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Gs'rlIg . ehIysab'EtenAfTI20 tula 1978

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BHGgeTA beTskmCamuxCatUvrgeKaHedaysaryYnnigesom BuHdIExr
EckK~aminxan .
kaleNaH edaysarsemcmIs ( Miche ) CaemKN:nsasnakatU
lik CaG~kCYyx~HEx~gnigbtm BHVTGgdYgk*sMercesI~sMuedaysmat'
[beTsVrSgCYyTMnukbMrugkarJr .
k~gExvicika1853 BHGgVnbJnG~kmanbNas&kixagsasnakatUlik2nak'KW elakkuy-dWm"ugetr"U nigelakEb"n eFIdMeNIreTACYbkugsulV
rSgbcSkugswgbUrI sMuCYybJnsarlixitrbs'BHGg CaPasaVrSgsresredaysemcmIs eTAfayescNab"UeLGugTI3nbeTsVrSg .

GgkarCanrNa ?

Gs'ry:eeBlBIrq~S KWrhUtdl'q~S1855 eTIbBHecANab"UeLGugTI3cat'

elak dWm"ugTIjI EdlCardmnITTYlebskkmenAbeTsesomnigbeTs
cin [erobcat'EcgeFIsnisJasm&nPaBnigJNiCkmCamYyBHGgdYg .
BHVTneratm EdlCaBHraCbutrbs'BHGgdYg yagecjmkBIVgkk
rYceLIgesayraCbnk~gq~S1859 .
fTI11sIha1863 k*mankarcuHhtelxaBmeBogK~arvagVrSgnig
Exr GnuJat[VrSgcUlmkCYykarJrbtmTMnukbMrug . bnab'BIeBl
enaHmk reboberobcMsukeTstamEbbsm&yTMenIb VntUvBHVTneratm TTYlykmkGnuvtTSgsug .
dUec~H cab'tSgBIVrSgcUlmkCYykarJrbtmTMnukbMrug BIq~S1863
dl'q~S1953 k~gry:eeBl90q~S nSmk[bCaBlrdExrnigbeTskmCanUv
sNab'F~ab' reboberobry sMbUrsbay rugerOg nigsniPaB KWdUcCa
hSgTiBmYy Tb'yYnnigesom pakrattatlukluybeTsExr .
karrYmrs'CamYyK~a rvagVrSgnigExr k~gry:eeBl90q~SenH minmanbtiehtuGIekIteLIgCaFMdMueT . k~gbvtisas eKGackk'taCab'Canicfa
Camitd*leTAvijeTAmk .

GgkarCanrNa ?

CMBUkTI2
yYncab'epImrukranbeTsCitxag !
hU-CImijbegItbkkumynisNcin !
yYnbegItBYkevotmij nigbegItExrevotmij !
sni~siThWENvbJb'sgamNcin !
yYncg'BuHbeTsExrCaBIrcMENk !
yYnhaNUybegItevotkug !

yYncab'epImvaylukbeTsCitxag
VrSgKb'KgNcin dUcCahSgTiBTb'yYn min[edIrQanJnbeT
sCitxagGs'ry:eeBl65q~S .
sab'EtenAq~S1925 manyYnm~ak'eQaH egg-GayKYk EbeQaHCa
hU-CImij cab'epImbegIt bdivtne_ votNam . luHdl'q~S1929, hU-CImi
jk*q~bDit[eTACa bkkumynisevotNam .
hU-CImijduHKMnitelaPln' cg'vaTTIykTwkdIkmCaekam, kmCakNa
l niglav . KWedaysarmUlehtuenHehIy eTIbvabegIt bkkumynis
Ncin enAfTI3 kum: q~S1930 .
edImIsMralbnkrbs'va vatUvEtjHjg'[ExrEbkVk'K~a rYcehIyxId
ExrcSgCamYyExr .
dUec~H k~gq~S1935 hU-CImijsMuCYbelaksWg-g"ukfaj' . vaniyay
Tn'Pn'bbYlelak, sMuelakrYbrYmeFIkarCamYyyYn edImIbegItclnatsUrMedaHNcinBInwmVrSg . elaksWg-g"ukfaj'CaExrekam, elaksal'ca
s'nUvkllickLickLck*kxk'rbs'yYn

EdlEtgEtmanCabJas'Ca

GgkarCanrNa ?

10

beNay. eBlenaHelakeqIyy"agxIfa erOgyYntUvyYnedaHsayeda

yxngcuH cMENkerOgExrtUvTuk[ExredaHsayedayxng.
enAfTI9 mina q~S1945, Cb"uncUllukluybTIbNcinmYyry: .
hU-CImijeqtyk{kasd*lenH bkasevotNamkraCenAExkJa q~S19
45 rYcbegIt rNsirevotNamkraCsm&nPaB ehAkat'fa evotmi
j .
hU-CImijcab'epImbeJjskmPaBCalMdab'lMeday eKalbMNgTI1
manerobcMeKagkarNT
_ ukCaesc . ebIeBlNaVrSgtUvcaj' tUvfyec
jBINcin yYntUvEtvatTIykTwkdIkmCaekam[VnPamCaelIkTI2.
dUec~Hcab'BIq~S1945, yYnhaNUyjHjg'xIdyYnxagtg [elats
mab'kMcayrasExrkmCaekam CaBiessBYkG~kecHdwg jSg[xac k*nSKY
sarrt'ecalsukecalTwkdITuk[va . vaebIsgamekA . hU-CImijllk
QanmYyCMhanmg@

kMeTcExrmYyEp~kmg@

tamKMeragkarNr_ bs'va

EdlmanJgTukmkCaesc .
emIlcuH ! enAbeTskmCakNal yYncat'karebIsgamtCak' dUec~Hk~gExkJaq~S1945dEdl hU-CImijEbrCabJn bUdUy cUlmkkan'
beTskmCa edayykelsfa yYns&KcitcUlmkCYyExredjVrSg .
bUdUycab'tSgmUldanenAextnanadUcCa mNlKIrI, rtnKIrI, ekaHkug, esom rab, Vt'dMbg nigtMbn'nirtITis . kaleNaHbUdUysitenAk~gBeCA
vacab'epImTak'TgkumecarB, Tak'TgrasExrk@enAtamCnbT nigTIbCMu
CnBP~Mqaydac'syal . vaniyayTn'Pn'EpmElm . vaxMeXasnakuhkfa bUdUys&KcitcUlmksab'CamYyExr edImIvayedjVrSg .
valeFIkarsb@CamYykumExrsr: EdlkMBugbqSgtTl'cMeJH
VrSg edImITamTarkraCCUnbeTskmCa .
eqteBlenaHvabJncarkicrbs'vaKb'FuncUlkan'beTskmCa . ku
mcarkicenaHxMeronsUt [sal'Kb'CugeCayPUmiyuTsas . sal'ca
s'EpnTIBBwkak~gbeTsExr . Ep~kcitsas vaxMeronsUt[sal'crit
citKMnit nigcMNucexayrbs'bCaBlrdExr cab'tSgBIG~ksukBP~M G~k
EscMkarCnbT emTahan namWunExr rhUtdl'namWunk~gvSg .l. vaxMdk
sg'karBiesaFnn
_ ana . vatSgxnlNas' sUmIEtCIswkK emsrbs'
Exr k*vaminb"HJl'eLIy .

GgkarCanrNa ?

11

enAeBlenaHhU-CImijeqqarkemdwknSExr sab'Etvadwgfa enAfTI16/

10/45 VrSgcab'xnelaksWg-g"ukfaj' nSykeTAdak'KukenAExtB&reTr
(Poitier)) sukVrSg . hU-CImijk*sMrSgeCIserIsVnyYnm~ak'eQaH egg
va"n'emon ehAGacaremon EdlbYsCaelaksgExr VneronsUtrebob
rbb TMenomTMlab'Exry"ageCACH GaclYcbnMeFICaExr . dUec~HhU-CImij
sMercdak'eQaHyYnenaHfa sWg-g"ukmij rYcpayPrbEnmfa Cabnbu
sbegItrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj' .
enAExemsaq~S1950 hU-CImijcat'bJn[Gacaremon EbeQaHCasW
g-g"ukmij . vacat'EtgtSgCaescCabFanrdaPiVlExrtsU TTYlbnk
CanaykrdmnI [cUlkan'beTsExr cab'drYbrYmCamYyGacarsux Eb
eQaHCa TU-samut ( EdlhU-CImijcat'EtgtSgCabFanrN:sirCatik
PaBrYcehIy ) . dUec~HsWg-g"ukmijnigTU-samutcab'epImGnuvteXagXa
bMEbkbMVk'edImIKb'Kg . vacab'epImjHjg'Bnl'kumecarB, rasExr
Edlklg'enAtamCnbT, bCaCnBP~Mdac'syal tamcMNucexayna
na CaBiessvaEvkEjknUverOgvN: jSg[gakerecjBIkumExrsr:,, [
gakerQb'eKarBrdaPiVlrbs'xn . CMruj[ExrEbkVk'K~a rYcbgbegItCa
sgameFI[ExrcSgK~a . m"agvijeTot ExrFunenaHyl'cLMy"agFn'fa
swg-g"ukmijCabnbegItrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj' besIrNas'@ ! .
luHhU-CImijTTYlesckIraykarNB
_ IsWg-g"ukmijdwgfa rasExrf~a
k'TabFak'cUlk~gGnak'rbs'vaehIy hU-CImijk*cab'ebIkGgbCMubkkumy
nisNcinCaelIkTI2 cab'tSgBIfTI11/2/51 dl'fTI19/2/51 . TIbJ
b'k*bMEbkbkkumynisNcinCabksaxabIKW yYn, Exr, lavdac'@BIK~a .
- xagyYn, GgbCMusMercdak'eQaHPamKW bkBlkrevotNam Ed
lkaymkCa bkkumynisevotNam k~gbcbn~enH .
cMENkxagExr vabegIt
k)- kgkmSgbdab'GavuFbdivtn
_ kPaBrbs'kmCa Edlcab'bdisni
eLIgkalBIfTI19/6/51 EdlhU-CImijcat'tSgTU-samutCaembJakar .
q~S1963 TU-samuttUveKsmab' hU-CImijcat'tSgsaLt-sr b"ul-Bt
y"agsmat'bMput [eLIgeFICaemT&BCMnYs .
cab'BIq~S1970dl'1975 kgT&BenHEbeQaHfa kgkmSgbdab'Gavu
Fes~haCatikmCa

EdlmanGnubFanembJakarCan'xs'

KWbBnrbs'

GgkarCanrNa ?

12

b"ul-BteQaH exov-b"uNarI . k~grbbrbs'Ggkar kgkmSgenHbnMebIyIehaExrkhm kumnirtI . k~grbbExrGay"gyYn kumehgsMrin-hu

nEsnEbeQaHCa kgkmSgbdab'GavuFbdivtnk
_ mCa .
x)- bkbCaCnbdivtnE_ xr cab'bdisnIeLIgenAfTI28/6/51 Ed
khU-CImijcat'tSgsWg-g"ukmijCabFan .
k~grbbrbs'Ggkar BIq~S1976dl'q~S1978 Ggkarcat'EtgtSgsmaCi
krbs'bkenH [eFICabFanshkrN,_ CaKN:t
tMbn', CatMNagras .
kaleNaHExrsal'twmEtKN:t
tMbn'b"ueNaH . luHmkdl'rbbExrGay"g
yYn bkbCaCnbdivtnE_ xr EbeQaHCa bkbCaCnbdivtnk
_ mCa .
yYhaNUycat'tSgehg-sMrin CaGKelxaKNkmaFikarmCwmbk . cMENkmit@dUcCa hun-Esn, Ca-swum, Ca-suT CaedIm yYnhaNUycat'
EtgtSgCasmaCikkariyal&yneyaVymCwmbk . bcbn~enH bk
bCaCnbdivtnk
_ mCa EbeQaHfa bkbCaCnkmCa EdlmanCaswumCabFan .
enHCabvtiExrGay"gyYn EdlExreyIgEtgEtehAfa Exrevotmij
tSgBIExmifuna1951enaHmk .
enAfTI22/3/55 eTIbbkbCaCnbdivtnl
_ avekIteLIg . eTaHbIbegIt
bksaxabIdac'edayELkBIK~ay"agenHk*eday k*enAEtmanbPBrYmEtmYy
KWbkkumynisNcindEdl . mann&yfa bkExr lav tUvEteKarBeFI
tambJarbs'hU-CImijdEdl . dMNak'karCadMbUgrbs'bksaxaTSgbIKW
tUvEtkMeTcskiPUmi nigckBti . k~gExminaq~S1952 hU-CImijdwgfaelak
sWg-g"ukfaj'viltLb'mkBIbeTsVrSgvijehIy rYcelakrt'cUlBca
b'drYbrYmCamYykumExrsr: edImIkMeTcedjVrSgteTAeTot .
hU-CImijeqqacat'EcgbJntMNagbYnnak' KWExr2nak' yYn2nak' eTA
kan'PUmiGUrsac' sMuCYbelaksWg-g"ukfaj' .
elaksWg-g"ukfaj'GnuJat[EtExr2nak'cUlCYbCamYyelak . eBl
enaHExrtMNagrbs'hU-CImij esI~rsMutamsMeNIrbs'hU-CImijdUcteTA
x1- sMubJnbUdUybEnmcUlkan'sukExr edImICYycSgedjVrSg[
ecjBIsukExr .
x2- sMu[ExrCYypl'esgGahar dl'bUdUyenAsukyYn .
x3- sMusiTi[bUdUyedIrtYttacuHeLIgtambeNayBMEdnExr-yYneda

GgkarCanrNa ?

13

yesrI .
eBlenaHelaksWg-g"ukfaj'bdiesFsMeNIenH BmTSgeqt{kas
enaH xMBnl'ExrevotmijTSg2nak' [yl'nUvKMeragkarNd
_ *kxk'rbs'yYn
haNUy EdlvaecHebIkllic manCabJas'manCabeNayCanic cUr
kMuTukcit[esaH . elakbJak'fa bCaBlrdExrsuPaBsb'esm stbUt
sucrit sLaj'esrIPaB 90%kan'BHBuTsasna . eyIgminGacelat
keJaldUcP~MePIg ebIFmekAdUcyYndUcyYnevotmijVneLIy . dIFIbeTsExreyIgmanCIrCatilFMTUlayNas' sMrab'begInpl . eyIgeFIEsEt
mgmYyq~S rYceyIgsMrak5-6Exy"agsYl . cMENkBeQId*mantm ma
ndl'eTA 73% ndIFITSgGs' . Tensab TenemKg pl'tIVnKb'Kan' .
keLkemIleTAtgd*mantmvij eyIgmany"agecIn.l.
dUec~HeyIgKan'EtrYbrYmK~abMVt'QjkNal bMVt'sMNUksUkV"n'
eyIgGacedaHsaybJaCIvPaBksikrExrVny"aggay .l. nig .l.
ExrTSg2nak'enaHviltLb'eTACYbva . hU-CImijecjbJa[eKsmab'G~k
TSgBIrenaHecal edImIecosvagkMu[EbkkarNr_ bs'va . sgam57fpH
eLIgy"agxSgkaenAeDonebonPU . kgT&BVrSgnigbUdUyB&TvayK~ay"agsit
KWsIusac'hutQamK~a . Tin~anubvtiVrSgmYyeQaH HISTORAMA Vnpayfa enAeBlenaHkgT&BVrSgmansab'nigVt'xncMnYnCapvkar VMmWunVM
BIrJn'VMbYnryekAsibVMbInak' (57,998nak') . eTIbBiPBelakebIksni~siTmYyenAkughWENv cab'BIExemsaq~S1954 edImIcrcabJb'sgamenA
eCaybTIbNcin .
dUec~Hsni~siTenHVnsMercenAfTI20/7/54 tUvbJb'sgamenAelI
eCaybTIbNcin

EfmTSgyl'Bm[beTskmCa, yYn, lavkraC

bJak'bEnmeTotfa T&BbreTsTSgGs'tUvdkfyecj[Gs'BIbeTsTS
gbIenaHCadac'xat .
b"uEnGP&BExreyIg eyIgtUvVt'bg'TwkdIkmCaekamCaelIkTI2 . tUv
Vt'bg'bCaCncMnYn4lannak', tUvlHbg'vtcMnYn556 EdlmanBHsg
CaCatiExr kan'BHBuTsasnay"agxab'xncMnYn2mWun5Jn'Gg . ( erOgExr
eyIgtUvVt'bg'TwkdIkmCaekamenH, VrSgdUcCaKankMhuseT eJHkal
eNaH ebIVrSgbKl'TwkdIkmCaekam[Exr eKGacsanVnfa muxCadUc
saVnEpdUgehIy ! ) . KYr[sayNas' TwkdIkmCaekamsitenAekam

GgkarCanrNa ?

14

GaNaniKmVrSgGs'ry:eeBlcMnYn90q~S . raCkarExresaHGegIy Kan

KMeragkarrMedaHTal'EtesaH ! . pyeTAvij yYnmanEpnkareKagTukCa
esctSgBIq~S1945 edImIKb'KgnKrkmCaekam . emIlcuH ! VrSgbKl'TwkdIkmCaekam[vaPam vamankgT&BEdlmankarBiesaFnd
_ *Kb'Ka
n' vamannamWunecHdwgeCACH vamanG~kbeckeTsd*twmtUv nSykmk
dak'Kb'@ksYg, Kb'@Ep~kPam@ .l.
VrSgVnbKl'kraC[beTskmCatSgBIfTI9vicika1953 . yYn
evotmijcg'BuHbeTskmCaCaBIr dUec~HeqteBlEdlbUdUytSgmUldan
enAJseBjsukExry"agenH vaEbrCabJa[bUdUylYcvaykMeTckgexmr
PUminenAsukb"lin, kecH, EseCs, vWuns CaedIm k~gExemsaq~S1954 .
eBlenaHkgT&BCatieyIgvaytbeTAvij bNay[bUdUytUvsab'tayehag
ecalexacJseBjB .
emIlcuHbgbnExreGIy !

kgT&BExreyIgminEmnGn'Na ! . k~gq~S

1954, bUdUymankmSgT&BnigmanGavuFd*xSgka, vaGacdeNImykC&yCMnH

BIVrSgenAedonebonPU k*b"uEnvatUvbraC&yKYr[Gam"as'enAcMeJHmuxkgexm
rPUmin . luHtUvbraC&yy"agenH eTIbvayl'fa ebIebIEtGavuFnigkmSgVy
eFIsgamCamYyExr vaminGacykC&yCMnHBIExrVneLIy . eJHbCaCn
ExrrwgbwugsitsajBUEkGt'TSnUvkarlMVkKb'Ebby"ag . emIlcuHExrm~ak'
GacTb'Tl'nwgyYn5nak'Vny"aggay . bnsgamteTAeTotminekIteT
tUvEtdkfyrkVyklepg . yYnsal'critnigcMNucexayrbs'em
dwknSbeTsExr KWcUlcitsIueCar, cUlcit[eKbeJar, [eKbeJIcbeJIr
reNbreNIb gPrGjk*PreTAcuH [EttUvcitGj ! [EtGjlIeQaH
(eLIgbuNs&ki) manbeyaCnd
_ l'KYsarGj .l. dUec~HyYnhaNUy
tUvEtbEnmGavuFcitsas nigkllicEfmeTot rYcehIyvak*cab'epImGnu
vteXagXa bMEbkbMVk'edImIKb'Kg .
yYnevotmijkMBugsn'esarkVykl sab'Etvadwgfasni~siTenATI
kughWENvsMercbJb'sgamenAbTIbNcin . {kaslmkdl'y"a
genH, enAfTI6/8/54, yYnhaNUyecjbJa[ecjBIBtMerobCYreLIgLa
nTSgmuxjjwm rYcelIkdbk'rvic@ sMulabgbnExr viltLb'eTAkan'
beTsevotNamvij . vaEskeharkeJvsbayrIkray jjwmmann&yCagExrmas'sukeTAeTot .

GgkarCanrNa ?

15

cab'tSgBIExkJa1954rhUtbnbnab'mk bUdUylblYccUlmkkan'b
eTsExr . vaedIrefIreCIgsat'ecob . pyeTAvij enAfTI6/8/54 bUdUytU
vdkfyecjBIsukExr sab'EtbUdUytMerobCYrK~aeLIgLan y"agKKwkKeKg eFI[epIldl'BiPBelaknigbCaCnExr . enHCakllicfinEP~kd*
bsb'Gsar . vabgaj[eXIjpal'EP~kCak'Esgfa eBlVrSgfyecj
BIbeTsExr bUdUyk*dkfyecjEdr . dUec~HExrEdlminVnBicarNa k*
yl'cLMy"agFn'fa bUdUys&KcitcUlmksab'CYyExrEmn eJHbgb
nExreyIgsanyl'tamEtkaremIleXIjb"ueNaH .
KWbuBehtuEdlVnerobrab'mkenHehIy VnCaExrGay"gyYnehgsMrin, hun-Esn, Ca-swumsni~danfa yYncUlmkCYyExrCaelIkTI1 .
cMENkyYnevotmijEdlVnsMerceCaKC&yd*FMeFg nUvEpnkarTI1enH
ehIy dUec~HvaGacelbTwkdIkmCaekam EdlCaEpnkarTI2rbs'vaVny"ag
gay . enakmCakNaleNHvij vabegItVnCaExry:b
bgb'TukCaes
c mansmaCikExrevotmijTSgGs'cMnYnVMJn'nak' prpac'y"agsitrmYt
bMerIva . eBlbUdUydkT&BecjBIbeTsExr vasMrSgeCIserIsk~gcMeNam
smaCikTSgenaHcMnYnmYyJn'nak' nSykeTACamYy . cMENkbYnJn'nak'
eTot va[rMsayCYrsmMk~gTIggit sMrab'TukeFIExry:rrg'cS{kaslvilt
Lb'mkvij . KannrNam~ak'cUlsMusarPaBbMerIraCkarExreT . cMENk
kumExrsr: cab'tSgBIsukExrVnkraC k*s&KcitcUlmksMusarPa
BrYbrYmbMerICatiTSgGs' .
k~gry:eeBl9q~SEdlbUdUytSgmUldanenAk~gsukExr yYnhaNUy
CaevotmijxMeronsUtsal'Kb'CugeCayPUmiyuTsasBBwkaenAk~g
sukExr . sal'TIkEngtgmantm CaBiessvaeqtdwknSGavuFcUlyk
mkkb'lak'Tukk~gBsukExry"agecIn . TahrNe_ nAPUmisMLtextVt'
dMbg manbIryedIm . emFM@BIrnak' EdlEfrkaGavuFTSgenaHeQaH mUlsmit ehAtaEb"t nigrs'-jwm ehAtaekA .
yYnVntYttabeTsbIKW tugkwg, GNam nigkmCaekam . vahanrM
elaPcab'GnrCati, rMelaPsiTimnus, vahanecjcab'[ExrkmCaekamcM
nYn4lannak'kan'katyYn . kaleNaHBHsgkmCaekameFIVtukmy"ag
xSgka bqSgnwgGMeBIBprMelaPsiTimnusenH .
edImIbMVt'danbvtisasnigPUmisasrbs'ExrkmCaekam

yYnVn

GgkarCanrNa ?

16

pas'eQaHPUmi XMu suk nigextexcxIGs' rYcvaEfmTSgpas'eQaHnKrTSg

bIenaHeTACa evotNam eTotpg . vaVnBuHCaBIr edayykExbnat'sb
TI17

CaBMbTl'

KWevotNamxageCIgCakumynis

cat'EtgtSghU-

CImijCabFan nigevotNamxagtgCaesrIcat'tSgeg"a-Dineyom CabFa

naFibtI .
eKGacbdUckarGnuvtnE_ pnkarrbs'yYnrebobenH eTAnwgkareCIserIstIr"s' EdlenArs'ss'lk~gkLmYy, tIr"s'sab'sy KWBYkyYnBuk
rlYyesrIniym

BYkecarBxagtgenAk~gkLmYyepgeTotCaesc

edImIgayGnuvtEpnkarTI2Cabnan' .
edImIecosvagkMu[xuscab'GnrCati EdlmanEcgk~gsnisJansni~
siTenAkughWENvExkkdaq~S1954 EdlyYnhaNUyCaevotmij VncuH
htelxaTTYlyl'BmCamYy snafaQb'edIrQanJnbeTsCitxag
enaH dUec~Hk~gq~S1958, yYnhaNUyq~bDitCaevotkugvij rYccat'EtgtS
g egg-hUfU CabFan . b"uEntUvEtsab' tUvEteKarBtambJahU-CImi
jdEdl . evotkugkMBugeqqarkels ! .
k~gq~S1963, eqteBlEdlbJv&nExrrjIrj"rt'cUlB, eqteBl
EdlsemcsIhnuTat'ecalCMnYyGaemrikSgenAfTI10vicika1963 {kas
lmkdl'y"agenH yYnhaNUyCaGtitevotmij nigCabcbn~evotkug
k*cab'epImGnuvtKMeragkarTI2Pam . vacab'epImTak'TgsemcsIhnu rYcva
bJnbUdUyviltLb'cUlmkkan'beTskmCa, cab'epImtSgmUldanT&B
kEngcas'dEdleLIgvij . vaykelssMudItSgmUldanT&B edImIkMeTc
GaemrikSgrMedaHTwkdIevotNamxagtg . enHehIyCaxacas'cUlmkkan'
silenAvtdEdlvij . vabiunbsb'eFIkTn'Pn' sUkV"n'namWunExrEdlTTY
lxustUvk~gvSg rhUtdl'KYsarrbs'semcsIhnu .l.
k~gq~S1965 evotNamxagtgVnTTYlGnraKmnB
_ IkgT&BGaemrikSg
Kb'@Ep~kmancMnYn2Esnnak' . eqt{kasenaHyYnhaNUyCaevotkugk*
bJnbUdUymkkan'beTsExrEdr edImI[mancMnYnesIK~a . vaykelsd
Edl@fa sMudIs~ak'enAedImIkMeTckgT&BGaemrikSgrMedaHTwkdIevotNam
xagtg .
eqteBlenaH vabJnkumcitsas cUlmkbeTsExry"agecIn .
kumenHcab'epImeFIskmPaBTak'TgrwtcMNgmitPaB

rvagsmaCikbkb-

GgkarCanrNa ?

17

CaCnbdivtnE_ xr KWBYkGtitExrevotmij EdlhU-CImijbJa[sWg-g"ukmij

begItBIq~S1951 rYcbgb'lak'xnTukk~gsukmancMnYn4Jn'nak'enaHeLIg
vij . CaBiessvacab'epImBgwgBgIkkgkmSgbdab'GavuFbdivtn
_ kPaB
rbs'kmCa (GtitExrevotmij) [rwgmS . vasMrSgCMerIsEtyuvCnExrEdl
KYsartUvrgeKaH bNalmkBIGMeBIGyutiFmNamYy BIs~adnamWunraCkar
CiHCan' rYcvajHjg'cak'cuctamcMNucexaynanaenaH[duHcittUvEtsg
swk rYceTIbvabJlk~gGgPaBeyaFa .l.

GgkarCanrNa ?

18

CMBUkTI3
ehtudUcemcVnmanBwtikarN1
_ 8mina1970 ?
karbegItraCrdaPiVlesacsg'Cati !
semcsIhnurt'ecalsuk !
elakln'-nl'cat'tMNageTACYbsemcsIhnu !

ehtudUcemcVnmanBwtikarN1
_ 8mina1970 ?
elakln'-nl'CardmnInigCanayGKembJakarkgT&BCati . tMENg
enH elakFab'kan'kab'rhUtmkdl'q~S1967 . cab'tSgBIq~S1969 elaksMu
dkxnfyecjBImuxdMENgTSgGs' KWelakmanbMNgfaysemcsIhnu
ceJjfIBHhtcuH . m"ageTotelakkMBugmankgl' edaysarmrNPaB
fI@rbs'elaksIexg EdlCaPriyad*kMst'kmrbs'elak .
eBlenaH semcsIhnukMBugbgabBYkeqgpg BYksSpg jSg[esd
kiccuHdundab bEnmelITiBlsgamenAbeTsevotNam kMBugCHmkelI
Cay"agxSg nigbJalMnwgneyaVy lMnwgmenaKmviCa tUvecaTy"agFn'k~
gbeTsExr .

mUlehtuenH k~gq~S1969 semcTg'TTYlsal'braC&

ynneyaVyxagEp~kesdkic nigkMhusEdlyl'Bm[evotkugtSgmU
ldanbUdUyk~gTwkdIExr .

enAeBlenaH vakMBugbJnbUdUy bJnGavuFcU-

lmkecIneLIg@dUcTwkVk'TMnb' ( kaleNaHevotkugkan'kab'TwkdIExrGs'
cMnYnBIrPaKbI 2/3 eTAehIy ) . vaeqtBgwgBgIkkgkmSgGtitExrevotmijeLIgvij .l.
dUec~HExsIha1969 semcTg'ebIksmaCBiessmYy rYcsMerccat'
tSgelakln'-nl' CaemdwknS rdaPiVlesacsg'Cati . kaleNaH
mrtkkmCa EdleJreBjeTAedayvibti k*tUvFak'eTAelIsaelakln'nl'TSgsug .

GgkarCanrNa ?

19

elakxl'Esnxl'eJHelakyl'fa
ebIGaemrikSgdkfyecjBIyYnxagtg etIraCkarExredjbUdUy[
fyecjBIsukExrrebobdUcemceTA ? eFIkarcrcaVb'va[dkfyecj ?
vacas'CaeqIyfa eT ! . eyIgebIGavuF ? kgexmrPUminmanEt2mWun7Jn'
nak' ? .
ebIsinCabeTsevotNamxageCIgrYmK~aCamYyevotNamxagtgvij
beTsenHnwgkayeTACabeTsmYyy"agmSxagEp~ksgam eJHrbrrk
sIurbs'vaKWeFIsgam . vaeFIsgambn@CamYybreTs nigCamYyBYkyYn
K~avaKansaksan . teTAGnaKt vamuxCaeqtbnsgam edImIBgIkTwk
dIrbs'vabEnmeTot .
eJHbeTsevotNammanTMhMkLapcMnYn330,000Km2 KWFMCag
sukExrCitdl'eTA2dg . mancmayBIxageCIgeTAxagtg bEvg2,000
Km . k~gq~S1969 evotNamTSgBIrmanbCaCncMnYn38lannak' ( 20
lannak'enAxageCIg nig18lannak'enAxagtg ) . beTsevotNamsMbUreTAedayBP~MtbeyaCn_ KbdNb' . 80%npkLaTSgmUl (260,
000Km2) enAsl'Et20% KW66,000Km2b"ueNaH EdlCadIGacrs'enA
Vn . sanPaBbCaCnyYnmancMnYn 600nak'k~gpdI1Km2 .
bCaCnevotNammany"agecIn enAelIpdId*cegtcgl'EbbenH nwg
GacbNal[eTACaTmn'mYyd*Fn'tKNnadl'beTskmCa EdlmanBM
bTl'Cab'K~a eJHeyIgminGacbwTVMgBMbTl'beTsTSgBIr EdlKan
rVMgFmCatiCYykarJr[manbsiTiPaBVneT . sBfenH yYnecHEtvat
TI cUlmktSgenAelIdIExrEdlTMenrCahUrEhr . k~gq~S1969 yYncUlmk
tSgTIlMenAtamcab'mancMnYn50mWunnak' k~gcMeNamExrEdlCamas'TwkdI
cMnYn7lannak' .ebIsBfbUdUynigrasyYnkMBuglblYccUlbnmkeTot
enaH dUec~HExreyIgBiVksni~danNas'cMeJHplviVkEp~kxagesdkic ni
gneyaVy EdlbeTsExrnwgtUvTTYlrgeKaHenAeBlGnaKtxagmux
CaBiessGNikCnCatiyYnmancMNgxagpvcit

nigneyaVyCamYy

matubeTsedImrbs'vaCanic .
elakyl'eTotfa karrYmK~aeLIgvijnbeTsyYn Camhnrayt
GIbEkkVn cMeJHP&BvasnanbeTskmCa . sgammuxEtnwgpHrvag
ExrnigyYn mingayecosvagputeLIy .

GgkarCanrNa ?

20

elakln'-nl'hanGHGagTTYlsal'fa CnCatiyYnedaymansga
mCab'@mkdUec~H jSg[vamancritrwgbwug ecHGt'Ft'nUvkarlMVkKb'Ebb
y"ag . rIxageyaFa vamanzamBld*xSgBUEk mankarBiesaFnd
_ *twmtUvk~
gP~k'ePIgsgam EfmTSgmanKuNsmtixagpvbJa TSgxagpvkllic
. dUec~HbJak'[eXIjfa

yYneTAGnaKt Ep~keyaFaGacBUEkk~gcMeNam

bCaCatiTSgLayenAeCayNcin nigenAk~gGasIuGeK~yC
_ aminxan .
k~gq~S1970 bUdUymancMnYn2Esnnak' tSgmUldanJseBjBnb
eTsExr . cMENkkgexmrPUminvij manEt2mWun7Jn'nak'Etb"ueNaH KWman
cMnYnticCagyYnbUdUydl'eTACag7dg ! . enHminniyaydl'cMnYnnigKuN
PaBnGavuFyuTP&Npg .
elakln'-nl'yl'dUec~H mankarBYyVrmy"agxSg . semcsIhnu
EbrCart'ecaltMENg, rt'ecalmatuPUmi, rt'ecalrasExr ykrYcxn ehIy
Tmak'GMErkenHeTAelIelakeTAvij . elakln'-nl'KanKMnitkt'semcsI
hnueT b"uEnelaktUvEtTTYlfVk'enHedays&ybvti eTIbCMruj[manBwti
karN1
_ 8mina1970 evlaem"ag1resolenHeLIg .
b"uEnKYr[sayNas' kalenaHebobdUcCaeyIgeFsbEhs beNay[TwkCMnn'Cn'licdl'dMbUlpHeTAehIy eTIbbevbvarkTICMrk k*kayeTA
Caliclg'vinasGnraydl'PaBGs'sgwmrhUtdl'sBfenH . m"agvij
eTot ExreyIgGP&BNas' emIlcuHelakln'-nl'eLIgCabmuxrdKb'
KgsaFarNrdExr minVnbMerIbeTs[VneBjeljeT eJHelakma
neraKaJFFn'dabNas'eTAehIy . eBlenaH elakdUcCaG~kkan'GMNac
eTot@Edr elakmanKuNsmtinigKuNvibtiKYr[kt'smal' . nrNa
cg'ecaTelakfadUcemc k*elakKaneqIytbeT . elakbnl'Tukkitiys
rbs'elakepIk~gdrasExr EdlecHKitBicarNa ecHebobeFob[eqIy
CMnYscuH .
fTI18mina1970kngputeTAeBlNa elakesnabmuxln'-nl'CYb
elaksWg-g"ukfaj' elakEtgEteJldMGUjfa KYr[sayNas'@ min
KYr[manBwtikarNe_ daycdny"agenHeT nS[elakCab'eQaHk~gbvti
sas faelakCaG~kdeNImGMNacBIsemcsIhnu . tSgBIedImTImk
elakeKarBnigesaHtg'cMeJHsemcGs'BIdYgcit elakKannwknakt'd
eNImGMNacBIBHGgTal'EtesaH .

GgkarCanrNa ?

21

cuHebIBHGgrt'ecaltMENg rt'ecalkUn@eTAehIy etI[eFIdUcemceTA ? dUec~HvasnaCMrujeKcminput elaktUvEtpgeBgCacugekaybgs' tUvEt

lHbg'GI@TSgGs'edImICati .
k~geBlEdlbeTsExrkMBugqgkat'P~k'sgam elakesnabmuxl
n'-nl'yl'cas'Nas'fa KWyYnhaNUyeTAEdleqt{kasenH bJa[
bUdUyvaykMeTcsmab'Exr eJHvamanEtEpnkarJgTukCaesc tUvEtk
LmuxbeTskmCa [eTACakumynisNcin minEmneFIsgamCamYy
semcsIhnueT! .
dUec~HKb'@sunrkfarbs'elak elakEtgEtdas'etOnrMlwkbCaBl
rdExrfa eyIgtUvby&t~nUveKaHf~ak'nBYkTmiL ! . ebIeBlNaBYkvaTTYl
C&yCMnH vanwgbrmuxkmCaeTAtammenaKmviCarbs'va . vanwgksagkmCafI
elIKMnrepHKMnrqwgnrasExrCaminxan . etIeyabl' JkdMbUnanrbs'
elaktUveTenAeBlenH ? .
edImIbJak'semcsIhnu[yl'nUvP~k'ePIgsgamd*BitVkdk~gTwkdI
Exr EdlkMBugpHeLIgenaH dUec~Hekayf18mina1970 BHmhaktIya
nInigrdsPaExr Vncat'tMNag2rUb KWBHGgmas'neratm-knl CatMNa
gBHraCvSg, elakEym-sMbUr CatMNagxagEp~krdaPiVl bJneTAKal'
semcsIhnuenATIkugV"rIs_ KWsUmsemcsMNak'enAbeTsVrSgsMrak
BHkayKg'enAesmsincuH TMrSkUn@erobcMcat'EcgsankarN[
_ Vnerob
rysYlbYlsin kUn@nwgsUmyagsemcviltLb'eTAkan'TIkugP~MeBj k~gzan:C
CaBmuxrddEdlvij .
b"uEnsemcsIhnucecs k*bdiesFecalesckIsMuenHTSgsug eday
minBmCYbtMNagTSg2rUbenaHeLIy rYcbkasdMkl'Tukfa rdaPiVlsaFa
rNrdExrnigsPakt'Cati kt'raCblgeTAvij .
kaleNaHGtItshPaBsUevotfayeyabl' sMukMu[semcyageTA
kan'sukcineLIy. GtItshPaBsUevotKSTelakesnabmuxln'nl'enAfTI17emsa1975 .

GgkarCanrNa ?

22

CMBUkTI4
cinnigyYnhaNUyebIkklliceVksemcsIhnu !
cinnigyYnebIkGgbCMubegItrNsirbCaCnTSgbIn
bTIbNcin ( FUTPI ) !
cin yYn niglav KSTsemc !
skmPaBbUdUyvaykMeTcExrln'-nl' !
cinnigyYnhaNUyebIkklliceVksemcsIhnu !
enAevlaem"agmYyresolnfTI18mina1970

rdsPaExrVnbkas

Tmak'semcsIhnuecjBItMENgbmuxrd enAeBlEdlsemckMBugEtsMNak'enATIkugm"UsnGtItshPaBsUevot .
CU-eGnLayelIkTwkcitsemcsIhnunigpS-yuSgdugrdmnIksYg
karbreTsevotNamxageCIg [begItrNsirmYy EdleKnwgbkasbegItnaExemsamYyExekaymkeTot . fTI25mina, semcsIhnuk*begIt
rNsirmYyEdlmaneQaHfa rNsirrYbrYmCatikmCa EdlmanexovsMpn, hU-yn', hU-nwm CaG~kKSTtlk&N edImIbqSgnwgrdaPiVlln'
-nl' .
enAf25-26emsa, ekamkarepImKMnitrbs'semcsIhnu nigekam
GFibtIPaBrbs'rdmnITI1cinCU-eGnLay, mankarebIkbCMumYyeTot edImI
begIt rNsirrYbrYmCatiTSg3nbTIbNcin EdlmanTg'supanvg
(lav), pS-yuSgdug (evotNamxageCIg), egg-hUfU (evotNamxagtg) Ca
G~kcUlrYmbCMu .
ebItamesckIbkasrYm TIkEngbCMuenHsitenAcMBMEdnnbeTsTS
gbIKW cin, lav nigevotNam . EtebIeyagtamesckIsmasnm
_ Yyrbs'
Tg'supanvg CamYyG~kkaEstsICatib"ULjm~ak',

Tg'supanvgVnGH

Gagfa karbCMuenHVnbBwteLIgenATIkEngmYynextkg'tugsukcin .

GgkarCanrNa ?

23

CamYyK~aenH, cineb"kSgcat'ebskCnBiess[eTACYbelakln'-nl'
enAP~MeBjedImIsMucrca . cinsMu[elakln'-nl'Kit ehIysMercnUvkic
sna3x rhUtdl'dMNac'Exemsa .
kicsna3xenaHKW
1- sMu[rdaPiVlelakln'-nl'sMrYlkardwkesg nigGavuFKb'y"ag
eTA[eyokkugkat'tamsukExr edImIvayswkCamYyevotNamxagtg.
2- yl'Bm[yYnxageCIgdak'T&BenAsukExr .
3- yl'BmTTYlsal'brivarcin ehIysuxciteFIeXasna[BYkenH
tamKb'meFaVy .
ebIelakln'-nl'TTYlsal'xTSgbIenH eb"kSgnwgTat'ecalsemc
sIhnu ehIyTTYlsal'saFarNrdExrvij . Etelakln'-nl'minBm .
EskeLIgfTI1sPa1970 cinbkasTTYlsal'semcsIhnu . em"AesTugbkasCaLarwkfa cins&Kcitpl'CMnYyCaTwkVk' tamsemc
tUvkar BmTSgbkasfa dl'eBlNasemcTTYlC&yCMnHsinswmsg
cinvij cinminKitkarVk'eT ! .
5fekaymkeTot eKk*VnbegItrdaPiVlmYyEdlmaneQaHfa
rdaPiVlbgYbbgYmCatikmCa EdlmansemcEb"n-nutCanayk, ecAesgCardmnITTYlbnkxagebskkmBiess EdledIrTak'TgKb'breTs BiessBYkbswmbeTs .
cinnigyYneyokkugCYysemcsIhnudUec~HminTMngTal'EtesaH eJH
xMenAcSmat'enAeLIyfa

k~gbkkumynisNcin eKVnEcgcab'y"ag

cas'las'Nas'fa dMNak'karCadMbUgtUvkMeTcskiPUmi cuHLvenHeh

tudUcemcVnCabkkumynisNcinEbrCaKSTsemcsIhnu EdlCaski
PUmieTAvij ? .
cMENkexov-sMpn emExrkhmEdlmannin~akarExr ehIyEdlrt'
ecalsukedaysarkarecaTbkan'rbs'semcsIhnu faCastUvkt'Cati
enaH EbrCasn'esaeqqabbYlK~acuHhtelxaKSTsemcsIhnuenAfTI26
-3-70 nwgeKEdr .
buBehtuEdlmanCabJas'beNay dUcVnGFibaymkxagelIenH
k*dUcCakarnSsSgCaecInJn'etan eTAcak'esacdutbeTskmCaEtmg .
eJHpS-yuSgdugVnetomxnrg'cS{kasenHCayUrmkehIy .

luH{kas

GgkarCanrNa ?

24

lmkdl'y"agenH vabJa[bUdUybnMebIyIehaExrkhm enAelIedImTUg

Jk'rUbsemcsIhnuKb'@K~a ykelshk'elatkeJaldUcP~MePIg vay
sMrukkMeTcsmab'Exrln'-nl' EdlCamas'TwkdIkmCaBit@ BmTSgEsk
Ceyasemc ! ( kaleNaHsemcrt'ecalkUnExr eTAeFICayYneyokku
gCabUdUyvij ) .
xMxMsavCavrkBtmanxH@ EdlsIGMBIkarEdlbUdUyVnecjmuxvay
kMeTcbeTsExrdUcteTA
kgBlFMelx1 kgvresnaFMelx101D manbUdUy2Jn'nak'tSg
enAmUldanGgrbUrI (exttaEkv) .
kgBlFMelx5 kgvresnaFMelx174-05 nig 275 manbUdUyVM
Jn'nak'tSgmUldanenAs~l (extkecH) .
kgBlFMelx7 kgvresnaFMelx141 165 nig 209 manbUdUy
VMmYyJn'BIrrynak' tSgmUldanenAemmt' (extkMBg'cam) .
kgBlFMelx9 kgvresnaFMelx95C 271 nig 272 manbUdUy6
Jn'nak' tSgmUldanenACb' (extkMBg'cam) .
kgT&Belx B3 kgvresnaFMelx24 28 40 65 nig 95 manbUdUy
1mWun8rynak' tSgmUldanenAbrEkv (extrtnKIrI) bEnmelIGgPaBenH enA
GmesnaFikar manbUdUy1mWun2Jn'nak' . cMENkkumdwkCJnPsPar
swkmanbUdUy2mWun3Jn'nak' .
kgBlFMelx509 tSgmUldanenAEkk-s~l (extkecH) y"ag
ecInmindwgcMnYnBitVkd . bUkrYmTSgGs'man 6mWun5Jn'nak' (eday
minKitkgBlFMelx509) .

skmPaBbUdUyvaykMeTcExrln'-nl' !
fTI27-4-1970,

bUdUyecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTcExrCaelIkTI1

enA

eQIexA sukekaHFM (extkNal) . bUdUyrukrancUly"agelOn Faymk

dl'taexA rhUtdl'kalf~l' .
enAfTI15mifuna1970, bUdUyecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTcExrenAextkMBg'FM eyIgemIlBIkV"l'ehaH eXIjcas'bUdUyCaecInmWunkal cSgTl'

GgkarCanrNa ?

