7

228.2

S8(g)

102.3

49.7

430.9

2-

41.8

83.7

22

-1220.5

-1116.5

291.5

-17.7

12.4

62.0

S (aq)
SF6(g)

0
284.9
105.79
-100.4
-127.0
-204.6
-61.8
-124.4
-31.1
-32.6
-715.9

H2S(g)

-20.6

-33.4

205.8

H2S(aq)

-39.4

-27.7

122

SOCl2(l)

-245.6

SO2(g)

-296.8

-300.1

248.2

SO3(g)

-395.7

-371.1

256.8

-909.3

-744.6

18.5

-886.5

-754.4

129.5

H2SO4(l)

-814.0

-690.0

156.9

H2SO4(aq)

-909.3

-744.6

18.5

S2O32-(aq)

-648.5

-522.5

67

SO42-(aq)
HSO4-(aq)

Tin
Sn(s, white)

Sn(s, gray)

-2.1

Sn(g)
SnCl4(l)

51.2

0.1

44.1

301.2

266.2

168.5

-511.3

-440.1

258.6

SnCl4(g)

-471.5

-432.2

365.8

SnO(s)
SnO2(s)

-280.7
-577.6

-251.9
-515.8

57.2
49.0

Titanium
Ti(s)

30.7

473.0

428.4

180.3

TiCl4(l)

-804.2

-737.2

252.3

TiCl4(g)
TiO2(s)

-763.2
-944.0

-726.3
-888.8

353.2
50.6

Tungsten
W(s)
W(g)
WO3(s)

0
849.4
-842.9

0
32.6
807.1
174.0
-764.0
75.9
(continued on the next page)

Ti(g)

A-12

A p p e n d i x I I : Useful Data

G f (kJ>mol) S (J>mol # K)

Substance

H f (kJ>mol)

Uranium
U(s)
U(g)
UF6(s)
UF6(g)
UO2(s)

0
533.0
-2197.0
-2147.4
-1085.0

0
488.4
-2068.5
-2063.7
-1031.8

50.2
199.8
227.6
377.9
77.0

0
514.2

0
754.4

28.9
182.3

Substance

H f (kJ>mol)

G f (kJ>mol) S (J>mol # K)

Zinc

Vanadium
V(s)
V(g)

Zn(s)

41.6

Zn(g)

130.4

94.8

161.0

-147.1

-109.8

Zn2+(aq)

-153.39

ZnCl2(s)

-415.1

-369.4

111.5

ZnO(s)

-350.5

-320.5

43.7

ZnS(s, zinc blende)

-206.0

-201.3

57.7

ZnSO4(s)

-982.8

-871.5

110.5

C. Aqueous Equilibrium Constants

1. Dissociation Constants for Acids at 25 C
Name
Acetic
Acetylsalicylic
Adipic
Arsenic
Arsenous
Ascorbic
Benzoic
Boric
Butanoic
Carbonic
Chloroacetic
Chlorous
Citric
Cyanic
Formic
Hydrazoic
Hydrocyanic
Hydrofluoric
Hydrogen chromate
ion
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen selenate
ion
Hydrosulfuric
Hydrotelluric

K a1

Formula

K a2

K a3

Name

-5

HC2H3O2
HC9H7O4
H2C6H8O4
H3AsO4
H3AsO3
H2C6H6O6
HC7H5O2
H3BO3
HC4H7O2
H2CO3
HC2H2O2Cl
HClO2
H3C6H5O7
HCNO
HCHO2
HN3
HCN
HF

1.8 * 10
3.3 * 10-4
3.9 * 10-5
5.5 * 10-3
5.1 * 10-10
8.0 * 10-5
6.5 * 10-5
5.4 * 10-10
1.5 * 10-5
4.3 * 10-7
1.4 * 10-3
1.1 * 10-2
7.4 * 10-4
2 * 10-4
1.8 * 10-4
2.5 * 10-5
4.9 * 10-10
3.5 * 10-4

HCrO4H2O2

3.0 * 10-7
2.4 * 10-12

HSeO4H2S
H2Te

2.2 * 10-2
8.9 * 10-8 1 * 10-19
2.3 * 10-3 1.6 * 10-11

3.9 * 10-6
1.7 * 10-7 5.1 * 10-12
1.6 * 10-12

5.6 * 10

-11

1.7 * 10

-5

4.0 * 10

-7

Hypobromous
Hypochlorous
Hypoiodous
Iodic
Lactic
Maleic
Malonic
Nitrous
Oxalic
Paraperiodic
Phenol
Phosphoric
Phosphorous
Propanoic
Pyruvic
Pyrophosphoric
Selenous
Succinic
Sulfuric
Sulfurous
Tartaric
Trichloroacetic
Trifluoroacetic acid

