4

^]]<

.I
   -
  

) .],
 6- 
k
k    ,!  H
 .



 -   
F-

  
    H  &' !l .

E = mc 2

*! 7E  L+ )&E2 :

)(J

& F c m n R:

c = 3.108 m.s -1

"!           & . ) 6 7 34 2  &() * + ,"-    ./0 &() .' 8
2E = m.c 2

.9&0: 6&* 2(& 6:

 ! 4 C  6 E2G*  H " ,!) EF C-

J (eV)"L
1 eV =1,6.10-19 J

" 'Q R- (&,

 :(MeV)"L
J

-13

1 MeV =10 eV =1,6.10

]-   :
 E)  mp = 1,673.10-27 kg:
E = 1,673.10-27 (3.108 )2 = 1,5.10-10 J

1,5.10-10
= 937,5 MeV
1,6.10-13

=E

  .II*C L
 a+C

)" u &E   4  ,s,"- 6- (:  . C . ' 
,

Q *& ,! ,'C a+C

 C ):3&E2
m = Zmp + ( A - Z ) mn - mX

& : mX :m C : mp  *) : mn  ).

m > 0

 ! 4 C  6 E2
 *G " ,!) EF C-G 
 4 " ):(u
kg

-27

12
6

( C ) = 1,66054.10
A

12
6C

( ) = 12N
1

1
1u = m
12

C  4

m = 5,038.10-29 Kg
m =

5,038.10-29
1,66054.10-27

1 u = 931,5 MeV / c 2

: 42He  '&C 

 a+C :] -
= 0,03034 u

:m&0* MeV / c 2   
 G R .,2!)

C L*  
  /QC- &'   Q
F    C '0C-  H

El = m c

:& E2) .
F

. E l  H 0) /QC-  6- H )

  6& &!

: 42He  '&C L*   :] -
E l = 0,03034 931,5 = 28,26 MeV

C L*  
El
A

: &  E!C )! C HF, L*  

.C 6- G   R  H .],) C L* 

.] +!- C  , 2Q)-  ,: +F m& 6- GC  +, .,2!)
El
A
El
A

:] -
492
= 8,79 MeV / nuclon
56

1 802
= 7,57 MeV / nuclon
238

E l = 492 MeV

: 56
26 Fe GG0 C L*   -

E l =1 802 MeV : 238

92 U  &&C L*   -

.238  &&6- +F ] 56 GG0

"HF "C0C-
.C A 
 G G* C HF, L*)(&  
. 
 G G* C HF, L*   .* +-  )(&HF C0C- .],
.
F   /QC- (     E=0)  H &2l,  0 C0C, 4

. C HF, L*  H /+ ,&+ C0C, &G ,&+ +F E

  4C

&,:C0C,

 6
, +- 6- C0C, GC
m& 6+F :
  ",+) 40 A 190
GC +!,  '
  *: & HF- L
E l A 8 MeV / nuclon

   &E, )+

GC  .+F 
 :
G 'C
, &+) HnC )& 6 'C-
] +F .   0) -
G  'C
, Q&Q)G H2 -GC 'C- .+
.   0) -

.III Hn  -G C
 Hn C



 &+  *  Hn  )&6&Q&Q 6

 ) . Q  0-  )!+C

 ) &) 0GH:)C* '-   0& )G2 ,! - ) 0,1 MeV

)  (.4 .  H k  . Q

 Hn && 235
 E2&& 235GC  &2&EH&G  Hn * + 2-  Hn  - 2:

+k 01 n

A2
A1
Z1 X1 + Z X 2
2

1
235
0 n+ 92 U

 -,G2  k *& 1 6 ) 3 .

A1 + A 2 +k = 236

Z1 + Z 2 = 92

   Q0  Q  6&2 &&:6

]-:

1
235
95
139
1
0 n+ 92 U 38 Sr + 54 Xe + 2 0 n

 . Q.!!,
)C 6
,  ]2EC,  Hn )G0 *G
 Hn   . G )C  ]2EC,
. Hn G0 16- E )..!!- . Q

)
 &&235

C  4

C -G
..+  C  Q&Q ) -GC)  0- . Q) 
.  H k  . Q) 

,! ' 4 (108 K) Gl 2Q)- l GC G0 . Q 4

.    Q)
:8,n   G/-  4 6&lG&' s  -G :] -
2
3
4
1
1 H+ 1 H 2 He + 0 n

 H& 
 / .IV
. Q) 0   H

 a C) ,2F * &E2)
A
1
Z X1 +
1

A
2
Z X2
2

A
3
Z X3
3

E = m.c 2

: 2- . Q) 0   H

+ Z4 X 4
4

:& E2)  ,", m & ,lJ 

 a C) )

m = (m X3 +mX 4 ) - (m X1 +m X2 )

:m&

.   (G+Q))0) ,", : E < 0

2
3
4
1
1 H+ 1 H 2 He + 0 n

:  2, -G . Q) 0   H 7!0C

mn =1,009 u / m 4 He = 4,003 u / m 3 H = 3,016u / m 2 H = 2,014u

2

m = (m 4 He +mn ) - (m 2 H +m 3 H ) = - 0,018 u
2

m < 0

E = - 0,018 931,5 -17 MeV

:] -

:& H2-

: & ,lJ 
 a C)
: 0,  H

. ")   &. 6 17 MeV    )! nC . Q

C  4

L*   ,2F * &E2)

A
1
Z X1 +
1

A
2
Z X2
2

A
3
Z X3
3

: 2- . Q &  HH- "C

+ Z4 X 4
4

 (A1 + A 2 = A 3 + A 4 )

F   /QC-

E l ( X1 ) + E l ( X 2 )
- [E l ( X 3 ) + E l ( X 4 ) ]

: - C! LH, 4 6A

1
Z X1 +
1

A
2
Z X2
2

A
3
Z X3
3

: 2- . Q) 0   H

+ Z4 X 4
4

:

E = E l ( X1 ) +E l ( X 2 ) - E l ( X 3 ) +E l ( X 4 )

2
3
4
1
1 H+ 1 H 2 He + 0 n

:  2, -G . Q) 0   H ! G2C

:] -

:GC C HF, L*   :& H2-

El 4
E
E
( 2 He) = 7,0 MeV / nuclon / l ( 31H) = 2,8 MeV / nuclon / l ( 21H) =1,2 MeV / nuclon
A
A
A
E = E l ( 21H) + E l ( 31H) E l ( 42 He)

: 0,  H

E = (2 1,2) + (3 2,8) (4 7) - 17 MeV

0,  H
k
: & 
k   . Q) 0   H)'
(     0 ',2-))C &  

( 2kJ & )  2k 

)6,

 4C

).