25

tYCamYykgT&BCatiExr . Tl'tYy"agenH bUdUytUvsab'KrelIK~aCaecInJn'

kal, ecalexacJseBjBdUec~H, bUdUytUvbraC&ydkfy .
enAfTI24kJa1971, bUdUyecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTcbMpajTMnb'Twk
EBket~at .
enAfTI5sPa1972, bUdUyecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTcbMpajsanBH
munIvg .
BIfTI1dl'fTI12kkda bUdUyecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTcExrenAsuk
Ggtaesam (exttaEkv) .
k~gExsIha, bUdUyecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTcExrenAkMBg'tEbk .
enAyb'fTI6eTA7tula bUdUyCaecIJn'kalecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTc
bMpajsaneCaycgar .
enAyb'fTI6eTA7tula bUdUyCaecIJn'kalecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTc
bMpajsaneCaycgar . eBlvadkfyeTAvij vaecalexacenAk~gsmrPUmi83kaql nigtUvkgT&BCatiExrcab'Vn7kal .
enAfTI25 Exkum: q~S1974 bUdUyCaecInmWunkalecjmuxeBjTI B&T
vaykMeTcPUmibsUtmancmaybmaN2KmBITIkugsayerog .
KWvibtixagelIenHehIy EdlExrGay"gyYnkumehg-sMrin, hun
EsnCaedIm vasni~danfa yYnmkCYyExrCaelIkTI2 .

GgkarCanrNa ?

26

CMBUkTI5
yYnjHjg'Exr[bqSgnwgrdaPiVlln'-nl' .
es~tyYnebIeQaHsemcsIhnuedImIeCIserIseyaFa .
shrdGaemrikCYyExrln'-nl'BIrelIk .
eyaFaExrkhmbMEbkCa3kum .
evotkugsMuviltLb'eTAsukvij .
yYnhaNUybJnExrevotmij3Jn'nak' mkkan'suk
Exr .
yYnjHjg'Exr[bqSgnwgrdaPiVlln'-nl '

yYnhaNUyCaevotkugsal'cMNucexayrasExr EdlCaG~keKarB
sLaj'semc, vabJa[GtitExrevotmijebIyIehaExrkhm edIrbMbH
bMeVrrasExr bqSgtTl'nwgrdaPiVlln'-nl' edayvaykelsfa KS
Tsemc . kaleNaHrasExrG~kEscMkardac'syalnigG~ksukB
P~M xHkarBicarNa k*s&KcitKSTGtitExrevotmij, cMENkyuvCnk*s&K
KSTBYkenHEdr edaycUleFICaeyaFaExrkhm .
cMENkrasExrG~kecHdwg CaBiessG~krdkarEdlecHtiHriHBicarNa
k*yl'fa beTsExrenAeBlenHmaneKaHf~ak'mkdl'ehIy k*nSKYsarrt'
ePosxncUlkan'TIkug EdlmanrdaPiVlsaFarNrdCaG~kKb'Kg .
bJarasExrrt'cakecjBITIkEngEdlvarMedaHrYcehIy enaHvaetkGr
Nas', vatUvEtGnuvtEpnkartwgrwugbEnm KWkMcaybEnm, bmadUcCavaerIs
tIss'dak'keJIepg tIsydak'keJImYyepgeTotCaesc edImIGnuvt
EpnkarTI2 .

GgkarCanrNa ?

27

eBlenaHyYnhaNUyebIGavuF2y"ag edImIsmab'bMVt'BUCExrCamas'
TwkdIkmCaBit@ . GavuFkmSg vaebIsMrab'smab'Exrln'-nl' GavuFcit
sas vaebIsMrab'kMeTcExrsIhnu .
emIlcuH ! cab'tSgBIfTI18 mina 1970 pHeLIgPam, yYnhaNUy
begItclaclxSgeLIg@ . vaebIExrGay"grbs'va[eTAkan'PUmiExr Edl
enAtambeNayBMEdnExr-yYn edImIjHjg'bMbHbMeVrExr CMruj[eFIVtu
kmKSTsemcCajwkjab' . btiehtuenHekIteLIgeBlNa xagksY
gsnisuxCatiEtgEthamXat' dUec~HkayeTACaekItvivaTrvagBYkVtukrni
gGaCaFr EdlbNal[mankarvaytb'tTl'K~arhUtdl'rbYsnigsab'Ca
ecIn .
dUcCaenAfTI29 mina 1970 enAextkMBg'cam, evotkugnigGtitExr
evotmijbbYlExrsamnigG~ksukExrelI (BP~M) mancMnYn4mWunnak' nSK~a
cUleTAkan'PUminana jHjg'bMbHbMeVrrasExrsttg' ehIyEhrCakn
VtukmsMedAcUleTAkan'TIkugkMBg'cam edayykelsfa eTAKSTsemc
. EtkumVtukrdutdMNak'semcsIhnu dutsaladMbUg. eBlenaHma
ntMNagrasBIrnak's&KcitTTYlbnkecjeTACYbkumVtukr edImIeFIGn
raKmns
_ MruHsMrYl EtmanXatkrGafkMVMgsmab'elaktMNagrasTSg
BIrenaHecalPameTA . kumVtukrcUlB&TsalaextkMBg'cam EskkMejIj
bgMtmUv[ekNLan edImIdwknSkumvaeTAkan'rdFanIP~MeBj . kMejIjVn
ehIy knLank*eFIdMeNIreTAkan'rdFanIPam . mkdl'PUmiKKI cMeBlbwT
cracr . P~ak'garyamlatk*hamXat' EtBYkVtukrd*sahavGs'enaHmin
Bmsab' CaehtueFI[P~ak'garyamlatVj'rHeTAelIVtukr bNal[
sab'nigrbYsCaecIn . eKeXIjexacsab'enAnwgkEngekItehtucMnYn40
nak' . G~kEdltUvrbYsFn'@ k*viltLb'eTAextkMBg'camvij ehIyk*sab'
edayrbYsFn'enaHGs'60nak'eTot . kumVtukrk*bMEbkCYr rYcviltLb'
eTAkan'lMenAerog@xnvij edaynSTSgKMnMuKMuKYnekAkhayeTACamYypg
ehIysnanwgsgswk[bgbn mitP&kiEdltUvKab'kSePIgrbs'kgT&B
Cati.
eqt{kasenaH GtitExrevotmijjHjg'bEnm rYcsMrSgCMerIsVnTahany"agecIn EdlduHcity"agmutfa tUvEtsgswkCMnYsKYsar nigdeNImGMNacBIln'-nl'ykmkfaysemcvij .

GgkarCanrNa ?

28

dUec~Hsgamk~gbeTsExr EdlpHeLIgcab'BIq~S1970dl'cugq~S1973 KWbUdUyeTvaykMeTcExr b"uEnmtiExrnigbreTsCaecInVnyl'cLM

enAeBlenaHfa ExrsIhnuvaykMeTcExrln'-nl' . b"uEneTaHCay"agNak*
eday BYkbUdUyEdlhan ykVymklabmat'BEB enAeBlenaH
k*eJHEtmankarEskGMJvnavrbs'semcsIhnu tamviTBIeb"kSgmk[ra
sExrekakeLIgbqSgnwgBYk Gakt'EqbMerIGaemrikSg .
k~gq~S1970, tamTIkugnananbeTsExr manekItclacld*Ebk@ KW
kUnsisGnuviTal&ynigviTal&y bHeVreFIVtukmvayGaNikCnCatiyY n
. BwtikarNE_ bk@TSgenHmindwgecjBIbPBNaeT . luHmanerOgminTM
ngy"agenH GaNikCnCatiyYnEdlmanlTPaBnigmeFaVyKb'Kan' k*
nSKYsareFImatuPUminivtne_ TAkan'sukyYnvij mancMnYnenAeBlenaHbmaN10mWunnak' . eqt{kasd*lenH evotkugsMrSgeCIserIsyuvCnyYn
ekg@EdleronsUtecHGkr ecHPasaExreCACH VnCaecInJn'nak' rYc
bJnbJlsalaeyaFa . luHeronecHcb'yuTviFIkllicnigmenaKmviCa
kumynisescVc' vabMJk's&kiCaGnuesniytI (s&ki1) dl'BYkenaH
ehIyk*Ebdak'eQaHCaExr rYcbJnviltLb'cUlmkkan'beTsExrvij
cat'EtgtSgCaemkan'kab'eyaFaExrkhmEdlsLaj'semc KWpas'
mkCMnYsbUdUyEdlminecHPasaExr .
kums&ki1enHetkGrNas' eJHVnvilmksgswkcMeJHExr Edl
eBlmunmanBYkGafkMVMgVnnSeFIVtukmvayKYsarrbs'vakalBIvaenAekg@ .
BIrdFanIva"siunetan elakbFanaFibtIGaemrikSgnicsun Edlminsal'
KMnitxUcrbs'yYn VnecjbJaebIkgT&ByYnxagtg [cUlmkeFIbtibtikareVssMGatk~gEdndIExrCMerA40Km cab'tSgBIfTI30-4-70 dl'
f30-6-70 . {kaslmkdl'y"agenH yYnxagtgbJnkgT&BrfekaH
kSePIgFunFn'cMnYn2mWunVMJn'nak' cUltamcMBuHTa (extsayerog) mkrat
tatsukExr, vaykMeTcsmab'Exrsttg' edImInwgsgswk[CnCativa
EdltUvrgeKaHedaysarVtukmrbs'nisitExrenaH . TMhMnkarsgswk
enHmankMrwtelIsBIVtukmcMnYn100dg .
emIlcuH! vaVj'smab'rasExrsttg'EdlmanTIlMenAtambeNay
BMEdnExr-yYny"agecjmux y"agsbcab' . bmUlTBsmtiKb'Eb

GgkarCanrNa ?

29

by"ag bn'dwkCJntamLan tamTmaKckbkbedayeCaKC&y rYcva

dutbMpajpHExrexc .l.
dUec~Hbgaj[eXIjfa yYnNak*dUcCayYnNa KWCastUvsYrBUCrbs'
ExreyIgCanic .
BIrdFanIva"siunetan elakbFanaFibtInicsunbkasCaLarwk faCYy
saFarNrdExrmgeTot . dUec~Hcab'bIf7-3-73 dl'f15-8-73 Gaem
rikSgk*dwkKab'EbkmksabBYselIbeTskmCacMnYn4mWunetank~gmYyEx
@ k~geKalbMNgCYybJb'sgam[Vnqab' .
b"uEnpyeTAvij dUcvayTwkbegIltI KWVnbeyaCne_ TAevotkugTSgGs'
eJHbUdUymankarBiesaFny
_ "aght'ct' vaGaceKccakputeKaHf~ak'Vny"a
ggay .
emIlcuH ! GaemrikSgCYyExrBIrelIk rasExrtUvrgeKaHsab'Gs'cMnY
nmmWun (200,000) nak' .
rIrasExrCaecInEsnnak'eTotEdlenAsl'BIsab' k*xHTICMrk xHTI
BMnwg . ebIrt'cUleTAkan'TIkug cas'Cadac'eJHsab', eJHKanluykak',
KanGInwgbriePaK, TMnijeLIgfhYskMrwt
Guj ebIedIrdl'ckT&ly"agenH etIrt'eTACkNaeTA ? . dUec~Hra
sExrTSgLayenaH tUvEtbgMcitpgeBgrt'cUlB Bwgevotkug BwgGtit
Exrevotmij . eBlenaHevotkugsg'ykbeyaCn_ bkbedayeCaKC&yd*
FMeFg . evotkugnigExrGay"gyYntemobCYrK~aQrcSTTYlrasExrGP&B
TSgLayenaH edayTwkmuxjjwmsbayrIkray . evotkugVndk*eqt
jHjg'bEnmeFI[rasExrTSgGs'enaHyl'cLMBmTSgmanTIGag k*tSg
duHcitCastUvcMeJHCatirbs'xn . tUvEtsgswkcMeJHsaFarNrd tUv
EtkMeTcsaFarNrd deNImGMNacmkfaysemcvij .
eBlenaHyuvCnExrk*s&KcitcUlbMerIva KWcUlCaeyaFay"agecInelIslb' .

GgkarCanrNa ?

30

evotkugcat'bMEbkeyaFaCabIkum
kumTI1 kumartUc@GayuBI9eTA13q~S dak'eQaHCakumtIkJH Edl
manemkan'kab' KWGtitecarBmnusyg'X~gxHsIlFm .
kumTI2 yuvCneBjv&y s&KcitkMeTcExrln'-nl' deNImGMNac
mkfaysemc mancMnYnCagbYnmWunnak' .
kumTI3 yuvCnEdlEfgkarNe_ saHtg'Vb'evotkug faxns&Kcit
kMeTcskiPUminigckBti . kumenHmindwgcMnYneT . evotkugdwknSeTAkan'TI
GafkMVMg .
enAcugq~S1973 KMeragkarTI1rbs'vaVnsMerceCaKC&yd*FMeFg eJH
eyaFakumTI2GacbnsgamkMeTcExrln-nl'CMnYsvaVnehIy . evotku
geFIButsMulaeyaFad*kMst'enaH viltLb'eTAsukvavij . eBllaK~aenaH
bUdUy{beyaFaExrkhm yMssak'EfgsMdIEpmlkfa LvenHmit@
rwgdrwgeCIg manmeFaVyKb'Kan' GacTb'Tl'cMeJHstUvedayxng
VnehIy mitBMucSVc'BwgEpkBYkxMeToteT BYkxMlasinehIy edImIeco
sevogkMu[Exrvegg ecaTBYkxMfacUlmkQanJn . ebImittUvkarGavuF BYk
xMnwgpl'CUn ebIeTAGnaKtmittUvkarBYkxM BYkxMnwgcUlmkCYyPam .
eBlenaHeyaFaExrkhmk*yM, bUdUyk*yM, {bK~asMlaK~a . ExrnigyYn
yMecjTwkEP~kdUcK~a b"uEnmann&yxusK~asLH .
eyaFaExrkhmyMedaysayEbkecjBImitd*manKuN EdlxMcMNa
yeBlCYybgat'cegonyuTviFI BmTSgpl'GavuF[kumxny"agKb'Kan'
rYcviltLb'eTAsukvijdTeT .l.
cMENkevotkug, CaBiessbUdUy, vayMeJHvaetkGrCakElg nUvmhaeCaKC&ynKMeragkarTI2 EdlyYnhaNUyGt'Ft'BayamjHjg'Bn
l'Exr [yl'cLMEbkVk'K~a k~gry:10q~SeTIbVnsMercCasaBrenAeBl
enH . dUec~Hvarujkal[smab'K~asincuH . muneBlevotkugbJa[bUdUyEb
kecjBIeyaFaExrkhm, haNUydwkCJnExrEkgkaymYykum CaecIn
Jn'nak' [cUlmkkan'kab'eyaFaExrkhmCMnYsva rYcrYbrYmeFIkarCamYy
GtitExrevotmijbnsgamteTAeTot.
kumExrEkgkayenH KWkumyuvCnGNikCnCatiyYn

EdlVneron

GgkarCanrNa ?

31

sUtecHeCACH TSgPasaTSgGkrExr EdleFImatuPUminivtnB

_ Iq~S19701971 eTAkan'evotNam EdlVnduHKMnity"agmS tUvEtviltLb'cUlmk
beTskmCavij edImIsgswkcMeJHExr . yuvCnyYnTSgLayenaH dak'
eQaHxnCaExr PrfaxnCaCatiExr .
( kkn rhUtmkTl'bcbn~ BYkenHVnkayxnCaemdwknSsMxan'@enAk~g
CYrraCrdaPiVlcMruH k*nigCYrkgT&BCatiExr . BYkeKbg[manGMeBIclacl
GMeBIBukrlYy nigKanvin&yGITSgGs' . hun-Esnminhanb"HJl'BYkTSg
Gs'enHeT sUmIEterameCIgk*minhanpg . ebIBYkenHpl'eyabl'GI huneFIPam dUckUnbedAtamEbbbT . BYkenHmanGayucenaHBI40eTA50q~S ) .
eBlCamYyK~aenH yYnhaNUyVnbJnkumExrevotmij EdlyYn
haNUyCaevotmijeCIserIs nSykeTAeronenAeb"kSgnigenAhaNUy tS
gBImunq~S1954 cMnYn3Jn'nak' [nivtcUlkmCavij bnsgamCamYysaFarNrdExr KW[mkeFIsgamCMnYsevotkug . cMENkevotkugvij vafy
eTAsMrakct'cegHQremIlExrsmab'ExrK~agy"agvk'vI .
pyeTAvij kumExrenHminEdlmancitKMnMucMeJHExr EbrCamanstismCJ:muteCAes~haCatieTAvij . kumenHeronsUtpal'CamYycin pal'CamYyyYnhaNUy k*dwgKMeragkarrbs'cin-yYn smab'bMputBUCExr
edImIvatTIykTwkdIkmCabJleTAk~grbbkumynis . dUec~HkumExreTIb
mkdl' k*bqSgnUvKMeragkard*sahavenH . kumenHniyaytva"edaysm
ehtusmplfa ExrtUvcrcarvagExrnigExredImIbJb'sgam, edImIbJb'
karbgrQam . kumenHbJak'fa bJaExrtUvTuk[ExredaHsay vagExr
nigExr .l.
k~gq~S1973 KMeragkarnigkllicEdlevotkugbtibtikarenAk~gp
sukExr VncMerInlUtlas'elIslb'BIkareKagTukeTAeTot . dUec~HvatUv
EtEkTmg'xH@ TahrNd
_ UcCaKMnithU-CImij vaxMeCIserIsyuvCnExr
TSgExrkmCaekam TSgExrkmCakNal edImIbJneTAeronenAeb"kSg
enAhaNUy cab'tSgBIq~S1948 nigbJnCabn@ edImIGb'rMlagxYrkal
bJlmenaKmviCarbs'va rYcEkq~bDit[eTACaExrfI mas'TwkdIkmCafI .
enAq~S1973 yYnhaNUyVnTTYllTpld*Kab'besIr cMeJHsa
nkarN_ btibtikarpk~gsukExr . dUec~HvaQb'tUvkarExrCMnan'hU-CImij
eTotehIy . vapas'brEkTmg'Pam KWtUvsmab'ExrFunenHecalvij .

GgkarCanrNa ?

32

KiteXIjdUec~HehIy vaecjbJak~gnamGgkar edayebImitsU-Pwm

CaemdwknSkumXatkrGafkMVMg edIrB&Tcab' Vj'smab' kumExrEdleK
bJnmkBIeb"kSgnigmkBIhaNUy tUvsab'Gs'CitbIJn'nak' dUck~g
kbx&NsmaCikbkbCaCnbdivtnE_ xr KWExrevotmijenAkmCakNal
k~gq~S1954, yYnevotmijeCIserIsnSykeTACagmYy1Jn'nak' LvenH
enAsl'Et55nak'b"ueNaH . yYnhaNUyGnuvtVntwmtUvnUvJkmYy
Xafa karsmab'G~kteTas besIrCagkarTukCIvit[stUv .
vabJa[yYneronPasaExr GkrExr rYcEkgxnbnMeFICaExr eFICamas'
TwkdIkmCafIbesIrCag . CaBiess bUdUytUveronsUtPasaExr GkrExr
Cadac'xat eJHfaebIbUdUyNaFak'elx tUvenAk~gsukExrrhUt tUvbnM
eFICaExrrhUt .
yYnevotkugsMulaExrkhmelIkenH minEmnedIrecjecalsukExr
dUcCayYnevotmijsMulaescsIhnukalBIq~S1954enaHeT KWvaKan'Et
fyeTABYnlak'xntambeNayBMEdnExr-yYn-lav rYcecjbJaBIcmay
bgM[GtitExrevotmij dwknSeyaFaExrkhmEdlsLaj'semc cUl
kMeTcsaFarNrdExrCMnYsva . cMENkBYkva vasMrak b"uEnetomxnCanic
KanbEhs . tSgBIeBlenaHmk manEtkumExrevotmijeTEdlGaceTA CYb
lu t k a b e d I m I T T Y lb J a B I e v o t k u g p a l' . d U e c ~ H , e n A e B lNa v a t U v e LI
geTATTYlbJaBIemva vaEtgEtPreyaFaExrkhmfa kumvatUveTAeronsU
tenAGgkarelI .
sUmbJak'fa JkGgkar cab'kMeNIttSgBIeBlenaHmkehIy KW
cab'BIExsIhaq~S1973 ! .
KYr[GaeNacGFmdl'eyaFaExrkhm EdlsLaj'semccMnYn
bYnmWunnak'enaHNas' edayBMuVndwgxnfa kumxnkMBugFak'cUlk~gGnak'
yYnevotkugTal'EtesaH . eBlfa

BYkembJakarrbs'xneTAeronsUt

enAGgkarelI EbrCaetkGrNas' eJHKb'@K~ayl'cLMy"agFn'CagFn'

edaynwksanEteTACYbsemc eTACYbexov-sMpn, hU-nwm, hU-yn' .l.
eJHeyaFaTSgbYnmWunnak' PaKecInCaG~kEscMkar G~ksukBP~M Ca
G~klg'exA minyl'sankarN_ KankarBiesaFnn
_ igkarBicarNa, eCOEt
tamJkjHjg'rbs'yYnevotkug . dUcmanCaTahrNm
_ Yy, yayeTog
VnCYbyuvCnm~ak'eQaHra" . enAfTI23-1-93 evlaem"ag1resol yuvCn

GgkarCanrNa ?

33

ra"Vnra"yra"b'Vb'yayeTognUvkllicevotkugdUcteTA
kalBIExmifuna1970, eXIjevotkugcUlmkkan'PUmieJFivg enAext
sayerogEdlkumarra"Vnrs'enABItUc . vaedIrGugGat'JseBjPUmi, luHevo
tkugfyecjput sab'EtkV"l'ehaHyYnxagtgehaHmkTmak'Kab'Ebk
Vj'rHbMpajexcxIPUmienaHeTA . kV"l'ehaHecjput evotkugk*cUlmkvij
rYcvabmUlbCaCnExrTSgGs'[eTAenAkEngmYyEdlvarMedaHVnrYcehIy
vaerobcMVyTwk[CnrgeKaHbriePaKy"agbribUN b"uEnminyUrb"unaneT
sab'EtmankumGafkMVMgcUlmkB&TVj'smab'y"agsahav . vasmab'
Etmnuscas'@ EtvaTukCIvit[yuvCnnigekgtUc@ . luHkumenHecjput
EbrCaeXIjevotkugdEdlviltLb'mkvij . vabmUlyuvCnnigkumar nS
eTAbgat'yuTviFI rYcbJlk~gkgeyaFaExrkhm . eBlenaHkumarra"eTIbV
nGayu9q~S tUvVnevotkugekN[eTAeFIeyaFaCamYynwgeKEdr . evotkug
bJleTAk~gkgtIkJH vabMEbkekg@Cakum@ manK~a15nak'k~gmYykum @
varuj[edIrmuxT&B .
fmYyenAk~gq~S1972 kumrbs'ra"tUvsab'Gs'14nak' sl'Etra"m~ak'
gKt' . ra"tk'stCaxSg eTIbdac'citpgeBgrt'eKcecjTal'EtVnenA
rs'rhUtTal'sBfenH .
ra"bJak'eTotfa evotkugjHjg'Bnl'fa sgamenHbNalmkBI
elakln'-nl'nigGaemrikSgdeNImGMNacBIsemc .l. edaysarmUlehtuenH VnCaeyaFaExrkhmTSgenaHduHKMnity"agmuteCA fatUvEtkM
eTcExrln'-nl', kMeTcckBtiGaemrikSg, rMedaHEdndIykmkfaysemc
vijEtb"ueNaH .
tSgBIbUdUydkfyeTAlak'xny"agenHmk, yYnevotkugcat'EcgEtgtS
gKN:k
kmkarBiess lblYccUlmkkan'sukExrBinitsankarNs
_ wk
dUec~HebIrasExrsttg'NaP&ncLM edIreTAeXIjvaedaycdn Ggkar
bJa[cab'rasExrd*GP&BenaH edayecaTfaedIrxusExetom . vavayeFI
TaruNkmy"agsahav rYcehIysmab'ecaledImIbMVt'Pstag . bCaCn
ExrrgeKaHedaysarGgkarbJa[smab'tamrebobenHy"agecIn .l.

GgkarCanrNa ?

34

CMBUkTI6
btikmelaksWg-g"ukfaj'ekayBitikarN1
_ 8mina !
elakln'-nl'cat'tSgelaksWg-g"ukfaj' CanaykrdmnI !
bvtisegbrbs'elaksWg-g"ukfaj' !
btikmelaksWg-g"ukfaj'ekayBitikarN1
_ 8mina70
elaksWg-g"ukfaj'CaG~kbegItclnaExresrI .

dMNak'kalCadMbUg

nclnaExresrI KWkarJrbCaCnExrPaKticEdlrs'enArV"t'rV"ytTIBw
gdUcCaExrkmCaekamCaedIm . k~gq~S1970 clnaExresrImankgT&BcMnYn3mWunnak' .

ekayBwtikarN_ f18mina70, elaksWn-g"ukfaj'TTYl

Btmand*cas'karNf
_ a beTsExrekItsgam KWbUdUyCaecInmWunnak'ebI
yIehaExrkhm enAelIedImTUgJk'rUbescsIhnuEskCeyasemc rYc
elatvaykMeTcsmab'Exrln'-nl'EdlCamas'TwkdIBit@ .
sab'EtenAf27-4-70, elaksWn-g"ukfaj'TTYlBtmancas'karNm
_ keTotfa bUdUyecjmuxeBjTIvaykMeTcsmab'Exr . enAeQIexAext
kNal bUdUyrukrancUly"agelOnFaymkdl'taexArhUtdl'kalf~l'
.l. dUec~HelaksWn-g"ukfaj'sMercCabnan'tUvEtbJnkgT&BExr edImICY
ykarJrTwkdI . bJnelIkTImYyenAfTI30-4-70 . bnab'mkelakTTY
lBtmanmkfa enAfTI15-6-70 bUdUyCaecInmWunkalecjmuxvaykMeTc
smab'ExrenAextkMBg'FM . eBlenaHcSgTl'tYnwgkgT&BCatiExr . dUec~H
elaksWn-g"ukfaj'bJnkgT&BExredImICYykarJrTwkdImgeTot . bJn
elIkTI2enAfTI30-6-70 .
bnab'mkeTot, elaktamdansegtdwgcas'fasgamk~gsukExrKW
yYnCaevotkugvaykMeTcsmab'ExrsahavCagsahav

elakQb'raErk

GgkarCanrNa ?

35

elaksMerceFIBlikmlb'clnaExresrI rYcelakbmUlkgT&BExresrITS
gGs'bJncUlkan'sukExrCaelIkTI3enAfTI9-9-70 bKl'CUnelak
ln'-nl' rYcsMercdak'eQaHfa Em"kh&k ( MIKE FORCE ) .
ebIeyIgebobeFobelaksWn-g"ukfaj'nigelakln'-nl'elakTSgBIr
enHmankJrbhak'bEhlK~a . elaksWn-g"ukfaj'Camnush~wgh~r mi
necHxwgceLat elakniyayticb"uEnmann&yTUlMTUlay elakmincMNa
yeBlelgesIc elakminEdlbBwtGI[xUcbeyaCnC
_ atieLIy . k~g
mYyCIvitrbs'elak elakeFIBlikmlHbg'kickarpal'xnedImICatiCanic .
beTskmCaeyIgCMnan'enaH manelaksWn-g"ukfaj'xMkarJrksagCa
tiBIVtdTeTenAekAbeTs . elakTSgBIrnak'CavIrCnExr manstism
CJ:es~haCatiBit@ . elakTSgBIrnak'KanKMnitrevIrvaycg'dwknSbeTs
CatinigrasExr[cuHj"meFICaxMkJHbreTsNamYyeT ! .
KYr[sayNas' BwtikarN_ fTI18mina70ekIteLIgyWteBlNas'
eTAehIy, eJHeBlenaHbUdUykan'kab'TwkdIExrGs'cMnYn2PaK3eTAehIy .
TahrNd
_ UcCaeyIgrg'cSTwkCMnn' eLIglicdMbUlpHeTAehIyeTIbnSK~ab
evbvarkTICMrk k*kaydl'nUvesckIvinashinehacdl'TIsgwmEtmg .
enAExmina1972, elakesnabmuxln'-nl'cat'EtgtSgelaksWn-g"u
kfaj'CanaykrdmnI .
enAExkJa1970 elaksWn-g"ukfaj'manebIkGgbCMumYyenATIkugeJ
Fisat' elakxMBnl'rasExreGayyl'nUvsgam EdlkMBugekIteLIgy"a
gsIusac'hutQamK~ay"agenH KWeyIgcSgCamYyGaTmiLEdlCayYnevot
kug mUlehtuenHeTIbelaksMerclb'clnaExresrI rYcelakbmUlkgT&B
ExresrITSgGs'nSykmkbKl' CUnelakesnabmuxln'-nl'edImIkar
JrTwkdIExrvij .
eBlenaHmansasacarm~ak' k~gnamrasExrexteJFisat' ekakeLI
gsMusYrelaksWn-g"ukfaj'fa ehtudUcemcVnCaelakminQreQaHCaeb
kCnbFanaFibtI ?
elaksWn-g"ukfaj'jjwmBmTSgeqIyBnl'EvkEjkfa G~kes~ha
CatiminEmnmanEtelakbFanaFibtIeT ! G~kkarJrksagCatik*minEmnman
EtbFanaFibtIEdr ! KWtUvmaneyIgral'K~arYbrYmsamKIy"agesaHtg'Gs'BI
dYgcit

CYyelakeTIbGackarTwkdICatisasnaVnKg'vg' dUcmanJk

GgkarCanrNa ?

36

bUraNmYyEdlVnEcgfa G~kmanrkaxt' dUcsMBt'B&TBIekA G~kVCrka

exA dUcsMeBAnUvsMV"n .
elaksWn-g"ukfaj'bJak'bEnmfa xnrbs'elaknigelakesnab
muxln'-nl'dUcmnusEtm~ak' . elakesnabmuxhaneFIBlikmKb'Ebb
y"ag edImIkarJrTwkdI Cati sasnaenAk~gbeTs cMENkelak@s&K
citbMerIenAekAbeTs . enAq~S1972, yUnhaNUybJabUdUy[vaykMeTc
bMpajsukExredayykels facUlmkCYysemcsIhnu . dUec~Helak
tUvEteFIBlikmKb'Ebby"ag edImICYyelakesnabmuxln'-nl' karJr
Cati TwkdI nigsasna .
luHelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Efgcb'nUvJkeBcnd
_ *manxwmsarenHehIy b
CarasExrTHdkgrMBg sresIrmindac'BImat' ekrei_ QaHrbs'elaklI
suHsay jSg[namWunBukrlYyEdlGgycSEtertamxl'enACMuvijelak
esnabmux Tas'cit manesckIVrm nigcENnQ~anis .
BYkenHk*begItXatkrGafkMVMgmYykum[tamsmab'elak . fmYy
kumXatkrlbBYnEkrvSgxagekItvalemru lYcVj'smab'elak EtKab'
kSePIgk*ClYseTAtUvGgrkrbs'elaksab'PamenAnwgkEng . luHelak
tLb'mkkan'TIlMenArbs'elakvij yb' enaHelakGgybJrCgg' yk
dTcgaTl'PW . elaksmeXIjeLIgvijnUvGnusavrIyT
_ SgGs' Edl
elakxMeFIBlikmedImIkmCakraC dUckalBIq~S1943 elakmanesckIka
handwknSBHsgnigrasExr eFIVtukmedjVrSg CaehtueFI[VrSgrk
cab'xnelak elakk*rt'eKceTACksMNak'enAbeTsCb"un .
enAfTI9-5-1945 elakVnviltLb'mkkan'beTskmCavij . f
TI6-10-1945 escsIhnuyl'Bm[VrSgcab'xnelak eTAkan'extB&r
eTr_ nbeTsVrSg Gs'ry:eeBl6q~S . enAfTI20-10-1951 VrSgb
Kl'esrIPaB[elak elakk*viltLb'cUlmkkan'beTskmCamgeTot .
mkdl'matuPUmiPam

elakbegItsarBtmanmYyeQaH Exrekak edImI

das'etOnrasExr[ekakeLIgrYbrYmcgVc'K~aedjVrSg . ekayenaHmk
bnic kumraCvSgXubXitCamYyVrSgbwTkaEstenaH rYceKbMrugcab'xnela
kmgeTot . elakdwgxnTan'k*rt'ePosxneTAkan'P~MdgErk enAfTI9-31952 cUlrYbrYmCamYykumExrsr : e d I m I v a y k M e T c e d j V r S g T a m T a r
kmCakraC .

GgkarCanrNa ?

37

beTskmCaVnkraCbribUNenAfTI9-11-1954 elaksWg-g"uk
faj'erobcMxncUlmkrYbrYmk~gsgmCatiEdr b"uEnescsIhnueCOGamIuGaefa
gCMTas'minTTYl .
elakjjwmedIrcakecjBIkmCa Tuk[Gs'elak . elakmanvicarNJaNKitdl'GnaKtnbCaCnExrPaKtic Edlrs'enArV"t'rV"yk~gbeTsesom nigmYyPaKFMenAkmCaekameNaH dUckUnkMJ . dUec~Hkal
eNaH CYnkalelaksMNak'enAkmCaekam edImIrkmeFaVyCYykarJr
bCaCnExrkMJGs'TSgenaH .
luHdl'q~S1958 eTIbelakcab'epImbegItclnaExresrI BIVtdTeT
KanGICaFnFanTal'EtesaH . elakmanesckIkahaneFIBlikmKab'Ebb
y"ag sMGageTAelIesckIes~haCatid*mutEdlecjBIebHdUgd*esaHtg'
BitVkdrbs'elakCaKMrUEtb"ueNaH .
CadMbUgmanK~aEt140nak' bn@mkelakbegItVnkgT&BExresrIenA
beTsfVnCaecInrynak' luHekaymkelakyl'fa sankarNr_ va
gfnigExr KanGIKYr[BYyVrmeT elakk*ecjbJa[emkgT&BExresrI
enAbeTsfnSkgT&BTSgGs' sMucuHcUlraCkarP~MeBjcuH . cMENkelak
elakxMbwgBgwgBgIkkgT&BExresrIsitenAkmCaekam [Vnrwgbwugnig
sitsaj . kaleNaH eTaHescsIhnuEskeCrbeTctamviTecaTfa
kt'y"agNa k*elaksWg-g"ukfaj'minEdleqIytbTal'EtesaH .
enAeBlNaEdlG~kkaEstsYrelak elakeqIyfa G~kes~haCati
mincSVc'GYtGageT eyIgxMEteFIkar[esaHtg'cMeJHCati muxCaEP~kn
bCaCnExrsmwgeXIj eKGacyl', eKnwgKST, eKnwgeqIyCMnYseyIg
Caminxan .
elaksWg-g"ukfaj'nwkerOgGtitkaldl'twmeNH elakk*KvIkaldM
GUjfa {bgbnExreGIy ! dMNak'kary"agenHeTAehIy critenAdEdl! .
emIlcuHelIkTI1 elakxMtsUKb'Ebby"ag

luHtaEtkmCaVnkraC

d*bribUN . edaysarEtcritcENnninaQ~anisK~a eTIbelaktUvcakecjecalbeTskmCa rhUtdl'elakbegItVnclnaExresrI .

LvenHbeTsExrkMBugtUvrgeKaHy"agFn'kElg eJHKUbdibkEd
ltUvvaykMeTcbeTsExr KWyYnhaNUyEdlrg'cS{kasenHyUrehIy
edImIebIyIehaExrkhm edayykelsfa mkCYyescsIhnu .

GgkarCanrNa ?

38

{eTvtaeGIy ! eFIy"agdUcemceTA ? EtedImICIvitrbs'elak elaktUv

EtcakecjBIbeTskmCamgeTotCadac'xat .
BwkEskelaksWg-g"ukfaj'k*cUleTACYbelakesnabmuxln'-nl'
sMulaQb'ecjBImuxdMENgnaykrdmnITI1 . elakbnl'kgT&BExres
rITSgGs'cMnYn3mWunnak' EdlelakxMtsUxMbegIty"aglMVk Tuk[enACYy
beTsExr . elaksMupSnigBnl'elakesnabmuxfa kgT&BExresrI
manstismCJ:es~haCatiBit@ KWtSgBIkekIteLIgs&KcitbMerICatimin
EdlTamTarVk'Ex minBukrlYyeT mansamKIy"agrmYt . kumenHdUcst
xa b"uEnminEdlsal'sIusac'eT ! tUvby&t~kMubgab'[xaenHsIusac' ! .
CaBiesselakFM@CaembJakar tUvmanyutiFm tUvsal'tmkumenH .
eJHkumenHmankJeqIg minecHlutkab minecHEGbGb minecHbeJIc
beJIeT b"uEnEp~kvayswkmankarBiesaFny
_ "agKb'Kan' sat'CMnaj rwgbwu
gBmTSgsal'cas'las'nUvkllicxSg KWbUdUy . kumenHecHbMeBj
krNIkicnigPar:kicy"ageBjelj dwgcas'faxnCaTahan tUvEtkMeTc
xSgedImIkarJrCati TwkdI nigsasna .
CasrubesckIeTA ebIembJakarecHdwg eKGacnwgTTYlpld*Kab'besIrVn .
elaksWg-g"ukfaj'pSepIsBKb'rYcehIy elakk*{belakesnabmuxln'-nl' sMulaeTAkan'beTsevotNamxagtg KWkmCaekam . elak
cakecjBIbeTskmCa cakecjBIelakesnabmuxln'-nl' cakecjBI
kgT&BExresrIrbs'elakcMnYn3mWunnak' eTAEtVtdTeTCamYyGgrkrbs'elakeQaHfac'-eTOg enAExtulaq~S1972 .

GgkarCanrNa ?

39

CMBUkTI7
btikmBIbCaBlrdExrekayBwtikarN1
_ 8mina70 !
raCkarExrmineGIeBInwgCIvPaBras !
GMeBIBukrlYyEp~kkgT&B !
karsmab'elakfac'-Ca !
elaksuT-b"UlintUvrt'ecalsuk !
btikmBIbCaBlrdExrekayBwtikarN1
_ 8mina70!
enAfTI18-3-1970 evlaem"ag1resol bCaBlrdExrKb'Can'f~ak'
Kb'vN: mankarPak'rMePIbjab'j&rmYyEPt eJHminsanTal'EtesaHfa
beTsExrEbreTACamanBwtikarNT
_ mak'semcsIhnu BItMENgbmuxrd
y"agenH .
b"uEnrasExrcUlcitrs'enAedaysb'esm minecHkt' riHKn'elakFM
@ EdlCaemdwknSbeTsCatieT . em@dwknScg'eFIGIk*eFIeTAcuH eJHbCa
rasExrPaKecInminykcitTukdak'xagEp~kneyaVyeLIy . rasnigna
mWunminsUvmankarTak'TgCitditrvagK~anigK~aeT .
emIlcuH ! KYsarNamankUnBI10eTA14nak'k*eday ciJwmxngcuH !
raCkarKaneGIeBInwknabtmGIeT . KYsarNacg'[kUneron nSeTAcuH KYsarNanSkUneTAsIuQ~l nSeTAlk'[eFIxMkJHeK k*nSeTAcuH . ebIkUnQW
KYsarG~kmanTBnSkUneTArkeBTQ~ledayxng

cMENkKY-

sarG~kkxt' ciJwmkUnrs'edaypgeBgsMNagTSgGs', raCkarKaneGI

eBIeLIy . dUec~HrasExrEdlsucrit KitEtBIbkbrbrksikm KWkab'Kas'
dSduH edImIrkePaKplmkciJwmKYsartamykfakmEtb"ueNaH .
mUlehtuenH eBlrasExrTTYldMNwgfaelakln'-nl'Tmak'semc
sIhnu bCaBlrdExrTUTSgbeTs Edlrs'enAk~gtMbn'saFarNrd man

GgkarCanrNa ?

40

karesaksaysemcEtmYyEPtb"ueNaH rYcehIyk*bMePceTA . Kb'@K~ama

nlMnwgnwgnr xMkab'Kas'dSduH xMrs'sIuciJwmKYsarvijeTA .
m"agvijeTot bCaBlrdExrsal'elakln'-nl'y"agcas'las' ma
nesckIsgwmnigTukcitelIelak .
elakCavIrCnd*satsM, elakmanstismCJ:es~haCati, elakesaH
tg'cMeJHCati, elakEfmTSgKitcg'rMedaHkmCaekameTotpg. elakminecH
GYtGag minecHxwgceLat elakminsUvVnevahaeT .
elakmanedImkMeNItBIrasFmta muxCaelaknSmknUvyutiFmCUnrasExrCaminxan . b"uEnCaerOgKYr[sayNas' eJHBwtikarN_ f18mina
1970 vayWteBlNas'eTAehIy, yYnhaNUyCaevotkugVnkan'kab'Twk
dIExrGs'2PaK3rYceTAehIy . m"agvijeToteBlelakln'-nl'eLIgCa
emdwknSExr rUbelaktUveraKaJFebotebony"agFn' minGnuJat[elakbMeBjkrNiykicVnditdl' [VneBjelj bNal[kumnamWunBukrlY
yeqt{kasB&TelakCMuCit . rIelakG~ksatsMminGaccUlCYbelakCMrabkarBitVneLIy . ebIelakG~kNahancUlCYbCMrabkarBit KWtUvkumva
smab' manTahrNx
_ H@dUcteTA
manvresniyeTam~ak'eQaH daj'-dU CatiExrkmCaekam . elakCaecA
haysuktakUv exttavij kmCaekam . elakdwgnigyl'cas'fa s
gamk~gsukExreBlenH KWedImehtubNalmkBIyYnhaNUyCaevotkug
vaGnuvttambNSexachU-CImijEdlfa tUvEtBayamykTwkdIkmCa
edImIBgIkbkkumynisNcin . dUec~HelakvresniyeTasuxcitrt'
ecalmuxtMENg rt'ecalbuNs&kid*tgtm lHbg'ecalKYsar s&K
citbUCaCIvit eFIBlikmmkCYyrMedaHTwkdIExr . kaleNaHelakesnabmux
ln'-nl'TTYlelaky"agrIkray BmTSgbMJk's&kidEdlCUnelakvij
EbeQaHCa daj'-vDna rYccat'EtgtSgelakCaembJakarkgvresnaFM .
elakdaj'-vDnas&KcitnST&BecjeTATb'Tl'cMeJHxSgCanic . elak
lIeQaHBIerOgttbcMeJHxSg TTYlC&yCMnHd*Kab'besIr . kaleNaH
xSgKWyYnhaNUyCabUdUyebIyIehaExrkhm .
ekrei_ QaHelakdaj'-vDnajSg[emT&BEdlJk's&kieBjelIsa Gg
yEtk~gkariyal&ycSertamxl' ekItkIcENnQ~anis .