Formula
HBrO
HClO
HIO
HIO3
HC3H5O3
H2C4H2O4
H2C3H2O4
HNO2
H2C4O4
H5IO6
HC6H5O
H3PO4
H3PO3
HC3H5O2
HC3H3O3
H4P2O7
H2SeO3
H2C4H4O4
H2SO4
H2SO3
H2C4H4O6
HC2Cl3O2
HC2F3O2

K a1

K a2

K a3

-9

2.8 * 10
2.9 * 10-8
2.3 * 10-11
1.7 * 10-1
1.4 * 10-4
1.2 * 10-2
1.5 * 10-3
4.6 * 10-4
5.9 * 10-2
2.8 * 10-2
1.3 * 10-10
7.5 * 10-3
5 * 10-2
1.3 * 10-5
4.1 * 10-3
1.2 * 10-1
2.4 * 10-3
6.2 * 10-5
Strong acid
1.7 * 10-2
1.0 * 10-3
2.2 * 10-1
3.0 * 10-1

5.9 * 10-7
2.0 * 10-6
6.4 * 10-5
5.3 * 10-9
6.2 * 10-8 4.2 * 10-13
2.0 * 10-7

7.9
4.8
2.3
1.2
6.4
4.6

*
*
*
*
*
*

10-3 2.0 * 10-7

10-9
10-6
10-2
10-8
10-5

2. Dissociation Constants for Hydrated Metal Ions at 25 C

Cation
3+

Al
Be2+
Co2+
Cr3+
Cu2+
Fe2+

Hydrated Ion
Al(H2O)63+
Be(H2O)62+
Co(H2O)62+
Cr(H2O)63+
Cu(H2O)62+
Fe(H2O)62+

Ka

Cation
-5

1.4 * 10
3 * 10-7
1.3 * 10-9
1.6 * 10-4
3 * 10-8
3.2 * 10-10

3+

Fe
Ni2+
Pb2+
Sn2+
Zn2+

Hydrated Ion
3+

Fe(H2O)6
Ni(H2O)62+
Pb(H2O)62+
Sn(H2O)62+
Zn(H2O)62+

Ka
6.3 * 10-3
2.5 * 10-11
3 * 10-8
4 * 10-4
2.5 * 10-10

C. Aqueous Equilibrium Constants

A-13

3. Dissociation Constants for Bases at 25 C

Name
Ammonia
Aniline
Bicarbonate ion
Carbonate ion
Codeine
Diethylamine
Dimethylamine
Ethylamine
Ethylenediamine
Hydrazine
Hydroxylamine

Formula
NH3
C6H5NH2
HCO3CO32C18H21NO3
(C2H5)2NH
(CH3)2NH
C2H5NH2
C2H8N2
H2NNH2
HONH2

Kb
-5

1.76 * 10
3.9 * 10-10
1.7 * 10-9
1.8 * 10-4
1.6 * 10-6
6.9 * 10-4
5.4 * 10-4
5.6 * 10-4
8.3 * 10-5
1.3 * 10-6
1.1 * 10-8

Name

Formula

Ketamine
Methylamine
Morphine
Nicotine
Piperidine
Propylamine
Pyridine
Strychnine
Triethylamine
Trimethylamine

C13H16ClNO
CH3NH2
C17H19NO3
C10H14N2
C5H10NH
C3H7NH2
C5H5N
C21H22N2O2
(C2H5)3N
(CH3)3N

Kb
3 * 10-7
4.4 * 10-4
1.6 * 10-6
1.0 * 10-6
1.33 * 10-3
3.5 * 10-4
1.7 * 10-9
1.8 * 10-6
5.6 * 10-4
6.4 * 10-5

4. Solubility Product Constants for Compounds at 25 C

Compound
Aluminum hydroxide
Aluminum phosphate
Barium carbonate
Barium chromate
Barium fluoride
Barium hydroxide
Barium oxalate
Barium phosphate
Barium sulfate
Cadmium carbonate
Cadmium hydroxide
Cadmium sulfide
Calcium carbonate
Calcium chromate
Calcium fluoride
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium hydrogen phosphate
Calcium oxalate
Calcium phosphate
Calcium sulfate
Chromium(III) hydroxide
Cobalt(II) carbonate
Cobalt(II) hydroxide
Cobalt(II) sulfide
Copper(I) bromide
Copper(I) chloride
Copper(I) cyanide
Copper(II) carbonate
Copper(II) hydroxide
Copper(II) phosphate
Copper(II) sulfide
Iron(II) carbonate
Iron(II) hydroxide
Iron(II) sulfide