GgkarCanrNa ?

41

manfmYy, kgT&Brbs'elakdaj'-vDnakMBugCab'dsitvayCamYy
bUdUyenACYrP~MbsiTi eBlenaHkgT&BCitGs'Kab' elakeFIdMeNIrcUlkan'
rdFanIP~MeBj edImIsMubEnmKab'rMesv . sab'EtelakFMTTYlxustUvxag
eKOgsasavuF EbrCaTarfTwkEtsin manJkccamGaramfa Tar50mWun
erol . elakdaj'-vDnaPak'swgEtsnb' eJHelakBMudwgCaeTArkluyd*
ecInelIslb'enHenANa . elakQr{bdKitfa KYr[QWcitNas'
elakxMbrCIvitmkCYykmCa suxcitlHbg'cakecalKYsar muxgarnigbuNs&kiBit@ mkJk's&kivresniyeTa EdlenAsukExrCas&kieKTijJk'
eJgJtedIreBjEtpar . nwkeXIjsBKb' elakmYem"Ak*THkMePgtm
esniym~ak'EdlCaG~kTTYlxustUvbrikaTSgenaH BmTSgbJak'fa enH
50mWunerolTTYlyksincuH ! .
elakdaj'-vDnaGP&BmanerOgdEdl@2dgeTot . bnab'BIerOgTI3
elakk*VnTTYllixitmYycab'BIkariyal&ybmuxrd Edlmanhtelxa
pal'drbs'elakesnabmuxpg bJb'pakelakmin[eFIkarteTAeTot .
kaleNaHk~grdaPiVlsaFarNrdExr kgT&BEdlmancMnYnKb'twm
tUv edayKuNbMNac'sgam EdlVnTTYlkarGb'rMEp~kyuTsasy"ag
twmtUv ecHcat'EcgmanTmg'besIr mankarBiesaFnd
_ *Kb'Kan' EdllI
ecHcSgtTl'cMeJHxSg BmTSgsal'kllicxSg CaBiesssal'nig
eKarBkrNiykic KWyl'faeFITahantUvhanBlikmCIvit edImIkarJrCa
ti TwkdI sasna BmTSgmansartIrwgbwug tsUsitsaj KWkgT&BEm"kh&k
GtItkgT&BExresrI EdlmancMnYn3mWunnak', hanlHbg'ecalKYsar s&K
citeFIBlikmbUCasac'QammkCYykarJrbeTskmCa manekrie_ QaHlI
lajGsar TTYleCaKC&yswgKb'smrPUmi KY[mansgwm . kgT&BenH
mankMhusmYytUcKWminecHlutkab EGbGb beJIcbeJIr EteKarBkrNiykickMeTcxSgKWyYnbUdUy edImIkarJrTwkdI Cati sasnaEtb"ueNaH .
mUlehtuenHjSg[emT&BenAkmCakNalmineBjcit EfmTSgekIt
esckIcENn . emIlcuHkgT&BEm"kh&kCab'dsitkMBugkMeTcxSg Cit
Gs'Kb'rMesv k*cat'tMNagcUlkan'rdFanIP~MeBjsMuCMnYy sab'EtGs'
elakEdlCaG~kTTYlxustUvEp~kbrikaTSgenaH EbrCaTarfTwkEt50mWun
eroleTAvij . emIlcuH ! eKcab'epImbgab'xa[ecHsIusac'ehIy ! .
bJad*sKsajrebobenHekItmanelIgCajwkjab' eTIbmanelakvres

GgkarCanrNa ?

42

niyeTad*ekgm~ak'eQaH <fac'-Ca> elakGt'TSminVnnwgGMeBIGyutiFm

Gs'TSgenH . elakk*cUleTAkan'kariyal&ybrikaTSgenaH ehIyhansI
benastmesniyxHEdlCaG~kTTYlxustUv . BwkEskelakk*bfuy
CIvitcUleTACYbelakesnabmuxln'-nl' edImIraykarNC
_ MraberOgTSg
Gs'enH . eqt{kasCMrabbEnmBIerOgTMnijnanaeLIgfBI1eTA100 eTIb
elakdwgfakgvresnatUcnimYy@ manEtemTahancMENkkUnTahanmin
Kb'cMnYneT . ekaybnicmk edaynamWunBukrlYymanK~aecInelIslb'
vak*jHjg'[kUnsiseFIVtukm rkelsepg@ edImIvaysmab'elakvr
esniyeTad*ekgnigd*kahanenH . BYkvaVnsMercKMeragkarN_ edaysma
b'elakVnenAkNalTIkugP~MeBjnafTI4 mifuna q~S1974 rYcehIyvaeVH
exacelakvresniyeTaecaleTAk~gTenbYnmuxeTA .
elakvresniyeTa fac'-Ca tUvBYknamWunBukrlYysmab'Vt'eTA rIbg
bnmitPkirbs'elakminhanehIbmat'eT eJHxacGMNackumBukrlYy
tamBaVT .
eBlenaHelak suT-b"Ulin caghagkaEstnKrFM ( kkn elaksuT
b"UlintUvCamitPkiy"agCits~iTCamYyelakfac'-Ca ehIyCaG~kVndwgerOg
ra"vTSgGs'enHy"agcas'las' ) manesckIkahan eFIBlikmsresrEvk
EjknUvXatkmd*sahavminEdlmank~gbvtisas ns~adkumnamWunBu
krlYy cuHk~gkaEstnKrFM elxBiessmYy EdlmanecInTMB&r . kumBu
krlYyykkarNd
_ wg vabMrugcab'xnelak elakk*beJjkaEstlk'pay
munfkMNt' rYcelakcakecjBIsukrhUtmkdl'sBfenH .
elakfac'-CatUveKsmab'Vt'eTA, elaksuT-b"Uli ntUvrt' ecalsuk,
namWunsatsMeTACaKSgmat'KanhankMerIk . kumnamWunBukrlYyk*B&Telak
ln'-nl'y"agCMuCit . tSgBIeBlenaHmk elakesnabmuxElgVnTTYl
BtmanGIBitTal'EtesaH . kumBukrlYyCaBiessEp~kkgT&Bcab'epImeFI
CMnYj KWlk'elxkgvresnatUc lk'buNs&kik~gq~S1974-1975 KWbmaebImanembJakarNam~ak'sab' eKcat'karlk'eQaH s&ki kgvresnatUc
enaHPam . enAkaleNaH tMNagras sasacar KUbegon emXMurt'eca
lkEngEbrCaeTATijs&kiJk'eJgJt . etIJk's&kinSTahaneTAkMcat'
xSg ? eT ! eT ! minEmnnSTahaneTAvayxSgeT .
emIlcuHelakembJakarTijs&kiJk'eBjelIsa rYccab'cat'EcgeFIbJI

GgkarCanrNa ?

43

kUnTahanEdlmanEteQaH manEtrUbft KanmnuseT edImIebIkluyecj

BIXSgykeTAsgfkgvresnatUc sgfs&kiEdlxnVnTij
manelakxHJk's&kieBjelIsa EteTAGgyrt'BneTAvij . luHGMeBI
BukrlYyKanBMEdnk~gkgT&BekItmaneLIgk~grebobenaH bNal[luy
kak'kan'EtefakeTA@ eJHQ~lcineqt{kasenaHKitEtBIBWttemIgfTMni
jkWt@ .
TahrNk
_ alBIq~S1970 sac'CUkmYyKILf12erol, KuyTavmYy
canf5erol, GgrmYyVvTmn'100KILf300erol . enAq~S1975 sac'
CUkmYyKILf1250erol, KuyTavmYycanf500erol, GgrmYyVvTmn'
100KILf35,000erol . dUec~HTMnijTUeTAeLIgfCag100dg . elak
ln'-nl'KandwgGITal'EtesaH . eBlenaHG~krdkarsatsMsttg'cMeJH
Cati dl'eBldac'eJHsab' eJHVk'ExTijEtGgrmYyVvminKb'pg .
Kb'@K~aeqteBlciJwmman' Ta CUk .
cMENkelakFM@dUcCaelakrdmnI elaktmesniy elakvresniy
eTa elakvresniyk elakvresniytI elaksasacar elakviskr
elakevCbNit nigKUeBTCaedIm k~gkbx&NBit@EdleFIkarbMerICatita
mbeckeTserog@xny"agsucritenaH minGacbBwtnUvGMeBIBukrlYydUc
namWunCMnan'fI KWelatminTan'eK k*Fak'TwkcitGs'sgwm k*duHcitrevIrvay Ggyrg'cSertamxl'vij . Kb'@K~ayl'cLMy"agFn'CagFn'fa rbbNak*
edayeKtUvkarG~kecHdwg EdlmanbeckeTsy"agKb'Kan' eTaHbIsemc
sIhnu Edlmanelakexov-sMpnKSTdeNImVnGMNacBIelakln'-nl'
viltLb'mkKb'KgbeTskmCavijk*eday kickarrdtUvEtFak'mkelI
kumxndEdl . emIlcuH ! elakFM@TSgenaHmindwgxl'Tal'EtesaH kar
BitsgamenHmanKUbdib&kGafkMVMg KWkumGatitExrevotmij nigbUdUyCa
ecInmWunnak' EdlbnMebIyIehaExrkhm ebIyIehasemceNaHeTA
vijeT .
manelakFM@mYyPaKeBlenaH tUvTTYlevraKWkmpl eJHelakFab'
Ggyertamxl' rYceVkExrsr: manelaksWg-g"ukfaj', elakdabQYn, elakekA-tk'CaedIm .
emIlcuH ! BIq~S1945dl'1953 elakdab-QYnnigelakekA-tk'Caem
dwknSExrsr: elakTSgBIrnak'sMNak'enAEtk~gB tUvmusTakxS xMtsU

GgkarCanrNa ?

44

bqSgedjVrSg luHtaEtnKrExrVnkraCbribUNenAfTI9-11-53 .
nKrkmCaVnkraCPam kumExrsr:s
sMucuHcUlk~gsgmExredImIksag
kmCafITSgGs'K~a . eBlenaHelakFM@EdlGgyrg'cSertamxl' EdlecH
Etlutkab k*VnsMercTTYleCaKC&yEmn . Kb'@K~aVneLIgs&ki rYcbMeP
cKuNG~ktsU minecHGt'{nGnueKaHGb'rMK~a edImITukCYykarJrbeTseTA
GnaKteT EbrCamancritcENnEkgeKlICagxn k*nSK~aecaTG~ktsUfa
CaG~kkt'Cati rYcehIyk*elIkT&BeTAB&TVj'smab'ecalexc .
( erOgeKB&TVj'smab'elakdab-QYnenAq~S1959 edayecaTfakt'
enaH xMmindwgfaCaerOgBiteT sUmbgbnExremtaBicarNaedayxng
cuH b"uEnkarBitenaH dUcCarUbelaksWg-g"ukfaj'k*eKmin[cUlsukEdr ) .
b"uEnxMsayGs'elakTSgenaHNas' EdlbgerOgeQaHK~aEtCamYy
ExrK~ag EdlCaG~kbMerIExrBit@ . cMENkExrGay"gbMerIyYnhaNUyKW
GtitExrevotmij EdlCastUvsIusac'hutQamrbs'Exr EdlCaG~ksma
b'bMVt'BUCExr KanelakFMExrTSgGs'enaHmansmtPaBsavCavrkeXIj
eFI[kumkt'CatiBit@enaHBWeramvaeLIy .
emIlcuH ! ekaysni~siThWENvk~gExkkdaq~S1954 EdlVnsMerc
[evotmijdkfyecjBIbeTsExr yYnhaNUyCaevotmijeqteBlenaH
sMrSgeCIserIsExrevotmijcMnYn1,000nak' nSykeTACamYy edImIbMJk'
eKalCMhrkumynis[VnqineqA . cMENk4Jn'nak'eTot vabnl'TukJ
seBjsukExr edImIeFICaExry:eeTAGnaKt . vabJa[rMlaykumcUl
smMQwgk~gTIggit rg'cSeBlevlalmkdl' . ( vaKancUlsMucMNuHk~g
sgmExrkraCeT) . manembJakarmYyPaKsLaj'nigesaHtg'cMeJH
Cati KansuKlMuCamYybnBukrlYyeT . elakEtgEtnST&BeTATb'Tl'CamYyxSg b"uEncab'tSgBIcugeq~S1973mk k~gsmrPUminimYy@eKeXIjEtexac
ExrJseBjB mineXIjexacbUdUydUceBlmun@eT . dUec~HmanGarmN_
rvatcitcg'Qb'bnsgam eJHmincg'eXIjQambgbnExrhUteTAfmux
eTot .
cMENkrasExrG~kEscMkar eBlenaHk*KaneXIjGIEbkBICMnan'mun
mkCMnan'ekay KWeXIjEtbEnmTmn'Caerogral'f k*EbcitrevIrvay ehIy
k*nwkfa ebIVnsemcEdlmanelakexov-sMpnCaemExrkhmKST Vn
viltLb'mkKb'Kg'beTsExrvijbesIrNas' .

GgkarCanrNa ?

45

emIlcuHenAeBlenaH ! bCaBlrdExrTUeTATSgrasTSgnamWunG~krdkarKb'@Ep~k Kb'Can'f~ak' TSgTahan TSgsIuvil yl'cLMy"agFn'Cag Fn'

edaysanfaP~k'ePIgsgamenH KWExrln'-nl'magcSgCamYyExrsIhnuexovsMpnmageTot . bCaBlrdExrmindwgTal'EtesaHfa manKUbdi
b&kGafkMVMgBYnlak'xnk~gTIggit lYcebIyIehaExrkhm lYcebIyIehasemcsIhnu rg'cS{kasleTIbvaekakeLIgmgmYydMNak'@ bnMsmab'bMVt'BUCExr . etInrNaCaKUbdib&kGafkMVMgenH ? KWGtitevotmijEdlyYnhaNUyCaevotkugCaemdwknS CaG~kpl'GavuF[Kb'Fun BmTSgma
nbUdUyCag1Esnnak' etomxnrg'cSpl'kmSgsmat' EdlCakmSgGmt:
EdlvamanGavuFbesIrCagExreyIg vamanExry :EEtmYyKt'y"agtwmtUv
ht'ct' vacat'EcgmanTmg'besIrCagExreyIg . TahrNf
_ a fenH Ex
enH q~SenH etIvatUvbeJjExrFunNa ? etIExrFunenaHtUveFIGI ? .l. va
biunbsb'ebIkllic CabJas'CabeNay vaecHcat'karVny"agdit
dl'enAelIBiPBelak KansasnN
_
aGaceFIdUcvaVneLIy . k~gq~S1974
vakan'kab'TwkdIBBwkarbs'ExrVnswg3PaK4eTAehIy .l.

GgkarCanrNa ?

46

CMBUkTI8
ehtudUcemcVnCamanBwtikarN_ f17emsa1975 ?
karbegItKN:kmaFikarBiesscrcabJb'sgam .
elakesnabmuxln'-nl'cakecjBIsukExr .
GgkartYttabeTsExr .
vibtinrdFanIP~MeBjekayBwtikarN1
_ 7emsa1975
vibtinextVt'dMbgekayBwtikarN1
_ 7emsa1975
vibtisukb"linekayBwtikarN1
_ 7emsa1975 .
GgkaredjbCaCnecjBIlMenA .

k~gq~S1974-1975 sgamkan'EteqHxSgeLIg@ rasExrG~kEscMkar

tUvxSgsmab'kMcayKantabNI dUec~HtUvEtnSKYsarrt'ePosxncUlkan'
TIkugCksMNak'ecIntKNna . mUlehtuenHbNal[karxHesg
GaharVnecaTeLIgy"agxSg . m"agvijeTot rasExrG~kEscMkarminFa
b'rs'enAcegtcgl'Can'kelIK~a nigGt'kargareFIy"agenH kMBugFujfb' FujTan'CinNaynwgsgam sab'EtTTYlVnBtmancas'karNK
_ Yr[
kk'ekA KYr[mansgwmmkfa tamry:beTseGsanCamit eKCYyeFIGn
raKmne_ bIkkiccrcaedImIbJb'sgam .
enAeBlenaHelakLg-bUer"t CardmnITI1nrdaPiVlsaFarNrdExr
k*cab'epImcat'tSgKNkmaFikarBiessmYymansmaCik13nak'KW
1- tmesniy sUkS-xUy

bFanBwTsPa

GgkarCanrNa ?

47

2- elak Gwug-buneha

bFanrdsPa

3- elak Lg-bUer"t

naykrdmnI

4- elak hg-Funhak'

bnaykrdmnI

5- tmesniy sk'-sutsaxn

bnaykrdmnI nigCardmnI
ksYgkarJrCati, nayesna
FikardankgT&BCati

6- elak V"n'-sUFI

bnaykrdmnI

7- elak Lg-buta

rdmnI

8- elak efag-lwmhYg

rdmnI

9- elak KS-er"t

rdmnI

10- tmesniy ln'-Nun

11- tmesniy eLs-kUEsm
12- elakKwm-gYntac

eTsaPiVlFnaKarCatikmCa

13- tmnavI vg'-saer"nDI

kMBugerobcMkickarCamYyKUbdib&k KWsemcsIhnunigelakexov-sMpn
edImIbJb'sgam .
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tenAk~gbeTskmCadEdl kickarBiPakaenHnwgGacmanbs&KrarSgmin
[bBwteTAVn .
dUec~HtmesniysU-kSxUy, tmesniysk'-sutsaxn, elakGwug
buneha, elakLg-bUer"t nigelakhg-Funhak' s&KcitnSJknSeyabl'rbs'KNkmaFikarbnGMNac edImIraykarNC
_ Mrabelakesnabmux
ln'-nl' BmTSgesI~sMu[elakfycakecjBIsukExr edImIeTABaVl
eraKbreTssin.
elakesnabmuxln'-nl'KSgmat'swgrkJkeqIyqgminrYc . tam
eyabl'rbs'elak elakyl'cas'Nas'fa ePIgsgamEdlkMBugeqH
KKukeBjbeTsExr KWbNalmkBIBYkGaTmiL vamanbMNgbrmuxbeTskmCa [kayeTACabeTsrNbrbs'va . ebIvaelbVnTwkdIkmCa va
nwgksagkmCamYyfIelIKMnrepHKMnrqwgrbs'rasExry"agBitVkd .
b"uEnelaknwkKitfa KYr[cEmk KYr[ql'Nas' eJHtamBtmanca
s'karNr_ aykarNm
_ kfa tSgBIcugq~S1973 k~gsmrPUminimYy@ eKeXIj

GgkarCanrNa ?

48

EtTahannigeyaFaCatiExrsab'KrelIK~a KaneXIjexacbUdUydUcBImun@
eLIy .
m"agvijeTot eraKaJFkMBugyayIrUbelak, elakminGacbMeBjParkic
krNiykicbMerICati[VneBjelj . eBlenaHelakGgyKitsJwgmYy
snHFM edImIbeTsCati elaksMerccityl'BmtamesckIesI~enaH .
elaktUvEtpgeBgcakecjecalmatuPUmiCaTIsLaj'KYr[esaksay.
elakxl'Esnxl'BIGnaKtnbeTsnigbCaCnExr .l.
elakesnabmuxecjdMeNIreTAkan'shrdGaemrikenAfTI1emsaq~S
1975 .
emIlcuHKb'@ebskkmrbs'elakesnabmuxln'-nl' elakeFIeLI
gedayeBjkitiysEff~r nigsmehtusmplCanic .
eqt{kasenaHyYnhaNUy nigExrGay"gyYn EdlCasmaCikbkbCaCnbdivtnE_ xr KWGtitExrevotmij manehg-sMrin, hun-Esn, Casw u mCaedI m elatkJ k' ykC& yCM nHenAf 17emsa1975P am . BY kvaEk
Tmg'beTskmCa[kayeTACalanmrN:d
d*FMeFg .
edImIlak'bMVMg, edImIbMP&nmtiGnrCatinigrasExr vabegIteQaHd*cEmkenHKW GgkarGnamik EdlCaembJakary"agggitGnkar .
emIlcuHk~gnamGgkarpaytamviTenArdFanIP~MeBjenAlacfTI17em
sa1975, vaniyaycMEdl@KYr[FujTan'fa C&yCMnHfTI17emsa1975
enHminEmnVnmkedaysarkarcrcaeT KWVnedaykardeNImedayGavuF
rbs'kgkmSgbdab'GavuFrbs'eyIg . kaleNaHExrKb'@K~aEdr b"uEn
G~kxHminsUvykcitTukdak'tamdanBwtikarNV
_ nCaeBlenaHeyIgminsUv
yl'n&yenHeLIy .
emIlcuHGgkarGnamikEdlGt'rUbGt'rag ehIymanEteQaHdUcbisac
enH etIehtuGIk*vamanTiBlxSgkaKYr[cEmkem"H ? sUmeqIybJak'bMPW
CMrabbgbnExrfa eJHmanbUdUyCaecInmWunnak' EdlCakmSgGmt:d
d*mut
sitsajetomxnCaescrg'cSpl'kmSgsmat'[Ggkar .

GgkarCanrNa ?

49

vibtienAP~MeBjekayBwtikarN_ f17emsa75
P~MeBjCardFanInbeTskmCa . pvCatielx1cgPab'rdFanIP~MeBj
eTArdFanIBnKr ( shg-kughU-CImij ) . pvCatielx5cgPab'rdFanI
P~MeBj eTAsukGUreCAkat'tamextkMBg'q~Sg, eJFisat' nigVt'dMbg . enA
xagekItrdFanIP~MeBjmanTenmYyy"agFMehAfaTenbYnmux ( Tenctumux ) .
kV"l'tUclmGacebIkbrCahUrEhr . rhUtdl'q~S1975 P~MeBjCardFanI
erobcMTan'sm&yTMenIb manbCaCncMnYn60mWunnak' PaKecInCaG~kmanTBsmtisksm .
k~gry:eeBl5q~S edaysarsgam rasExrG~kEscMkarP&yxac k*nS
KYsarrt'cUlkan'TIkugP~MeBjy"agecInelIslb' . enAq~S1975 bCaCn
mancMnYnCag3lannak' . vibtinesgGaharVnecaTeLIgKYr[Vrmk
Elg . shrdGaemrikCYypl'CMnYymnusFm CaeKOgbePaK briePaK
cMnYnBI3eTA4mWunetank~gmYyEx . BIrbIfmunBwtikar17emsa1975 G~k
sukk~grdFanIP~MeBjTSgGs'mankarCYlcbl', P&ytk'st, Gs'sgwm
eJHVnTTYlBtmand*cas'karNm
_ kfa elakesnabmuxln'-nl'Vn
cakecjBIbeTsExreTAehIy . kickarrdTSgmUltUvEtFak'eTAk~gkNa
b'dBYknamWun EdlPaKecInCaG~kBukrlYynigxHsmtPaB .
eBlenaHxSgVj'kSePIgbMepagesacelIrdFanIdUcrnH G~ksukGnH
sarcg'dwglTplnkarBiPakarvagsaFarNrdExr, semcsIhnu nigela
kexov-sMpn . sab'EtenAfTI17emsa1975 em"ag7knHmandMNwg
bnmkeTotfa manecAhayfIcUlmkKb'KgbeTskmCaehIy. Kb'@
K~ayl'cLMsanEtkiccrcaVnsMerc edayfayGMNacdl'semc ela
kGacyagtLb'mkKb'KgrasExreLIgvijehIy! besIrNas'@!
eBlenaHrasExrGnHsarGgyP&ypgGrpg eJHmindwgfadMNwg
enHBitminBiteT . kMBugemIlpvsemc sab'EtmankaretkGredayk
eLkeXIjmnusm~ak'muxmUlmS eskJk'exA KanGavuFedIrmuxeKy"agsahab' manyuvCnekg@cMnYnCag2rynak'eskJk'exAKanGavuF edIrtam
ekayehrCaknelIcieJImf~l'tmg'eTAkan'sNaKar LWP~M

Edlman

GgkarCanrNa ?

50

kgT&BrfekaHCaecInrynak'enATIenaHetomxnrg'cSTb'Tl'nwgxSg . kg
T&BrfekaHkeLkeXIjmnuscEmkmkdl' k*elatcuHBIrfekaHrt's mk
CYbCECkK~amYysnH sab'Etelat{bK~a bgajnUvesckIetkGrCaGenk
edayeCOtamsMdIG~kkahanenHVb'fa sgamcb'twmenHehIy! .
mnuscEmkk*eLIgelIrfekaHmYyeKOg elIkdeFIsJaecjbJa[
dwknSKat'eTAkan'TIkugP~MeBj rYceTAkan'Kb'TIkEngEdlmanT&By"agecIn
dak'Exetomrg'cSTb'Tl'nwgxSg . eBleTAdl'smrPUminimYy@ G~kkahand*cEmkenH elatcuHBIrfekaHedIrEtm~ak'g KanGavuF rYcelIkdCa
sJabJa[kgT&BTSgGs'dak'GavuF BmTSgniyaybJak'EtJkdEdl
@fa sgamcb'ehIy@!!! .
cMENkbCaCnExrnigbreTs EdlVneXIjmnusCag200nak'd*ka
hanedIrcUlsmrPUmiKanGavuFy"agenH manPaKecInsanfa CaKNbtiPU
rbs'semcExrkhm cUlmkcrcaCamYynamWunbnGMNacBIelakln'nl' .l.
kMBugsmwgPwknwksan@y"agenH eBlCamYyK~asab'EteXIjman
LanhIb2eKOgbryWt@ manemExrkhm8nak'CiHk~gLanenaH . Lan
enaHedatTg'BNkhmnigexov manrUbExgeCIgEkkenABIelI . maneyaFa
Exrkhmekg@ GayuminelIsBI15q~ScMnYn300nak' eskJk'exA Jk'
EskeCIgeFIBIekAsUkg'LantamhU-CImij . CMuvijcegHBrKab'Ebkcin
reNgreNagFun B-40, AK-47 Jk'eqogKab'kSePIgeBjedImTUg . BYk
eyaFaekg@enHedIrtamekayLanhIbBIreKOgenaH

cUlmky"agsb'

esmemIleTAdUcCaGs'kmSgNas'eTAehIy . kumenHxussLHBIkum
mun@ . dUec~HetIkumenHecjmkBIbPBNa ? BImCdanNa ?
ekaybnicmkeTIbmanBtmanmkfa mnuskahand*cEmkenaH KWela
ktmesniy Ehm-ekttara CakUnrbs'elakEhm-ektsaNa rdmnI
ksYgmhap . elaktmesniyEhm-ekttaraeFItambJaelakln'NunbnbegItelakln'-nl' edIrbJa[TahanKb'@smrPUmidak'GavuF
BmTSgniyayEtXadEdl@fa sgamcb'ehIy@!
kumelakln'-Nunllk[Tan'xl'mYyry:eeBlsin . b"uEnKYr[
sayNas'

EdlGs'elakTSgenHminVneronsUtxagEp~ksgam[dwg

Tal'EtesaH

faG~kQ~HeBlenHCakumGafkMVMg

vakJk'ykC&yCMnH va

GgkarCanrNa ?

51

BYnlak'xnekayeQaHGgkarGnamik ebIyIehaExrkhmenaHeT .
em" ag10kn Hf dEdl, elakEhm-ekttarani gyu vCnCag200nak' mk
dl'ksYgeXasnakarmuneKTSgGs' . elakeqqaedaycat'TukxnfaCa
embJakar edayyl'cLMFn'eTAelIBYkExrkhmTSgenaHfa Camnus
BminecHdl'kumGjeT ! eBlenHkumGjykKab'ykKYrer[Tan'xl'
mYyeBlsin Jkcas'elakEtgtMNalfa ecHg[EkgecHeK!
enAfTI17emsaenH viTkmCasmMesmQwgtSgBIBlwm luHdl'
em"ag10 eTIbsemgsemcBHsgraC hYt-tat payGMJvnav[ras
ExrTUTSgbeTstSgcit[sb'esmenApHerog@xn sgamcb'twmh~wg
ehIy eyIgtUvEtbJb'karbgrQamrvagExrnigExr .l.
mYysnHeTIbsUrsemgtmesniy mIu-sIucn Canaykariyal&yTI
3nGKbJakarkgT&BExr EfgbJabgab'eTAkgT&BKb'Ep~k[dak'GavuFcuH
eJHkarcrcaVnbJb'sgamtwmeNHehIy . cMENkrasG~kEscMkar
GacviltLb'eTAkan'PUmisukTIlMenA bkbkargareFIEscMkareLIgvijdUc
BIedIm .
enAem"ag2resolnfdEdl viTcab'payeVkbeJatembJakarnig
rdmnIKb'@ksYg EdlmanCaGafdUcteTA
TIenHviTpaysemgrNsirrYmrYmCatikmCa eyIgxMenArg'cSmit@
k~gmnIrrdmnIksYgeXasnakar . enACamYynwgeyIgmansemcBHsg
raC hYt-tat, elakmIu-sIucn, elakln'-Nun, elakEhm-ekttara . eyI
gsUmGeJIjrdmnIKb'@ksYg, tmesniyTSgGs' mkCYbeyIgCa
bnan'bMput edImICYyeyIgerobcMksagCati .
dUec~HPam namWuncMnYn400nak'EdlxHkarBiesaFn_ edayemahV
_ Mg
enaH manTwkmuxjjwmetkGrCakElg k*eskJk'ksNany"agsat
eFIdMeNIreTAkan'mnIreXasnakarPam edayKannrNam~ak'nwkP~kKitfa kMBugcaj'eVkxSgenaHeT . k~gcMeNam400nak'enHman tmesniyQw
m-QYn, ln'-Nun, b"Ul-lItsYn, lItsYn-EGem, mIu-sIucn CaedIm
eskJk'smtamyss&kisat@ elIkElgEtelakEhm-ekttara nig
yuvCnekg@Cag200nak'ecj EdleskJk'exA .
cMENkelakLg-bUer"t rdmnITI1mkdl'yWtCageK . elakcMNay
eBlCitGs'mYyfeTIbVnsMerc eJHeyaFaExrkhmekg@ yamy"ag

GgkarCanrNa ?

52

ht'ct' Xat'XSgmin[elakedIreTAkan'ksYgeXasnakar . elakGs'

sgwm xMTak'TgTMrSmaneKebIkLanhIbmkTTYlelak . luHelakmk
dl'ksYgeXasnakar em"agbEhl5resol cMelIeBlEdlviTpay
semgtg'JkmYyXaEdlniyayfa eyIgQ~HedaysarkgkmSg
bdab'GavuFes~haCatikmCa KWeyIgQ~HedayGavuF EtBMuEmnedaykarcr
caeT . elakLg-bUer"tdUec~aHk*Fak'efImkkviHEtdYlsnb' {! ExrGa
y"gyYneTetI ! elakk*edIreeTAcab'dGs'elakvr:C
CnKb'@K~aenATIenaH .
eBleTAcab'delaktmesniyEhm-ekttaraCacugekayeKbgs' ela
kTSgBIrkan'dK~ay"agmS smwgmuxK~ay"agyUrenAesm Kan'EtbgajsPaBxagekA[yl'fa Gjk*qt gk*qt minKYrGIeyIgedIrbJa[Taha
ndak'GavuFcuHmuncSgy"agenHeLIy !!! .l.
bEhlem"ag7lac tMNagGgkardwknStmesniy, rdmnI Bm
TSgnisit200nak'eTACYbGgkar KWnSykeTAVj'smab'ecalexc .
( sMuebIkrgg'kckbnic, muneBlEdlbeTsExrtUvFak'vinashinehac3-4f, elakLg-bUer"tefIdMeNIreTAkan'beTshIlIBIn CYbelak
esnabmuxln'-nl' edImIsMudMbUnannigeyabl' . elakviltLb'mk
kan'rdFanIP~MeBjvij cMeBlBwkfTI12-4-75 KWCafEdlelakkGKrd
TUty"un-xan'fIDIn mkGeJIjelakeLIgkV"l'ehaHePosxneTAkan'sh
rdGaemrikmYyry:s
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kLg-bUer"tenaH k*tUvVneTAeTAelaksUkS-xUy Edlmanvasnacakecj
putBIeKaHf~ak' ehIysMNak'enAshrdGaemrikrhUtdl'sBfenH .
emIlcuHelakLg-bUer"tCanaykrdmnI CaG~kcat'EtgtSgKN:k
kmaFi
karBiess edImIcrcarkpvbJb'sgamenAsukExr . emIlcuHGs'elak
tmesniyxH Kanyl'GITSgGs'GMBIerOgsgamk~gsukExr . Kb'@K~a
beNayxncaj'eVkxSgFn'CagFn'swgrkJkExrsresrKan. beNay
xn[xSgbmUlykeTAVj'smab'ecalVny"aggay dUceKebHBuTaTMu .
{eTvtaeGIy ! KYrGasUrdl'rasExrekItCMnan'enHNas', etIvasnaka
yCaGIeTA ?
emIlcuH ! enAfTI17-4-75, evlaem"ag4resol manLanhIbCaecI
neKOg dak'eKasns&B

ebIkbrBIkEngmYyeTAkEngmYyeTotJseBj

GgkarCanrNa ?

53

rdFanI payCadMNwgtambJad*dac'Nat'rbs'Ggkar edjbCaCnTSg

Gs'[ecjBIrdFanIk~gry:24em"ag edayykelsfa GaemrikSgnwgcUl
mkTmak'Kab'Ebkk~geBlqab'@enH.
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eFg ecalTBsmtid*ecInmhima KanJktva"eLIy . G~kxHBrkUntUc
dwkdkUnbnab' manEtkUnsMJyenAelIx~g . G~kxHEsgmnuscas'Cra
EsgbBneTIbsMralkUnehIyfI@, EsgbBnkMBugEtQWeJHbMrugnwgsMralkUn .l. G~kmanrfynk*erobcMTBsmtid*cSVc'dak'k~grfyn rYc
nSbBnkUnruj eJHpvcegtminGacebIkbrVn . cMENkefAEkmaseBC
xH edaybnan'xSgeBk k*ekIbmaseBCbJkk~gFugTwkLan rYcnSbBn
kUnrujecjBIhageTA . b"uEnLanTSgGs'enaH minTan'ecjputBIrdFanIP~MeB
jpg k*tUvkumeyaFaekg@Pg'kSePIgesI~ykLanTuk[GgkarTSgGs' .
luHyb'mkdl', bCaCnTSgbIlannak'enaH tUvEtedkpal'dI kNal
valEs Gt'Vy Gt'Twk cmayBIrdFanItwmEt1eTA3KILEm"tb"ueNaH .
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KSgmat'rkJkfrKan . k~geBledIrBJk'BBUnkanTIedAenH manbgbn
ExrxH tUvJt'Vs'bIbBnkUnrhUtdl'sBfenH . eqt {kasd*l
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namWunFM@ cak'[cMcMNucexayrbs'Gs'elakTSgGs'EdlGgyercStam
xl' .
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bnHkarBNexA cgBrCab'nwgedImeQIswgKb'TIkEng enACMuvijrdFanI Ed
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eLIgeTA, sUmGeJIjrdmnIKb'@ksYg cUlmkcuHeQaHenATIenH edImI
cUlkan'rdFanIP~MeBjvij CYyerobcMksagCati . enAeBlenaHGs'elak
FM@PaKecIn tUvFak'k~gGnak'Ggkar edayyl'cLMy"agFn'fa Exrkhm
EdlCamnusB lg'exA ttMerHviCa em"ck*mintUvkarGj ? . tUvcMcMNuc
exayenH k*bbYlK~art'bjayeTAtmg'CYrsMucuHeQaH Vb'BIGtitmuxgar
rbs'xnedaytg'@ edImIqab'[eKdwkcUleTAkan'rdFanI nwgGalVnkan'
muxtMENgdUcBIedIm, ecosvagkaredkhalePg
Nas' .

halfdUec~H

vaevTna

GgkarCanrNa ?

54

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licrebobenH EtBIr-bIf GaceVkbmUlBYknayTahan rdmnInana nig
namWunExrEdlGgyrg'cSertamxl'enaH dwknSykeTAVj'smab'ecal
excVny"aggay tUvsab'y"agecIntKNna . eKVneXIjGs'elak
xH@dUcCaelakGMr"ug (G~knSJkrdaPiVl), elakvresniylI-etk, ekAGul nignag-sn, elakvresniyeTa jg-c&nsava"t nigsIu-etk, emFavI
sIu-saEc, elaktmesniyqay-Lay, Eb"n-tara, elakeTB-QIvexg
(rdmnIksYgeXasnakar), elakV"n'-suFI (GtitrdmnITI1), elakPI-Fa
nLay (GtitrdGaCa), elakhg-Funhak', elakGuk-yun nigG~kGmas'
sIusuvti-dYgCIvin .
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PaKecInmanrdmnI, viskr, nayTahan . vabJa[eFIbvtirUb rYcbMEbk[
enAtamEp~k@ . maneKVneXIjnigVnsal'dUcCa elakvresniyeTaGIubunsYr, elakembJakartan'-Ca, mnICan'xs'dUcCaelakDI-EblLg, ela
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ksYgsuxaPiVl, Tg'sirimt:, m"mlav CamehsImYyrbs'semcsIhnu .
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mat'TarxagekA .
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enaHdl'ekagTarsanTUt . elakminGacTb'nUvmenaseJtnarbs'elak
VneT .
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75

manG~kCmWFn'CagBIrmWunnak'

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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sgam . enAf17emsa GgkarecjbJadac'Nat'[bgMedjG~kCmWTSg

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xn edIredayevTna G~kxHmanbgbnKabeNIr, G~kEdlenAsnb'minTan'
dwgxn manbgbnrujEKnSecjeTA . b"uEneyIgminGacePcVnnUvG~kBikar
tdteCIgKanbgbnCYy EdlvadUcstCenn EdltUveKkat'CaBIrbI
kMNat' etIvay"agemceTAvij ? .
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eBjpsukExr EdltUvrgTukevTnaedaysarGgkarenAeBlenH ?
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l'[sal'cas' nUvstUvnigmitrbs'CatiExr . kgT&BenHrwgbwugsitsaj
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xSgCagBYkenH . GgkareronsUtsal'Kb'CugeCayk~gEp~kkgT&BsaFa
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CakSePIg eJHkgT&BenHmincuHjmnwgstUveT . mUlehtuenH GgkarGna
mikcat'bJneyaFay"agecInelIslb' mkB&TmUldanenAbUrIkILa nigmUl
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enaHTSgsug . GgkarbJa[smab'ecalTSgGs' TSgbBnTSgkUn . tS
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nak'k*eTeLIy.
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y TSgTahanTSgrdmnI eTAQrtMerobK~aCaCYr [eKykeTAsmab'ecal
edayminVc'ebIex~aHX~agcvak'pg.
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nwk@eLIgKYr[xas'eGonCakElg !

GgkarCanrNa ?

56

extVt'dMbgCaextTI2nbeTskmCa, sMbUreTAedaytIKb'y"ag

Ep

eQIKb'mux nigBeQId*mantm . dImanCIrCati, ebIG~kNaBayamkab'Ka

s'dSduHbegItpl G~kenaHEtgTTYlpld*Kab'besIrCanic .

TSgbCaCn

ExrTSgbreTsrs'enAEsnsuxekmkan .
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seLIy . manhaglk'TMnijKb'mux KanxHGIeLIy . BMbTl'extVt'
dMbgCab'nwgbeTsf . manswgmYyeQaHswgsEg Gacpl'TwkVnKb'
Kan' BmTSgmantId*bribUN . bCaCnEdlmanlMenAtamdgswgenHGa
censaTtIsMrab'eFICaGaharciJwmCIvitCaGcinye_ dayesrI .
BImunsgam TIkugVt'dMbgmanbCaCnbEhlbYnmWunnak' . k~gry:
5q~SEdlsgampHeLIg bCaCnG~kEscMkarEdlP&ytk'stxSgeBk k*
nSKYsarrt'ecjecalTIlMenA ePosxnmkCkenATIkug . enAq~S1975 TI
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vayLSg EskCeyasemcy"agkgrMBg .
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rayTTYlC&yCMnHEkgbnMenH . yuvCn yuvnarIbbYlK~aecogrSy"agsba
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gxSg minKYremdwknSExrTSgskiPUmi TSgExrkhmxHsmtPaB beNay
[bCaBlrdExr rvl'Etsanyl'cLMy"agenHeLIy ?!?! .

GgkarCanrNa ?

57

cMENkGgkarvij vatamdanrkcMNucexaynbCaBlrdExrKb'@
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emcy"agmutmSNas' . dUec~HtUvsmab'namWunTSgenaH[Tan'eBlevla B
naeBlminekIteT nSbNal[manbs&KCaBMuxandUec~HtUvEtebIeQaH
semceFICanuy eFICaGavuF besIrNas'@ !!! .
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CaembJakarswkrgextVt'dMbg EdleBlenHtUvTTYlgarCabEnm KWtUv
eLIgCMnYsembJakarFM Edlrt'eKcecaldMENgtSgBIem"ag2resolmk
em"H [ecjbJabnMeVkbeJatdUcteTAenH
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khm bNak'K~apaytamviTExtVt'dMbg ecjbJaCadac'Nat' dl'na
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b'bJaCafI . bJaEfgbEnmeTotfa

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ebImas'rwgTTwg

smab'ecalcuHrYc

GgkarCanrNa ?

58

ecaTfakt'Ggkar.
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niyayeTAkan'mas'TBdUc@K~afa
GgkarsMuesI~mYyry:s
sin swmsgvijfekay . BlwmfTI19
emsa TTYlBtmand*cas'karNm
_ kfa GgkarbJa[XatkrVj'smab'
elakvresniyk tan'-b"uk CaevCbNitmnIreBTTahan BmTSgshkarI12nak' enAPUmibwgBIg sitenAcmay5KILEm"t xaglicTIkugVt'dMbg . bnab'mkTTYldMNwgGkuslmkfa manLankam"gbIeKOgdwknayTahannigTahanxH nSykeTAVj'ecalxagtgPUmieQvcmay3Km
xagekItP~MFibtI . fdEdlem"ag3resol manLankam"g4eKOgbrcUlmk
dwknayTahannigTahanxH EdlsMNak'enAk~gbrievNviTal&yVt'dMbg nSykeTAVj'smab'ecalenAPUmidegaex~Iy xaglicf~l'Catielx5
cmay500Em"t . eBlXatkrGafkMVMgVj'Kab'sacdUcrnHKanGasUr
enaH manelaks&kiVM KS-KIrI nigelaks&ki4 Pwm-GUn nigG~kebIkbrLan
m~ak'eQaH fac'-sunlIVneKcrt'rYc . enAlacfTI19emsa bCaBlrd
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bEnmminKYr[eCOfa bCaBlrdEdlmanTIlMenAenACitTIkug nSKYsareTA
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nHenH ? minEmnsemc minEmnexov-sMpneT ? bEhlCaecareTdwg ?
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maneQaH sUkU ehAmitsuy nigelakExk-Eb"n ehAmitsU Ep~keyaFanig
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.

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BlrdTUeTA .
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Grpg

GgkarCanrNa ?

59

P&ypg eTACYbnigeTATTYlecAhayfI eTAsab'Epnkarmas'fI . bCaBl

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rUb manTwkmuxekomst .
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eskJk'exA kmav&Nk EskeCIgeFIBIkg'Lan .
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tMNagGgkarpal'. eBleQaHGgkar bCaBlrdTSgGs'Pak' k*ekH
xwb@sYrK~afa

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nigEpnkarrbs'GgkarEdlJgTuk[Caesc smdUcJkbUraNmYyXa
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emrikSg CamhaGMNack~gBiPBelak nigbrivarva . eCaKC&yenHeyIgGgy

GgkarCanrNa ?

60

rg'cS2Jn'q~SmkehIy .l. cab'BIeBlenHeTA GgkarbkasCaLarwk

elIkElgQb'bkan'eTasbCaCnExrTSgGs' eTaHCanayTahan Taha n
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beTsCatimatuPUmisarCafI

bCaCnG~kEscMkarGacnSKYsar

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luHeJlcb'nUvJkkuhkenHehIy mitsuybJa[bCaCnEsktam
vafa CeyaGgkard*mhima ! CeyamhaelatepaH mhaGsar ! . bCa
CnTSgenaHk*EskbnrtamTSgTwkmuxekomkM eJHminyl'n&yrbs'Jk smrPUmi, vaysMruk mindwgfaetImitsuynigmitsUenHcg'niyayfadUemc ! m"ageTotminsal'fanrNaCaGgkarpg . luHviltLb'mkCYbKYsarvij bCaCnTSgLayenaHk*GgyteVmkalCgg'KvIEtkalKan
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kumTI2CanayTahanrg tUvsMNak'enAk~gbrievNviTal&yGabXut .
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GgkarCanrNa ?

61

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TSgGs'enaHvilmkCYbCMuKb'cMnYntambJIescVc'

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pvCatielx5xUcxatminEdlVnCYsCuleLIgvijeT k~gry :eeBl5q~Sn
sgamenH . Lanrlak'eFI[G~kCiHm~ak'esIrFak'BIelILan kalnigkal
TgicK~aCajwkjab' . LvenHknLank*mkdl'PUmikac'reTH Lanrlak'xS
geBk kalmUl-sarIk*sab'EtTgickaleLg-ra"Guly"agxSg . mUlsarIykdGEglkalbeNIr EP~ksmwgeTsPaBPUmikac'reTHd*sat'ecob

GgkarCanrNa ?

62

beNIr . elakFab'ecjcUlPUmienHKb'cklk . elakk*ekHelakeLgra"GulmgeTotBmTSgxwbfa BHetCKuNkMuTukcitBYkva[esaH ! eyIgKYr

llkrMedaHxnNa . TIenHCaPUmikac'reTHmansPaBsat'lNas' TSg
bCaCn TSgExrkhm KaneXIjm~ak'eLIy . BYkeyIgmanK~aecInrynak'
G~kebIkbrLank*K~aeyIg kumvamanEt40nak'b"ueNaHeT .l.
eBlenaHelakeLg-ra"GulEbrCamYrem"A k*THkMePgelakmUl-sarImYydy"agdMNM rYck*canedjcuHBILan . elakmUl-sarItUvEtbgMcitenA
esmmgeTot.
knLanTSg9eKOgbrmkdl'pvbMEbkeTAsS k*kac'cUleTAkan'P~MFibtI
nayTahanEdlCiHLankam"gTSg5eKOgepgenaHmanTwkmuxjjwmeJH
sgwmfa manEtkumxneTEdlVnlutkabsemcmuneK . edImICargan'
elIkTwkcit semcmuxEtnwgdemIg[GataGjVnmYykWteTotCaBMuxan .
cMENknayTahanEdlCiHk~gkam"gCamYymUl-sarI edayVnJkxw bexv k*EbTwkmuxeTACaCUrdUcsIukUcqaeTAvij .
knLanTSg9eKOgk*Qb'sMctenAPUmieQv cmay3KmxagekItP~M
FibtI . eBlenaHLanhIbnigLg'r"UEvrEdlemExrkhmTSg10nak'CiHenaH
k*brtLb'mkekay rYcEskbJaedj[BYknayTahanTSgenaHcuHBILan BmTSghamfa minVc'[ykGI@mktamxneLIy . cUrsMrakenATIenH
sincuH cMENkeyIg@nSLanTSgGs'eTATIkugVt'dMbg edImInwgdwknSG~k
rdkarepg@mkbEnmeTot . luHknLanTSg9eKOgbrecjputbnic ela
kmUl-sarIGt'TSminVnk*EskbJafa BHetCKuNTSgGs'K~a k~gnam
xMCaemT&Bm~ak' xMsUmecjbJaCMnYselakeLg-ra"Gul ! eBlenHGasn~mk
dl'eyIgTSgGs'K~aehIy !

dUec~HebImanKab'kSePIgVj'esacmkelIeyI

g sUmelakEdlminTan'sab' tUvEtrYmkmSgK~art'sMrukcUldeNImGavuFBI
xSgmkvij edImItTl'rYcBIkIsab' . JkbJak*tUvcb'twmeNH eJHXa
tkrcab'epImVj'kSePIgFMdUcrnH esacmkelI ecjmkBITisTSg8 .
Kab'manKb'Fun 30mm, 60mm, 81mm nig Gaka47 . nayTahan
TSgGs'enaHdYlsab'KrelIK~a .
cMENkelakmUl-sarI luHKaGasn~mkdl'y"agenH elakk*edaHGav
y&nelIkTUlelIkal mat'CIbGUc@nwkKuNmatabita GMJvnavKb'Ebby"ag
drbs'elakGUsTajnayTahan3nak'[rt'tamelakKW

vresniykb"ul

GgkarCanrNa ?

63

-esOn, elakGnuesniyeTaXun nigelakm~ak'eTotminsal'eQaH . luH

eKcecjputBIlanmrN:eehIy yb'enaHnayTahanTSgbYnnak' k*sMerc
bMEbkK~aeTAkan'TIedAerog@xn . ekaymk elakGnuesniyeTaXun tUvExr
khmcab'xnVn ehIyVj'smab'ecalenAP~MsMeBA . cMENkelakmUl
sarI VneTABYnsMNak'enAk~gPUmirnam-dUnsM . Ggkardak'Tis[elak
XaleKaGs'ry:eeBlbYnq~S . cMENkelakb"ul-esOnnigemT&Bm~ak'eTot
enaHVt'muxrhUt . knLanTSg9eKOgk*brtLb'ecjmkkan'pvCatielx
5vij . mkdl'ehIyk*Qb'sMctenATIenaHmYysnH . sab'EtmanLan
Lg'r"UEvrmYyeKOgbrmkQb'sMctTl'BImux rYcbeJjG~kebIkbr6nak'fI
CMnYsG~kmun EdleKdwkykeTAVj'ecalenAxagtgenaHbnic . emExrk
hmbgab'[G~kebIkbr6nak'fIedaHelxLanKvat'ecal rYcbJa[ebIkbr
cUleTAkan'TIkugVt'dMbgvijtamBYkva .
fdEdlevlaem"ag 2resol manLankam"g4eKOgbrcUlbrievNsa
laextVt'dMbg erobkndwknSnamWunG~krdkarsIuvil dUcCaelakPUQYyext
TI1-TI2, naykariyal&yTSgGs', BwTnaykmhaviTal&y, naykviTal&
y nigG~kmuxG~kkar TSgGs'k~gTIkugVt'dMbg . eBlenaHelak@TSgGs'
'eskJk'tamksNan tamyss&kierog@xny"agtwmtUvsatVtKb'
@ jjwmetomxnrg'cSenATIenaHCaesc edImITTYlsemcCaTInwkrlwk .
knLanTSgbYneKOgEhrecjBIsalaextVt'dMbg rYcbrqgswgs
Egtamsanfcas'eTAkan'pvCatielx5 eBlenaHmanEtLanhIbmYyeKO
gKt'ebIkbrBImuxnSpv . k~gLanhIbmanEtemExrkhmm~ak' mankSePIgxI
enAnwgcegHGgYEkrG~kebIkbr . enAVMgxagekaymaneyaFaekg@3nak'
kan'kSePIgGaEGrEkgKb'@dCaG~kkarJr .
emIlcuH, vaKanbugby&t~eT eJHvaeronsUtVnsal'cMNucexay
nvr :C
CnExrTSgenaHcas'Nas', vaemIlgay, vasni~danelakTSgGs'
enaHCakUnTnayGt'Xan EteQaHsemck*eVlsMrukcUlGnak'dUceXI
jeckTMu . manelakFMxHEdlminTan'maneQaHk~gbJI edaymkBIxneTIb
nwgpas'mkdl'extVt'dMbg k*eTATTUcsMueKeTACamYyEdr .
knLanTSgVMeKOgbrtampvCatielx5 . luHeTAdl'PUmiGUrtaemov
sukemagsI manpvlMmYykac'bt'eTAeqgeTAkan'PUmiC . emExrkhm
bJb'LanhIb rYcelatcuHeFIsJabJb'Lankam"gTSg4eKOg BmTSg

GgkarCanrNa ?

64

EskbJa[G~kCiHTSgGs'BmTSgG~kebIkbr cuHBILanminVc'ykGItam
xneT rYcvabJa[beNIrK~aeTAkan'PUmiC eJHsemccuHTmaKckenATI
enaH .
luHkndMeNIredIrputEtBIf~l'CatiVncmayEt300Em"tb"ueNaH KWcM
kNalGnak'nkumXatkrGafkMVMg EdlGgkarbJa[erobcMExetom
BYnrg'cSCaescy"aght'ct' . eBlenaHkSePIgtal'Fun300Em"tb"ueNaH
KWcMkNalGnak'nkumXatkrGafkMVMgEdlGgkarbJa[erobcMExetom
BYnrg'cSCaescy"aght'ct' . eBlenaHkSePIgtal'Fun30mm, 81mm
nigGaka47 Vj'ecjBITisTSg8 esacKab'mkBIelIdUcrnH G~krgeKaH
sab'KrelIK~aKanesssl'dl'm~ak'eLIy .
exacTSgenaHmaneKVneXIjpal'EP~knigsal' KWelakPUQYyextTI
1, TI2, elaknYn-saminCacaghagBnnaKar, elaksiun-sava"tCaecAhaysuksEgr, elaknn-navaCanaykviTal&y, elakys'-r"nCanayk
mhaviTal&y, elaktUc-eXOmCasasacar, elakEkv-yULgCanayk
Ep~khirJvtext, elaksan-fUemXMusayeV", elakKW-sanhU nighU-tug
han CaefAEkeragckGareQI .l.
mYysnHmanLanLg'r"UEvrmYyeKOgmkdl' k*beJjG~kebIkbrfI4na
k' rYcemExrkhmbJa[edaHelxLankam"gKvat'ecal rYceLIgebIkbr
LanenaHtamLanhIbrbs'vacUlkan'TIkugVt'dMbgvij .
fdEdlem"agbEhl3resol manLanFM@Kb'FunbmaN30eKOg
tMerobcYrxageCIgviTal&yBHmunIvg nigmYyCYreTotxaglicrhUtdl'vt
PIPit edImIdwkTahanecjBIviTal&yenHbeJatfa KYrEtecjBITIkugVt'
dMbgPam@ eJHGaemrikSgmkTmak'Kab'Ebkk~geBlqab'enH .
knLancMnYn30eKOgenHdwknSTahaneTAkan'niKmsemc XMutamWun
manTahanm~ak'eQaHesOnsl'enArs'VnGFibayfa eBlenaHem"ag
bEhl5resol tMNagGgkar[sJabJb'LanTSgGs'CahUrEhrta
mpvCatielx5, vaEskbJa[TahanTSgGs'cuHBILan BmTSgVb'bEn
mfa minVc'ykGI@tamxneLIy vabJa[cUleTAkan'niKmsemc .
luHedIrputEtbnicBIf~l'CatiEtb"ueNaH vabJa[edIrcuHeTAvalEsxageqg
d vabJa[tMerobCYrK~a[Vntwmtg' . karBitkEngenaHCakNalGnak'
ExetomnXatkrGafkMVMg, vaB&Trg'cSVj'smab'ecalCaesc . dUec~H

GgkarCanrNa ?

65

10naTIekayBIkartMerobCYr sab'EtkSePIgKb'FunVj'esacKab'dUcrnH
smab'Tahand*kMst'TSgenaHKanemta, tUvsab'KrelIK~a . esOnEdlenA
rs'edaymkBIecHkabbnMCamYyexac rhUtdl'Jk'kNalyb'eCAeTIb
lUnvarecjmkBITIenaHmkVn . fTI23emsadEdl bEhlem"ag4reso
l manLankam"g10eKOgerobknenApvCatielx5 enAmuxviTal&yGabXut, eBlenaHeXIjmitsuyelatcuHBILanhIb manbJImYysnwkenAd
edIrcUleTAkan'brievNsalaEdlmanGs'elaknayTahanrg EdltUv
eKbmUlmkBIKb'TisTIcMnYn400nak' tMerobCYrCaescrg'cSenATIenaH .
mitsuyk*ehAeQaH rYcbJa[edIrecjeTAeLIgLanCahUrEhr edaykuhk
fanSykeTAeronsUtenAextesomrab . knLanenHbrqgswgsEgrtam
sanfIeTAkan'pvCatielx5 breqaHeTAextesomrab . muxknLanenH man
LanhIbmYyeKOg EdlmanemExrkhmbYnnak'CiHenAk~genaHebIkbrnSpv
. xagekaymanLanLg'r"UEvrBIreKOg maneyaFaekg@bEhl18nak'
kan'kSePIgGaEGrEkgKb'd CaG~kkarJrCUndMeNIr . luHknLaneTAdl'
PUmiVt'kg LanhIbQb' emExrkhmelIkdCasJabJa[LanTSg
Gs'Qb' emExrkhmelatcuHBILan rYcEskbJa[nayTahanrgTS
genaHcuHBILan tMerobK~aCaCYr4@nak'tambeNayf~l' . sab'EtrMeBCenaH
mankumGafkMVMgd*ecInelIslb'ecjmkbgajxn eskJk'exA maDtU
c@ muxmat'minEmnCaExreT manGavuFKb'FunB&TCab'Caesc .
eBlenaHmanmnusbEhl100nak' tGavuFelatecjmk rYccab'Ta
hanrgGs'TSgenaHcgsabeskbYn@nak'epabK~a rYcehIyk*Vj'smab'
ecalenATIenaHeTA .
sukmglbUrI manksidanExr-Cb"unmYysitenAEkrpvCatielx5 .
cab'tSgBIbeTskmCaekItsgam eKykkEngenaHCaTItSgkgT&BCati .
enAfTI19emsa mankumXatkrGafkMVMgd*ecInelIslb'ecjmk
B&TTIenaHCab'tSgBIBlwm . luHdl'em"ag9 emrbs'vaEsktamemkU bJa
[naynigkUnTahan BmTSgbBnkUn [ecjBIpHbmUlK~aCYbCMukNal
valksidan . luHecjmkCYbCMuescVc'ehIy vabJa[Vj'cMruHeTAelI
CnrgeKaHGs'TSgenaH . Kab'esacdUcrnH CnrgeKaHdYlsab'Kg
eCIgelIK~aKansl'dl'm~ak'eLIy .

GgkarCanrNa ?

66

GgkaredjbCaCn[fyecjBITIkugVt'dMbg

enAfTI23emsa em"agbEhl5resol ekayBIdwknSnayTahan

nayTahanrg namWunG~krdkarsIuvil nigG~kmuxG~kkarecjputBITIkugGs'
sab'EtmanLanhIbCaecIneKOgebIkbrJseBjTIkug

EskbMBg

semgtamemkU ecjbJaCadac'Nat' edjbCaCnTSgGs' [fyecj

BITIkug[Gs'k~gry:eeBl24em"ag .
luHpal'tecoknUvbJaCadac'Nat'd*cEmkrbs'Ggkar EdlKanExr
Nasal'CanrNaenaH manbCaCnExrxHP&ytk'stxSgeBkk*sab'Pam
TahrNd
_ Ucelakehg-Lag caghagsaladMbUg elakKSgebHdUgsa
b'mYyrMeBc . mansICaecInsnb'Vt'sartI manrUbxMCaedImEdlsnb'V
t'sartICaecInem"ag luHdwgxneLIgvijeTIbyMdUcmnusqt . manbCaCn
xHrt'eTAedkkNalf~l' smab'xn[Lankin . mansICaecInJn'nak'
EdltUvGgkarbMEbkbI nSeTATIGafkMVMg kMBugGgysMkuk{bkUnsMrk'Twk
EP~k ekItTukswgVt'viJaN eJHsg&ysanfa GgkarnSbIGjeTAsmab'
eTdwg ?
sab'EtfaGgkarecjbJaedjbCaCn[fyecjBITIkug dUec~HTuk
mYyCan'd*Fn' mksgt'elITukmYyCan'eTot . mansIxHmanpeJHKb'Ex
kUncgkMBugQWekakminrYc bItUvGgkarnSykeTATTYlsemc sab'
EtLvenHtUveKedj[fycakecjBITIlMenA {vasnanbCaCnExr !
nsIExrd*kMst'eGIy etIeTACay"agNaeTA ?
enAk~gkal:eeTs:eenH KannrNaGacCYynrNaVneLIy . Blwmf
TI24emsa bCaCnCitmYylannak' tUvEtfyecjBITIkugVt'dMbg . d
magBrkUntUc dmageTotdwkdkUnFM manEtsMJymYyenAelIx~g swgEt
VtdTeTTSgGs'K~a . bCaCnTSgGs'edIrefIreCIg eJHGgkaresI~rfyn
m"UtU rWum"k kg' tSgBIfTI19emsaGs'rlIgeTAehIy . manKYsarxHtUv
EsgEm"cas'Cra, EsgbBnEdleTIbsMralkUnehIy, EsgbgbnQW
Fn'Bikar beNIreTAKanTIedA .
enAfTI27emsa

GgkarecjbJaCadac'Nat'bEnmmkeTot

KWedj

GgkarCanrNa ?

67

bCaCnTSgGs' [fyecj[putBIf~l'Cati BIdgswgcmayy"agticBIrKI

LEm"t eJHGgkarbEggdankMu[ExreXIjBYkeyokkugcUlmkbmUlGanikCnyYn nigTBsmtibeTsExr dwkykeTAsukyYn . eBlenaHrasG~kEs tUvfyecjBIlMenATSgGs'K~a .
{BueTaeGIy ! etIExrCamas'TwkdIrab'lannak'enaH nSkUntUc@ Em"cas'
Cra eTACkenANa ? . ExemsaCardUvekA sItuNPaBeLIgdl'kMrit45
Ggar . Exrrs'enAkNalvallelv, kNalBssan BwgdICaEK Bwg
emXCadMbUl . kEngxHKanTwk kEngxHKanGus . kMBugGs'sgwmeda
ytUvedkcSeBlsab'eJHGt'Twk eBlenaHmanbp~lmYyd*Gsar emIl
cuHkMBugekAEhgGnHsar emXsLHeFgKanBBk sab'EtenAfTI29
emsaem"ag3resol manePgmYyemy"agFM k~gry:eeBlbEhlbIem"ag .
dUec~HtamvalEs TwkmankMBs'15sg'TIEm"t . enAtamGNgnanamanTw
khUry"ageBj@ . b"uEnnwkeTAKYr[GaeNacGaFmdl'ExrTSgGs'enaHNa
s' TSgcas' TSgekg TSgG~kQW TSgG~kCa sI@eTIbnwgsMralkUnrYc Ca
BiessG~kenATIkug EdlminFab'CYbbTHnUvsanPaBEbbenH luHtUvenA
kNalePgkNalxl'Cit3em"agdUec~H k*rgarjak'j&rdUcKuncaj'Kb'@
K~a . G~kxHEskfrfa {eTvtaelakeGIy ! etIrs'enAy"agdUcemceTA
sUmelakCYypg@ ! . evTnarebobenH eyIgFab'eXIjEtk~gerOgkuneT
EteBlenHGgkareFI[Exrrab'lannak' bTHesckIevTnapal'@EP~k . yb'
enaH KannrNaTTYlTandMeNkekIteT Kb'@K~abeNIrKYsarrkdITYlxs'
minlicTwkedImInwgGgyteVmkalkalCgg'Tl'PW.
bCaCnExrEdlePosxneTAkan'PUmikac'reTH k~gkgbwgFMshkrN_
BtUcCaecInJn'nak' edIredkJsval xagekItf~l'Catielx5mancmay
BI2Km KanTICMrkTal'EtesaH . Kb'@K~aP&ytk'stCakElg eJH
ecInfeTAehIy KannrNaTTYlxustUvkarJrsnisuxeLIy .
enAfTI14sPa em"agbEhl3resol VnTTYldMNwgfa manG~k
kan'kab'mkdl'ehIy . Kb'@K~aetkGrNas' rt'bjayeTATTYlecAhayfI cg'dwgEpnkarfI . GgbCMuebIkenAkNalvallelv kNalf
ekA . luHbCaCnCaecInJn'nak'mkCYbCMuehIy mYysnHFMeTIbeXIjmit
LS, mitKin, mitTit . mitTSgbInak'enHCaemecary"agkacsahav sMNak'
enAEtk~gBrnamxagekItPUmibwgFMnigPUmikac'reTH .

eBlenaHmaneyaFa

GgkarCanrNa ?

68

ekg@ GayubEhl15q~S mansI3nak' bus3nak' kan'kSePIgGaEGrEkg

Kb'@dtamkarJr . eyaFaTSgenaHmanTwkmuxmS hak'dUcCamanKMnMurab'
ryCatimkehIy hak'dUcCaeskXansac'Qamss'@mkBInay .
mitLSEP~kkhmEt cab'epImniyayfa kumxMCatMNagGgkarpal'
.

Ggkardak'TisbJnkumxMmkkan'kab'mitTSgGs'enAkgbwgFMenH

eyIgtUvEtebIksmrPUmivaysMruk eFIEsVMg eFIEsvsa . BIeJHmit

TSgGs'K~ahUbVy, VyekItmkBIEs, dUec~HeyIgtUvEtdSsUv . tSgBI
dUntamk minEdleXIjnrNahUbkdas' EdlskiPUminigckBtibegItCa
DIbmenaHVneLIy . dgV"kaEdleKGgysresrelItu k*hUbminekIt Edr
. dUec~Hcab'BIfenHeTA GgkarbegItdgV"kanigsILfI KWng&l rnas' Eb"l
cb Exv .l. . eBlenaHmanmit2nak'epgeTot edIrcUlmkkan' GgbCMu
EP~kkhmEt

muxkaceXareXAd*Gsar

mitLSelIkdcgl

ehI

yVb'bCaCnfa enHmitehok enaHmityin . Ggkarcat'tSgCaQb

emIlkarxustUvshkrNe_ nABtUceyIgenH .
luHcb'GgbCMud*ekomkMenH mitLScab'epImbn'edayebIJkesI~CMnYs . mitLSbkasesI~naLikad viT m"UtU kg' m"asIunedr . JkesI~saha
vCagJkbn' eJHGgkar[GP&yksiTiy"ageBjeljdl'ecaredIresI~ .
ebImas'TBbdiesFmin[ecareT GgkarGnuJat[smab'ecalcuH rYcecaT
fakt'Ggkar .
cab'tSgBIfenaHmk kumenHtYttarasExrtamrbbecar KWedIresI~exc
xI rYcsmab'ecal .l. nig .l.

GgkarCanrNa ?

69

erOgcEmkEdlkUnExrtUvEtdwg

enAfTI23emsa em"ag5knHresol GgkarkMBugGnuvtEpnkarebIkl

licPreVkG~krdkarenAextVt'dMbgKb'@Ep~k dwknSykeTAcUlGnak'
EdlkumXatkrGafkMVMg erobcMExetomrg'cSVj'smab'ecal.
cMENkmitsUEbrCaeTAxibbuKlikeBTksYgrfePIg nigkmkrerag
cktMVj famitTSgGs'tUvenA[esmmYykEngsin cSsab'bJasarCa
fI .
enAfTI24emsa em"agbEhl10Bwk GgkarbJa[ehAbuKlikeBT
TSgGs'BmTSgKYsar bmUlK~aeTACYbCMuenAk~gmnIreBTFMenAVt'dMbg .
luHmkCYbCMuescVc' k*eXIjmitsUebIkLanLg'r"UEvrmkQb'enATIenaHlm
mitsUcuHBILan rYcelIkdcglLankam"g3eKOg Edlerobknrg'cSCa
esc BmTSgecjbJaCadac'Nat'TSgbgM dl'buKlikeBTBmTSgKY
sar tUvEteLIgLanenaH .
buKlikeBTTSgGs'eTACaKSgmat' KanJktva" tUvEtpgeBgdwkd
kUn beNIrbBn tMerobCYreLIgLantambJadac'Nat'enHedaydTeTKb'
K~a .
manbuKlikeBTxHCaG~kyam eBlenaHtUvEteLIgLanPam dUec~HCab'
tamxnmanEtexaGavyamb"ueNaH rIbBnkUn k*tUvEbkK~arhUt tSgBIf
enaHmk .
knLanEhrecjBImnIreBT edaymanLanLg'r"UEvrebIkbredaymit
sUCaG~knSpv rYceTAQb'sMctenAvtsuPI . mkdl'TIenH mitsUelatcuHBI
LanBmTSgniyayfa cUrenAsMNak'TIenHsincuH cSsab'bJaCafI . rYc
ehIymitsUk*dwknSknLanTeTenaHtLb'eTAvijVt' .
BwkfTI27emsa eXIjmitsUmkCYbbuKlikeBT EdleKykmkcak'
ecalenAvtsuPITSgGs'enaH . elakBwg-Kimsa CaevCbNitnigCanayk
eBTFMenAextVt'dMbg CamitCits~iTmitsU elakEtgEtbtmdl'bBn
kUmmitsU eBlEdlmitsUrt'ecalsuk . dUec~HelakBwg-KimsaVnsIbenasmitsUy"agesaHfa

EnsU ! etIGgkarCanrNaeK ? Ggkarrbs'sU

GgkarCanrNa ?

70

gGnuvtEpnkard*qtlIla . karCensbCaCny"agenH KWsmab'nigbMpajCatigeTNa TBsmti edImeQI dMNSdSduHEdlmas'edIrecal

tUvvinashinehacTSgGs'ehIyk~geBlenH .
eBlenaHmitsUeFImuxst k*elIkdsSekokdeqgelakKimsa rYcbeNIreTAqayputBIbuKlikTSgLay rYcQrxibK~ay"agyUr eTIbdwkdK~amk
kan'kEngdEdlvij .
elakKimsamuxst manGarmNG
_ nHsarCaxSg . elaksmwgshkarI
rbs'elakmYysnHFM eTIbelakniyayfa xMsUmlaelak@eTAeFIkarenA
vtCsukemagsIehIy.
Blwmf28emsa elakBwg-KimsabeNIrkUnbBnedIrefIreCIgeTA
kan'vtC . elaktUvedIrkat'PUmikac'reTH ehIyVnCYbelakyI-vijTI Ca
nayksalBiesaFne_ nAmnIreBTFMnTIkugVt'dMbg . elakTSgBIrnak'
beNIrK~aeKccUlk~gBsat rYcCECkK~ay"agyUr . elakKimsaVb'
elakvijTIfa mitsUkMejIjBmTSgBmanelakdUcteTA Ensa ebIcg'
rs'enAteTAeTot tUvecHGt'Ft' tUvecHeFIKrefIfg' tUvecHksagxn CMrHkar
kCnNa . sagCamitCits~iTnwgxM Fab'CYyEfTSKYsarrbs'xM dUec~HxM
Vb'nUvKMeragkarNG
_ afkMVMgmYyCaBiess KWGgkareKagTukExrEtbYnmWu
nnak' [eFICamas'TwkdIkmCaEtb"ueNaH . ekABIenaHtUvykecj . elak
evCbNitBwg-KimsaniTandl'twmh~wg elaksk'TwkEP~kecak@ rYck*bn
eTAeTot . luHy"agenH xMk*smk'smwgmitsUBmTSgKMhksYrfa etIela
k@EdleTATTYlsemcBIfmunenaHy"agem"ceTAehIy ! . eBlenHedI
mIsegaHsag EdlCaG~kmanKuNd*elIslb'cMeJHKYsarxM eTIbxMl
lkdak'TisbJnsag[eTAeFIkarenAvtCCabnan'enH .l. nig .l.
eBlenaHelakBwg-Kimsa{belakTIBmTSgfrxwb@fa etIeCOeT ?
{TIeGIyxMmanGarmNt
_ k'stNas' EnTI manEtTIgeTeTIbxMVb'
Na !. cMENkelakTIluHVnsab'nUvGBtehtuminKYr[eCO EtCaerOgBit
elakk*sk'TwkEP~kecak@ edayseNaHelaksabeNIrbIbBnkat' PUmi
kat'val kat'B pgeBgeTAkan'vtC sitenAmat'Brnam Vtd
TeTmindwgCavasnaGnaKtvanwgeTACay"agNa ?
eBlelakTIykCayGavCUtTwkEP~k BmTSgGtaFibaybJak'GBtehtud*Gakk'dUcK~aenHCMrabelaksafa

xMVTEtgEteTAcak'f~S[KYsar

GgkarCanrNa ?

71

KNsukeQaHkk' enAPUmiBtUcxagtgenH . mitkk'k*BmanxMVTfa [

ecHeFIxak' eFIfg'eFIK eTIbGacqgputmhaeKaHkacenH eJHGgkarmanKMera
gkarsmat'TukrasExr[enAsl'Et4mWunnak'GJwgEdr .
eBlenaHelakTSgBIrmanGarmNt
_ k'stCay"agxSg eTACaKSgmat'rk
JkniyayteTAeTotElgekIt . smwgmuxK~ay"agyUrGs'sgwm k*sMula
EbkK~aeTAkan'TIedAerog@xn .
k~geBlEbkK~aCacugekayenH elakTSgBIrGgykkklk~gcitBMuGac
rkJkeBcn
_ NamkBNnaVneLIy . elakTSgBIrnak'EbkK~arhUt !
eJHenATIbJb', G~kBmaneKkI G~ktUveKBmankI tUvGgkarecjbJa[
smab'ecalCabnbnab' dUcCamitkk'EdlKNsuk ehIyEdlBIGtItka
lCaKUlIErkdI nigCaecarlYcman'Ta VntUvGgkarcat'[eKsmab'ecalenA
fTI20 tula q~S1978 evlaem"ag8yb' .
mitsUtUveKcab'xnenAfTI21sPa1977 . bYnExekaymk bBn
mitsUtUveKcab'xneTot KWenAfTI8kJaq~SdEdl . GgkarecjbJa[
ykeTAdak'KukTYlEsg eFITaruNkmsineTIbsmab'ecalTSgBIrnak'enAf
TI18tula1977 .
- Ggkar[eKcab'xnelakBwg-KimsaenAyb'fTI11 vicika 1976 nS
ykeTAdak'KukTYlEsg . edaysarTaruNkmelIxn elakk*sab'enAf6
sPa 1977 eTA .
- GgkarbJa[eKsmab'elakeBTyW-vijTIenAfTI11 vicika 1976 .

GgkarCanrNa ?

72

GBtehtuEdlbgbnExrtUvEtdwg
edImIykmktiHriHBicarNa
- fTI23emsa1975 enAextVt'dMbg ExrEdlCamas'TwkdIkMBugtUv
rgeKaH . G~krdkarKb'Ep~k G~kmuxG~kkar tUvGgkarbmUlnSykeTAsma
b'ecalPam@ . ExrCag1lannak'EdlminTan'dl'evnsab' tUvGgkaredj
[cakecjBIlMenAdan ecalTIkEng tUvfyecjqayBITIkug BIpvKmnaK
mn_ TSgpveKak TSgpvTwk ( cmayy"agtic2KmBIpvCati nigBITen ) .l.
nig .l.
- pyeTAvij enAfdEdlem"ag1resol GgkarEbrCacat'mnusGaf
kMVMgy"agsat'bMput eTAxibVb'GnikCnyYnk~gextVt'dMbgTSgmUlK
b'CMrM Kb'@TIkEng facUr[enAesmmYykEngsin cSsab'bJaGgkarCafI .
eBlenaHmanyYnm~ak'eQaHLag enACMrMyYnmYysitenAcmay100Em"t
xagtgpHxM . G~ksIyYnenHsn'esart'mkCYbxMehIyxibVb'fa KYr
EtxMbmUlKYsarcUlkan'CMrMyYn eJHGgkarerobcMdwkCensGnikCnyYn
eTAkan'beTsyYnvijehIy . cMENkxMkMBugveggsugKitGIElgeXIj
eTAehIy, xMminTukcit k*bdiesFmincUlCMrMyYnenaHeT .l.
GgkarbJa[bmUlGnikCnyYnk~gextVt'dMbgTSgGs'y"agsat' dw
knSecjbIelIk ykeTAlak'Tukk~gbeTsyYn cakputBIeKaHf~ak' TuklY
cbnMeFIExrenAelIkekayvij .

vibtienAb"linekayBwtikarN1
_ 7emsa77
b"linCakugmYyd*Esnmenarm d*Esnsuxsan sitenAcmay80K
m xaglicextVt'dMbg . b"linsMbUreTAedaytgd*mantmBNkhm
btg exovtamFmCati nigEpeQIEbk@dUcCa kUccin, savm"av, FUernCaedIm
. k~gq~S1975 kugb"linmanbCaCnbmaN1Esnnak' PaKecInCaG~k

GgkarCanrNa ?

73

manTBsmtid*sksm .
enAf17emsa elakhul-etanGPiVlextb"linebIkGgbCMu rvag
nayTahanTSgGs' enAk~gbrievNsalaext . elakbkasGMJvnavfa
eyIgtUvEtkarJrkugb"lin rhUtdl'degImcugekaybgs' ! . eBlenaH
nayTahanxHelIkdtva" sMupakQb'bnsgam eJHmincg'eXIjQam
ExrhUrteTAeTot mincg'eXIjExrsmab'ExrteTAeTot .
emIlcuHKYr[sayNas'@ ! KanelakNayl'nUvlkN:B
BitVkd
rbs'sgamEdlpHk~gsukExreLIy KanelakNadwgnUveKaHPynra
y EdlbMrugnwgekIteLIgenAeBlqab'@xagmuxenHeT . Kb'@K~a TSgras
TSgnamWun TSgBHsg TSgKhs TSgTahan TSgsIuvilyl'cLMfa
ExrsIhnu-exovsMpncSgK~aCamYyExrln'-nl' .
enAfdEdl em"agbEhl3knHresol manExrCaecInnak' nSKYsar
rt'eTAkan'GUrLak'

rYcqgEdneTAkan'beTsf

fTI18emsa1975

ExrEdlmancitsLaj'brpac'TwkdI nSK~acat'EcgtSgKNkmaFikarBiessmYy

rg'cSTTYlecAhayfI

kumenHminEmnGgyertamxl'

KWerobcMTTYledayesaHs&K esaHtg' nigrIkray . eJHBYknamWunEdl

bndMENgBIelakln'-nl' bBwtGMeBIBukrlYyy"agxSg rs'enAswgEt
minekIteTAehIy . Kb'@K~ayl'cLMy"agxSgnwksan@fa ebImansemc
yagtLb'mkKb'KgbeTskmCavij edaymanexov-sMpnCaG~kKST
pgenaH vaCakarbesIrNas' .
KN:k
kmaFikarenHGgyminsuxbk'minrehIy QrminnwgedayGnHsar
rg'cSemIlpvmas'fI . luHEskeLIg enAfTI19emsa evlaem"ag2resol
eTIbeXIjBYkeyaFaekg@mYykumGayubEhl15q~S mancMnYnbmaN30
nak' mansImanbus eskJk'exA Jk'EskeCIgekAsUkg'Lan kan'GavuF
Kb'@d . emdwknSeQaHmitbun CaGtitemecary"agsahav . mitbunCatM
NagGgkarVnedIreTACYbKNkmaFikar EdlkMBugerobcMePgkMdr BmTSg
nSK~atMerobCYrcSTTYl. minVnGbGrsaTrnwgkarTTYlenHeT pyeTAvij
kummitbun EbrCaeFImuxmS dUccgKMnMucg'sIusac'hutQammkBInay .
mitbunsmk'smwgKNkmaFikarmYysnH ( enHKWsaVneLIgesay
raC ) rYcecjbJay"agkMbutkMbuy hamXat'Qb'[eFIcracrCadac'xat .
enABlwmfTI22emsa

manbkasebIkGgbCMumYyenAsalasukb"

GgkarCanrNa ?

74

lin . ExretkGrNas'bmUlK~aQUqrmksab'Epnkarmas'fIy"agkuHkr .
mYysnHeXIjemecarm~ak'eQaHmitlk ecjbgajxnkNalGgbCMu b
kasfaxnCatMNagGgkar ( enATINak*eday eBleQaHGgkar bCaCn
EtgEtEbrsmwgemIlmuxK~a rYclYcxwbsYrK~afa CanrNaeGH ? dUec~HC&y
cMnHminEmnrbs'semcnigexov-sMpneT ? ) .
mitlkk*beJattamkllic EdlGgkardak'Tis[Caesc . emIl
cuH mitlkbkasfa mit@CaTIeKarBTSgGs'

GgkartUvkarnayTahan

edImICYybgat'begonyuTCn yuTnarIbdivtne_ kg@ EdlenAlg'exA[ecH

ebIkSePIgFM viT ebIkrfekaH ebIkkV"l'ehaHCaedIm .l. dUec~HBWkEs
kenH mitnayTahanTSgGs'tUveskJk'CaksNan tambuNs&ki
rYcmkCYbCMuK~aenAmuxsalaextevlaem"ag7knHCakMhit . cMENknayTahanrgnigBlTahan tUvrg'cSTTYlbJarbs'GgkarCafI .
fTI23emsaevlaem"ag7knH enAmuxsalaextb"lin eKeXIjLan
kam"g12eKOgerobknCaesc . eBlenaHnayTahancMnYn350nak'
eskJk'ksNany"agsaterog@xn muxjjwmtMerobCYreLIgLanenaH
. manLanLg'r"UEvrmYyeKOg nigLanhIbmYyeKOg manExrkhm10na
k'kan'GavuFKb'd brmuxknnSpv . PrfaeTAkan'extVt'dMbg eJHext
Vt'dMbgxHsmar:b
bgat'begoneyaFabdivtn_ .
bnab'mk eKeXIjnayTahanTSg350nak'enHsab'KrelIK~a ehImsg
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Gs'enH eKVnsal' elakvr:eesniyeTaEhm-GkaesrI, elakembJa
karsun-lI, elakGnuesniyeTaCa-KI, eLA-sug, sYn-mac, XYn-sabn
^
Esn-esg, Em"n-hYn .
fdEdlevlaem"ag11 Lankam"g10eKOgdwknayTahanrgCag300
nak' nSykeTAVj'ecalenAtg'tJMgEk .
fdEdlem"ag2resol manLankam"g7eKOg dwkTahancMnYn300
nak' nSykeTAVj'ecalenAkNalBcMcenaHPUmiEtgnigsMLt .
enAfTI27emsa manLanhIb4eKOgdak'eKasns&B brBIkEng
mYyeTAkEngmYy EskbkasnUvbJarbs'Ggkar edjy"agbgM[bCa
CnTSgGs' cakecjBITIkugb"link~gry:eeBl3f . dUec~HvasnaExrenA
b"link*dUcCavasnaExrTSgGs'enAKb'TIbCMuFM@nsukExrEdr KWtUvBrkUn

GgkarCanrNa ?

75

tUc dwkdkUnbnab' EsgPriyaCitsMralkUn sMralkUnehIyenAfI@ Esg

Bukmaycas'Cra .l.
cab'tSgbIfTI25dl'fTI28emsa GgkarecjbJa[ekNmnus
e d I r b m U lG a v u F K b ' F u n V n y" a g e c I n e lI slb ' e lI k e r o b d a k ' La n r Y c d w k
nSecjeTAkan'TIGafkMVMg . eKminVneXIjG~kebIkbrLanviltLb'mk
CYbCMuKYsarvijeT . TSgLan TSgGavuF TSgG~kebIkbr eTAVt'sUn .
fTI29emsaevlaem"ag10knH manLankam"gmYyeKOgbrmkQb'
enAmuxsalaextb"lin . GgkarbJa[ehAG~krdkarCan'xs' nigG~krd
kareTot@Cabnan' mancMnYn25nak' edaykuhkfaeTAcUlrYmmITijenAext
Vt'dMbg . LanhIbmYyeKOgdwkExrkhm5nak' kan'GavuFKb'dbrnS pv
. ekaymk eKeXIjexacTSg25enH dCab'cMNg enAPUmiEtg elI
ciejImf~l'xagsSd .
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Gatkugb"lin ebIbCaCnNarwgTTwgminBmfyecjBITIlMenA minBm
fyecjBITIkug tUvVj'smab'ecalPam . k~geBlCamYyK~aenH Ggkar
bJadl'KYsarnKN:k
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KYsarTSgGs' mkCYbCMuK~aenAsalaextb"lin rYcGgkarkuhkfa mitTS
gGs'tUvecj[putBITIkugCabnan' eJHGaemrikSgmkTmak'Kab'Ebkk~g
eBlqab'@enH . dUec~HKYsarnKNkmkarenH manLankam"g3eKOgdwk
nSykeTAVj'smab'ecal TSgbITSgbBnkUn enAtg'tJMgEk rYmTSg
CnCatiVrSgm~ak'eQaH b"ugDI-esrIyag k*tUveKVj'smab'enAtg'TIenaH
Edr .
fnigem"agdEdl GgkarbJa[nSG~keTasEdlrt'qgEdneTAkan'beTsf EdlExrkhmsat'cab'xnVnenAGUrLak'cMnYn33Lan CaBiess
LanEmrsWEds nigLanBWhkat'sg'kat' Kb'sJati CaefAEktg CaG~k
mansksm nSykeTAVj'ecalenAmat'eCaHbrtSgsU rYcbrtak'T&rQUs
TSgexac TSgmnusEdlenArs' mankUnekg manmnuscas' TSgLanTmak'eCaHTSgGs'. manG~kcMkarm~ak'enAbrtSgsUeQaHsut-j"anVneXI
jpal'EP~k Kat'r"ayra"b'erOgenHbeNIr Kat'KvIkalsk'TwkEP~kbeNIr
BmTSgbJak'fa nwkeTAKYr[GaeNacGFmdl'kUnekgTSgLayenaHNas' eBlFak'cUlk~geCaHd*eCAy"agenaHeTAehIy

enAsUrsemgEskyM

GgkarCanrNa ?

76

KlYc.l.
Ggkarcat'karsmab'ExrVny"aggaytamliccitsas nigtamcMNucexaynana TahrNd
_ UcCa
- enAextVt'dMbg Ggkardwgnigsal'cMNucexaynamWunExrKb'Ep~k
Kb'Can'f~ak'sLaj'semc dUec~HvatUvebIeQaHsemcCanuy . eBl
enaHvaebIJkmYyXafa
sMuGeJIjGs'elakeTATTYlsemc XaenHs&kisiTiGsarNas' G~kNaeTAKWsab' .
- enArdFanIP~MeBj Ggkardwgnigsal'cMNucexaynamWunExrKb'Ep~k
Kb'Can'f~ak' EdlsatsM Ggyrg'cSertamxl' edayyl'fa etIrbb
NamintUvkarG~kecH ? eBlenaHvaebIEtJkmYyXafa
sMuGejIjGs'elakcUlxnmkCYyksagCati G~kcUlKWsab' .
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rbs'nayTahanKW
sMuGeJIjemT&BeTACYybgat'begoneyaFaExrkhmlg'@
nrNaeTAtamvaKWsab' .
emIlcuH ! JkEtbIXaCaGavuFd*s&kisiTiGsar GgkarGaceVknamWun
ExrKb'@Ep~k Kb'@Can'f~ak' bmUlnSykeTAVjecalVny"aggay min
BiVkbgM minBiVkcg.
Ggkarcat'karsmab'Exrsttg' KankMhusEdlCamas'TwkdIBit@ Ka
nCMnMuCMrH manPaBtwmtUvtamlMnSJkebobbedArbs'exachU-CImij TUnankUnecArbs'vafa tUvsmab'mnussucrit vabesIrCagTukstUv[rs'
enA eJHvasni~danfa ExrCastUvrbs'va .
GgkarGnuvtVntwmtUvnUvJkbNSrbs'hU-CImijmYyXaeTotEdl
niyayfa ebIeFIsgamCamYyExr Q~HKb'Kg caj'eFIesdI kal
eNaHGgkarbJnevotkugcUlmkkan'beTsExr bmUlbn'TBsmtinKrExr dwkCJneTAkan'sukyYnedayesrI .l. nig .l.
m"agvijeTot CadMbUg, Ggkarcab'kalExrnigExr[bCl'K~a [smab'
K~asin . kaleNaHbkExrkhmrbs'exov-sMpneFsbEhs beNayxn[caj'eVkGgkarFn'CagFn' . k~gry:eBl13fdMbUg qtvk'vI edIr
GeJIjbmUlTahan mnI

G~krdkarKb'Can'f~ak'

BmTSgBHsgEdl

GgkarCanrNa ?