Formula
Al(OH)3
AlPO4
BaCO3
BaCrO4
BaF2
Ba(OH)2
BaC2O4
Ba3(PO4)2
BaSO4
CdCO3
Cd(OH)2
CdS
CaCO3
CaCrO4
CaF2
Ca(OH)2
CaHPO4
CaC2O4
Ca3(PO4)2
CaSO4
Cr(OH)3
CoCO3
Co(OH)2
CoS
CuBr
CuCl
CuCN
CuCO3
Cu(OH)2
Cu3(PO4)2
CuS
FeCO3
Fe(OH)2
FeS

Ksp
-33

1.3 * 10
9.84 * 10-21
2.58 * 10-9
1.17 * 10-10
2.45 * 10-5
5.0 * 10-3
1.6 * 10-6
6 * 10-39
1.07 * 10-10
1.0 * 10-12
7.2 * 10-15
8 * 10-28
4.96 * 10-9
7.1 * 10-4
1.46 * 10-10
4.68 * 10-6
1 * 10-7
2.32 * 10-9
2.07 * 10-33
7.10 * 10-5
6.3 * 10-31
1.0 * 10-10
5.92 * 10-15
5 * 10-22
6.27 * 10-9
1.72 * 10-7
3.47 * 10-20
2.4 * 10-10
2.2 * 10-20
1.40 * 10-37
1.27 * 10-36
3.07 * 10-11
4.87 * 10-17
3.72 * 10-19

Compound

Formula

Iron(III) hydroxide
Lanthanum fluoride
Lanthanum iodate
Lead(II) bromide
Lead(II) carbonate
Lead(II) chloride
Lead(II) chromate
Lead(II) fluoride
Lead(II) hydroxide
Lead(II) iodide
Lead(II) phosphate
Lead(II) sulfate
Lead(II) sulfide
Magnesium carbonate
Magnesium fluoride
Magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium oxalate
Manganese(II) carbonate
Manganese(II) hydroxide
Manganese(II) sulfide
Mercury(I) bromide
Mercury(I) carbonate
Mercury(I) chloride
Mercury(I) chromate
Mercury(I) cyanide
Mercury(I) iodide
Mercury(II) hydroxide
Mercury(II) sulfide
Nickel(II) carbonate
Nickel(II) hydroxide
Nickel(II) sulfide
Silver bromate
Silver bromide
Silver carbonate

Fe(OH)3
LaF3
La(IO3)3
PbBr2
PbCO3
PbCl2
PbCrO4
PbF2
Pb(OH)2
PbI2
Pb3(PO4)2
PbSO4
PbS
MgCO3
MgF2
Mg(OH)2
MgC2O4
MnCO3
Mn(OH)2
MnS
Hg2Br2
Hg2CO3
Hg2Cl2
Hg2CrO4
Hg2(CN)2
Hg2I2
Hg(OH)2
HgS
NiCO3
Ni(OH)2
NiS
AgBrO3
AgBr
Ag2CO3

Ksp
2.79 * 10-39
2 * 10-19
7.50 * 10-12
4.67 * 10-6
7.40 * 10-14
1.17 * 10-5
2.8 * 10-13
3.3 * 10-8
1.43 * 10-20
9.8 * 10-9
1 * 10-54
1.82 * 10-8
9.04 * 10-29
6.82 * 10-6
5.16 * 10-11
2.06 * 10-13
4.83 * 10-6
2.24 * 10-11
1.6 * 10-13
2.3 * 10-13
6.40 * 10-23
3.6 * 10-17
1.43 * 10-18
2 * 10-9
5 * 10-40
5.2 * 10-29
3.1 * 10-26
1.6 * 10-54
1.42 * 10-7
5.48 * 10-16
3 * 10-20
5.38 * 10-5
5.35 * 10-13
8.46 * 10-12
(continued on the next page)

A-14

A p p e n d i x I I : Useful Data

Compound
Silver chloride
Silver chromate
Silver cyanide
Silver iodide
Silver phosphate
Silver sulfate
Silver sulfide
Strontium carbonate
Strontium chromate