77

ecHcSvin&yeCACH dwknSykeTAcUlk~gGnak'Exetomrbs'XatkrGafkM
VMg tUvkumenHsmab'ecalexc .

yYnxageCIgeVkyYnxagtg

ebIeyIgeFIkarebobeFobGMBIklliceVkrbs'yYnxageCIgmkelIyY
nxagtg eTAnwgklliceVkbmUlnamWunExr TSgTahanTSgsIuvilenA
rdFanIP~MeBjnigenAb"lin eyIgeXIjfarebobTSgBIrenHmansPaBdUcK~a.
EtyYnminsmab'sasny
_ YneT .
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NUycUlkan'kab'TwkdIyYnxagtg .
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Kb'@rUb xMsmMlak'xn . cMENkyYnhaNUymanlkllicJgTukCa
escy"aght'ct' . enAeBleTIbcUlmkdl' vaminTan'beJjskmPaB
eXareXAPameT . vaTuk[G~krdkarTSgGs'enaHBYn[Gs'cit [Gs'sgwm
eJHvadwgfa BYkG~krdkaryYnxagtg TSgEp~kTaham TSgEp~ksIuvil dl'
eBldac'Ex KWdl'eBldac'xl' Gs'luy Gs'esg .l.
VMfekaymk sab'EtmanLanhIbCaecIneKOg dak'eKasns&BebIkbrJseBjkugnigextnana

nigrdFanIBnKr Eskpayfa

mitCaTIsLaj', GgkarbkaselIkElgeTasmitTSgGs' eTaHmanfan:

CaGIk*eday . LvGgkarsMuGeJIjmitTSgGs' cUlmkcuHeQaHtamksY
gerog@xn edImIeTAhat'erontamrebobfI tamEp~k@ manry:eBl1Ex2 Ex
rYcswmviltLb'mkCYyeFIkarbMerICatieLIgvij

tamksYgerog@xnd-

Edl eJHbUdUyCab'rvl'eFIsgam minVneronsUt GgkarelIxHG~k

ecHdwg .l. cMENknayTahannignayTahanrg sUmGeJIjmkCY
ybgat'begonbUdUy[ecHebIrfekaH

[ecHkan'kSePIgFM

[ecHebIviT

GgkarCanrNa ?

78

CaBiess[ecHebIkkV"l'ehaH .
BYkrdkaryYnxagtgkMBugGs'sgwm luHesckIbkasy"agEpm
Tn'Pn' nigd*smrmy"agenH k*lg'xnFak'cUlGnak'yYnkumynisswgTS
gGs'K~a edayedIrecjBITICmklak'xnedayxng mkbgajxns&Kcit
sMucuHeQaH

Vb'muxtMENgtg'@,

edImIVneTAeronsUttamrebobfI

bjab'nwgVnviltLb'mkeFIkardUcedImvij.
dMNagrbs'GgkarelIjjwmTTYledayrIkray BmTSgVb'kMritf
nigem"agEdltUvecjdMeNIr . luHdl'eBlevlamkdl'ehIy enArdFanI
BnKr nigenAKb'TIrYmextnana manLanKb'FunTSgtUcTSgFM erobCakn
cSCaesc . luHG~krdkarTSgenaHeLIgLanEtxnTeTcb'sBKb'ehIy
yYnkumynnisk*dwk G~keTas TSgenaHykeTAdak'Kukdak'cvak'TSgGs'
edaybMEbkK~aCakum@tamEp~k tamFun tamzannrs&ki .l.
emIlcuH ! kllicEdldUcK~ay"agenH etIGgkarGnamikeronBIyYnha
NUy yYnhaNUyeronBIGgkarGnamik mYyk*Caes~tkllicEdl
manbPBEtmYy ?

skmPaBsemcsIhnuekayBwtikarN_
fTI17emsa1975
ExrPaKecInenAk~gsukyl'edaysan@fa BwtikarN_ fTI17emsa
enH Vnmkedaysars~aBHhsrbs'semc . EtcMENksemcvij
enAbreTseNaH eFIhak'dUcCaKandwg Kanyl'GITSgGs' .
fTI17emsa1975 semckMBugeFIbdisNarkicePvkitiysk~gsa
nTUtGar"ab' . semcVnTTYldMNwgCapvkarGMBIeCaKC&yd*cEmkenH .
tamG~ksegtkarNb
_ reTsEdlVntamdanBIerOgenH eKVnsresrbJak'fa semcsIhnuminVnbeJjbtikm[eXIjfa semcmankarP&y
BYysbayrIkrayeLIy . EtpyeTAvij CakCn semcsn'esatk'
stCakElg . semcGnHsary"agxSg rg'cSdMNwgBitVkdCapvkarBI
beTskmCaCabnmkeTot . EtEbrCaggitGnka KanTTYlGICabEnmmk
eTotTal'EtesaH. G~kkaEstnanatamsYredjedalsemcsIhnu BIerOg

GgkarCanrNa ?

79

eCaKC&yd*cEmkenH . semcsIhnurkJkeqIyy"agxIfa semcEm"

GaJF eFI[semcyagtLb'cUlkan'matuPUmiminVn .l. BHmhak
tIyanIesayTIvgtenAcugExemsa1975 .
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m~ak'fa
xMKankarcSVc'nwgcUleTAkan'beTskmCaeT xMtUvEtfy[qay
BIbeTsxM xMmintUvPab'xnk~gkickarnExrkhmTSgenaHeLIy xMsMer
citnireTsxneTAsMNak'enATIkugBgy"agnbeTskUer"xageCIg rs'
edaysniPaBqayBIbJad*sKsajenH .
enAcugExsPa1975, semcsIhnuVnbJak'Vb'G~kkaEstbreTsbEnmeTotfa semcminvilcUlkan'matuPUmikmCaCadac'xat . eKVn
dwgfa enAcugExsPaenH enABgy"ag, semcsIhnuVnEtgbTcMerog
mYyEdlmaneQaHfa laehIykmCa .
fTI18kkda, elaksarin-qaknigelakCYn-bsiTieFIdMeNIreTAkan'
kugBgy"ag sMukabfaybgMyagsemcsIhnutLb'cUlkan'beTskm
Cavij . eBlenaHsemcsIhnubdiesFy"agdac'xat . mYyExekaymk
eTot KWenAfTI18sIha, semcEb"n-nutnigelakexov-sMpneFIdMeNIreTA
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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

81

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

84

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GgkarCanrNa ?

85

CMBUkTI12
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GgkarCanrNa ?

86

- enAfTI20 Exmina q~S1976 CafeCIserIstMNagras GgkarGnamikecjbJa[ehAbCaBlrdTSgGs'enAshkrNl

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GgkarCanrNa ?

87

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GgkarCanrNa ?

88

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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menHdUcexacJybisac vaBYnsmMlak'xnenATIggit lYcbnMsmab'bMput
BYCExredayebIyIehaExrkhm .
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- BYkTI1 Caemkan'kab'eyaFaekg@Gayuswgmindl'15q~Spg .
- BYkTI2 cat'tSgCaQb .
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eBjelj
k/ edIrbn'ebIJkesI~r ( JkesI~rsahavCagbn' BIeJHGgkarEcg
cab'karJrecaredIresI~r ebImas'TBrwgTTwg Vj'smab'ecalcuH ) .
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k*mincMeNj ykecjk*minxat .
K/ tUveFITaruNkmy"agdUcemck*eday[EtrasExrsab' . CabgYm
esckImk Ggkar[siTikumenHy"ageBjeljtYttabeTsExrtambec
keTsecar .l. nig .l.
- BYkTI4 KWGtitExrevotmijCasmaCikbkbCaCnbdivtnE_ xr . GgkarbeJjkumenHenAedImq~S1976 cat'EtgtSgCaescCabFanshkrN_ CaKN:t
tMbn' bnmkCatMNagrasEdlmantaEb"t, taekA, mitlk, mi
tl nigmitlI (CatiyYn)

kan'enAtMbn'TI1nextVt'dMbgEdlxMsal'nig

eXIjcas'nwgEP~k .
- BYkTI5 KWGtitExrevotmijEdr kgkmSgbdab'GavuFbdivtn
_ kPaB
rbs'beTskmCa EdlsWg-g"ukmijTTYlbJaBIhU-CImij begItBIfTI
19mifuna1951 lYcbgb'TukJseBjBnbeTsExr . GgkarbeJj
kumenHCacugekaybgs'enAcugq~S1977 . ParkickumenH KWrYmkmSgCam

GgkarCanrNa ?

91

YykumXatkrGafkMVMgbNak'K~asmab'Exrkhmnin~akarExr manmitsUCa
edIm . smab'KNkmkarkg, smab'QbEdlCaExrkhmekItmkBIecar
CaBiesssmab'yuvCncl&t .
tamesckIr"ayra"b'BIyuvCnExrd*ekgm~ak'namtkUlnYn CakUnbuseTa
lrbs'elaknYn-samin CacaghagBnnaKarextVt'dMbg manExrkh
mm~ak'lYcbeNaHnSykeTACamYy .
yuvCnenHVnniyayGHGagbJak'Vb'yayeTogpal'fa munnwg
GgkarbeJjXatkrCabn@ CalMdab'lMeday [ecjmksmab'bMputBUC
Exr Ggkarkat'eTasCamunrYcesceTAehIy .
GgkarbJa[smab'Cabnan'bMputdUcCa nayTahan nayTahanrg
nigTahanKb'@Ep~k . G~krdkarsIuvilKb'@Ep~kKb'@Can'f~ak' dUcCabuKlikBnnaKar, tulakar, ksYgKy, namWunrdVl, sasacar, KUbegon,
KUeBTCaedIm .l. nig .l.
eBlenaHmanmitxHlan'mat'sYrfa ehtudUcemcVnCasmab'eBT
sasacar nigKUbegon ?
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.l. nig .l. mitNaEdlmanGarmNq
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yeTAmat'mYyeTotEtb"ueNaH .
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esIrCagTukstUv[enArs' . Ep~ktulakarmanmYyXaKW Tukk*mincMeN
j ykecjk*minxat .
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vuF . GgkarGacbmUlnamWunExr

TSgsIuvilTSgTahan

Kb'Can'f~ak'Edl

GgkarCanrNa ?

92

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TTYlsemc KWeTAsab' .
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TahrNd
_ UcCaedjbCaBlrdExrk~gmYynKr CaecInlannak' [fy
cakecjecalTIkEngecalTIlMenA [fyecjqayBIpvCati BIdgswg ma
ncmayBIrKILEm"ty"agtic . rasExrtUvnSKYsaredIredkJsvalJs
B BwgBHFrNICaEK BwgemXCadMbUl .

meFaVyenHeFI[sab'eday

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GgkareFITaruNkm dak'Tis[eFIkarTSgyb'TSgf halekAkNal
ePg [hUbEtTwkbbrCamYyGMbilBIrbIKab' QWKanf~STal'EtesaH CaBi
essrasExrG~kTIkug minFab'rs'enAsanPaBlMVkevTnay"agenH k*bn
knyK~asab'y"agecIntKNna . manmYyPaKminGacTSnUvGMeBIeXar
eXABpy"agenHk*sab'xneTA .
karbMEbkbCaCntamGayu
GgkarbMEbkKYsarecjBIK~a tamGayuCakum@ . kumarakumarItUc@Gayu
BI6q~SeTA13q~S Ggkarsni~danTukCakUnsis . yuvCn yuvnarI GayuBI14
q~Sdl'30q~S enAlIv GgkarbmUlbegItCakumdac'xat ehAfakgcl&t .
kumenHmin[CYbEm"eLIy tUveFIkarTSgyb'TSgf halekAkNal
ePg hUbEtbbrnigGMbilmYycib@Etb"ueNaH .
cMENkrasExrmanKYsarrYcehIy GayuBI17q~Sdl'40q~S bIbBntUv
EbkecjBIK~a eTAbMeBjParkicerog@xnenAsmrPUmimux . elIkElgEtsI
EdlmanKPBI7ExeLIg nigsImankUnxIGayuekambYnEx eTIbVneTAsMrak
tamkg .
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jkeJI . sI@tUvemIlEfTSkUnekg .
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f kNalePgmanCaKMrUxH@dUcteTA
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Es .

GgkarCanrNa ?

93

- enABQrextkMBg'cam, manbCaCncUlrYmeFIkarcMnYn25,000nak'
elIkPWEs .
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EBkmYymancmay20Km .
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CaCncUlrYmeFIkarcMnYn25,000nak' .
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cUlrYmeFIkarcMnYn30,000nak' .
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cl&tbUkrYmkmSgTI1cUlrYmeFIkarbEhl25,000nak' .
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kgt . bmUlkmSgTI1 TI2 TI3 CaBiesssI@emm"aycMnYn85,000nak' .
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l'dITSgGs' . cMENkbCaCnTUeTA edkEtk~gGgwgVvhalekA kNal
ePgKanTICmkeLIy . tUvecjeFIkarTSgfTSgyb' . eBlyb'ebIePg
Fak'xSgecjBlikmminekIt tMNagrbs'GgkarvayCYgebIkGgbCMuCIvPaB
Pam . karBitKWehAmkeCredoltH niyaycMEdl@fa G~kecHdwgbJv&nxM
eronsUtyksJab&tCakdas' edImICiHCan'raslg'exA . TahrN_
dUcCaviskrCaedIm eXIjct'EtcegHcglebIeK minEdleXIjviskrNa
ecHlayVyGreLIy .l.
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s' cb Eb"l .l. ebIeyIghUbVy eyIgtUvEtdSsUv edImIksagCati[
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GgkarCanrNa ?

94

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enaHTn' eTIbeKcab'epImelIkPWEstambeckeTs EdleKehAfasgeqg .
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eLIy . cMENkGagTwkk*eFIdUcPWEsEdr dUec~HeBlePgFak'mkxSg TMnb'
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Edr BIeJHpTwkrabesIK~a .l.
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begItTMnb'TwkenAswgPUmikgtCaedIm . kEngkMBugeFITMnb'TwkenaHCadIxac'
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keTs mintUvknx~at k*bNal[TwkhUrehorlicdMNSenAk~gPUmikgt
exc . luHExkJaq~S1977 TwkCMnn'xSgeLIg@ k*hUreTAkan'TITMnab kmSg
TwkrujcanhUry"agxSg k*kayeTACaswgmYyy"agFMEkrTMnb'TwkenaH .
m"ageTotdUcCabmUlsI@emm"ayBmTSgkUntUc@eTAkan'BtaEbn rYc
bgM[kab'qarbMpajBeQI niglb'bwgykdIeFIEs .
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bgminxHvalEseLIy . ehtudUcemck*GgkarbJa[lb'bwgykdIeFI
EseTAvij ? pyeTAvijmankEngxH GgkarEbrCabJa[CIksH .
TIkEngEdlGgkarq~bDitbegItkargarPaKecInCatMbn'Kuncaj'y"agsahav dUcCaPUmikgtnigBtaEbnCaedIm . dUec~HbCarasExrtUvsab'
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XatkrGafkMVMgcUlmkcab'cgrasExrd*sttg'Cabnbnab' nSykeTA
Vt'@y"agecInmindwgcMnYneLIy .

GgkarCanrNa ?

95

manbgbnrYmQameyIgxHKan'Etfrk*tUvVt'xnPam . Casrubesc
kIeTA kickarEdlGgkarbegIteLIgbgM[rasExreFIkarTSgyb'TSgfCMna
n'enaH KWCakartbeyaCnT
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ehacTSgGs' . KWvaeFITaruNkmrasExr rhUtTal'EtExrCamas'TwkdIkm
Casab'Gs'Etb"ueNaH .l.

KuktaEbn
GgkarbegItKukmYyenAk~gBtaEbn sitenAxagekItPUmikgt CaB
dac'syal CatMbn'Kuncaj'y"agsahav . KukenHsg'enAelIdMbUkmYy
y"agFM Exvsamkdl' TwklicCMuvijdMbUktwmcegH . GgkarbJa[ExrkhmEdlekItmkBIecar tUvtamdansI@emm"ayCaecInmWunnak' EdlkMBug
ecjBlkmrYmkab'qarBtaEbn . ebIdwgfasINaCabBnGtItG~krdkar
EdlGgkarsmab'bIrYcehIy

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nwgQWKuncaj'Kanf~SBaVlTal'EtesaH jSg[sab'nwgTmn'kickar .
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sat . kicEdlFn'CageKenaH KWGgkarbJa[kab'edImeQI rYcehIytUv
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eFIEs .
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mYyGMbil2-3Kab'Etb"ueNaH . manG~ksIxHmankUntUc@2bInak'kMBug
QWy"agFn' edknnalelIrnabEdleFIGMBIedImrSgbiun@kMPYneCIg TSgsMb
kKKatKeKImKanQUsKancSgGITSgGs' . Kankenlkal KanPYy
dNb' KanmugkarJr manEtsegIcbiun@cugcegIHecjmkxSTSgf .
kumarTSgLayenaHQWtdabtdYsCitdac'xl'sab' . CmWFn'@minGac

GgkarCanrNa ?

96

EfTS[CaVn KWCmWKuncaj'nigraKmYl . PaKecInnkumarTSgLayenaH

QWraKmYl Fak'Qamss'@ eJHGt'XanxSgeBk minGacGt'TSVn k*
bbYlK~aedIrerIssMbkkamsMbkxgykmkdut[Qy rYcnSK~ahUb . man
kumarxH edaymkBICmWraKxSgeBkegIbElgrYc k*tUvruyBgdak'rYckayCa
dgv . dgvenaHcUlruksac'TSgrs' . TMrSnwgsab' kumarTSgenaHEsnevTna
KYr[GaeNacGaFmNas' . eBlTMenr BiesseBlyb' yayeTogEtg
EtCYyEfTSkumarTSgenaH luHmithacCaemKukdwgk*ebIkGgbCMu .
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.l.
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EtkumarsMKm@TSgenaHrt'mkB&TCMuvijQrsmwgemIl ehIyelbTwkmat'
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jBIdMebot rYck*Kvat'dMebotecal edIrcakecjVt'eTA . {GnicaeGIy ! emI
lcuHkumarsMKm@TSgenaH k*erIsdMebotEckK~aliT . liTehIyliTeTot
bnBIm~ak'eTAm~ak' xMCaG~kEfTSgkumarTSgenaH eXIjpal'nwgEP~k cgcSCab'
Canick~gxYrkalminGacbMePcVneLIy .
manG~kxHQWCuHminhanCuHeT KWrkalamkKan'ciJwmkBHykkmSg
edIreTAeFIkarsin luHVnTwkbbrhuteTIbhaneTACuH . manmnusCraxH eB
lCitdac'xl'sab' k*EskdMGUjfa sayNas'minVnhUbVymYy
cMEGtmunnwgsab' . G~keTasTSgGs'Gs'sgwmedkcSEteBlsab' KanGI
CaTIBwgeT . Kb'@K~alYcbn'sn'Etk~gcit sUmBHBuT BHFm BHsg
BHn BHBh nigeTvtaCYypg !!!
GsarEmn sab'EtenAcugExsIhaq~S1977 manG~keTasm~ak'eQaH
m"atUvexaccUlsNit . yayeTogCaG~kTTYlEfTSG~ksIm"a . Kat'lYg
elamG~ksIm"a[hUbTwkbbr . exackMBugcUlenHniyayVb'yayeTog fa

xMminGachUbbbrVneT

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evoneTAhUbGs'eTAehIy . EtxMGacCk'VrIVn xMsMuVrImYyedIm . exac

GgkarCanrNa ?

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enaHVb'yayeTogeTotfa xMCabIG~ksIm"a xMmkVb'G~keTasTSgGs'

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ehIy .
cMnYnBIrf exacenHecjVt'eTA . G~ksIm"adwgsartIeLIgvij . eka
ymkG~ksIm"alYcVb'yayeTogfa enAcugExF~q~S1976 bEhlem"ag
10yb' mitekatmkEskehAbIrbs'xM[ecjBIxmeTACYbva . vavayKat's
mab'ecalPam vavHeJH rYcykebHdUg sYt efIm kBH eJHevonGs'rlIg rY
cvaCIkreNAkb'EkrxmenaHeTA . kngputEtdb'f mitekatcab'xMcgnSyk
mkdak'KukenH .
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stismCJ:es~haCatiedImIsmab'ecal .
k~gExmifunaq~S1975 Ggkarcab'epImbegItkumdac'xatrYcPrkuhkfa
nwgbgat'begon[VnkayCaeyaFad*cMNan edImIkarJrbeTs . rMeBC
enaHmanyuvCnekg@ PaKecInKWsisviTal&y nSK~as&KcitcUlbMerIy"ag
esaHtg' mancMnYn5Jn'nak' .
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nHrbs'elakexov-sMpnTSgsug .l.
eBlenaHGgkarjjwmbwTmat'minCit k*cab'tSgmUldanmYyFMsitenA
xagtgCab'eCIgP~MFibtI erobcMkEngy"agsat btmGahard*bribUN .
luHdl'Exkum :q~S1976 ral'@lacGgkarcat'tMNagsmat'cUleTAsMrSg
eCIserIsBI15eTA2030nak' nSykecjBImUldanenaHedayPrfa yk
eTAeronsUt .
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manvasnaeKcrYc k*VnvilmkCYbmitPki ehIylYcxwbfa miteyIgCaecIn
Jn'nak'EdlGgkarnSykeTAenaH tUvGgkarsmab'ecalGs'eTAehIy .
eBlenaHyuvCncMnYn300nak' EdlminTan'dl'evnsab' k*lblYcxwbex
v bbYlK~abMEbkhgpgeBgrt'eKceTAkan'PUmiqay@ rYcEbeQaHepg
@erog@xn .
k~gExmifunaq~S1975 manTahankgBiessekg@200nak' nigkumero
nebIkynehaH88nak' EdlrdaPiVlsaFarNrdExrbJneTAeFIkmsika

GgkarCanrNa ?

98

enAbeTshIlIBIn k*yl'cLMdUcyuvCnkumdac'xatEdr . sab'Ets&K

citviltLb'cUlkan'matuPUmi edImIbMerIelakexov-sMpnnigsemc . eBlenaHmanknkam"gCaecIneKOgerobkncSCaescenATIbCMuCnsukGUr
eCA . luHmkCYbCMutMerobCYreLIgLanCaescVc' knLank*ebIkbrcUl
eTAkan'beTsExr .
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lenATIenaHBmTSgniyayfa mnusFunenHkMuTuknSFn'EpndIeT ! .
cugq~S1975 mannisitxH manbJv&nExrmkeFIkmsikaenAbeTsV
rSg manCaecInrynak' manbJv&nxHtUvCab'ecaTfaCaExrkhmminhan
viltLb'eTAkan'sukExrCayUrq~SmkehIy . mannisitxHcb'kmsika
tUvEtnivtcUleTAkan'matuPUmivij . eBlenaHKb'@rUbyl'cLMsanEtC&y
CMnHd*mhaGsarenH Vnmkedaysars~aBHhsd*eqI~mrbs'semc Ed
lmanelakexov-sMpnCaemExrkhmKSTbesIrNas'@ . dUec~HKb'@
rUbmanesckIsgwmy"agmSfa beTsExrVnsniPaBeLIgvijehIy BIeJHsemcsIhnuCaescnigExrkhmtUvK~ay"agenH ?!
nisitnigbJv&nTSgLayenaH ecjdMeNIrBIbeTsVrSgbIelIk ta
mynehaHcUlmkkan'TIkugeb"kSg rYcbndMeNIrcUlmkbeTskmCa . ma
nevCbNitm~ak'enArs' sBfsMNak'enAsukDIhgnbeTsVrSg ela
keFIGtaFibayfa elaknivtcUlkan'beTsExrCaelIkTI3 . eBlcuHBI
ynehaHPam Exrkhmekg@bJneTAeFIkarTSgbgM TSgyb'TSgfPam
KWelIkTMnb' elIkPWEs .l. mansIm~ak'namtkUl Twm CaevCbNit
sBfePosxneTAkan'shrdGaemrik . enAfTI2/10/1981 nagVnEfg
Vb'yayeTogenAk~gCMrMsYnPnbeTsffa xnnagnigbIVneFIkmsi
kaEp~kevCsasenAbeTsVrSg . cugq~S1975

s&KcitnivtcUlkan'

beTsExrvijtamynehaHelIkTI2 . cuHBIynehaHPam nagxMstcitsw

gsnb' BIeJHeXIjGakasyansat'ecob KaneXIjEm"mkcSTTYl na
gxMEskyMdUckUnekg . eBlenaHExrkhmcUlmkdkhUtykva"n'Gs'
rlIg rYceKbMEbkbIrbs'nagxMnSykeTAVt'rhUt . nagmankUnsIm~ak'Ga
yu13Ex cMENkEm"bgbnKanTTYldMNwgGITal'EtesaH . KYr[say
Nas' bJv&nnignisitExrd*sttg'CaecInrynak'enaH muxCaGgkars-

GgkarCanrNa ?

99

mab'ecalswgEtTSgGs' . GgkardwgfarasExrG~kecHdwg KWG~kTIkugP~M

eBj dUec~HGgkarebIKb'meFaVy jSg[sab'bn@ edaymincSVc'ebI
GavuFeT . emIlcuH ! k~gExkJaq~S1975 Ggkarbkasfa bCaCnExr
G~kTIkugP~MeBj EdlePosxneTAenAexttaEkv extkMBg'sW tUvnSKYsar
eTACYbCMuK~aenABnr edImIviltLb'eTAkan'rdFanIP~MeBjvij BmTSgVb'
fa minVc'ykGI@tamxneT eJHGgkarVnerobcMpH[manPaBdUc@K~a
rYcCaescehIy .
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TeTTSgGs' edayetkGrCay"agxSg eJHVnviltLb'cUlrdFanIP~MeB
jvij . besIrNas'minVc'ykGIk*VnEdr .
Kb'@K~ak*nSKYsartMerobCYreLIgLankam"g EdlerobCakn mancMnYn
40eKOgrg'cSCaescenATIenaH . k~gLannimYy@manmnusCit100nak' .
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Tuk[Etq~SgmYy nigGgrmYyKILm~ak'Etb"ueNaH . LaneraTm
i_ "asIunerobecjdMeNIr sab'EteXIjbCaCneTIbmkdl'elIkTI2CagmYymWunnak'eTot.
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[TgickalK~adUcstCUkk~gTug.
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nehIy . manG~kxHmuxCUr eJHsegteXIjGakbkiriyayExrkhm
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cuHBILan rYctUvnSKYsareTAedktambeNaypvrfePIg EdlmanbCaCn
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BlwmEskfminTan'rHpg tMNagGgkaredIrEqkeqrdkhUtykTB

GgkarCanrNa ?

100

smtirbs'bCaCnmYyelIkeTot sab'EteXIjrfePIgCaecInEx bnCa

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dUchgeKa . mYyTUr@manmnusCag100nak'CiHCan'elIK~a . em"agbEhl
5resolfdEdl rfePIgQb'enAsaniysuksIusUpun . mantMNagGg
karQrrg'cSenATIenaHCaesc . vak*bkastameKasns&BbJa[bCa
CncuHBIrfePIg rYcvabkasrkG~kbeckeTs evCbNit sasacar KUbegon nignisit . eBlenaHKannrNahanecjmuxeT . tMNagGgkark*
edIremIlmux. vasMrSgeCIserIsVncMnYn397nak' rYcPrEpmtCak'fa Gg
karQb'smab'ehIy kMuxacGI . vak*bJa[bCaCnEdlmanGayucas'@eLI
gCiHrWum"ktak'T&r . ekg@xHedIr xHCiHreTHeKa edImIbndMeNIreTAkan'P~Msuk
cM E Nk bCa CnTS g397na k' e na H tU v BY kv a bJ ne TA ka n' su k BH e n t
BH . TTYlbJaBIGgkarbIf bnab'bJnmkPUmiCb' rYcebIksiTi[eLIgEf
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minTMng . eBlenaHtMNagGgkarKantbtmYym"at'eT . luHBlwmEsk
eLIg fminTan'rHpg sab'EteXIjbCaCnEdlhanriHKn'dl'GgkarcMnY
n35nak' tUvCab'cMNgdenAekayx~g ( Cab'cMNgsabesk ) rYctUveK
beNIrecjeTAVt' .
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lenaHenAsl'7nak' sab'Etva[sMelokbMJk'exAmYybnas'm~ak' rYcbJ
neTAXMueKakXM [CYyeFIEsrYm . yuvCn sarYn Efgfa TSg7nak'enaH
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t'sartI sMuGgrkrBwg[eKCYysresr .
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GgkarCanrNa ?

101

enaH eTAdl'mat'BnXMuBg bEhlCaem"ag6laceTAehIy . eKaHGak

k'mkdl' KWePgFak'dUceKcak'TwkBIelIemX .

Kb'@rUbrgarjak'dUcKun

caj' evTnaswgrkJkExrsresrKan . k~gry:eeBleFIdMeNIr nigtUvenA

kNalePg BmTSgGt'Vyy"agenH mansab'bEhl12PaKry .
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bIfbnab'mk manmnusEdleKdwkmktamrfePIgCaelIkTI2 mansab'
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cUledkekamrfePIg rfePIgk*kinsab'cMnYn257nak' .
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tikmCa VnEfgVb'mitPkinigky@fa
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lePosxneTAextkMBg'sWnigexttaEkv

sab'EtTTYlbJaBIGgkar

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rdFanIP~MeBjvijbesIrehIy . tMNagGgkarecjbJa[bCaCntUvec
jdMeNIrTSgyb'em"agbEhl10 EskBlwmeLIgtUvCYbCMuK~aenABnr .
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ceckccacmYysnH sab'EtEsktamemkUbJafa cUrmit@viltLb'
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enaHtUvEttLb'vileTAkan'kgerog@xnvij . yb'eCAeTIbeTAdl'kUnxm.
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GgkarCanrNa ?

102

mYyfeTAehIy ? .
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enaHtUvnSKYsarCYbCMuK~aenABnr CaelIkTI2 . luHeTAdl'BnrehIy K
b'@K~aetkGrCakElg eJHeXIjLanFM@Kb'FunCaecInryeKOg . eXI
jLankam"grbs'cinBNbtgcMnYnCag100eKOg erobCaknrg'cSenATI
enaHCaesc .
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7Jn'nak' tMerobCaCYreLIgLanTSgTwkmuxjjwm edaysgwmerog@xnfa
lacenHVncUleTApHvijehIy .
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edaysareskXan.
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eKasns&B edjbCaCn[cuHBILan BmTSgbJak'fa mit@EdlenAlIv
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gd ekABIenHtUvenAxagsSd . dUec~HbCaCnTSg1mWun7Jn'nak' tUvEck
CaBIrkum . rYcvabJa[nSK~aeTAedkenAtambeNaypvEdk

eJHenArdUv

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BugEtCYlcbl'rkmeFaVynwgdNSVybbr sab'EtrfePIgCaecIn

GgkarCanrNa ?

103

ExbrmkQb'sMctCaecInsibTUr . tMNagGgkaredjbCaCnEdlman
KYsarrYcehIy [eLIgTUrreTHePIgdUchgeKa . cMENkG~kEdlenAlIv
tUvrg'cSeCIgekay . em"agmYyresol knrfePIgmkQb'sMctenAsani
yP~MFibtI . tMNagGgkarEdlrg'cSenATIenaHsab'EtEskbkastam
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bnan'nwgviltLb'eTAdwkBYkenAlIv@eTot . EtrfePIgebIkbreTArhUt t
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mIgma Jt'K~arhUt ! .
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sn~enAPUmiEsGUr PUmiEchYysin rg'cSdl'bMNac'Exkum:eTIbGgkarbJn
eTA[sab'enAPUmikalsay .
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rdUvVMgdIeKakebHEbkkEhg dSdMNSGIk*minekIt rkGI@mkTTYlTanCMnY
sVyminVneLIy ekABIedImEsgEdlmanCatiBuly"agsahav . dUec~H
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rt'eKctamsMNak'enAkgelx4 PUmiBsayxagekIt k~gshkrN_
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sarPaBVb'elak@enaHfa elakyl'cLMy"agFn'dUcbgbnExrTUTSg
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GgkarCanrNa ?

104

EtelakminBmeTAtameK . eJHelakyl'sankarNe_ BlenaHxusTSg

sug . elakyl'fa edayehtufafan:elakCaeTsaPiVlFnaKarkmCa
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semc CYbelakexov-sMpnsin . ebIsinNasemckI elakexov-sMpnkI
ElgtUvkarelak enAeBlenaHelaknwglaElgecjBImuxtMENgPam
eJHeBlenaHGayuelak61q~SeTAehIy . elakyl'cLMy"agFn'm"ag
eTot eJHelaksuKlMulYclak'KSTelakexov-sMpnCayUrq~SmkehIy
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exov-sMpnpal' tUvCYybtmP~ak'garsmat'rbs'bkm~ak'eQaH KwmeXom ehAmity"a Jk'elx7 . k~gskraCescsIhnu mity"atUvCab'XMu
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na EdltieTonraCrdaPiVlenAk~gTMB&rkaEst bCaCn .
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GgkarCanrNa ?

105

sPaBy"agEsnggitGnka .
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enHecal[Gs' edImIkMu[BYkenHmanmeFaVyNanwgerxnTan' . kals
mab'BYkenHGs'rYcehIy tUvdak'BYkemecar BYkB~gcugsuk [tYttaCab
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edImI[ExrnigGnrCatiyl'cLMfaExrkhmsmab'Exr .

GgkarCanrNa ?

106

karBNnaenHminEmnVnesckIfa Cakarlb'bMVt'kMhusExrkhm
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vij
1/ q~S1945-1954 BwtikarNE_ xrsr:T
TamTarkraCBIGaNaniKmniymVrSg . eKeXIjBYkbUdUytSgmUldanenAJseBjbeTsExr
edayykelsfa cUlmksab'CYyExredjVrSg . karBitvacUlmkjHj
g'bMEbkbMVk'Exr edImIbegItExrevotmijVnsMercdUcbMNgrbs'va .
2/ q~S1970-1975 BwtikarN_ f18mina1970 rdsPaTmak'bmux
rd-semcsIhnu- EdlVnGnuJat[eyokkug cUlenAtambeNayBMb
Tl' nigTIkEngepgeTotk~gdIExr . bnab'BIkarGMJvnavtamviTBIkugeb"kSgnbeTscinrbs'semcsIhnuFak'buNmk yYnbUdUyecjBIBedIr
JseBjdIExr hk'elatbharvaykMeTcT&BExrsaFarNrd tamsMErk
rbs'semcsIhnu . yYnbUdUyVnels k*kMeTcT&BExres~haCatieday
ykelsfa cUlmkCYysemc . karBitKWCakal:eeTs:d
d*lrbs'va edImI
kMeTcExrpg (sgamekA) nigVn{kasBgwgBgIkkumkalyYnxnExr
evotmij (sgamtCak') edImIllYcbnMebIyIehaExrkhmrhUt .
dUec~H C&yCMnH f17emsa1975enH cas'CamankarKbnM eqtbMpajmkelIExr BIsMNak'yYnhaNUyCadac'xat .
elakKwm-gYntacVnbEnmfa cUrbn@emIlcuH ! tSgBIq~S1976mk
eyIgKaneXIjsmaCikExrkhmrbs'exov-sMpneLIy EtEbrCaeXIjku
mBYkkalyYnxnExrevotmij ecjmuxeJgJty"agcas'kELt Edl
GgkarVncat'EtgtSgrYcCaesc [eFICabFanshkrN,_ CaKN:t
tMbn',
CatMNagras . dUceyIgeXIjpal'EP~ksab'ehIy taEb"t, taekA, mit
ekIt, mitlk (CatiyYn), mitlI (CatiyYn), mitl (CatiyYn) CaedIm .
cMENkG~kenAekambgab'rbs'va KWCaBYkecarBEdlGgkarq~bDit
[eTACaExrkhm EdlkacsahavCagsahav .

GgkarCanrNa ?

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CasrubesckImk BwtikarN_ fTI17emsa1975enH CaBwtikarNG

_ af
kMVMgNas' G~kTTYlC&yCMnHVnbnMebIeQaHGgkarGnamik . vaelIkbn
b E x r e v o t m i jm k b M VM g r Y c v a e b I E x r r g e K a H [E sk C e ya m ha G s a r mha
elatepaHCMnYsva .l. nig .l.
elakKwm-gYntacbJak'fa yYnevotmijkI yYnevotkugkI eBlEdl
vacUlmkrattatbeTskmCa vaEtgEtPrbEggdanfamkCYyExr . Etkar
Bit KWvacUlmkjHjg'bMEbkbMVk'rujExr[cSgnigExr rhUttaEtputBUC
edImIUsYlvacUlmkelbykTwkdIExr[Gs'Etmg . eJHebIcSgyktam
kmSgVy vaeXIjfavaminGacnwgykC&yCMnH[VnBIelIExreT manCaTa
hrNr_ Yc2elIkmkehIy EdlvaTTYlbraC&yy"agGam"as'CaTIbMput
- elIkTI1enAkmCaekam q~S1945-46
- elIkTI2 enAq~S1954 vacg'BuHbeTskmCaCaBIr .
elakbneTAeTotfa GUn@emIlcuH ! beTsExreyIgVnkraCtSg
BIfTI9/11/53mkem"H . k~gExemsa1954 eqteBlEdlbUdUytSgmUl
danenAJseBjsukExr yYnevotmijEbrCabJa[bUdUyB&TvaykMeTcmUldankgeyaFBlexmrPUminenAb"lin, EseCs, vWuns CaedImeTAvij .
kaleNaHyYnevotmijmankmSgy"agxSg edaysMGageTAelIeKOgGavuF
yuTP&NEdlvakMBugEtvayVrSgykC&yCMnHenAeDon-ebonPU . EtenAcMeJHmuxkgeyaFBlexmrPUmin BYkvak*tUvbgMcitdkfyeTAvij edayecalexacCaecInenAelITwkdIExr . luHmankarBiesaFnB
_ Irdgy"agenHehIy
BYkvak*yl'fa ebIcg'vatTIykTwkdIExr mintUveFIsgamekAeT EttUvbEnm
sgamcitsasnigkllic . dUec~HvatUvEtGnuvteXagXa bMEbkbM
Vk'edImIKb'Kg . KWvallkjHjg'ExreTAtamcMNucexaynana jSg
[ExrEbkCaecInkum . fenHvaCYyExrkumenH fekayvaCYyExrku
meNaHeTAvij .
cMENkExrvij cab'enHcab'enaHmineqaHtg'Na . mkBIG~kdwknSxH
smtPaB beNay[Exryl'cLMvk'vI nigmindwgfanrNaCamitnrNaCa
stUveT .
cugbMputExrelatsmab'EtK~agTSgmindwgxn .
erOgGgkaredjbCaCn[fyecjBIlMenA tUvecalTBsmtiy"ag
ecIntKNna nigtsmehtuplenH KWstUvsYrBUCrbs'ExrmanKMerag

GgkarCanrNa ?

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EpnkarJgTukmkCaesc
1- jSg[rasExrsab'bnknyK~a minBiVkvasmab' dUcCaG~kCmW
G~krbYsFn'@bNalmkBIsgam, mnuscas'Cra, kUnekgeTwkedaHeKa
eBlenaHKanTwkedaHeKaTal'EtesaH . CaBiessG~kTIkugminFab'edIr
edkJsvalJsBpal'dI, halxl'halekAkNalePg nigpwkTwk
GNgbNal[eTACamaneraKraKmYl Kanf~STal'EtesaH . manmYy
PaKbNalmkBIkarGs'sgwm k*smab'xnecaleTA .
2- vacUlmkbmUlbn'TBsmtik~gbeTsExr dwkCJneTAkan'b
eTsvaedayesrI nigy"aggaybMput . vaby&t~Nas' vaminbeNay[eyI
geXIjvagay@eT . CYnCamanExrNam~ak'VnCYbkumvaedaycdn Exr
GP&BenaHtUvvaecaTfa edIrxusExetom GgkareFITaruNkmrhUtdl'sab'.
elakKwm-gYntacbJak'eTotfa stUvsYrBUCrbs'eyIgkMBugEtsmab'bMputBUCExr, kMBugEtbn'TBsmtiExr edaysarEteQaHGgkarGna
mik vaGaclak'muxVny"agCitdEdl .
elakKwm-gYntacCaExrkmCaekam, CaG~kneyaVyd*nwgnrm~ak' Ed
lFab'eFIkarenAekambgab'elaksWg-g"ukfaj' . elaksal'Kb'es~tni
gkllicrbs'evotmij EdlFab'VnelbykTwkdIkmCaekam . eBl
enHelakBnl'G~kGgysab'TSgGs'fa enAbcbn~enH evotkugkMBugb
mUlkllicdEdlenaH mk[GgkarTSgGs' edayEkTmg'Etbnicbnc
b"ueNaH . LvGgkarkMBugEtGnuvtkllicenH edImIvatTIelbTwkdIkmCa
kNaleTot .
eBlenaHedayGs'sgwm elakKwm-gYntacKvIkalehIyfrfa
ebIelakFM@ExrVneKcrYceTAkan'breTs minxMeronsUt[sal'kllic
stUv, minxMBnl'K~a[yl'fabeTsExrtUvrlay enHKWs~adyYnhaNU
y, ebIeyIgecHEtbeNay[rasExrbnkaryl'cLM ykstUveFICamit
m"ageToteyIgminecHGb'rMExr[ecHsamKIK~a etIkalNaeTAeTIbeyIgGa
crMedaHTwkdIkmCaVn ? .
elakKwm-gYntacTTYlsarPaBfa elakk*yl'cLMy"agFn'Edr .
elakminBmrt'ecalTwkdI LvPat'es~tFak'xnk~geKaHf~ak'y"agFn'Cag
Fn' . ebIeyIgminVneXIjpal'EP~keT nUvbtiehtud*cEmk@ dUcCasma
b'rgald*GsarminTMngy"agenH, ebIeyIgminVneXIjGtItemExrevotmij

GgkarCanrNa ?

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dUcCataEb"t, taekACaedImecjmuxmkkan'GMNacy"agenHeT eyIgminGac

yl'nigTTYlsal'fa emdwknSExrcaj'eVkyYnhaNUyeLIy .
LvenHeTaHeyIgyl'cas'y"agenHk*eday k*vacUcCayWteBlNas'eTAehIy . xnrbs'elak@k*sni~danTukdUcCasab'eTAehIy Ggkarmin
GnueKaHTuk[elakenArs'teTAeToteLIy .
elakk*bEnmeTotfa munnwgsab'xMsMuTUnannwgpSeTAbn@[ecHeFIxak'
eFIK eFIfg' nigecHGt'Ft'eTIbmansgwmGaceKcputBIeKaHf~ak'd*tatenH
Vn . m"ageTotebIbn@Naesssl'enArs' tUvEteFIBlikmtamdan
savCavrkehtuBitnigtamrkmux[eXIjcas'fa etIGgkarCanrNa ?
ebItamrkeXIjdUceyabl'xMEmn cUrkMuBegIykenIy[esaH KWtUvsresr
TukCaksarCabNSdl'kUnExrCMnan'ekay[dwg [yl'erOgBitfa etI
emXatkrCasasnN
_
a ? sMukMu[kUnExrekay@caj'eVkyYnhaNUydUc
CaExrGP&B EdlekItmkcMCMnan'semcsIhnunigexov-sMpn[esaH .
elakG~kEdlmanvasnaGgysab'JkeBcnd
_ *manxwmsarrbs'ela
kKim-gYntaceBlenaHKW
- elakyW-vijTI CanaykTIBiesaFn_
- elakfac'-sakan Casasacar
- elakfac'-ekIg CaGnuesniyeTa
- elakKim-PYg CaGnuesniyk
- elaksWn-tun CaP~ak'garksYgrfePIg
- elakKim-c&n Casasacar
- yayeTog Canaykariyal&yrebobnigCanaykariyal&yksar
G~kTSgGs'enHelIkdebCaTTYlbNSrbs'elakKim-gYntac . b"uEnelakTSgb"unanenH tUvkumXatkrGafkMVMgcUlmkcab'cgykeTAsma
b'ecalmgmYy@Cabnbnab'K~a
- elakKim-gYntactUveKcab'xnenAedImExtulaq~S1976 .
- elakKim-c&n tUveKcab'xnenAlacf25-10-76 .
- elakyW-vijTI, fac'-sakan, sWn-tun nigKim-PYg tUveKcab'xn
enAfTI11-11-76 evlaem"ag8yb' .
- elakfac'-ekIg tUveKcab'xnenAfTI20-4-78 CamYybCaCncMnYn
300nak' rYcbeNIrnSykeTAsmab'ecalenAxaglicPUmikgt .

GgkarCanrNa ?

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- yayeTog tUveKcab'xnenAfTI2-1-77 nSykeTAdak'Kukk~gB

taEbn sitenAxagekItPUmikgt xaglicP~MeCIgeTj Edlsl'enArs'dl'
sBf GacsresrksarenHCUnExrTSgLayedImICaKtiteTAGnaKt .
elakekItenAq~S1915 enAPUmisImYyKum XMuLgehob suktakUv ex
ttavij kmCaekam .
CakUnbusTImYyrbs'taEknigyayFa . elakeronenAmhaviTal&y
enATIkughaNUyEp~khirJvt . luHeronecHcb' elakk*viltLb'eTAkan'
exttavijvij . elakminGacTSenAk~gnKrkMeNItVn edaysarkareFIV
bekobsgt'BIsMNak'yYnevotmij mkelIExrG~kecHdwgTUeTA manrUbelak
CaedIm . elakk*cakecalTwkdIkMeNItCamYyKYsar mktSgTIlMenAenAraC
FanIP~MeBjk~gq~S1945 . k~graCBHVTsIhnu elakCaGKelxaFikarenA
rtnaKarCati . enAsm&ysaFarNrd elakCaeTsaPiVlnFnaKarCatik
mCa . enAsm&yGgkarq~S1975 eKdak'Tiselak[edIrerIsGacme_ Kayk
mkeFICIr . luHq~S1976 elakePosxnmkextVt'dMbg sMNak'enAkg
elx4 PUmiBsay enAxagekItshkrNl
_ k'eCov . GgkarbMEbkelak
ecjBIbBnkUnEtgka enAelIxnmanEtexaxIdac'dacmYybnas' KanGav
Jk'eLIy . Ggkardak'Tis[elakErkTwkesacbEn .

GgkarCanrNa ?

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dMNak'kartUvsmab'buKlikeBT
P~ak'garrfePIg nigCagtmaj

enAfTI23-4-75 GgkarbJa[mnuseTAVb'buKlikrfePIgnigCag
tmajenAextVt'dMbgTSgGs'fa tUvenAsmMesmeFIkarCaFmta . cMEN
kmitsUeTAVb'buKlikeBTenAmnIreBTFMTIkugVt'dMbgfa tUvenAsb'
esmmYykEngsin .
cMeJHerOgd*cEmkenH KWBMuEmnmkBIGgkarmancitsbrsTukCIvitelak
eT EtenHCakllicfinEP~krbs'Ggkar . vaTukbuKlikTSgbIEp~kenH[CYy
bgat'begoneyaFaekg@ nigkumbCaCncas'rbs'va jSg[kumenaHyl'cLMsIueCarCYysmab'nigeFITaruNkm CaBiessCYyesIubkarNe_ pg
BIbCaCnfIpl'[GgkarCabeNaHGasn~sin .
emIlcuH ! cugq~S1976 GgkarbJa[kumXatkrGafkMVMgcUlmkkan'
kgKb'@kgk~gextVt'dMbg cab'cgbuKlikeBTcMnYn25nak' nSykeTA
Vt'xnrhUt . k~gcMeNambuKlikTSgenaH eyIgsal'elakevCbNitBwg
Kwmsa, Em"n-hYn, GYn-QYt nigelakyW-vijTI CanaykmnIrBiesaFn_ .
k~gExkum : q~S1977 sab'EteXIjLankam"g4eKOgctCaknenAmux
saniyrfePIgTIkugVt'dMbg . eBlenaHeKeXIjbuKlikksYgrfePIgTS
gnayTSgkmkrcMnYn175nak'kMBugtMerobCYreLIgLan .
eBlenaHeKeXIjnayksYgm~ak'EsklaPriyaBIelILan G~ksIPriyayl'eXIjkarminsYledaydwgehtukarNf
_ a Ggkarcas'CaykbIG~
ksIeTAsmab'ehIy G~ksIk*etageLIgelILaneTAsab'CamYybIEdr . Et
GgkarVnkuhkfa ykG~kGs'enaHeTAeronsUt
fdEdlevlaem"ag3resol manLankam"gcMnYn9eKOgtMerobCaCYrCa
knenAmuxeragcktmajPUmiTYltak TIkugVt'dMbg . eBlenaHeKeXI
jneyaCiktmajbus@cMnYn350nak' tMerobCYrK~aeLIgLan . Ggkarkuhkfa ykG~ktSgenaHeTAeronsUtEdr . EtCIvitnneyaCikTSg350nak'
enaH Vnrlt'CamYyKab'kSePIgrbs'GgkareTAehIy

GgkarCanrNa ?

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cMENkbBnnigkUnrbs'CnGP&BTSgenaHvij Ggkarcab'K~adwktam
reTHeKaykeTAbJlKuksIemm"ayk~gBtaEbn EdlCaTIrehasan . rYc
ehIyGgkareFITaruNkmedaydak'[eFIkarCaTmn' bgt'VyTwk . em"aH
ehIyG~kTSgenaHtUvsab'nwgkareskXan nigCmWKuncaj'y"agGaeNac
GaFmNas'.

dMNak'kartUveFITaruNkmlutdMsmab'
eyaFaekg@nigemkan'kab'

cab'tSgBIf17-4-75 Ggkarlak'bMBYneyaFay"agecInenAEBkTal'
CatMbn'EdlmanpHsg'enAelITwk .
bCaCnfItUveKhammin[ePosxnmktMbn'enHeT . rIBYkeyaFaEdl
enAEBkTal'vijk*KansiTimkCYbEm" bCaCnfICadac'xat . edaysar
karkat'pac'TMnak'TMngnwgBiPBekAy"agenH BYkeyaFaTSgGs'enaHminVn
d w g T a l' E t e sa H f a G g k a r b J a [ sm a b ' b g b n E x r r a b ' la n n a k ' m i n V n d w g
faTIbCMuCnnanamanrdFanIP~MeBj TIrYmextVt'dMbg TSgenaHkayeTACaTI
rehasan

minVndwgfaBYkevotkuglYcdwkCJnTBsmtiExrTSgmYy

nKreTAbeTsvaenaHeLIy .l.
tMbn'EBkTal'smrNe_ TAedaytI . k~gExemsaq~S1978 Ggkarec
jbJa[bJnmnusm~ak'k~gmYykgeTAtMbn'enaHCabnan'edImICYyensaT
rYm .
k~gkgelx4 enAPUmiBsayxagekIt, yuvCn dn tUveKcat'bJn[
eTAbMeBjebskkmenH . 15fekaymk yuvCndnviltLb'mkkan'kg
vij . dnxwbVb'yayeTogfa

dnVneXIjeKbmUleyaFaekg@Gayu

cab'bI15eTA17q~S mancMnYn5Jn'nak' CYbCMuK~aenAEBkTal' . eBlenaHman

mnusd*cEmkcMnYn10nak' GayubEhlBI30eTA40q~S . eBlxl'bk'mYk
Fak'BIkal dneXIjTmg'muxBYkenaHdUcCayYn . maneyaFaBiesscMnYn
200nak' CaG~kkarJrsnisux manGavuFKb'd manreboberobryy"agbug
by&t~

G~kxHmanmuxmat'dUcCayYn .

eBlenaHdneXIjem@QrxwbK~am

GgkarCanrNa ?

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YysnHsab'Etmanm~ak'maDmSsk'rYj edIrecjmkQrcMBImuxeyaFaekg@
cab'epImbkasCaPasaExry"agEpmElmfa
mitCaTIes~haTSgLay beTseyIgtUcEmnBit b"uEneyIgGacsM
ercdeNImykVnC&yCMnHd*FMeFg BIckBtiGaemrikSgnigbrivarvaCasaBr .
C&yCMnHenHVnedaysars~ad neyaFabdivtnd
_ *kahanrbs'eyIg . Lv
e r o m c g s & K c i t e r o b c M e c j e T A r M e d a H T w k d I k m C a e k a m E d l C a e k r im
_ rtkBI
dUntarbs'eyIg EdlVrSgVncLMbKl'[eTAyYnBIq~S1949 . cMENk
bn@ GgkarerobcMkEngsMrab'bgat'begonGb'rMenAPUmikekaH EsGUr EchYy nigcamla edImICaGnaKtG~kdwknSExrfI . cMENkGavuFtUvlak'Tuk
mYyGenIsin .
luHdkGavuFrYcescVc'ehIy eyaFaTSgGs'k*temobCYrK~acuHTUkFM@
seNagedaysarkaNUt EdlGgkarbJa[erobCaknrg'cSCaesctam
Ten rYcdwknSecjeTAkan'tIkugVt'dMbgPam . rIem@kan'kab'eyaFaekg@
TSg400nak'enaH EdlPaKecInCaGtitecarB tUvVnGgkarbJa[bMEb
kecjBIeyaFa rYcdkGavuFTukmYyGenIsin ehIyrg'cSsab'bJarbs'GgkarCafIEdr .
luHknkaNUtseNagTUkeyaFacakecjputBIEBkTal'VnmYyem"a
gehIy GgkarecjbJa[Vj'smab'em@eyaFaTSg400nak'enaH rYck*Fa
k'Tmak'TwkTensabCacMNItITSgGs' .
cMENkeyaFaekg@ EdleKdwknSykeTAkan'TIkugVt'dMbg tUv
eKykeTAlt'dM eFITaruNkm bgM[eFIkarTSgyb'TSgf halekA hal
ePg KanTICMrk edkEtJsval hutTwkbbrCamYyGMbil QWtf~SBaVl .
G~kenAsl'BIsab' manEtEskdNb'qwg .
k~gcMeNameyaFaekg@TSgenH ebImanG~kNam~ak'hanpgeBgrt'
ecalGgPaB minyUrb"unaneT GgkarbJa[Xatkrtamsmab'Tal'EtVn .
TahrNm
_ Yyy"agCak'EsgEdlxMVneXIjpal'EP~k
manmitnarIm~ak'eQaH kic, BukeQaH Kwm, mayeQaHeb"s . mit
narIenHekItenAPUmikac'reTH, XMukMBg'BH, suksEg, extVt'dMbg . enAq~S
1973 mitnarIkic manGayu15q~S . nagEtgEtedjeKa[sIuesAenAtamB
rnam sitenAxagekItPUmi . fmYy evotkug (ebIyIehaExrkhm) ecjBI
Bmkbn'eKanagGs' rUcbMP&ybnacnagtamkllicepg@

eFI[nagP&y

GgkarCanrNa ?

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xacminhanviltLb'eTACYbEm"vijeT . dUec~HExrkhmesIrCayYnesIr
CaecarenH k*nSnagkiccUlB rYck*bJlnageTAk~gGgPaBeyaFaekg@tS
gBIeBlenaHmk . k~gq~S1978 mitnarIkick*erobkarCamYyeyaFaekg@dUcK~a
. eBlGgkarbmUleyaFaekg@nSykeTAlt'dM . mitnarIkick*nSbIeTA
CamYyeKEdr . enAExkum:q~S1979 mitnarIkicsMralVnkUnsIm~ak' . eday
minGacTSTnwgTaruNkmd*Fn'Frrbs'GgkarVn BIrnak'bIbBnk*sMerc
citBrkUnxIGayu2Exrt'ecjBIGgPaB eTABYnCkenACamYybnsIbegIt eQaH
kay CabCaCnfI .
enAf16-4-79 em"agbEhl11CitGaFat mankumBiXatGafkMVMg
tamrkeXIjKYsarmitkick~gBrnam sitenAxagekItPUmiC sukemag
sI . kumXatkrd*eXareXAenHk*smab'bIbBnmitkicnigkUnxI BmTSg
KYsarrbs'bnmitkicTSgGs'K~a manbInagkay, nagkay, kUnbusGayu
2q~S . minEtb"ueNaH Xatkrsmab'bCaCnfIcMnYn30nak'eTot edayecaT
faCaG~ksuKlMulak'bMBYnKYsarmitkic .

dMNak'karEdltUvsmab'GanikCnyYn

ekayBIdwkCJneyaFaekg@ecjputGs'BIEBkTal' nigVj'smab'
'em@eyaFacMnYnCag400nak'enaHrYcehIy BlwmEskeLIg GgkarehAb
CMubCaCnEdlVneTACYyensaTtITSgGs' rYcbJa[viltLb'eTAkan'
kgerog@xnvijcuH .
kumyuvCndnmanK~a15nak' tMerobCYrK~acuHkaNUtmYy rYcebIkbrecj
eTAkan'TIkugVt'dMbg . luHebIkbrmkdl'PUmiVk'GEgk BYkeKkeLkeXI
jcMkareJtmYy sitenAxageqgdd*FMlwgelIymansPaBsat'ecob ma
nEplmkac'mkesarhUbVn . BYkeKetkGrNas' k*ebIkkaNUtsMedAcM
kar . sab'EtKb'K~aPak'j&rrnt' tk'st edayeXIjexacmYyKMnrFM Edl
eKeTIbsmab'fI@ mansI bus ekg cas' cMnYnbEhl500nak' . eBl
enaHeXIjyaym~ak'CatiyYn GayubEhl65q~S nigkumarm~ak'GayubEhl
8q~S enArs'sl'BIeKsmab' EtG~kTSgBIrmanrbYsCaTmn' . yayyYnt-

GgkarCanrNa ?

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drniyayVb'yuvCndnfa XatkrEdlkuhkdwknSyYnykmksma
b'enH minEmnExrkhmeT !! KWCaCatiyYn vamanK~aTSgGs'25nak' emFMrb
s'vaeQaH TWVPuk .
TWVPukbgb'xnbMerIyYnhaNUyCayUrq~SmkehIy ! fEdlmanGMeBI
kidkmenH yYnTSgGs'enAtMbn'Vk'J TTYlbJaBITWVPuk [nSK~amk
bCMuenAcMkareJtenH . luHCYbCMuehIy sab'EtsemgKab'kSePIgesac
mkelIxnKat'nigexacGs'TSgenH ecjmkBIKb'Tis !! . xnKat'tUvKab'
kSePIgmItEy"t Vj'cMVk'ePAsnb'Vt'sartI eTIbnwgdwgxnmuneBlEd
lBYkyuvCndneTIbnwgmkdl'b"ueNaH .
kumdnminhankac'eJtenaHeT edayGaNityayyYnxSgeBk k*elI
kbIKat'dak'eTAelITUkmYyepgCamYyekgbusenaH rYccgExseNagCa
mYykaNUtehIyk*brcakecjBITIenaHsMedAeTATIkugVt'dMbg .
luHebIkcakecjbIcMkareJtenaHVncmaybEhl2Km

sab'Et

eXIjexacGENteBjswg hUrtamTwkcuHeTAkan'Tensab .
kumdnBinity"aght'ct'eTAelIexacGENtTwkenaH KWCaexacyYnTSg
Gs' . kumdnPak'tk'stmgeTot smwgmuxK~a . dnk*beJjeyabl'fa
cuHebIGgkarsmab'yYn cMENkeyIgEbCaCYysegaHeTAvij ! yIminekIt
eT eyIgtUvEtkat'ExTUkecalyayyYnnigkumarkMst'edkfrk~gTUkkNalfkQam enAelIswgenHeTAcuH rYcehIydnk*kat'ExTUkenaHeTA edI
mIsnisuxmYyKasin .

ehtuy"agdUcemcVnCaGgkareTIbEtnwkeXIj
smab'GnikCnyYn?
ebIExreyIgecHtamdan ehIysal'nUvlicklrbs'Ggkar eyIgGac
rkeXIjcemIycMeJHsMnYrenH . GgkarmanKMeragTukmkCayUrehIy KWmin
EmnecHEteFItamcitnwkeXIjPam@enaHeT . eKaledArbs'vaKWCalickl
bEggdan bgilxYrkalExr nigGnrCati[cLMvIvk' .
emIlcuHk~gq~S1975 GgkarbJa[Xatkrsmab'ExrvIvk' . ExrEdlmin

GgkarCanrNa ?

116

Tan'dl'evnsab'rab'lannak' tUvGgkaredj[cakecalTIlMenA beNIrKY

saredayeCIgeTAedkJsvalJsB Gt'VykhayTwk .l.
pyeTAvij enAeBlCamYyK~a GgkarEbCamancitsbrsseNasb
NIdl'GnikCnyYneTAvij KYr[cEmkNas' .
enATIkugVt'dMbg xageCIgvtlaP manCMrMGnikCnyYnmYyEdlman
yYncMnYn4,600nak' .
enAlacfTI23-4-75 Ggkarcat'tMNagy"agsat'bMputeTAxwbVb'
G~kTSgenaHfa tUvenA[esmsin cSTTYlbJaCafI .
- enAdMNac'ExsPa1975 ( BIrExekaymk ) GgkarbJa[bmUl
GnikCnyYn EdlsMNak'enAelITUktambeNaydgswgsEg nigGnikC
nyYnEdlmanTIlMenAenAPUmixac'eJy bmUlK~aTSgGs'VncMnYn11mWun
500nak' .
- knkaNUtelIkTI1enH erobtamdgswgsEg tg'PUmixit XMuEBkxb
rYcdwkCJnyYnTSgGs'enaHeTAkan'beTsevotNam . enAk~gknenH
manyayyYnm~ak'eQaH eL-FIbIuj VnviltLb'mkkan'GtitCMrMrbs'Kat'
vij KWGtitCMrMGnikCnyYnEkrvtlaPk~gq~S1979 edImImkKas'dIrkmas
eBC Edlkat'Vnlak'kb'enATIenaH .
- enAk~gExkkda1975 manknkaNUtseNagTUkFM@CaelIkTI2 .
knenHebIkbrecjBIPUmixit XMuEBkxb tamdgswgsEgdEdl manGnik
CnyYncMnYn5Jn'nak' bmUlmkBIsukBHentBH sIusupun mglbUrI nig
feKal . enAk~gknkaNUtelIkenH mansIExrm~ak'eQaH Nat' manbI
CatiyYn VnviltLb'mkkan'sukExrvij enAedImq~S1980 .
- enAk~gExkJa1975 manknkaNUtseNagTUkFM@CaelIkTI3 .
knenHebIkbrecjBIPUmixit XMuEBkxb tamdgswgsEgdEdl manGnik
CnyYncMnYn7Jn'nak' bmUlmkBIsukkaleKal TYlBM talas' kMBg'
BH nigxMurSgeksI . enAk~gknkaNUtelIkenH manExrbnMeFICayYnenACa
mYyxH@ . mansIyYnm~ak'eQaH egg-FILaj nigExrm~ak'eQaHyay
saxun EdlmanbICatiyYn VnviltLb'mkkan'beTsExrvijk~gq~S1980 .
- enAk~gTIkugP~MeBj f18-4-75 GgkarciteXareXAedjbCaCn
TSg3lannak' [fyecjcmay20KmBITIlMenA . eqteBlclacl enH

GgkarCanrNa ?
GgkarCJnnayTahanevotkugmkP~MeBjvij

117
.

vaedIrbmUlGnikCn

yYnedaysat'@ dak'tamkum@ manecInmWunnak' ehIyxwbexv[smMenA

esmtamkEngsincSsab'bJaCafI .
- k~gExmifuna1975 sab'EteXIjLanFM@Kb'Funy"agecIn tMerobCYr
Cakn ehIydwkBYkGnikCnyYnTSgLayenaHecjBIP~MeBjtampvCatiel
x1 qgEBkG~kelOgnSecjeTAkan'beTsevotNam .
- enAfTI30-6-75 nayTahanevotkugcUlmksukcMkarelI CYbpal'
Exrkhm sMubmUlGnikCnyYncMnYn5Jn'nak' nSecjeTAkan'beTsevot
Nam .
- k~gExkkda1975 manKNbtiPUevotkugcUlmkPUmitaexA ecjbJa
[ExrkhmbmUlGnikCnyYn[va . KNbtiPUevotkugenHniyayeTAka
n'Exrkhmfa CnCatievotNamEdlenAk~gsukExr GacmanlTPaBnwg
eFImatuPUminivtne_ TAmatubeTsrbs'eKvij . EskeLIgTUkFM@seNageda
ykaNUt temobCakntamdgswgtaexA pkyYncMnYn1mWun5Jn'nak' nS
ecjeTAkan'beTsevotNam .
- k~gExvicika1975 enAPUmikUcqa GgkarGnuJat[GnikCnyYnCaecIn
Jn'nak' eFImatuPUminivtne_ dayesrI .
- fTI30-11-75 enAtambeNayBMEdnExr-yYn mannayTahan
evotkugcUlmkkan'dIExr rYcecjbJak~gnamGgkar [ExrkhmbmUlG
nikCnyYn[va . vaniyaydEdlfa CnCatiyYnEdlenAsukExr Gacma
nlTPaBnwgeFImatuPUminivtne_ TAmatubeTsrbs'eKvij . eBlenaHExrk
hmsab'bgab'yYn vaedIrbmUlGnikCnyYnCaecInmWunnak' bKl'[nay
Tahanevotkug . nayTahanevotkugbeNIrGnikCnyYnedayefIreCIgeTA
kan'beTsevotNam .
- enAedImq~S1977 nayTahanevotkugcUlmkkan'PUmim"aL k~gextta
Ekv VnecjbJadac'Nat'k~gnamGgkarbgM[ExrkhmsavCavrkyuv
CnyYn EdlcLMbl'k~gkgcl&t tUvnSmkbKl'[vavij . Exrkhm
rkVnyuvCnyYncMnYn17nak' EdlmanGayuBI10eTA13q~S elIkElgEtyu
vCnm~ak'eQaH bU-faj'mij ecj EdlmanGayu23q~S .
eBleXIjGgkardwkCJnyYny"agenH ExrEdlFab'Etmancitemtakru
NaKb'Kan'

k*sMrk'TwkEP~kGaNitGnikCnyYn

edayyl'cLMfaGgkar

GgkarCanrNa ?

118

ykBYkenHeTAsmab'ehIy . KWeJHEtkaryl'cLMfaGgkarykeTAsma
b'enHehIy VnCabeTsExrtUvrlayGs'3lannak' !? . tamesckIray
karNB
_ IG~ksINat', BIyayyYneL-FIbIuj, BIG~ksIyYnegg-FILaj
nigbIyaysuxun EdlnSKYsarePosxneTAtamknTUk eqaHeTAbeTs
evotNamTSgbIelIkenaHfa GgkarbJa[Exrkhmpkesgdak'kn
TUk[VnKb'Kan' manGgr, GMbil nigmb eTAtamcMnYnmnus nigtamry:
eBlEdltUveFIdMeNIr . minEtb"ueNaH ExrkhmtUvEtCUndMeNIrknTUk
TSg3elIkenaH rhUtdl'ekaHeTov . evotkugetomknkaNUtseNagTUk
FM@enATIenaHrYcCaesc . dUec~HkickarCensGnikCnyYnecjBIsukExr
BMuEmnCaerOgcdneT ! KWGgkarmanKMeragkarNr_ YcCaesc edImIeFIGInimY
y@ eTAtamdMNak'karrbs'va ( LvtUveFIenH rYcehIytUveFIenaHeTAeTot)
BIextVt'dMbgeTAekaHeTovmancmayqayEsnqay . enAExmkraq~S
1981 enACMrMQunburInbeTsf yayeTogVnCYbyaysuxun . yay
suxunVnerobrab'Vb'yayeTogfa Kat'manTIlMenAenAXMuTYlBMu suk
emagsI extVt'dMbg . Kat'manbICatiyYn . enAyb'mYynExkJaq~S
1975 GnikCnyYnenAXMuTYlBM kMBugtemobCYrK~aeLIgLan EdlGgkar
erobcMCensecjeTAkan'PUmixit .
enAeBlenaHsab'EteXIjyuvCnyW-TIKimvN : CakUncgrbs'yay
eTogrt'mkeLIgLanGgyTnwmnwgKat' . vN:CaGnuesniyeTa {nxwbV
b'Kat'fa Exrkhmtamrkcab'xnedayecaTfaeKCaTahan . manehtuekIt
eLIgCacdny"agenH Kat'k*sMerccitTTYlvN:faCakUncgrbs'Kat'.
KYsaryaysuxuntUveKdwktamTUkeTAdl'ekaHeTov . eBleTAdl'TIedA
munnwgeLIgelITUkevotkug

B Y k v a V n e F I k a r B i e s a F nc
_ MeNHPasayYneTA

elIGnikCnmgm~ak'@ . dl'evnKYsaryaysuxun ! {BueTaeGIy ! vN:min

ecHyYnmYym"at'esaH evotkugbdiesFminTTYl . eBlenaHyaysuxunxM
tva"y"agsnwkNas' viHEtnwgtUvevotkugedjKYsarva[cuHBITUkvavij . niyaymkdl'twmenH yaysuxun{byayeTogehIytjfa sayNa
s'mindwgCavasnarbs'vN:nwgkayeTACay"agNaehIyeT .
bCaCnExrEdlVnePosxneTAkan'beTsevotNam luHdl'q~S1979-80 VnviltLb'mkkan'beTsExrvij k*niyayEvkEjkfa
tameCIgTwk

GgkarCanrNa ?

119

- KYr[ql'CakElg eJHeBlknkaNUtseNagTUkFM@TSgsg
xagVnCYbK~a (knBIsukExr-knevotkug), evotkugQrctcegHtYtnig
ecjbJaeTAExrkhm edayemIlgayCagxMkJHvaeTAeTot [Exrkhm
elIkVvGgrBITUkExreTAdak'k~gTUkva .
tameCIgeKak
- bUy-KwmLgVnniyayEvkEjkfa eKql'Esnql'edayFab'Vn
eXIjpal'EP~k nUvGMeBIkacsahavrbs'Exrkhm Edlelatcak'smab'b
CaCnExrK~agdUcP~MePIg EtenAeBlEdlBYkExrkhmTTYlbJaBInayTa
hanevotkug [cUnBYkyuvCnyYnTSg17nak'eTAkan'PUmima"LenAbeTsyYn
ExrkhmTSgenaHrt'ExgdExgeCIgrkGgrrkmb rYcehIyErkCUndMeNIr
BYkevotkug . luHeTAdl'BMEdnExr-yYn evotkugecjbJabgM[Exrkhm
Gs'tSgenaHkb'GavuFlak'Tukk~gdIExrsin edImIErkGgrCUndMeNIrBYkvacUl
eTAkan'beTsyYn . ehtuGIVnCacSlak'kb'GavuF rYceTIbcUlsukyYn Vn
?

mYyyYnxacExrkhmtd

mYyelakbgyYnxacelakbnExr

khmht'edaylIkSePIgpg xMErkGgrpg ? .
cMENkerOgsmab'GnikCnyYnenAExemsa1978 nigsmab'Cabnb
nab'mkeTotenaH KWCaKMeragkarNr_ bs'GgkarelIeTetI ! Ggkaryl'fa Gni
kCnyYnEdlminBmeTAtamevotkugenaH KWCayYnecalemt (yYnsLa
j'Exr) ebIrkaTukk*vamincMeNj ehIyebIsmab'ecalvaGacmanbeyaCn_
ecIn
1- GacbMP&nmtiExrxH[yl'fa Ggkarsmab'TSgExr smab'TSgyYn .
2- enAhaNUy vatSgEskeCrVb'eKgfa Exrkhmsmab'yYn
TahrNe_ nAk~gExkkda1992enH BYkTahankumExrkhmGay"g cab'
epImsmab'GnikCnyYn rYcehIyEskfa Exrkhm@ ! eFIdUec~H haNUy
GacnwgbJnbUdUymklukluysukExrtampvcab'eTot .
3- edImInwgsmab'ExrkmCaekam Edlrt'mkCkekanenAkmCakNal
GgkareFICacLMsmab'TSgekgTSgcas' rYcEskecaTfa BYkenHCaBYk yYn
CaExbNajrbs'yYn .
enHehIyCakllicrbs'yYnedImIbMVt'BUCExr[qab'Gs' . es~trb
s'vaEtgEtekgbv&JelIExrCanic .
enHehIyCakllicrbs'yYnedImIbMVt'BUCExr[qab'Gs' . es~trbs'

GgkarCanrNa ?

120

vaEtgEtekgbv&JelIExrCanic .
d U e c ~ H e b I e y I g e l I k y k B w t i k a r Nn
_ ana dUcVnGtaFibayxagelIenH
mktiHriHBicarNa eyIgGacyl'Vnfa
G~kdwknSExrKb'@nin~akarKansmtPaBGITSgGs' eTsbEhsbeNa
yxn[caj'eVkyYn caj'eVkciny"agFn'CagFn' ! .

smab'yuvCncl&tedImIbMVt'Pstag
k~gExkJa1977 k~geBlkMBugclaclsmab'Exrkhm Edlmannin~aka
ExrvIvk' sab'EtmanKNkmaFikarCan'xs'cMnYn12nak' cuHmkBIGgkarelIedIr
tYtBinitnUvkickarepg@ EdlbCaCnkMBugbeJjBlikmrYmenAPUmikgt .
enAeBlEdlkMBugBinitkargareFITMnb'Twkrbs'kumcl&tdac'xatcMnYn
50nak' manbursmanmaDtUclitecjmuxmksYrBtmanepg@pal'BIBYkcl&t . eBlenaHmanxl'bk'mky"agxSg bNal[CuHmYkBIkalburs enaH
jSg[yuvCnTSgGs'Pak' edayeXIjmuxbursenaHCayYn k*lan'mat'tic@fa
{yYneTetI ! .l.
eBlyb'mkdl' manXatkrGafkMVMgmYykumy"agecIn kan'GavuFKb'
d ecjmkB&TpHekgmYyx~gbIElg sitenACab'xagtgmat'swgkgtEdlmanyuvCncl&tTSg50nak'enaHsMNak'enA

BYkXatkrcab'cgyuv

CnVn49nak'ehIyykeTAsmab'ecalTSgGs' . yuvCnrMu manP&Bvasna

VneKcxnenAeBlenaH ehIyVnGHGagVb'yayeTogedaypal'mat'BI
erOgenHenAk~gExF~1985 enATIkugV"rIs_ .
k~gExkum:q~S1978 manyuvCncl&tdac'xatmYykumcMnYn200nak' kMBu
gbukEbnsUvenAEsvalTa . sab'EtmanKNkmaFikarCan'xs'cMnYn14
nak' cuHmkBIGgkarelIedIrtYtBinitsUv .
enAeBlenaH mnus3nak'edIrmksaksYrpal'mat'cl&tGMBIlTplsUv.
yuvCnTSgenaHk*lan'mat'dUcK~afa yYneTetI! . enAeBlyb'mkdl' BYkyuv
Cnkgcl&tTSgenaHtUveKB&Tcab'ykeTAsmab'ecalTSgGs'elIkElgEt
yuvCnm~ak'eQaH f EdlVnrt'eKcrYc ehIyVnCYbVb'yayeTogGMBIerOg
IeenHedaypal'mat' enAekayvtrMdYl kugVt'dMbg enAExsPaq~S1979 .

GgkarCanrNa ?

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kllicsmab'ExrmYyEbbeTot
enAeBlEdlGgkarcUlmklukluybeTsExrPam

GgkarecjbJa

[bmUlGtIteCIgQ~lTSgGs' edImIbegItCaXatkrBiess bMJk'GavuF

[Pam rYcehIyjHjg'[Vj'smab'GtItecAhaynay . dUec~HExrCaecIn
k*tUvsab'edaysarkllicenH . TahrN_ KYsarrbs'yayeTog
enAfTI24-4-75 yayeTognigsamInigkUnVMnak'cakecjBITIlMenA
sMedAeTAmat'Brnam xagekItPUmikac'reTH k~gkgbwgFM shkrN_ BtUc
tMbn'4 extVt'dMbg . yayeTognSG~kbMerIbusm~ak'eQaH sarYn Gayu13
q~SykeTACamYy .
Exkkdaq~S1975 GgkarecjbJa[bMEbksarYnecjBIKYsarrbs'ya
yeTog bMJk'GavuF[ rYck*bJlk~gkumXatkrBiess . kumenHCakum
GtItG~kbMerI EdltUveKjHjg'[hk'elatsmab'GtItecAhay .
yb'fTI3-10-75 sarYnnSmitmYykumkan'GavuFKb'd CaXatkrsmab'ecAhayerog@xnrYcehIy mkkan'xmyayeTog . sarYnniyayeTA
mit@rbs'eK BmTSgelIkdcgleTAyaytaehIyniyayfa sUm
bgajmit@[sal' enHyayeTog taTI sUmmit@TSgGs'CYykarJryaytarbs'xMpg ! . niyayVnEttwmh~wg sarYnk*layaytabeNIrmit
@tLb'eTAvij . cMENkkumXatkrBiess eTACasLSgkSg k*ebIk
EP~kFM@smwgemIlmuxK~a eJHsanEtsarYnnSBYkeK[mkCYysmab' ! . kM
BugEtql'y"agenH sarYnk*bnWsemgeLIgfa mayrbs'xMeQaHGaGUn
GayuVn10q~S CIdUnxMnSykmk[enAbMerIyayeTog Caf~rnwgVk'kasEdlKat'tUvkar . yayeTogTMnukbMrugEfTSmayxMdUckUnbegIt . VnGayu
20q~S Kat'erobcMpMpmayxMnigBukxM . xMekItmkVnGayu10q~S k*s&Kcit
mkrs'enACamYyKat'dUcCayaynigtarbs'xMbegIt . G~kTSgBIrenHTMnukbM
rugbgat'begonxM[ecHemIlsresrGkr .l. KWeJHEtehtuenHehIy
VnCaxMelIkdsmab'Kat'minrYceT ! .
erOgsarYnEdlCaGtitG~kbMerIminVnsmab'ecAhay jSg[KNkma
FikarkgbwgFMTSgmUlpak'epIl

ebIkGgbCMuCasmat'mYyrMeBc .

enATIbCMu

GgkarCanrNa ?

122

eKeXIjmanmitLS CabFan, mitTit, mityin nigmitehok . G~kTSgbYn

nak'enHCaGtitecarBFab'rs'enAEtk~gBrnam . LvenHGgkarcat'Etg
tSgCaKNkmaFikarkgCaQb ehIyCaBiessCatMNagrbs'Ggkar . kum
enHehAsarYnmksYrrkehtupl . mitLSbJa[sarYnEfgkaresaHtg' .
sarYnk*cab'GtaFibayCahUrEh rYck*bJb'esckIfa eTaHbIhUbVy
Twkk*xMhUbrYmCamYyyaytaEdr . xMehAKat'TSgBIrCayayta tSgEtBItUc
mk .
mitLSbJa[sarYnEfgbEnmBICIvbvtirbs'xn[cas'las' . luHEf
gcb' mitTitk*bnWeLIgedayPak'fa Gah_ ! ebIGIcwgmitgCakUnGaGUn
enAPUmiBtUcenaH ? sarYnEbEP~ksmwgmitTitbnic rYceqIyfa VT ! .
mitTitykdGEglkalsarYn rYck*sMubeJjeyabl'k~gGgbCMufa
karEdlsarYnminVnsmab'mitTInigyayeTogenH CakarsmrmNas'.
xMsal'mitTIcas'las' ehIyEdlenArs'dl'sBfenH k*edaysarEt
sbrsFmrbs'mitTI . mitTitra"yra"b'eTotfa enAq~S1965 xMmanGayu
25q~S ehIybMerIbkk~gBrnam . enAeBlmYyenaH edaysareJHevonduH
Ex~g xMQWcukcab'k~geJHy"agxSgswgdac'degIm . mitxH@k*dwkxMykmk
enApHkMeNItenABtUc . GaGUnCamayrbs'sarYn ehIyEdltUvCabgCI
dUnmYyrbs'xM k*eLIgLanQ~lCabjab'sMedAeTAkan'eBTFMTIkugVt'
dMbgsMuBwgmitTI . mitTIk*ebIkLanpal'xnmkdwkxMykeTAkan'mnIreBTFM
Pam . evCbNitk*sMercvHkat'ykx~ayenaHecjeTA . luHCasYlbYlehI
ykalNa mitTIk*dwkxMmkpHenAPUmiBtUcvij . minEtb"ueNaHesat Kat'
[Vk'xMcMnYn2000erolCamYyexaGavEdlxMJk'Cab'nwgxnenH . mitTitni
yaybeNIrlat'GavbeNIredImIbgajsaks~amenAnwgeJHeTAGgbCMu .
eBlenaHmitLSEdlkMBugEdlkMBugeskQam ebIkEP~kkhmEt Ebsmw
gmuxXatkrBIrnak'eTotKW mityin nigmitehok edImIsYreyabl' .
mityinEbmuxeKcecjBIEP~kmitbFanLS smwgBrnammYysnHFM
eTIbrkJkeXIjeqIyTSgrdwbrdubfa eBTTImancitsbrsNas' .
k~geBlmansgam xMenAEtk~gBrnameT . enAeBlEdlKYsarrbs'xM QW
mitTIEtgEtCYyBaVlCanic

eBlenaHmitehoksmwgmuxmityin

y"agekAkhayCaTIbMput rYclan'mat'fa hiuH ! . rYcehIyenAesm .

kal:eeTs:eenaH mitTSgbYnnak'enHkMBugCk'dsmab'bCaCnfIk~gkgbwg

GgkarCanrNa ?

123

FMy"agvIvk' . cMENktaTInigyayeTogvijVnrYcxnmYyKaedaysar
sarYn . eBlGgkarbJa[bmUleyaFaekg@ykeTAlt'dM[sab' yuvCn
sarYnVntUvTTYlTaruNkmnwgeKEdr . eBlyYncUlmkrattatbeTs
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Jk'GavuF[ rYcbJlk~gkgkmSgbdivtnk
_ mCa.
eqt{kasd*lenH sarYnBayamedIrsYrrkyayeTog . sarYnVnCYb
yayeTogenAfTI3-3-80 enAekayvtrMdYlnTIkugVt'dMbg . yuvCn
sarYnsMrk'TwkEP~kGaNityayeTogrbs'vaNas' BmTSgyMesaksay ta
EdlminGaceKccakBIkarsmab'rbs'GgkarVn .
VylacrYcehIy sarYn{brYcsMBHlayayeTogcakecalTwkdIkmCa
eTAkan'beTsf edImIeKcminbMerIyYnteTAeTot .

GgkarCanrNa ?

124

- PaK2 etITBsmtie BjsukExr~ eTANaGs' ?

kllicyYnhaNUysmab'kMcayExr
enAkmC
aekam !

CMBUkTI15

dMNak'karEdltUvsmab'Exrkhmnin~akarExr
dMNak'karEdltUvsmab'kmaPiVlCan'xs'bkExr
khmnin~akarExr
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nrNabegItKukTYlEsg

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GgkarCanrNa ?

125

ecHniyay Qb'ecHesIc Qb'ecHyM xMbwgEtGUsng&l rnas' CMnYs eKa

kbI kNalePg kNalpr kNalfekAesIreqH.
sab'EtenAlacmYyenaH mankumXatkrGafkMVMgy"agecInelIs
lb'ecjmkB&TVj'smab'BYkExrkhmnin~akarExrkumTI1 eFI[clacl
eBjB .
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_ *cEmkmYyedaypal'EP~k . eBlenaHbCaCnP&ysLSgkSg eday
eXIjmnusCaecInkumedjVj'K~a edayTukexac[sab'JseBjB .
ekaymkbniceTIbeKdwgfa mankumXatkrGafkMVMgecjmky"agecInelI
slb'B&TVj'smab'eyaFaExrkhm EdlsitenAekambJakarrbs' dah Yn e h A m i t v a " j E d l t S g m U l d a n e n A x a g e C I g P ~ M F i b t I G s ' c M n Y n b E h
l700nak' .
cMENkmitva"j Ggkar[cab'xntSgBIfTI4-8-77 nSykeTAdak'Kuk
TYlEsg . bnab'BIVneFITaruNkmy"ageXareXAeTAelImitva"jGs'ry :
eBlCagBIrExmk Ggkark*nSykmitenHeTAsmab'ecalenAfTI18-10-77.
mitva"jCashkarIrbs'exov-sMpn . k~geBlCamYyK~aenH mUldanExrkh
mnin~akarExrCaecInkEngeTot k*rgeKaHf~ak'dUcmUldanmitva"jEdr . manTahrNd
_ UcCaenAmUldanPUmikUnekol EdlsitenAcmay15KmBIextBH
vihar manbCaCncas'cMnYn114nak' nigeyaFaExrkhmnin~akarExrcMnYn
202nak' Vnrt'eKccakputeKaHf~ak'sl'enArs'eTAkan'CMrMlMBuknbeTsf
. enAk~gcMeNammitTSgenaH yayeTogVnCYbmitm~ak' eQaHeCt GayuCag
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VnniyayVb'yayeTogedaypal'fa kumxns&KcitbMerIGgkar k~geB
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@fa eBlNaGgkarVnsMerceCaKC&y Ggkarpl'esrIPaBy"agrugerOg
nigsuPmgl[mitTSgGs'sbayrIkray .
luHdl'fTI17-4-75 GgkarsMercVn C&yCMnHd*mhaGsar ehI
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GgkarCanrNa ?

126

Gt'Xankan'EtmansPaBFn'FrCageBlkMBugmansgameTAeTot . CaBiessGgkarhamXat'

min[mankarCYbbs&yTak'Tgnwg bCaCnfI

eLIy .
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eCt EdlminVndwgxnCamun . Kankarbugby&t~kumeCtk*tUvsab'eTA
CamYyexacdYledkskswgJseBjB .
cMENkG~kEdlesssl'enArs'edaysarrt'eKcePosxnTan' k*
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bsaFarNrd . enAeBlEdlsUresckIGMJvnavrbs'semcsIhnu Bu
kxMk*sMerclHbg'GI@TSgGs' ehIydwknSKYsarcUlBs&KcitbMerIsem
c b"uEnb"HcMelIExrkhmEdlmanembJakarelIKWGgkarGnamikeTAvij .
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n~akaryYn EdlmankarKSTy"ageBjTMhwgBIbUdUy .
miteCtbJak'fa k~gq~S1978 kumXatkrGafkMVMgTSgenaH ecjmk
B&TVj'smab'Exrkhmnin~akarExrEdlmanexov-sMpnCaemdwknS mancM
nYn23elIkeTot . dUec~HExrkhmesIrePIgenH tUvGgkarcat'kar[sma
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dwgfa GgkarGnamikcat'karsmab'bgbnExrrYmQamrbs'xn EdlmanBYk

GgkarCanrNa ?

127

bJv&nCaBiess Gs'cMnYnCit3lannak' . dwgfaTIbCMuExtTSg20Vnka

yeTACarehasan rITBsmtiswgeBjmYynKrExr k*tUvBYkecarhary
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eCtmkdl'saFarNrdVrSgenAf 7/10/81 . cMENkbnsIk*ta
mbIeTArs'enAbeTskaNada .

dMNak'karEdltUvsmab'kmaPiVlCan'xs'
bkExrkhmnin`akarExr
k~gq~S1977-78 KukTYlEsgCakEngEdlGgkareFITaruNkm nigsma
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enAExminaq~S1977 GgkarecjbJa[cab'xnExrkhmnin~akarExr
enAPUmiPaKbUJ mancMnYn400nak' nSykeTAbJlKukTYlEsg . DucCaem
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sar rYceTIbsmab'ecal .
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CaKN:tMbn'4 nSykeTAdak'KukTYlEsg . bBnrbs'mitsUenH tUveK
cab'xnenAf8-9-77 . Duccat'kareFITaruNkmy"agBp rYcehIysma
b'TSgBIrnak'bIbBnecalenAf18-10-77 .
enAfTI4-8-77 GgkarecjbJa[cab'xnCa-hUn ehAmitva"j Caem

GgkarCanrNa ?