Formula

Ksp
-10

1.77 * 10
1.12 * 10-12
5.97 * 10-17
8.51 * 10-17
8.89 * 10-17
1.20 * 10-5
6 * 10-51
5.60 * 10-10
3.6 * 10-5

AgCl
Ag2CrO4
AgCN
AgI
Ag3PO4
Ag2SO4
Ag2S
SrCO3
SrCrO4

Compound

Formula

Ksp

Strontium phosphate
Strontium sulfate
Tin(II) hydroxide
Tin(II) sulfide
Zinc carbonate
Zinc hydroxide
Zinc oxalate
Zinc sulfide

Sr3(PO4)2
SrSO4
Sn(OH)2
SnS
ZnCO3
Zn(OH)2
ZnC2O4
ZnS

1 * 10-31
3.44 * 10-7
5.45 * 10-27
1 * 10-26
1.46 * 10-10
3 * 10-17
2.7 * 10-8
2 * 10-25

5. Complex Ion Formation Constants in Water at 25 C

Complex Ion
-

[Ag(CN)2]
[Ag(EDTA)]3[Ag(en)2]+
[Ag(NH3)2]+
[Ag(SCN)4]3[Ag(S2O3)2][Al(EDTA)][AlF6]3[Al(OH)4][Al(ox)3]3[CdBr4]2[Cd(CN)4]2[CdCl4]2[Cd(en)3]2+
[CdI4]2[Co(EDTA)]2[Co(EDTA)][Co(en)3]2+
[Co(en)3]3+
[Co(NH3)6]2+
[Co(NH3)6]3+
[Co(OH)4]2[Co(ox)3]4[Co(ox)3]3[Co(SCN)4]2[Cr(EDTA)][Cr(OH)4][CuCl3]2[Cu(CN)4]2[Cu(EDTA)]2[Cu(en)2]2+
[Cu(NH3)4]2+
[Cu(ox)2]2[Fe(CN)6]4-

Complex Ion

Kf
21

1 * 10
2.1 * 107
5.0 * 107
1.7 * 107
1.2 * 1010
2.8 * 1013
1.3 * 1016
7 * 1019
3 * 1033
2 * 1016
5.5 * 103
3 * 1018
6.3 * 102
1.2 * 1012
2 * 106
2.0 * 1016
1 * 1036
8.7 * 1013
4.9 * 1048
1.3 * 105
2.3 * 1033
5 * 109
5 * 109
1 * 1020
1 * 103
1 * 1023
8.0 * 1029
5 * 105
1.0 * 1029
5 * 1018
1 * 1020
1.7 * 1013
3 * 108
1.5 * 1035

3-

[Fe(CN)6]
[Fe(EDTA)]2[Fe(EDTA)][Fe(en)3]2+
[Fe(ox)3]4[Fe(ox)3]3[Fe(SCN)]2+
[Hg(CN)4]2[HgCl4]2[Hg(EDTA)]2[Hg(en)2]2+
[HgI4]2[Hg(ox)2]2[Ni(CN)4]2[Ni(EDTA)]2[Ni(en)3]2+
[Ni(NH3)6]2+
[Ni(ox)3]4[PbCl3][Pb(EDTA)]2[PbI4]2[Pb(OH)3][Pb(ox)2]2[Pb(S2O3)3]4[PtCl4]2[Pt(NH3)6]2+
[Sn(OH)3][Zn(CN)4]2[Zn(EDTA)]2[Zn(en)3]2+
[Zn(NH3)4]2+
[Zn(OH)4]2[Zn(ox)3]4-

Kf
2 * 1043
2.1 * 1014
1.7 * 1024
5.0 * 109
1.7 * 105
2 * 1020
8.9 * 102
1.8 * 1041
1.1 * 1016
6.3 * 1021
2 * 1023
2 * 1030
9.5 * 106
2 * 1031
3.6 * 1018
2.1 * 1018
2.0 * 108
3 * 108
2.4 * 101
2 * 1018
3.0 * 104
8 * 1013
3.5 * 106
2.2 * 106
1 * 1016
2 * 1035
3 * 1025
2.1 * 1019
3 * 1016
1.3 * 1014
2.8 * 109
2 * 1015
1.4 * 108