128

kan'kab'eyaFaExrkhmnin~akarExr manmUldansitenAP~MFibtI nSykeTAbJlKukTYlEsg . Duccat'kareFITaruNkmGs'ry:eBl2Ex rYceTIbbJa[

eKsmab'ecalenAfTI18-10-77 .
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TYlEsg ehIyk*tUveKsmab'ecalEdr .
ePaK-qay tUvGgkarcab'xnbJlKukTYlEsgenAf13-3-77
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cat'kareFITaruNkmy"ageXareXA . k~gry:eeBl3Ex eKbgM[CnCab'eTa
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GgkarCanrNa ?
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129
bFaneragck

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30/11/78

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30/12/78

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30/11/78

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30/11/78

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30/11/78

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02/12/78

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30/11/78

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06/12/78

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06/12/78

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07/12/78

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20/12/78

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21/12/78

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12/12/78

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21/12/78

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24/12/78

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24/12/78

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ecalenAfTI31-12-78 .
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GgkarecjbJa[bMEbkCaBIrBYk KWbCaCnfInigbCaCncas' .

GgkarCanrNa ?

130

- nieyaCikCabCaCnfI GgkarecjbJaehACabnbnab' PrfanSyk

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ecHdwg manbJv&nKb'bePT smaCikCan'xs' nigkmaPiVlExrkhmni
n~akarExrCaedIm .
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fTI17-4-75t@mk eyIgGacyl'PamVnfa KWkumExrGay"gyYnCaG~k
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b'cgTSgbBn TSgkUnykeTAsmab' rYckb'rYmp~rCamYy .
nrNaCasU-Pwm ?

GgkarCanrNa ?

131

sU-PwmCaGnubFanrbs'exov-sMpn k~gCYrrdaPiVlkmCabCaFibety ehIyenAeBlenaH sU-PwmCadsSrbs'b"ul-Bt, CaXatkry"agsahav

KWrUbenHehIyEdlnSkumXatkrGafkMVMgeTAtamB&TVj'Exr EdlviltLb'mkBIeb"kSgnighaNUyenAq~S1973 enAk~gextmNlKIrI .
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karsmab'kMcat'Exrkhmnin~akarExr[Gs'sin .

GgkarCanrNa ?

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sNab'F~ab' bbUrmat'exABIkedayTMJrsaminQb' esaHTwkmat'Jsval
Jskal .

GgkarCanrNa ?

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b"uEnpyeTAvij k~gGgbCMunimYy@ TSgbusTSgsIbNak'K~aekak

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GgkarCanrNa ?

134

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GgkarCanrNa ?

135

karbJa[ExrkhmnirtIniyayrevIrvayesIrqtlIlamYyGenIsin eday
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bMVt'BUCExrkhmnirtInin~akarExrmYyEp~k@ CabneTAeTot .

dN
M akk
' arEdlGgk
artvU sma bK
' N:
kmk
arkgng
i Qb
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edImExtulaq~S1978 GgkarecjbJa[dkGavuFBIQbedayeVkbeJatfa beTseyIgVnsniPaBehIy miteyIgminVc'kan'kSePIgceg"g
cg"ag nS[bCaCnP&yxaceLIy .
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rYcvavaysmab'ecalPamKansYrGImYym"at'eT ! . TahrNm
_ Yyy"agCak'
EsgmandUcteTA
- bFanshkrNl
_ k'eCov tMbn'1 extVt'dMbg eQaHmitlI CatiyYn
bnMyksJatiCaExr

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KWCaGtIt

Exrevotmij . bFanshkrNe_ nHmanQbBIrnak' KWmitekadi nigmiter"t .

- mitekadirs'enAEtk~gB xagtgPUmikgt tSgEtBIekgmk mancrik
Caecarpg CaExrkhmpg .
enAeBlEdlGgkardeNImVnkugP~MeBjPam GgkarbJnmitekadi
mkkan'shkrNl
_ k'eCov cat'EtgtSgCaescCaQbEb"kxageCIg Bm
TSgbKl'GP&yksiTi GacesI~nigsmab'ExredayesrI .
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rbs'epg@edImIrkmbGaharTb'karGt'Xan tUvVnekadinSykeTAsmab'
ecalPam@edayKansYreyabl'G~kNam~ak'eLIy . esckIsMercrbs'va
manEtJkmYym"at' TukmincMeNj dkecjk*minxat .

GgkarCanrNa ?

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edImICaKMrU ekadihaneFIBlikm[XatkrcUlcab'Bukekktaj" ykeTA

smab' nigmayekkrbs'xnykeTAdak'KuksIemm"ayenABtaEbn .
b C a C n e n A s h k r Nl
_ k'eCovTSgmUlVk'sat xacekadiesIrVk'
elag dUckUnesHeXIjxa.
mitekadirs'enACamYyKYsarmitJc k~gpHmYysitenAkgelx3 PUmi
Bsayxaglic k~gshkrNl
_ k'eCovtMbn'1 .
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em"ag8yb'

sab'EtmanmnuskumcMnYn5nak'

kan'GavuFKb'dedIrmk

Qb'enAmuxkSCeNIrpH . mnusm~ak'EskehAmitekadi . dUec~Hmitekadi

bjab'bjal'cuHmkTTYlePvTSgjjwmjEjm . EtGnicamitekadiNas'!
cuHminTan'dl'dIpg

enAsl'BIrkSeTot

mnusm~ak'maDmSeVHkmaTak'

kmitekadi GUsTajTmak'dIrYcTat'Fak'KanbNIedaytehtu .
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miteGIy ! vaysmab'KYsarxMdUec~HcLMxusehIy KYsarxMenHeQaHekadi
Na ! Kat'CaQbk~gshkrNl
_ k'eCov ! Kat'CakUnbegItrbs'mitekIt .
TSgBukTSgkUn bMerIGgkareBj5q~S1ExehIy . Xatkrvaysmab'ekadi
beNIr eqIytbeTAmitJcbeNIry"agkMbutkMbuyfa LvenHdl'evnmit
ekadiehIy ! .
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bnl'eCIgmagenAelIdI ehIyedIrecjeTA
k~gyb'EtmYy evlaem"agdEdl k~gkgEcPy sitenAxagtgshkrNl
_ k'eCovdEdl manmnusmYykumcMnYn5nak'dUcK~a kan'GavuFKb'd
sMedAeTAkan'pHmiter"t . mas'pHk*ecjmkCYbkumenH . BYkXatkrvay
bharmiter"tPamedayKanniyaymYym"at'eT . smab'rYcehIy Xatkrk*
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Cn .
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kan'shkrNl
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gbKl'GP&yksiTi

GacesI~nigsmab'ExredayesrI .

miter"tsMerckat'

GgkarCanrNa ?

137

eTasbCaCnfImanPaBsahavCagmitekadieTAeTot . esckIsMercrbs'va
manEtmat'TeTfa TukmincMeNj dkecjk*minxat !
kalBIenArs' miter"tVnbeJjcml'rbs'xn[eyIgdwgfa ExreyIg
Edlmas'Bd*FMeFgTSgenH minEdlVnsal'Kb'CugeCayeLIy . rI
BYkbUdUyvij m~ak'@manEpnTIsukeyIgKb'd EdlCaehtu[BYkvasal'
BBwkasukExrKancenaH .
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ehIyCaBiesssMNak'enAelIP~M7Can'Gs'ry:eBl7q~S . miter"teXIjbU
dUysab'y"agecInbNalmkBICmWKuncaj' pwkTwkeCaHminsat edayKa
nGnam&yKb'Kan'

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ln'-nl' .
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GgkarGnamikCaembJakareTAvij . dUec~Hcab'tSgBIeBlenaHmk Ggkar
GnamiksnaCaLarwkcMEdl@fa
eBlNaGgkarVnTTYlC&yCMnHelIrbbln'-nl'ehIy Ggkarnw
gpl'suPmgl esrIPaB karsbayrugerOgdl'mitTSgGs' .
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_ an'
EttantwgeLIg@ TurPwkGt'Xankan'EtxSg CaBiesssgamkan'Etvay
bharFn'FrCagmuneTAeTot . KYr[cEmkNas' GgkarEbrCabJa[eFITa
ruNkmeTAelIrasExry"aggitGnkareTAvij .
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EdlKat'eTABaVlCmW[KYsarrbs'miter"tmg@ . minEtb"ueNaH miter"t
EfmTSgTUnan[KUeBTbugby&t~xneTotpg .
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_ "agCak'EsgmYyeTotmandUcteTA
- enAshkrN_ BtUc tMbn'4 extVt'dMbg manQb2nak'CaXatkr
y"ageXareXAnigsahacGsar . m~ak'eQaHmityin mitm~ak'eToteQaH
hak . mitTSgBIrenHekItenAPUmikac'reTH suksEg extVt'dMbg Bukma
yrbs'mitTSgBIrnak'enHCaExrkmCaekam . yinnighakCaecarrs'enAEt
k~gBrnamsitenAxagekItPUmikac'reTH . vaEtgEtcUlmkbn'rasExrenA
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. vabn'eKareTH bmUlTBsmtierobdak'reTHehIyvadutpHG~ksuk ecal

GgkarCanrNa ?

138

CaTIbJb'vak*Vj'smab'mas'pHecalKantabNIeT . CYnkal vabmUl

mas'pHVnmYycMnYn ehIyvak*eVHKab'EbkdeTAelIkummnusGP&BTSg
enaHEtmg .
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yinnigmithakCaesc CaQbrYcbJnmkkan'shkrN_ BtUc tMbn'4
extVt'dMbg BmTSgbKl'GP&yksiTi

[esI~rnigsmab'rasExr

edayesrItamsalkmEtJkmYyXadEdl TukmincMeNj dkecj

k*minxat .
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GP&yksiTiBIGgkarelId*mhima

XatkrTSgBIrnak'enHk*tSgsMEdgTi

y"agsahavcab'cgbCaCnExr CaBiessePTbus@ nSykeTAsmab'eca

lCahUrEh . sUmIEtbgbnbegIt bgbnCIdUnmYy ky@begItrbs'va k*
vasmab'tjejItdeT . edaysarGMeBIyg'X~grbs'emXatkrTSgBIrna
k'enH PUmikac'reTHTSgmUlk*ekItclaclCaxSg bCaCnfIePTbus@k*nS
K~apgeBgrt'ecalPUmi Jt'Vs'nirasKYsarswgGs'rlIg . G~kPUmikac'
reTHEdlenArs'dl'sBfmkBIVneKcxnrYceTAPUmiqay@ ehIydUreQaH
epgeTAvij .
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ecjBIBrnamkan'GavuFKb'd sMedAmkshkrN_ BtUc edImIsmab'
KNkmkarkgnigQbCaGtItecar EdlKaneBlnwgerIxnrMedaHrYcVneLIy
. kumXatkrTSgenHminePcmithaknigmityineT, BYkvacUlPUmikac'reTH
cab'mithaksmab'ecalPammYyrMeBc

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XMuTukk~gBHviharkac'reTH bgt'VyTwk ruyBgdak'dMe ehIykayeTACa
dgvruk jSg[mityinQWcab'EskeraTimunnwgsab'y"agevTna nigKYr[c
EmkNas' ! .
c M E N k b C a C n f I k ~ g s h k r NT
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nUvTaruNkmnigXatkmy"agcEmkdUec~H ehIynSK~arkEtBueTab"ueNaH

ehI

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gdUcemc . cMENkmitlI GtItExrevotmijehIyCabcbn~bFansh-

GgkarCanrNa ?

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krNl
_ k'eCov eFIBegIyKanbeJjskmPaBPak'epIlbtikmGIesaH
eLIy . rIbkExrkhmnirtI vaecjeFIBlikmrYmeFIBegIy . Ggkarcat'
karsmab'rebobenHGs'mYyry:y
y"agxI . lTplKWkumGtItecarEdlGg
karq~bDitCaExrkhmenaH tUvsab'swgputBUCGs'BIbeTsExr . rYcehI
ymitlIbFanshkrNb
_ cbn~ k*cab'eCIserIsKNkmkarkgfIk~gcMeNambCaCnfI edImIcat'kareKobsgt'bCaCn[GUsng&l GUsrnas' d
ksgcUtkat' kMu[rGak'rGYlkargar .
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kmkar
kgEdleTIbnwgeCIserIsenaHGs'mYyelIkeTot .
knLank*dwknSCensbCaCnecjBIsmrPUmi q~bDit enHeTAman
cmayy"agtic20Km edImITuk{kas[bUdUyerobcMGnak'y"aght'ct'ni
gtwmtUv manpvecjcUl rYcGacbiTmkvijtamcitcg'.
cugq~S1978 eyaFaExrkhmbeNIrK~aedIrcUlcMkNalGnak'Exeto
mrbs'bUdUyCahUrEhr . GgkarelIVn{kasehIy k*bJa[bUdUyVj'
cmuHTSg10TisesacmkelIeyaFaExrkhm . enACMuvijExetommanrf
ekaHB&TCMuCit . enABIelIkal kV"l'ehaHcSTmak'Kab'EbknigVj'rHdUc
rnHmkBIxagelI . keLkemIlmkeyaFaExrkhmvij m~ak'@saykSePIg
mYykUnedIm CamYyExKab'mYykUnCYr edIredayeCIgTeT . etIBYkenHman
kmSgNanwgTb'Tl'CamYyBYkbUdUy EdlmankmSgsJvuFdUcEdlVn
erobrab'mkBIxagelIenH ? . eg"a-van'DwkbJak'fa kaleNaHxnvaenHCabUdUym~ak' k~gcMeNambUdUyeTotEdlVnVj'rHeTAelIeyaFaExrkhm
enAsmrPUmimILay . eBlenaHeyaFaExrkhmtUvsab'KreCIgelIK~a .
enAfTI5-1-79 kumDwktUvGgkarelIbJneTAkan'beTskmCavij .
kumDwkedIrcUlmkbeTskmCa vagtambeTslav-beTsesom tampv
smat'k~grUgP~MdgErk rYckat'tamsuksirIesaP&N (sIusupun) extVt'dM
bg edImIcUlmksukExr .
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tkYnesar bg'EtGMbily"agenH Dwkk*sMerccitrt'eKcxncUlkan'CMrM N.W.9
nbeTsf mkcgGgwgedkEkrGgwgyayeTog ( kkn: kaleNaHyayeTogVb'kakVTkhmGnrCatifaKat'CaCatiyYn . CMrM NW-9 CaCMrMsMrab'

GgkarCanrNa ?

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dak'CnePosxnCatiyYneT) . yuvCn buy-KwmLg CatiyYnekItenATIkugta

Ekv

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tUvbUdUysmab'ecalGs' . eQaHkut CaeyaFaExrkhm GayubEhl
25q~S Edls&KciteTAvayyYnrMedaHTwkdIkmCaekam VnVb'yayeTog fa
enAcugq~S1978 GgkarbJneyaFakumxneTAvayyYn . eyaFacMnYn
rab'Jn'nak'edIrsMedAeTAsmrPUmiedayeCIg . tSgBIBlb'rhUtTl'PW eTIb
VneTAdl'EBkmYyy"agFM EdlmanTwkeCarCn'hUry"agxSg . kMBugEtrk
meFaVyqgEBk sab'EtKab'kSePIgrbs'bUdUylan'dUcrnHecjmkBI
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nwgfyekayk*BMuVn eJHtUvbUdUyxb'pvKb'cklk . enAelIGakas
kV"l'ehaHcab'Tmak'Kab'Ebk . kuttUvKab'kSePIgcMePA rh&sdUcePkbenar KEvgkSePIgnigExKab'ecaleTAdI kutk*elatcuHTwkbUgbENtxn
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enAEBkTal'kalBIedIm . kutPrevotkugfaxnCaCnCatiyYn edImI[eKdwk
xneTAkan'mnIreBTBnKr . eBTyYnkat'eCIgsSEdlrbYsenaHecaleTA
edaymkBIdMevarelHrlYyBaVlElgekIteTAehIy . enATIbJb' kut
niyayVb'yayeTogedayKvIkalfa xMmindwgCaeyaFaEdlrgeKaHenA
k~gkumCamYyxnenaHmancMnYnBitVkdb"unaneLIy . b"uEntSgBIfenaHmk
Tl'nwgfEdlkutVnCYbnwgyayeTog bursenHminVnCYbeXIjmitrYm
GavuFrbs'xnNam~ak'eT .
cuHenAGgkarshbCaCativij manGIEbk ?
G~ktMNagyYnenAGgkarshbCaCatieqIyVb'sklelakfa T&B
rbs'xneFIkarVnlNas' k~gnaTIrbs'xnCaG~kTb'Tl' b"uEnenAcMmuxs
tUvd*cecssitsaj T&Brbs'evotNamKanmeFaVyNaekABICan'QI
kmSgQanJnnigkMeTcmUldanT&Brbs'stUveLIy .

GgkarCanrNa ?

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k~gry:eeBl44Ex KWcab'tSgBIf17-4-75 rhUtmkTl'nwgbMNac'q~S

1978 GgkarGnamikcat'karsmab'bCaCnExrenAelITwkdIExrCadMNak'@
y"agsatCaTIbMput .
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kan'extVt'dMbg . KWCaex~aHEdlGgkardwkcUlmktSgBIq~S1978 sMrab'eFI
TaruNkmelIbCaCnExr . ex~aHTSgenaHmancMnYn5Lankam"g EdltUvBYk
bUdUytSgdMkl'TukbgajsaFarNCn BmCamYykareXasnafa ebI
sinCayYncUlmkCYysukExrminTan'eT rasExrmuxEtsab'k~gex~aHTSg
enHCaminxan .
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nMbJk . EtKMeragkarenHtUvVnpaksin edayvaykkarNV
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mankarbtmBIraCrdaPiVlfnigGg'eKs ehIybnab'mkeTotbMrugbegIt
rNsirCatirMedaHbCaBlrdExr (rCrbx) .
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khmnirtICaGtItExrevotmijkumTI2 ekakeLIgeJgJt edayebIyIehaExrkhmdEdl vabkasEtgtSgkumrbs'vaCatMNagGgkardEdl
EtkJrlak'Butd*stbUtrbs'vatUvdUreTACakacsahavtamkMeNItvij .
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yebIEtdavnigExvCaGavuF . karsmab'mnusrbs'kumecarenH KWkat'kTma
k'kalBIelIsa . enAeBlenaH Kb'@K~arnt'cit stsartICakElg eda
ysarGMeBIsahavyg'X~grbs'BYkkumExrkhmnirtIenH . bus@Edl
enAsl'BIsab'k*pgeBgrt'cUlB dgxnTeT KanGIeTAtamxnesaHeLI
y . cMENksI@vij Ggyrg'cSeBlsab'TSgP&yrnt'jab'j&r .
cuHenAeBlenaH GtItsmaCikbkbCaCnbdivtnE_ xrEdlCaGtItExr
evotmijkumTI1Edlman taEb"t, taekA, mitlI, mitl, miterOn ehIyEd
lsuTCabFanshkrN_ CaKN:tMbn' nigCatMNagras etIGgkarda
k'TiseTANaGs'ehIy ?
sat'Qwg ! Vt'Gs'dUceKsnt' !?!? .

GgkarCanrNa ?

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dN
M akk
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k~gExmkra1979 bkExrkhmnirtIkan'GMNacVnTSgsug . vabgM
Exr[cUtkat' eVkEbn bJan'TSgyb'TSgf bmUlsUvckVv rYcdwkeTA
kan'TIGafkMVMgGs'rlIg . rYcehIyvadutcMebIgecalPam . luHvadwksUv
nigdutcMebIgrYcral'escVc'ehIy eTIbvacab'ekorbCaCnfICaecInEsnna
k'[edIrtamva . bCaCnTSgenaHtUvvaekormkBItMbn'shkrNn
_ anadUcCa
shkrN_ BtUc, kMBg'BH, rSgeksI, GUrseLA, GUrdMbg, Gacme_ sH, lk'
eCov, P~MFibtI .l. vaekoreTAsMNak'enA
- PUmiEchUy

cMnYn12yb'

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cMnYn15f

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cMnYn10f

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cMnYn3f

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bJak'fa PUmiTSgGs'enH sitenAxaglicpvCatielx5 . enAf5-4-79
eBlftg' vaekorbCaCnmkdl'pvCatielx5 sMedAeTAPUmikekaH PUmiGUr
taemov rYcvaekorbneTAkan'XMuTYlBMu, XMuC nigmat'Brnam EdlsitenA
cmayCaecInKILEm"txagekItpvCatielx5 . vaekoreTAekormktambeNa
yBrnamGs'ry:eBl10feTot . rYcehIysab'EtvaekortLb'mkpv
Catielx5vij . lTplKWenAeBlenaH mnuscas'Cra G~kmanCmWFn' nig
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[fyekayenaH etIG~krgeKaHVnGIbriePaK ?

etIVnePIgNamkdutkM-

GgkarCanrNa ?

143

edAxnedImITb'Tl'nwgFatuGakasrgarj&rjak'enAeBlyb' ? {eTvtaeGIy
ehtuGIk*eyIgevTnaem"H ?
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mkdSbbrsab tGMbil EckK~abriePaK .
eBlePgFak'mkmg@ nSK~aGgyteVmkalCgg'kMeVn@kNal
val kNalB halxl' . luHdl'ePgFak'rYcehIy eTIbnSK~aedIrrk
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LvkMENnmnusVnmkdl'sukemagsI EkrpvCatielx5mgeTot .
bCaCnxH@EdlKanreTHeKaCaCMnYykmSg ehIyEdlxMErksMbuksmti
bnicbncelIsa k*dYledkenAelIdIy"agexacpa . G~kEdlenAQrVn k*
tUveKekorbneTAeTotCahUrEhr . luHedIrfyekaymkdl'sIkSgnig
PUmiBxt eTIbKb'@K~aPak'dwgfa
{ ! GgkarnSeyIgmk[sab'edayGavuFFmCatieTetI ! ehtuGI ? eJH
PUmienHCarehasan KansUv KanTwkTal'EtesaH ! bCaCnxHtUvsab'eda
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@bkExrkhmnirtI GtItExrevotmijkumTI2 EdlCaG~kdwknSvij enAeBl
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vij .
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. eBlCYbK~aenHk*r"ayr"ab'Vb'bgbnfa kumxnCaecInmWunnak'tUvGgkarCensecjBIextnana manextkMBg'esam kMBg'sW mNlKIrI rtnKIrI
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Ex G~kedIrtUvsab'edaykarGt'Vy Gt'Twk edaysarCmWKuncaj'. KYsar
xHtUvsab'putBUC KYsarxHenAsl'EtbI KYsarxHenAsl'EtbBn kUn.
manbursxHsab'EtVnCYbGtItbBnrbs'xn Et! GgkarVn pMpM b

GgkarCanrNa ?

144

Bnrbs'xn[eTAbursm~ak'eTotrYceTAehIy . sIxHeTot k*GgkarVn

cab'bICaTIsLaj'rbs'xn erobkareTAnarIepgeToteTAvijehIy . etITuk
esaknCnTSgenaHmanTMhMb"unNa ? lTplG~kxHk*eFIXateTA !
e T a H C a V n C Y b K ~ a y " a g Na k * e d a y G g k a r e n a E t b n k M E Nn m n u s [ e T A
tamkgerog@xnteTAeTot .

dMNak'karEdltUvsmab'yuvCncl&t

yayeTogtUveKekorenAk~gkgmYyCamYyG~keTot . Kat'edIrtameK
tamg Gs'bgbn kUnecAky rlIgBIxnehIy.
enAem"ag1resolnf13-2-79 Kat'keLkeXIjdMbUkFMmYy Edl
emIlBIcmayeTAmanmb'tQ KYrVnCaTIkEngmYysMrab'eFITIsMrakCkkM
edAfd*ekA . Kat'k*edIrsMedAeTArmNIydanenaH edImIsMrakykkmSg
munnwgbndMeNIreTAmuxeTot .
eTAdl'dMbUk ! BueTa ! exacyuvCnmYyKMnrsab'KreCIgelIK~a manTSgdM
bgmYyKMnrFMbLak'QamenAss'@enAeLIy. Kat'P&yrnt'tbma
edayeXIjexac CaBiessedayeXIjdMbgEdlCaGavuFrbs'xSgsMrab'va
ykJg'ksmab'exacTSgenaH .
kMBugEtsn'esaEbbenH semgekgsIm~ak'k*bnWeLIgenAekayx~gKa
t' m"ak'@ . narIk*sHmk{bmayedaykInwkrk . KWyWTIra"da kUnsI
TI2rbs'yayeTogEdlGgkarbMEbkecjBIKat'eTA tSgBIExsPa1975
em"H . ra"dak*beNIrmaycuHBIsannrkenH ehIyTaneLIgfa m"ak'eGIy!
exacTSgenHKWCaexacBYkcl&tEdlGgkarbmUl mkvaysmab'enAyb'
mijenHg .
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ekorbCaCn[edIreTAmux rYcfyekay rYceTAmuxEbbenH, kumXatkrGaf

GgkarCanrNa ?

145

kMVMgmYykum k*kMBugEtsmab'yuvCncl&tEdr . ( enAeBlenaH yayeTo

gVt'kUnkemaHTI4rbs'Kat'eQaH yWTIPUma"ra" . kykemaHbegItrbs'Kat'
tUvvavaysmab'ecal ) . EtenAk~geBld*EsnevTnaEbbenH Kb'@K~axMt
dreyagGataeTAmux KanVn KanVndwg
prbs'GgkarciteXareXA

GMBIkllicd*efakTabnigB

Edlcat'karsmab'yuvCncl&tCacugekay

enaHeLIy .
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m~ak'GayubEhl37q~S EdlQrenAEkrenaH . mIgPWnVb'xMfaEm"edIrmk
kan'TIenH ehtuenHehIyVnCaxMmkeXIjm"ak'. Em" nigkUnBmTSgPWn k*
beNIrK~aeTAtamkMENnteTAeTot .
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1975Edr . enAeBlEdlVneXIjK~a TSgBIrnak'Em"kUn KSgmat'rkniyay
minecj VntwmEtsmwgmuxK~a rYcehIykUnbusnigmay k*tUvJt'K~at
eTAeTottamkMENnrbs'kumerog@xn .
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Vj'pk'CMuTis mindwgCanrNaVj'nrNa ehIymaneKaledAeFIGIeT . luH
manBwtikarNc
_ Emky"agenH bCaCnxHEdlsMNak'enAk~gvtsay su
kemagsI extVt'dMbg edayFujTan'Elgcg'rs'teTotehIy k*Esk
eLIgfa
- miteGIy Vj'eTA ! Vj'eTA ! kMusMrak ! Vj'eToeTA ! xMevTnaNas'
Vj'eToteTA ! ebIsab'k*sab'[ehIyeTA kMu[xMrs'y"agenHeTot ! .
s~rkSePIgtal'lan'bneTAeTot mgjab'renIn mgregIl mgsat'
Qwg rYcehIyk*EskKhwmteTAeTot Gs'ry:eBl2f2yb' edaymin
dwgCamanehtuGI .
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eTAehIy .

GgkarCanrNa ?

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CMBUkTI17
bCaCnExrVnrYcxn
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n ! b"uEn ! mnusd*cEmkenH hammin[edIrtampvCatielx5eT . vabJa
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f KWenAfTI19-4-79 eBlftg' eTIbeyIgedIreTAdl' .
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tUvQrcSevnedImIqg enAekamkMedAfnExemsa EdlCaExekAhYtEhg
xSgbMputenAsukExr.
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bCMuCnsukemagsI edayedIrtampvf~l'sbbeNaymat'swg .

GgkarCanrNa ?

147

vtmanrbs'bUdUy17nak'
enAeBlEdleyIgcuHeTAdl'kNalswg ExrTSgGs'Pak'eBIt eday
eXIjLan GMC mYyeKOgEdlCab'pugenAkNalswg . enAEkrenaH eK
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cMENkbCaCnExrEdlVneXIjbUdUyTSg17nak' k*QremIlPwk m~a
k'@maneyabl'xusK~a
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tmkCYyExr [cakputBIcgmmcraCKWGgkar .
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hima manbgb'GafkMVMgGIeTot edImIsmab'bCaCn ehIyekorBYkxn[t
Lb'fyekayeTot .
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CYyrMedaHExrenaH nwkk~gciterog@xnfa cuHhtuemcVnCaGgkarminecjmk
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GgkarGgkarrvl'eFIGIenAeBlenH ?
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K~abMrugnwgeFIdMeNIreTAmuxeTot . yayeTogEdlmanGayuCag50enAeBl
enaH Kat'manGayuecInCageKenAk~gcMeNamk*KvIkal BmTSgeqIyfa cS
Kat'KitemIlsin . Kat'Kitfa cMeJHekg@yYnTSg17nak' EdlmanGavuF
minKb'K~apgenH ehIyvahanmkGugGat' enAsukExrkNalBdac's

GgkarCanrNa ?

148

y"aledayesrI dUcCamimsmTMngTal'EtesaH . enHKWCakJk'TiBmYyEdlGaccgl[eyIgeXIjnUvBwtikarNn

_ ana EdlbNal[sukExrvinas
hinehacTSgbCaCn TSgTBsmtidl'f~ak'enH .
Kat'k*nwkeTAdl'esckIbkasCapvkarrbs'hU-CImij EdlVnEfgkalBIf20-9-52fa tUvEtvatTwkdI ykbTIbNcin cab'tSgBImat'Tar
nbeTscinPaKxagtg rhUteTAdl'eCayTwkexA cab'tSgBICYrP~MNcin
Eb"kxagekIt rhUteTATl'nwgetIyTenemKg rYctUvEkq~beTsTSgbIn
bTIbenH[eTACakumynisNcinCasaBr .l. .
yayeTotKitmkdl'twmeNH Kat'mankarQWcab'CakElg Kat'xkxU
ccit eTAmuxElgrYc eTAekayElgekIt . Kat'Ggy{bkalCgg' xMnwk
eLIgvij nUvTaruNkmTSgLayEdlbCaBlrdExr tUvTTYlrgeKaHk~g
ry:eeBl4q~SKt' eJHtSgBIdUntamk ExrmancariksuPaB Tn'Pn' stbUt su
crit . CaBiessmansIlFm emtaFm nigsbrsFm edaymkBIExrCaG~k
kan'BuTsasnay"agxab'xn . Etehtuy"agdUcemcVnCak~gkMLgbYnq~SenH
ExrEdlKan'EtJk'yIehaExrkhm Kan'EtCatMNagrbs'Ggkar k*kay
eTAXatkry"agsahav hansmab'Em"g bgbegIt bnbegItrbs'xng
rhUtdl'sasnE_ xrK~agTSgmUldUec~HeTAvij ? minsmeT@ ! . Kat'BicarNateTAeTotfa G~kEdlrgeKaHf~ak'sab'enaH KWG~kecHdwg manKtibNi
tes~haCatiy"agemaHmut KWCaG~kVC TSgBHsgTSgKhs rYmesckI
mk KWCamnusEdlCaEP~kcmuHrbs'Exr . vaTuk[enArs' ehIyelIkbnb'
EtBYkexA edImIsYljak'Ex . Kat'nwkeTAdl'q~S1945 EdlKat'VneXIj
pal'EP~kenAkmCaekam EdlenAeBlenaHyYnhaNUyCaevotmij VnjH
jg'xIdyYnxagtg [smab'bMputBUCExrkmCaekamnigbn'TBsmtidut
pHecalvIvk' .
LvenH, fTI19-4-79 em"agbEhl4resol, vtmanrbs'kUnyYnTS
g17nak'enH GacqHbMVt'cml'rbs'yayeTogBIGmtehtuTSgLayEdl
ekIteLIgenAsukExr tSgBIbYnq~SmkehIy ehIyKat'yl'fa tSgenHminEm
nekIteLIgedaycdneT

muxCamanGafkMVMgGImYyrbs'yYnhaNUy

Edllak'bgb'enAk~genaHCaminxan . TahrNE_ dlVnerobrab'rYcehIy

enAtMbn'1 nextVt'dMbg kalBIq~S1976 CaPstagsab' . KWyayeTog
VneXIjpal'EP~knUvGtItExrevotmij EdlmantaEb"t taekA mitlICaedIm

GgkarCanrNa ?

149

Edlecjmuxmkkan'tMENgCabFanshkrN_ CaKN:t
tMbn' rYcbnmkeTo
tCatMNagras. Kat'KiteTAdl'bNScugekayrbs'elakKwm-gYntac
EdlCaehtueFI[Kat'duHKMnit tUvEtsavCavEvkEjkrkmuxGgkarGnamik[
eXIj . Kat'nwkeXIjdl'ExrmYynKr EdltUvrgeKaHf~ak'TSgKY@ ehIy
EdlPaKecInVneXIjedaypal'EP~k nUvXatkrEdlcab'cgBukmay kUn
ky bBn bIrbs'xn edayKanCMnMuCMrHGITSgGs' ekAEtBIJkmYym"at'fa
eKeFItambJaGgkar TukmincMeNj. rYmesckImk ExrEdltUveKsma
b'Gs'Cit3lannak' minTan'Vndwgfa xnmankMhusGIenAeLIyeT .
GsarNas'@ GgkarKanrUbKanrageT Etehtuem"ck*GgkarbeJjK~a
vaCakum@ CadMNak'@ Gacsmab'ExrVnedayesrI tameBlevla tamkMN
t'Vny"agenH ? GgkarGacdwgfaetIkumNatUvsmab'ExreyaFasLaj'
semc etIkumNatUvsmab'ExrkhmEdlekItmkBIecar, etIkumNatUv
smab'Exrkhmrbs'exov-sMpn, etIkumNatUvnSeyaFaekg@eTAlt'dM ?
.l. TIbMputetIGgkartUvdak'G~kNa[kan'kab'sukExr enAk~gkal:eeTs:
CabnmkeTot ? etIExrkhmnirtIEdlsmab'ExrkhmCMnan'munenaH minEm
nCaKMeragrbs'GgkareTGI ? bnab'BIvtmanrbs'ExrkhmnirtImk ehtuGI
k*manyYncUlmkCYyrMedaHExrBIExrkhm ? . vaykelsfacUlmkCYy
ExrCaelIkTI3 . EtTIbJb'Kat'yl'fa enHCakllicrbs'yYnhaNUyTS
gsug EdlvaeKarBeFItambJahU-CImij edImIBgwgBgIkeCaybTIb
Ncin [kayeTACakmSgGmt: manGnuPaBxSgkaenAtMbn'GasIuGeK~y_ .
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17nak'mgeTot Et ! Vt'semal, BYkvaqgswghYseTAehIy . dUcPak'BI
ylsbi Kat'k*EskeLIgfa xMyl'ehIy ! xMyl'ehIy ! .
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gab'tehageTANaGs'ehIy VnCavaminmkykefImGakUnyYnTSg17nak'
enAeTAsIueTA ? .
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. dUec~HenAyb'enH eyIgtUvEtsMrakenATIenHsin ehIyedImInwgtamdanBYk
kUnyYnTSgenHemIlfa etIvamkeFIGIenAsukeyIg . etIvamanCYbbs&KGIeT

GgkarCanrNa ?

150

faebIvaKanbs&KGIeTenaH eyIgGacsnidanfa GgkarGnamikCayYnhaNU

yy"agBitVkd .
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sMNl'cugekayrbs'Kat' . Kat'ykdKgfassmwgemIlemXnaratI
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edIreTATINavijeT ebIeBlenH ecjBImat'Ggkar EtEbrCacUlmkCab'Gnak'
yYnhaNUyeTAvij .

bkkumynisNcin
enAeBlenaHmanmitrbs'Kat'm~ak'k*sYreLIgfa bg ! ehtuem"cVnCa
hU-CImijbegItbkkumynisNcin ?
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kUnecAvaenA . hU-CImijdwgfa enAk~gq~S2000 beTsyYnmancMnYnbCaCn
Cag60lannak' . pdITSgGs'man330,000KILEm"tkLa EtpdIEdlGa
crs'enAedImIbkbGaCIvkmVnKWmanEt20%Etb"ueNaH EdltUvnwgTMhM
66,000Km2 . 60lannak' enAelIpdI66,000Km2 VnesckIfa manb
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30nak' (30dgticCag) . pdIenAsl'ecInNas'enAsukExr . mUlehtu
enHeTIbenAfTI3-2-30 hU-CImijsMercbegItbkkumynisNcin k~g
eKalKMnitd*elaPln'Gsar Edlvasmfa eBlNaeKalbMNgrbs'va
VnsMercCasaBr yYnhaNUyEdlmanxnvaCaemdwknS nwgkayeTACasa
snm
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GgkarCanrNa ?

151

.
Chi Minh sng mun nam !
dUec~HehIy edImIGnuvtKMeragkarrbs'va[qab'VnsMerc nigedImIsMralGMErkrbs'yYnhaNUy hU-CImijk*bJnyYnm~ak'EdlmaneQaH eggyuSgemon eTAkL[bYseronenAvtmYynTIkugP~MeBj dak'eQaHExrfa
Gacaremon .
bnab'mkeTot vak*dak'eQaHyYnenHCaExrekam sWg-g"ukmij edImI
bnMeFIbnelaksWg-g"ukfaj' . sWg-g"ukmij tUvhU-CImijEtgtSgCa bFa
nExrtsU TTYlbnkCanaykrdmnI [cUlkan'beTskmCaCamYy TU-sa
mut .
enAfTI19-6-51 egg-yuSgemonbegItVnkgkmSgbdab'GavuFbdiv
tn
_ kPaBrbs'kmCa . enAfTI28-6-51 CnenHbegItbkbCaCnbdivt
nE_ xr EdltSgBIenaHmkeKehAfa Exrevotmij ehIyEdlenABIdMbUgTI
smaCikrbs'bkPaKecInCa CnCatiyYnbnMeFIExr . bnbnab'mkeTIbvaTak'
TgjHjg'Exr@EdlenAcugkat'mat'jk EdltUvraCrdaPiVlbMePcecal
[cUlmkeFIkarCamYyva edayeXasnaeTAtamcMNucexaynanarbs'mnu
sm~ak'@ . mundMbUgvabgbegItsgamvN: vaeFI[ExrTSgenaHrvatcitqay
BIsgmExr . rYcehIy enAeBlEdlExrTSgenaHcUlk~gGnak'vaehIy vak*
bmUlbJlk~gsalaneyaVy edImIGb'rMbMJk'eKalCMhrbEnmfa tUv
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t'manxH@dUcteTA
- manbdivtne_ kIteLIg eTIbeCOnelOn
- bdivtnm
_ g eCOnelOnmg
- bMEbkbMVk'edImIKb'Kg
- Q~HVnKb'Kg (eFIesc) caj'eFIesdI . ( eXagXaenHkumExrGa
y"gyYnehg-sMrin, hun-Esn, Ca-sIum kMBugGnuvty"aght'ct') .
- smab'mnussucrit besIrCagTukstUv[enArs' .
- tUveFI[Gs'sgwm rYcswmCYy[mansgwmmkvij .
G~ksab'TSgb"unanlan'mat'Kb'@K~a Gah_ Gah_ . eBlenaHG~ksupanI
niyaykat'eLIgfa KYr[cEmkEmn@ eXagXaenHCaJkjHjg'bMpusbM
pulrbs'bkkumynisNcin ehtuem"ck*GgkarGnamikGnuvtVnht'ct'
twmtUvGIem"H ?

GgkarCanrNa ?

152

- GUn@emIlcuH, yayeTogbn, dUcCaXaEdlfa bdivtnm

_ g, eCOnelO
nmg bdivtnT
_ I1enAsukExreyIgfTI18-3-70, elIkTI2 eKeFIbdivtn_ f
TI17-4-75, elIkTI3fTI7-1-79 CaTIbMputbkbCaCnbdivtnE_ xr EdlCaGtItExrevotmij ehIyLvenHEbeQaHCa bkbCaCnbdivtnk
_ mCa
Edlmanehg-sMrinCaGKelxaKN:k
kmaFikarmCwmbk nigCabFan ehI
yEdlmanBYkbUdUyCaecInEsnnak'KST VnTTYlC&yCMnHCasaBrEmn .
dUcXaEdlfa bMEbkbMVk'edImIKb'Kg GUn@KitemIlcuH, Ggkar
bMEbkExrCaecInkum edayebIyIehaExrkhmEtmYy . XatkrkumTI1,
TI2 TTYlParkicsmab'bCaBlrdExr . XatkrkumTI3, TI4, TI5 TTYlbnk
smab'kumXatkrmun KWkumTI1, TI2[Gs' edImIbMVt'Pstag .
cMENkerOgeyaFa, GgkarbMEbkeyaFaCa3kum
kumyaFaTI1 eyaFaekg@EdlmanGayuminelIsBI15q~SeT CadMbUg
GgkarbeJjeyaFakumenH[tYttabeTsExr tamrbbecar edayebIJ
kesI~ edImIbn'TBsmtiExreBjnKr . rYcbn'Gs'citVn3q~SrYcehIy
Ggkark*cat'karbmUlykeTAlt'dM[sab' .
kumeyaFaTI2 CaeyaFaEdlsLaj'semc s&KcitkMeTceyaFa
Exrln'-nl', luHGgkarTTYlC&yCMnHehIy vaEbrCabmUleyaFakumenH
[edIrcUlExGnak'etomrbs'va Tuk[bUdUyVj'rHsmab'ecalTSgGs'cug
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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

157

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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eTogk*EskehABuktambJarbs'pam-va"n'sIuv ehAehIyehAeTot Et
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kGrNas'k*EskehAmgeTot . yay-taetkGrNas'edaysal'sem
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bkasebIkGgbCMumYy

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ePOkhwugenH . Kat'bJak'fa

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EdlVn

GgkarCanrNa ?

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TTYlkarGb'rMy"agtwmtUv TTYlsal'ExrkmCaekamCamit Cabgbn eyIg

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pam-va"n'sIuvkan'sanageTogbgajdl'GgbCMuehIyniyayEfgfa
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bgbnExrcab'tSgBIeBlenHeTA . cMENkP~ak'garevotmijBImunenaHmankMhusFn'Nas' LvenHGgkarelIbmUlnSykeTA lt'dM TukCaKMrU . sU
msmmitTSgGs'Qb'P&yrt'eKcteTAeTot

sMurkaesckIsb'esm cUr

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JMnaMJkrbs'smmitTSgGs'eTAdl'xM xMnwgedaHsayCUnPam . cab'tSg
BIfenHeTA xMGnuJat[smmiteTogecjcUlCYbxMVnKb'eBlevla . niyayrYcehIy pam-va"n'sIuvelIkdsSTHsanageTogBmTSgsYrbJak'fa
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ktUc rYchuc[nagBmTSgniyayxib@eTAkan'nagfa G~kNakan'lixit
enH KWCaP~ak'garKijsmat'Biess (Trinh xat gin)) . ebIcg'CYbxM Kan'Etb
gajlixitenHdl'G~knSpv (giao thon)) eTA eKnwgnSsmmiteTACYbxMPam .
luHpam-va"n'sIuvlaecjputeTA nageTogBinitemIllixitenaH

mansresr

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yl'famann&yy"agem"ceT .
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eJHbmafa

GgkarCanrNa ?

171

enAeVlenaHnageTogniyayVb'emKijfa ExrenHeTogtg'nwgvaeT EtenA

fekay G~kenaHEbCakt'vaeTAvij nageTogtUvCab'ecaTBIbTXb'Xitsu
KlMuCamYyG~kenaH etInageTogtUveFIdUcemc ? nageTogtUvEtsab' ! . eda
yttk'stxl'xaycMeJHerOgenH nageTogk*GgrBuk sMurt'cakecjBITI
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pak .
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n.