D. Standard Reduction Half-Cell Potentials at 25 C

A-15

D. Standard Reduction Half-Cell Potentials at 25 C

Half-Reaction
-

E (V)
-

F2(g) + 2 e 2 F (aq)
O3(g) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e- O2(g) + H2O(l)
Ag2+(aq) + e- Ag+(aq)
Co3+(aq) + e- Co2+(aq)
H2O2(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e- 2 H2O(l)
PbO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2 e-
PbSO4(s) + 2 H2O(l)
MnO4-(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 3 e- MnO2(s) + 2 H2O(l)
2 HClO(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e- Cl2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
MnO4-(aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 5 e- Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l)
Au3+(aq) + 3 e- Au(s)
2 BrO3-(aq) + 12 H+(aq) + 10 e- Br2(l) + 6 H2O(l)
PbO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e- Pb2+(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
Cl2(g) + 2 e- 2 Cl-(aq)
Cr2O72-(aq) + 14 H+(aq) + 6 e- 2 Cr3+(aq) + 7 H2O(l)
O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e- 2 H2O(l)
MnO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e- Mn2+(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
IO3-(aq) + 6 H+(aq) + 5 e- 12I2(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
Br2(l) + 2 e- 2 Br-(aq)
AuCl4-(aq) + 3 e- Au(s) + 4 Cl-(aq)
VO2+(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + e- VO2+(aq) + H2O(l)
HNO2(aq) + H+(aq) + e- NO(g) + 2 H2O(l)
NO3-(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 3 e- NO(g) + 2 H2O(l)
ClO2(g) + e- ClO2-(aq)
2 Hg2+(aq) + 2 e- 2 Hg22+(aq)
Ag+(aq) + e- Ag(s)
Hg22+(aq) + 2 e- 2 Hg(l)
Fe3+(aq) + e- Fe2+(aq)
PtCl42-(aq) + 2 e- Pt(s) + 4 Cl-(aq)
O2(g) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e- H2O2(aq)
MnO4-(aq) + e- MnO42-(aq)
I2(s) + 2 e- 2 I-(aq)
Cu+(aq) + e- Cu(s)
O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 4 e- 4 OH-(aq)
Cu2+(aq) + 2 e- Cu(s)

2.87
2.08
1.98
1.82
1.78
1.69
1.68
1.61
1.51
1.50
1.48
1.46
1.36
1.33
1.23
1.21
1.20
1.09
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.96
0.95
0.92
0.80
0.80
0.77
0.76
0.70
0.56
0.54
0.52
0.40
0.34

Half-Reaction
+

E (V)
+

BiO (aq) + 2 H (aq) + 3 e Bi(s) + H2O(l)

Hg2Cl2(s) + 2 e- 2 Hg(l) + 2 Cl-(aq)
AgCl(s) + e- Ag(s) + Cl-(aq)
SO42-(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e- H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Cu2+(aq) + e- Cu+(aq)
Sn4+(aq) + 2 e- Sn2+(aq)
S(s) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e- H2S(g)
AgBr(s) + e- Ag(s) + Br-(aq)
2 H+(aq) + 2 e- H2(g)
Fe3+(aq) + 3 e- Fe(s)
Pb2+(aq) + 2 e- Pb(s)
Sn2+(aq) + 2 e- Sn(s)
AgI(s) + e- Ag(s) + I-(aq)
N2(g) + 5 H+(aq) + 4 e- N2H5+ (aq)
Ni2+(aq) + 2 e- Ni(s)
Co2+(aq) + 2 e- Co(s)
PbSO4(s) + 2 e- Pb(s) + SO42-(aq)
Cd2+(aq) + 2 e- Cd(s)
Fe2+(aq) + 2 e- Fe(s)
2 CO2(g) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e- H2C2O4(aq)
Cr3+(aq) + e- Cr2+(aq)
Cr3+(aq) + 3 e- Cr(s)
Zn2+(aq) + 2 e- Zn(s)
2 H2O(l) + 2 e- H2(g) + 2 OH-(aq)
Mn2+(aq) + 2 e- Mn(s)
Al3+(aq) + 3 e- Al(s)
H2(g) + 2 e- 2 H-(aq)
Mg2+(aq) + 2 e- Mg(s)
La3+(aq) + 3 e- La(s)
Na+(aq) + e- Na(s)
Ca2+(aq) + 2 e- Ca(s)
Ba2+(aq) + 2 e- Ba(s)
K+(aq) + e- K(s)
Li(aq) + e- Li(s)

0.32
0.27
0.22
0.20
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.071
0.00
-0.036
-0.13
-0.14
-0.15
-0.23
-0.23
-0.28
-0.36
-0.40
-0.45
-0.49
-0.50
-0.73
-0.76
-0.83
-1.18
-1.66
-2.23
-2.37
-2.38
-2.71
-2.76
-2.90
-2.92
-3.04