GgkarCanrNa ?

172

enAeBlenaHmanyYnm~ak'eQaH egg-yMuagemog ehAGacaremon lYc

bnMdak'eQaHCaExrkmCaekam swg-g"ukmij ehIyPrbEnmfaCabnrbs'
sWg-g"ukfaj' .
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eronenAraCFanIP~MeBj sMNak'enAvtesamePOk . elaksgEkgkayenH
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bkkmynisNcin CabFanEp~kxagExr gnial .
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N:eeKEtgEteXIjrUbKMnUrCanic .
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kmkarsmat'nigBiessmYy eCI
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kmCakNal . EtekaymkvabrEpnkaredayerobcMyuvCn-yuvnarITSg
enaH [eTAeFIkmsikaenAeb"kSgeTAvij . CMnan'TI1 manebkCncMnYn29nak'
KW
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sg nigegg-FIhYg .
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munnwgecjdMeNIreTAeb"kSg ebkCnTSgenaHtUvcUleronsalaneya
VyCan'mFmEdlbegIteLIgedayevotmijenAPUmibwg, suktakUv . ry:
eBleronk~gsalaenHmancMnYn4ExKt' KWcab'epImenAf1-11-47 cb'enA
f28-2-48 . bFanFMenAk~gsalaneyaVyenHeQaHegg-va"n'Tij ma
nsJatiCayYnBnKr . KUbegonman3nak'CaCatiyYnhaNUy .
kmviFIsikaCadMbUg KWvaniyaycMEdl@[ebkCnTSgGs'enaHsal'
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eyIgtUvEtecHsLaj'nigkarJrGIEdlCaExr .
Caerogral'eBl enAmuneBlVyBwk-lac ebkCnTSgGs'tUvEtecH

GgkarCanrNa ?

173

sYrnigecHeqIy .
- etInrNaCamit ?
- yYn-Exr-lav .
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- VrSg nigCb"un .
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ercbegItbkkumynisNcin . GMuhUmanbMNgEtmYyKt' KWbgYbbgYm
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mWunnak'enHeronecHcb' eKnwgtUvviltLb'mkNcinvij ehIycMeJHyYn
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GgkarCanrNa ?

174

bBnCamYysasny
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egg-yuSg-

GgkarCanrNa ?

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emog Gacaremon sWg-g"ukmij k*dUreQaHCnenaHfa b"ul-Bt Edls

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eTACa lt rYceTAehIy .
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GgkarCanrNa ?

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yal G~kBP~M CaBiesskumecarB KWBYkTSgGs'enaHehIy EdlCaG~k

rgeKaHedaysarGMeBIGyutiFmbNalmkBIkarCiHCan'rbs'raCkarBukrlYynignamWunsIusMNUk .
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tUvht'ct' mantSgBIdukT&r, GSehj&r, Gg'tWbWn&r, G~kraCkar, Tahan, G~k
lk'dUr, CagCYsCulLan, G~kb"Hkg' nigG~klk'tICaedIm . carbursnigcar
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sMxan'@EdleyIgVneronrYcmkehIy

GgkarCanrNa ?

177

- bMEbkbMVk'edImIKb'Kg ( Chia r d cai tri ) .

- manbdivtne_ kIteLIgeTIbeCOnelOn .
( Mt ln cach man mt lam tin hoa ) .
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- smab'mnussucrit besIrCagTukstUv[enArs' .
- Q~HVnKb'Kg caj'VneFICaesdI .
( an lam vua thua lam giau ) .
eBlenaHyYneGoglan'mat'fa dUcCasYleBk ! .
taTijbneTotfa
eyIgsni~danrasExrsBf (1947) dUckUnBEBEdlkMBugedklk'
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vij bkeyIgmanbgb'G~kesIubkarN[
_ enAeFIkarCamYyehIy . ebIsga
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yuvCnnigyuvnarIExr[eTAeronenAeb"kSgenH .l.
taTijniyaymkdl'twmeNH k*keLkmknageTognigyuvCnExr5
nak' EdlCaebkCnelIkTI1 ehIyjjwmeBjcit .
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nUvkarbmafrasExrCaBn'eBk, ehIybneTAeTotfa
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CYy[mansgwmvij . b"uEnebImanbuKlNarwgTTwgmuxmat' eyIgtUvEtkM
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smab'mnussucrit

besIrCagTukstUv[enArs' .
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GgkarCanrNa ?

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Bsmti TSgbCaBlrd . m"ageTotExrCaG~kkan'BuTsasna nigeKarB

esc . minTMngfaeyIgGacekorbCaBlrdeK[cUlbkkumynisNci
n EdlCabkbqSgnwgesc nigBuTsasnaesaH .
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tUv sal'Kb'CugeCaynBBwkaExr . dUec~Hmitbg@ Gacbegonkar
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sk*dUec~aHEdr mitbg@Gacdksg'karBiesaFnr_ bs'xn mkbegondl'
mitbn@ BIcarkicEdleKVnsal'BIcarikTMenomTMlab'nigbBNIExr . cM
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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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sMbutTI1, sMrab'elakfac'-TIhug EdlbJak'Vb'BIGs&ydanrbs'
KUdNwgnageTog, elakekog-n . minbgg'yUrKat'k*vayTUrelxmYyca
b'Pam . Et4fekaymk ksYgsnisuxenABnKrVnvayTUrelxtbmk
vijfa elakekog-nVnpas'eTAeFIkarenAksYgsnisuxenAkmCakNa
l extVt'dMbgVt'eTAehIy.
sMbutTI2, sMrab'nageTog . sMbutVnerobrab'BIkartamqaeqArbs'
evotmij . tSgBInageTogeKcecjmk taKwm-vN:m
minsUvVneFIkargarGI

GgkarCanrNa ?

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eT eJHevotmijEtgEtehAKat'[mkemIlkarkab'smab'rbs'BYkva eTAelI
bCaBlrdExrsttg'EdlvaecaTfaCamnuskt' . Caerogral'eBlsma
b' evotkugEtgEtniyayfa ebIEm"-GMullkeTAykGaeTogvilcUlEdndIrM
edaHvijk~geBlqab'@enH vanwgelIkElgeTas[rYcxn EtebImindUec~aHeT
enAeBlNaEdlksYgmansmtkiceTAtamcab'Vn bktUvEtsmab'Eck
K~aemIlnigTukCaKMrU .l. edaysarEtkarsmab'mnusedImIbnacCapn@
y"agenH yaytaP&ytk'stCaEkElg . Kat'pSkUnKat'fa dac'xattUvEt
rt'ePosxneTAkmCakNalCadac'xat eJHevotmijminbJb'karBaVT
rbs'vaeT .l.
nageTogk*epIsMbutmYyeToteTAKUdNwg tamGs&ydanfI erobrab'BI
TukevTnanigkarPitP&yGs'ry:eeBl19ExmkehIy .
enAfTI17-7-48 CafbJb'karsikarbs'kUnsis . enAsalaeron
eKVrBeFIBiFIEckrgan'dl'G~keronBUEk . G~kKUeTogcUlpHenAem"ag1reso
lyWtCagFmta . eTAdl'pH nagPak'eBItP&yrnt'dUceXIjexaclg
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xs'dUctahg' muxmUl Bukmat'nigBukcgasmUm, smrexAXIc eskJk'
Tahan . burscEmkjjwmeXIjEteFjssH EtnageTogedIrhYscUl
eTAk~gbnb'Vt'edaynwkKitfa yI ! ebIGjmanbIrebobenH sab'eTAvij
besIrCag ! .
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Vy . sab'EtFMsMedIrmkkan'sanageTogBmTSgniyayfa GaeTogGa
fenHGMueFIVyTTYlePvBiessm~ak' nigmitP&krbs'taBIrbInak'eTot man
j"ag-FIVmkrYmCamYypg .
nageTogsmwgmuxFMsM ehIysYrfa
- etInrNaCaePvBiessenaH ?
FMsMsmwgmuxnageTogy"agyUr eTIbeqIyfa
- KWelakekog-nenaHNa !
- m~ak'exAKXIcenaH ?
- h~wgehIy !
nageTogedIreTAekonCJSg GgyyMbgrTwkEP~kdUcTwknwkGaNitxn.
EtenAk~gbnb'TTYlePveNaHvij eKsUrEtsMeNIcelakmafac'-TIhug

GgkarCanrNa ?

189

kakkayCageKg . Kat'sbayedayeXIjkyKat'manvasnal sgw

mfanwgVneKcrYcBIeKaHf~ak'eLIy . cMENkFMeV"-Estk*etkGrNas'
Edr . Kat'edIrsMedAmk elIkdGEglkalkysICaTIsLaj' BmTSg
niyayfa
- kysmaj' ! EskenHkycakputBITukP&y ElgedIrCkedkdUcst
kNrteTAeTotehIy . FMetkGrNas'edayVneXIjkyrYcBIP&y EtFM
k*sayNas'EdredayeXIjkytUvXateTAqayEsnqayy"agenH .
nageTog{bFMEstehIyTeharyMeLIgfa
- FMeGIy ! vasnaxMGIk*GP&Bem"H ? eTAmuxminrYc fyekayk*minekIt .
rYcehIyk*yMteTAeTot FMEstsLSgkSgsanfakycas'CaVn
sbay edaymanKUdNwgmknSeTArksnisux . eBlenaHbBnKat'cab'
deTABnl'fa GaeTogminEdleXIjmuxKUdNwgvaeT fenHvaeTIbEteXIj
CaelIkTI1 vaKancitbtiB&TeT .
FMEstykdTHfasehIyniyayeLIgtic@fa
- vIvrehIy@ ! eFIem"ceTA yWteBleTAehIy !
em"ag4resol ePvTSgGs'tLb'eTAvij . elakekog-nEfgGMNr
KuNmas'pH CaBiessj"ag-FIV . Kat'niyayeTAFMEstfa EskenH
Kat'nwgmknSGaeTogecjdMeNIreTAehIy . kV"l'kugv&recjeTAenAevla
em"ag3resol ebIxkxantUvEtcSmYyGaTiteToteTIbVn .
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G~kTSgBIr . sab'EtVt'nageTog TSgGs'K~acYlcbl'edIrrk . elak
fac'-TIhugxMedIrrkky . FMEstxibVb'Kat'fa GaeTogminsLaj'ela
kekog-neT .
- vIvrehIy ! eFIem"ceTA ? elakfac'-TIhugniyayeLIg, cuHebIelak
ekog-nCaKUdNwgtambBNI xMkat'TwkdIBTen kat'Kab'rMesv mk
tamrk ehIyLvEbrCadUec~HeTAvij ? .
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dl' cab'dkymkdak'elITUg rYcniyayBnl'y"agecIn TIbMputKat'Vb'
nageTogfa ebIsinCaevotmijcab'nagVn CIvitrbs'nagnwgtUvputrlt'ehI
y dUec~HnagtUvEtcakecjBITIenHCadac'xatkMubgg' .
TIbMputnageTogtUvEteFItambJarbs'bgbncas'TMuTSgeTIsTal'

GgkarCanrNa ?

190

kV"l'bnWsemgkEJmYyy"agEvg TUt ! enAelIkTI1 . elakfac'tIhugdwkdnageTogecjBITIBYn edImImkCYbecAhay KWelakV"n'-Lv .

elakGEglkalnageTogedaykIGasUr BmTSgbKl'lixitepg@mk
nag dUcCasMbutGnuJatcab'CaedIm . elakBnl'fa eBlNanageTo
geTAdl'Vt'dMbg nagtUvEtepIsMbutmYycab'mkTIsIkarrdmnIksYgsi
kaFikarCatienABnKrCacSVc' edImIsMulaBImuxtMENgKUbegon . elak
ekog-netOnnageTog[bjab'eKarBlabgbnjatisnaneJHeBlev
lamkdl'ehIy . nageTogk*elIkdsMBHlaGs'elakTSgGs' . nag
{bj"ag-FIVEdlCamitPkid*kMst'kMrnwgK~atSgBItUc@ ehIyEfgGMNrKuNy"agCaleCA EdlVnCYyeCamECgedayGs'BIcitefIm . nageKa
rB{blaFMEstnigFMsM GrKuNelakmanKuNTSgBIry"agxSg . nagsMBHlaelakmafac'-TIhug nigelakV"n'-LvedayeKarB .
TUt ! kV"l'bnWsJamgeTotCaelIkTI2 . elakfac'-TIhugk*GeJI
jG~kTSgGs'K~aedIrsMedAeTAkMBg'Ep . dmag elakmahugkan'kabUbexa
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gBIredayGaeLaHGal&y rYcelakk*cuHBIkV"l'eTACYbG~kenAelIEpvij .
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g'Epsnwm@ edayTukG~kCUndMeNIr[elIkdbk'rvic@mkG~kTSgBIrTSgGa
eLaHGal&y .

nageTogeXIjelakmahugykd{bkalyMdUckUnekg

Elgxas'eGonG~kCitxag .
PaBkarJrkysI

elakyMeJHtUccitnwgxngEdlKansmt

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lnagminEdlsal'nigKancitsLaj'bnicesaH .
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nak'm"g'@ eXIjdUec~H, G~kTSgGs'K~aKanGIniyayeTotekABIsmk'TwkEP~
kEtb"ueNaH
kV"l'brmkdl'mat'Jm kUeLAkUecog rYcehIy tUvbt'xageqgedImI
sMedAeTAextEBksI . sab'EtCYbBYkevotmijdak'Gnak'rg'cSVj'dUc
laCpH . TahanVrSgkabsabKb'@K~a EtnageTogminkabeT eJHnwk
k~gcitfa ebIsab'eBlenHeTA vabesIrCagrs'enA ehIybEhlCaVnsu
xsaneTotpg . EtenAxagmuxkV"l'FM mankV"l'tUcebIkBImuxpkGgreBj . enAsgxag manTUkb"ukcayFM@pkGgreBjEdr . GgrenHCaesg

GgkarCanrNa ?

191

pg Etk*CaeKOgsMrab'karJrxnnwgKab'rMesvpgEdr . kSePIgevotmijmin
GaceFIGIBYkeyIgekIteT fItitEtkV"l'ebIkminelOnedayseNagTUknig
Ggry"agFn' . enAtampveyIgCYbbTHkarVj'rMxanrbs'BYkevotmijCajw
kjab' EtKaneKaHf~ak'GIeT eJHkSePIgvaCakSePIgFunmUsWtug EdlVj'
minGacFayrhUtdl'kV"l'eyIgVneLIy . maneBlxHTahanVrSgFuj
Tan'k*Vj'tTl'vijmYyr"avedaykSePIgmItEy"t bNal[bUdUysab'
nigbkac'sab'bHeCIgcUg
fTI3, em"agbEhl11Bwk, knkV"lbrmkdl'extEBksI . na
yEshkugv&rsMerc[G~kdMeNIrTSgGs'cuHBIkV"l'eLIgrfePIgvij edImI
sMralkV"l'EdltUvdwkGgreTABnKrenH .
elakekog-nk*beNIrnageTogeTAkan'saniyrfePIgEBksI .
luHTahanVrSgeLIgelIrfePIgrYcral'ehIy

rfePIgkugv&rk*ebIkbrcak

ecjBIsaniyPamsMedAeTAkan'rdFanIBnKr .
enAem"ag5resol eyIgTSgBIrnak'eFIdMeNIrmkdl'BnKrbkbeda
yesckIsux . elakekog-nyknageTogeTAepInwgyayCIenAvtcnrgIsin . rYcehIyelakedIresIubsYrrkLankugv&redImIeFIdMeNIrbneTAraC
FanIP~MeBjeTot .
enAfTI30-7-45 evlaem"agbEhl10Bwk elakekog-nmkTTY
lnageTogecjBIvt beNIreTAkan'knLankugv&rEdlsitenAcmaybEhl500Em"tBIvt . elakbgajnageTogdl'Eshkugv&rfa nagCabnCI
dUnmYy kMJBukmay elaktUvnSnageTAbnkarsikaeTotenAP~MeBj .
elakEshkugv&rCatiVrSgraErkbnic EtelakCamnuscitFm k*yl'Bm
ehIybgab'[nageTogeskJk'CaTahandUceKgEdr eJHLankugv&r
enHsMrab'dwkEtTahaneT .
enAeBlEdlTahaneLIgelILanrYcescVc'ehIy knLank*eFIdMeNIrecjBITIenaH .

GgkarCanrNa ?

192

matuPUmiTI2
bnab'BIqgkat'BMEdnExr-yYnehIy eyIgmkdl'kalsanBHmunIvg . Lankugv&rtUvQb'edImI[BYkGavuFht EqktYtBinit . eKBinitK
b'@Lan luHdl'LanmYyeKeKeXIjTahansIm~ak' eKk*ehA[cuHBILan
ykeTAXMuTukedayKansYrnSGImYym"at'esaH .
edayeXIjehtuminsYldUec~H elakekog-nBwgelakEshkugv&r
ecjmuxtva"sMuFana edaysMGagfanageTogCabBnrbs'elak .
enAeBlenaHmankarCECkK~aeLIgtwgsrsk EtTIbMputeKk*edaHElg
nageTogBITIXMuXSgmkvij .
manbgbnExrxHsYrfa ehtuem"cbg@ExrefImexAem"H ? . cemIy
eJHnamWunExrsIuqaj' edklk'sYl edIrelgsbay minFab'TTYlkar
CiHCan'BIsasnb
_ reTsNaeT . em@nwknSminecHGb'rMkUnecA KanduHmena
seJtnaGaNitsLaj'CatieT . manmYyPaKEtgEtCiHCan'eK duHKMnit
Etk~gkardeNImGMNac cg'eFIFM cg'eFIesdIEtb"ueNaH. elak@mineGI
TTYldwgTTYlBITukevTnarbs'bgbnExrkmCaekam EdltUvyYnkMBug
EtCiHCan' smab' nigkMcaybMputBUCenaHeLIy.
knLankugv&rmkdl'xaglicvtP~M . G~kTSgBIrnak'cuHBIelILan ehIy
k*edIreTAEfgGMNrKuNnigcMrablaelakEshkugv&r edImIeTArkTIsMNak'
. em"ag8yb' eyIgVnmkdl'pHmYy . elakekog-neKaHTartuk@ Tar
ebIkeLIgelcyuvCnm~ak'Gayu17q~S kMBugEtTTYlTanVy KWyuvCn yWvijTI .
G~kkemaHenHrsab'rsl'eqqa rkEtJksYrsuxTukmineXIj eJHka
lBImunecjeTArknageTog elakekog-nVnmksMusMNak'enApHyuvCnTImYyyb' . EskeLIg enAeBlEdlKat'layuvCnTIedImIeTAextta
vij Kat'niyayhak'dUcCaelgkayEmnVb'yuvCnTIfa Kat'nwgeTAyk
nageTogmkerobkarCamYy eKminnwksanfaelakekog-nnSnageTog
mkEmnETneT .
yb'enaHyuvCnvijTInigelakekog-nTTYlTandMeNkelIkenl

GgkarCanrNa ?

193

kalpal'kark~gbnb'TTYlePv . nageTogeKgk~gbnb'elIEKsMBt'mYy
tUc . fbnab'mk elakekog-necjeTAVt' . rIyuvCnvijTI k*eTAero
nenAsalaKilanubdakCaral'f . fxHminVncUlpHeT eJHtUvenAya
meBTsMrab'evnxngpg CYnkaledImI[Vnluykak'xHpMpg k*suxcit
yamCMnYseKprnwgVk'Q~l . nageTogsMrakenApHy"agsb'sat'dUec~H
VnbEhlmYyGaTit . lacmYyyuvCnTIbeNIrelakekog-nmkpH
yYrTSgkJb'bIbYnmkCamYypg . mkdl'bnb'TTYlePv TSgBIrnak'Tmak'
KJb'cuHelIkar . yuvCnTIcUleTAk~gpas'sMelokbMJk'gUtTwk . elak
ekog-nEskehA
- GaeTogGa ! ecjmkerobVyjS .
nageToglakJb'mbBmTSgdYsVydak'can . G~kTSgbInak'TTYl
TanVyCMuK~aCaelIkTImYy . elakekog-ncak'saeborbgM[yuvCnTI
pwk . mYyEkvehIymYyEkveTot ! TSNaminsvwg ! sab'EtyuvCnTI
ecHeJkVC mindwgCaecjsMdIEbkCaGUrhUrCaswgBINaBINImkeT !
GMNacsaeboreFI[yuvCnTIhanTHsaeromcg BmTSgniyayfa
- yI ! bggxilNas' ! eTIberobkarbBnrYcfI@ sab'EteTAnSbg
eTogykmkeTot .
elakekog-nPak'eBIt Tmak'Twkmux stbbUrmat'rkniyayGIminrYc .
eXIjsankarNE_ bbenH G~kTSgGs'enAesmElgniyayerog@xn .
nageTogcab'GarmNn
_ wgJkyuvCnTINas' k*cab'epImsYreLIgfa
- En ! bnTI erOgenHBitEmn ? .
TIEbrmuxeTArkelakekog-nCMnYscemIy . elaknsmwgmuxnag
eTog manGarmNP
_ ak'epIledayeXIjnageTogEbrCajjwmjEjmeTAvij
. Kat'eXIjnageTogjjwmCaelIkTImYytSgBIVnCYbK~amk . Kat'k*eqIy
eLIgfa
- BitEmnehIyGaeTog, bgerobkarBnrYcehIyEmn . rYcehIyKat'k*
ebIkkabUbykrUbftmYysnwkhucmk[nageTog . nagemIlrUbfty"ag
ykcitTukdak' . KWrUbelakGgypwmk~gsMelokbMJk'bBNIGaJhB
_ iJhC
_ amYysIyYn hU-Kwmy"ug . enAEkrkUnkemaHkmMueXIjrUbG~kEcksM
butbsNIyhucTUrelxmYycab'mk[Kat'.
nageToghucrUbfteTAelakekog-nvij bnab'BIVnBinitmgeTot .

GgkarCanrNa ?

194

nagcEmkk~gcit ehIyk*dNwgsYrxngfa ehtuemck*nagsIyYnd*l

bwmbiyenHsuxciterobkarCamYyelakn EdlmanrUbragexAXIkdUcC&r
mak'eXeTAvij ? nagminEmnxwgeT Etnagmancml'EkgelaenHCaGafkM
VMgGImYyk*mindwg ? .
enAeBlenaHelakekog-nniyayeLIgfa
- enAeBlEdlevotmijcab'bngeTAVt' bgeFIkarenAksYgsnisu
xenABnKr . bgsMucab'eTArkbngKb'TIkEngenAtavij KanelcdM
NwgGITSgGs' . TIbMputbgVnCYbelak Kwm-dak' (tUvCabnbegItrbs'
elakKwm-gYntac) Edlrt'rYcmkdl'tavijvij . Kat'Vb'bgfa Kat'Kan
sgwmfabngenArs'eT . eJHBYkTahanCMnYyTSg20nak' Edlrt'rYc
enAelIkTI1CamYyKat'enaH VnVt'bg'CIvitedaysarevotmijGs'eTAehIy
. G~kEdlmkdl'tavijenH manEtKat'nigelakEshb"usb
i_ "ueNaH . Kat'
niyayfa Kat'VneXIjbngCab'kun tSgBIenAtg'mMkalsanEdkTI1
mkem"H . bgGs'sgwmnwgrkbngehIy . Kab'CYneBlenaHrdkarVrSg
tUvkarmnusm~ak'EdlecHPasabI edImImkeFIkarenAextVt'dMbgenH bgk*
s&Kcitpas'mkeFIkarenATIenHeTA . enAfEdlbgerobkar bgVnTTYl
TUrelxmYycab'fa bngVnrt'eKcrYcBIkNab'devotmijehIy . 3Ex
ekaymk bgk*VnTTYlsMbutbn EdlEfgfamanTukBYyCaxSgeday
xacvatamBaVT . bgk*bjibbjab'eTAykbngenHmk .
- xMsUmGrKuNcMeJHkarykcitTukdak'rbs'bgmkelIxM, nageTogeqI
yedaymanGarmNF
_ Ursal . erOgxMnigxMGacedaHsayVnehIy .
elaknjjwmedaydwgfa nagminsLaj'elakeT . rIyuvCnTI
vijeFIEP~kLwkLk' ql'faehtuGIk*G~kTSgBIrEbrCaesIcsbayeTAvij ebI
kalBImunenHbnic m~ak'@muxstemIlEttIyavhWuekom ?
kMBugEtql' sab'EtelaknniyayeLIgfa
- bgsUmGrKuNbnTIehIy fEskenHem"agVMBwk bgtUveLIg
reTHePIgeTAextVt'dMbgvij . bgsUmepIGaeTogCamYybngsin . f
NamYybgnwgvilmkerobcMpMpG~kTSgBIr .
TIKvIkalj&rttat' ehIyeqIyeLIgfa
- eT ! eT ! minekIteT ! xMmanGayuticCagbgeTogdl'eTA3q~S . xM
ehAKat'fabg@eBjmat'tSgBItUcmk . eFIdUec~HemcekIt ? .

GgkarCanrNa ?

195

nageTogeXIjTIP&yCYlcbl'y"agenH k*cab'dyuvCnkan'ehIyni
yayeLIgfa
- cUrbnkMuVrm ! bgk*bEkkdUcbnGJwgEdr . bgsUmTukGUnCabn
begItrbs'bg . eyIgTSgBIrnak'tUvEteKarBbgn ehIyTukKat'Cabg
begItrbs'eyIg . enAeBlenH bgtUvEteTAtambgn edImIeTAsYrsux
TukBukFMbegItrbs'bgenAXMurSgeksIsin . bgnwgsMNak'enATIenaHmYy
ry: ehIyedImIbgajesckIesaHtg'cMeJHbgn bgsMercfa minTan'
ykbIeT .
EskeLIg em"agbYnknHBwk yuvCnTICUndMeNIrelaknnignageTog
eLIgrfePIgkugv&r . munEbkK~a elaknGEglkalyuvCnTI BmTSgni
yaybJak'fa xMsLaj'TIgnigGaeTogdUcbnbegIt . xMtUvEtpMpbn
@TSgBIr[VnK~aCabIbBnCadac'xat
em"ag5Kt' rfePIgbnWsJaviut@ rYcebIkbrecjBIsaniyP~MeBj . rfePI
grt'elOneTAmux nagmancitrIkraybnicedayVnmkGgyk~grfePIgemIleTsPaBtamsgxagpv . nagmanGarmNr_ Ikrayedayyl'fafenHna
gma nv a sna l VneKcecjr Y cBI kN a b' de vo tmi j e bI BM u dU e c~ a He T e bI ka l
Naevotmijcab'Vn nagcas'CatUvsab'y"agevTna . nagsbaym"ag
eTotedayVnmkeXIjmatuPUmiTI2 EdlnagVf~amkTsnaCayUrehIy .
enAtamdgpvrfePIg nageXIjcMkarEpeQIKb'CMBUk mantSgBIsay, dUg,
lt, emon, x~r, EpTwkedaHeKa, tEbk, kUceJFisat', kUcfg, kUcqa nigEp
eQIepg@eToty"agecIntKNna . rfePIgbrmkdl'cMkaret~atEdlduH
CaecInJn'edIm ehIyEdlCaelIkTImYyEdlnageTogVneXIjpal'EP~k
. bnab'mkeTotnageXIjedImeQIFM@esagsagxs'snwmesIrkb'BBk .
minxHeQIeFIpH minxHGusduteLIy . bnab'mkeTotnageXIjvalEs
d*FMlwgelIyqaydac'knyEP~k mansUvduHBNbtgxI . mkdl'san
saydUnEkv nageTogemIleTAk~gswg eXIjG~kensaTtIpktIeBj@TUk
. mkdl'P~MFibtI enAsbbeNaytameCIgP~M mandMuftUc@KrCaKMnrd*FMswm
s sMrab'ykeTAkalf~l'
{ ! beTsExrsMbUredayFnFanFmCatiswgKanGIxH . pYyeTAvijenA
nKryYn manPaBxHmuxxHekay . G~kEscMkarswgEtykedImsIedIm
GgardImkeFICassrpH . edImIdNSs G~ksukswgEtykcMebIgmkdut

GgkarCanrNa ?

196

edayxHGus . { ! eJHEtehtuenHehIyVnCataTijniyayVb'BIeKal
bMNgvatTwkdIrbs'yYnhaNUy fatUvEtyk[Tal'EtVn eTaHyUkIqab'
kI .
kMBugEtsmsBKb' elakekog-nk*mkGgyEkr ehIyVb'nag
eTogfa enAxagmuxenHKWsaniyrSgeksI rYcbnab'mkKWTIkugVt'dMbgehI
y . nageTogetkGrCakElg ekakQrerobcMva"lIs bMrugsMulaelak
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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

200

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n'exteJFisat' dUcmanlixitbJak' ( Attestation ) CUnPab'mkCamYyenH

SERVICE CENTRAL DE L'ETAT CIVIL

DES SUCCESSIONS ET DES SEPULTURES MILITAIRES
---------------139 rue de BERCY 139
PARIS XIIo

ACTE DE DISPARITION
------------GROUPE DES UNITES DE GARNISON DE PHNOM PENH
( Compagnie de Garnison )
Nous soussigns Lieutenant FERMET Honor, Officier d'Etat-Civil du
Groupe des Units de Garnison de PHNOM PENH, certifions que le nomm
KIEN-INH, fils de KIEN-SREY et de THACH-THI-NHIEU, n le 15 Fvrier
1925 THION LOI, Canton de TRAVINH, province de TRAVINH, dpartement de Cochinchine,
Adjudant-Chef Interprte inscrit sous le no 303 au rgistre matricule, disparu
le 27 Juillet 1951 au kilomtre 16 sur la route de PURSAT LEACH, province
de PURSAT (Cambodge), et que depuis cette poque toutes les recherches auxquelles il a t procd pour dcouvrir son sort sont demeures infructueuses.
CIRCONSTANCES DE LA DISPARITION

GgkarCanrNa ?

201

Le 27 Juillet 1951, l'Adjudant-Chef Interprte KIEN-INH tait dsign

pour se rendre LEACH, province de PURSAT pour y effectuer une sance de
propagande. Le convoi qui l'escortait quitta PURSAT 14 heures at arriv
LEACH 15 heures. Il en repart 17 heures, et 17 heures 30 au kilomtre 16
de la route de PURSAT - LEACH, il tombe dans une embuscade de Vit-Minh.
A l'issue du combat qui s'est droul entre les Vit-Minh et l'escorte, l'AdjudentChef KIEN-INH n'a pas reparu; aucun tmoignage sur sa mort n'a pu tre
recueilli. En consquence, l'Adjudent-Chef KIEN-INH est port disparu (suite
combat) compter du 28 Juillet 1951 o heure 1 minute ./.
Vu : Pour la lgalisation
Fait PHNOM PENH le 10 AOUT 1951
de la signature du Lieutenant
Le Lieutenant FERMET, Officier
d'EtatFERMET Officier d'Etat-Civil
Civil du Groupe des Units de Garnison
PHNOM PENH, le Aot 1951
Cach et Sign le Lieutenent FERMET
Intendant Militaire de 3o Classe
es TC, Chef de Service de l'Intendance
de Phnm Penh,
Cach et Sign
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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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uM EbkkarN_ . EtvarkaXa enHTk
u nSykmkebI edm
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enAkmC
akNa lmy
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I eTot .

GgkarCanrNa ?

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dUceyIgeXIjsab'ehIyfa bnab'BIVncUlmkrattatk~gsukExr
edaydak'bnbGay"gvarYcescVc'k~gf7-1-79, enAf18-2-79 yYn
haNUykumynisk*nSXamitPaBevotNam-kmCa mkeLIgvijPam edImIeVkExrmYykareTot . EbkEtJkmYym"at'KWvafa kmCa CMnYs Exr
Etb"ueNaH .
edImI tbs~gsgKuN rasExrkmCaekamEdlxMeFIEs eFIcMkar ci
Jwmst rYcbg'Bn (Ngugt Phi)) [vaenaH, vabiTsalaeronCaPasaExrPam.
bnab'mkeTot vaecjbkasbitKb'TIkEngfa CnCatiExrTSgGs' CaCnCa
tiyYn eTaHbIG~kNaecHminecHPasayYnk*eday . erOgenHBHsgExrk
mCaekam VneFIVtukmbqSgy"agxSgkaNas' .
EpnkarTI1rbs'vaVnsMercdUcbMNg . rYcehIyenAExmina1958 vak*
EbeQaHBIevotmijfaCaevotkugeTAvij EtvaCakumdEdl CayYnhaNUyd
Edl EdleFItambJaEpnkarrbs'hU-CImijTSgGs' edImInigvatTIykTwk
dIkmCakNalteTAeTot .
ekayBIsWg-g"ukmijbegItVnExrevotmijenAfTI19 nigTI28 Exmifuna 1951mk, enAf20-9-52 hU-CImijVnbkasCaLariknigdac'Nat'
edImICabNSfa
eKalCMhryuTsasrbs'eyIg KWtUvykevotNam[VnTSgmUl Bm
TSgbeTslav nigbeTsExr cab'tSgBImat'TarnbeTscinPaKxagtg
rhUteTAdl'eCayTwkexA, BICYrP~MNcinEb"kxagekIt rhUteTATl'etIy
TenemKg ( Notre objectif stratgique est de reprendre tout le Vit Nam,
le Laos et le Cambodge, de la porte de la Chine la pointe de Camau,
de la cte de l'indochine aux rives de Mking ) .
eJHehtuenHehIyVnCaTSgevotmij TSgevotkug TSgExrGay"gEdlCaGtItExrevotmij vaxMbwgEbgGnuvttambNSenH . k~gkMLg20q~S
vabegItVneQaH GgkarGnamik EdlmansPaBexAggitGnkaCaembJakarrbs'va . GgkartrUbrageT EtGgkarmanTiBly"agxSgka Gac
bmUlkllicrbs'yYnevotmij EdlvaVnsabBYs edImIsmab'nigkMcayExrenAkmCaekamBIq~S1945dl'1954 enaHykmkGnuvtenAkmCakNaleTot edayKan'EtEkTmg'bnicbncb"ueNaH . vaGacsmab'ExrG~k
ecHdwgswgEtGs'rlIgeTAehIy cMENkG~kenArs'k*rs'TSgveggrgan'

GgkarCanrNa ?

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PSgP&nsartI .
sab'EtLvenH vaelcecjmuxyYnhaNUyCabUdUycas'kELt
edIredayesrI eFIBegIykNalBnbeTsExrdUceyIgVneXIjpal'
EP~kenH .
yayeTogGFibaymkdl'twmh~wg Kat'k*frdMGUjfa bNalmkBI
yUnhaNUyCaevotmijrkerOgsmab'kMcayExrkmCaekamenHehIy Edl
xMminGacTSenAsukkMeNItVn . xMtUvEtnSbn@nigky@ cakecalTwkdI
kmCaekamEdlCaekrm
i_ rtkBIdUnta Tuk[vakan'kab' . xMtUvEteKcxnmk
sMNak'enAkmCakNaledayVtdTeT . Vk'ebovtbnicbnceyIgxM
snMsMcedImIbg'Q~lpHnigfmbEtb"ueNaH . ekAem"ageronnigeFIkar
eyIgnSK~aedIrrkrbrekAEppMbEnmelIVk'Ex . lTplVnmkCaTIKab'
besIr EdlKYr[sresIrdl'kUnExrkmCaekamTSgenaHNas' . K~axMtsU
eronsUtluHtaEtVnmuxgard*smrmerog@xn .
- Kwm-c&n CasasacarbegonPasaVrSg (tUvGgkarsmab') .
- Kwm-sugTij ehAKwm-Er"n CasasacarCan'xs' nigCaelxaFikar
TUtTI2 enAsanTUtGar"ab' ( tUvGgkarcab'xnTSgbITSgbBn bJlKukTYl
EsgenAfTI15-6-77 rYcVt'xnrhUtmk ) .
- yI-faj'TI CaviskrxagelahFatu VnbnviCaenAshrdGaemriknig
beTsCb"un (Vt'xn) .
- Kwm-vNa CaG~kbeckeTsxagftrUbTUrTsnn
_ igPaByn eFIkarenA
kariyal&yG~knSJknrdaPiVl ( Porte-parole du gouvernement ) .
- Kwm-bU CaGnuesniyk eFIkarenAextekaHkug ( tUvGgkarsmab' ) .
- LS-kanVn CaGnuesniyeTakgT&Bm"arInenAmUldaneCaycgar (
Vt'xn ) .
cMENkKYsarxM eyIgminBegIykenIyeLIy . eyIgsnMVk'Ti
jEscMkar TijdIPUmi dSdMNS dSedImeQIsIuEp . eyIgciJwmman'TaCUk .
eyIgmanCIksHFMciJwmtI . ral'@eBleyIgxMbwgeFIkar . eBlyb'eyI
gbUmTwkesacdMNSnigedImeQI, eBlBwkmunnwgecjeTAeFIkarxM[cMNI
man'TaCUk . eqteBlva"kg xMeTArkmnuseFIEs . k~gry:eeBl20q~S
KYsareyIgmanTBsmtid*sksm tmanxHxatGIeLIy .
LvenHq~S1979 yYnhaNUydEdlCaevotkug lYcbnMCkk~gTIggi

GgkarCanrNa ?

216

tebIeQaHGgkar, xMtUvrgeKaHmgeToty"agFn' . xMtUvJt'bI Jt'kUn@

Jt'ky@ .l.
emIlcuH ! Kwm-c&nCasmaCikbkExrkhmrbs'exov-sMpn, Cashka
rIrbs'mitsU tUvGgkarsmab'enAExtula1976 . ebIsmaCikExrkhmEdlKankMhusGIesaHenaH tUvGgkarsmab'eTAehIy cuHTMrSEtG~kEdlmin
EmnCaExrkhmvij etIvasnaG~kTSgenaHnwgeTACay"agNaeTAvij ? .
- cMENkTBsmtirbs'xMEdlxMksagsnMmktSgBI20q~SenaH k*
tUvm"dGs'rlIgCaelIkTI2 . LvenHxMenAsl'EtVtdTeTmgeTotehI
y cuHebIxMGayuCag50q~SeTAehIy etI[xMeFIy"agem"ceTA ? .
niTandl'twmh~wg yayeTogtwgebHdUg KSgbMBg'kedayQWcab' xwg
nwgyYnhaNUy Kat'dYlbUseTAelIdI edkskswgenAmYykEng .
eBlenaH nagyI-TIra"daP&ysn'esart'eTA{bmayTSgyMhWuhWu ! .
q~SenHra"daGayuVn24q~SehIy . nagCaGtItnisitevCbNit . tSgBIdwg
kIkalNamk nagEtgEteXIjBukmaysMNak'enAxagekayvtrMdYl ku
gVt'dMbg k~gPUmiKwHd*FMswmsmYy EdlsmMenAkNalcMkarEpeQIKb'
mux . xagekaypH mansHbIFM@ . mankEngciJwmst nigmanEscMkarCaecIneTot . Kat'mankargareFId*smrm manrfyn Peugot 404 elx
PB8292 sMrab'CiHeTAeFIkary"agmenarm .
ra"daminEdlmayBuknagniTanerOgd*kMst'QWcab'enHTal'EtesaH
. nagk*{bmayyMehIyyMeTot nwkGaNitmayminKYrGImkFak'xndl'f~ak'
h~wgesaH . eBlenaHfk*rHlm !

GgkarCanrNa ?

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CMBUkTI19
yayeTogk*elIkGMErkTBsmti EdlKat'xMbrCIvitlYclak'Tuky"ag
lMVk ( TBenHebIGaTmiLeXIj vasmab'Kat'ecalPam ) dak'elIsa rYc
beNIrmitPkitampvsbmat'swg cUlkan'TIbCMuCnsukemagsI . edIr
beNIryayeTogKyKn'beNIremIleTsPaBncMkarEpeQIKb'CMBUkman
dUg say lt x~r emon edImTwkedaHeKa kUcKb'Fun EdlduHenACab'Citmat'
swg EdltUveqHexacsl'EtedIm vinashinehacedaycMVMgKYr[say .
pHnigPUmiKwHFM@ tUvBYkGaTmiLruHerIdwknSecjGs'rlIg . sl'EtCeNIr
eFIBIGidnigkMeTcGid . yayeTogmanGarmNn
_ wkeXIjbkExrkhmrbs'exov-sMpn eFsbEhstUvcaj'eVkGgkarGnamikFn'EsnFn' Kank
sagCatiGITal'EtesaH KitEtBIbMpajnigsmab'Catixn TIbJb'kumExrk
hmd*qtlIlaenH tUvGgkarbJa[smab'ecalexc . cMENkbCaBl
rdExrk~gmYynKr Edlesssl'enArs'tUvGgkarctykTBsmti
Gs'rlIg Kb'@K~asl'EtVtdTeT TIbJb'tUvGgkarekoredIrJsB
esIrsab'esIrvegg .
yayeTogrevIrvaynwkdl'twmh~wg sab'EtkUnsIrbs'Kat'Esk
Vb'fa m"ak'eGIy ! eyIgcUlsMrakk~gcMkarEpeQIxageqgd eyIgbbr
hUbsin . sI@TSg15nak'k*beNIrK~acUlkan'cMkard*FMlwgelIy manedIm
eQIsIuEpKb'muxb"uEnsl'EtedIm Emknigswksitkjg'@ . eBlenaHra"da
val'GgrBIrkMb"ugknHbbrEckK~ahUb . sI@TSg15nak'kMBughutTwkbbr
sab'EtmnusecogbThU-CImijtg'Xa GUn@sgwmfaGMuhUGayumYy
mWunq~S .
yayeTogEbrEP~ksmwgmit@rbs'Kat'mYysnH rYck*dak'canbbrcuH
BmTSgniyayfa xMeTAemIlnrNaecogbTh~wg . yayeTogedIrt
mg'semgenaH . GujKat'Pak'sLSgkSg edayeXIjbUdUyekg@bInak'
enAelIedImeQI bInak'epgeTotQrenAnwgdIkMBugbeJjskmPaBbnEx
lYs . bUdUyTSgenaHmanGayuy"agecIn18q~Sb"ueNaH . yayeTogniya
yeTAkan'bUdUyfa

GgkarCanrNa ?

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- eKarBkUn@ kUn@suxsbayeT ? kUn@eFIGIh~wg ? .

bUdUybgajGakbkiriyaPak'ql'k*sYrrebobxusTMngfa
- Em" ! Em"eFIem"cgakputBIsab' ? BIeJHGgkartUvEtsmab'yYnEdl
ekItenAsukExr ehIyEdlminBmeTAtamevotkug[Gs' .

bUdUym~ak'enA

EkrenaHFak'Twkmux k*eqIyEktmUvfa
- BYkkUnminsanTal'EtesaHfamanyYnsl'enArs'
yayeTogmanGarmNs
_ g&ynUvGakbkiriyaenH Kat'sg&yk*bEgg
dansYrfa
-etIkUn@eFIGI ? .
- kumeyIgkMBugbnExlYs BITIbCMuCnsukemagsIeTAkan'PUminana
dUcCaEsGYr camla CaedIm .
yayeTogQrsmwgkayvikarrbs'kUnyYnhaNUyTSg6nak'ekg@
mankSePIgdEt3edIm kMBugbMeBjebskkmbnExlYsedayesrIkNal
Bsat'k~gbeTskmCaminTMngy"agenH Kat'cg'EsksYr[EbkemXEb
kdI EbkBBwkafa etIGgkarrvl'eTANa ? etIExrkhmKb'@kumsab't
ehagGs'eTAehIy ? ehtuem"ck*caj'TiBlGakUnyYnhaNUyEt6nak'
ekg@minTMngy"agenH ? . yayeTogKvIkalrYcsMulabUdUyviltLb'
eTACYbmit@rbs'Kat' .
eBlenaHk*eXIjG~ksIbUrIedIrtmg'mkrkKat' BmTSgelIkdcgl .
yayeTogkeLkEP~ksmwgtamdcglenaH
reTHeKa2pksuTEtlYs

Kat'eXIjenAelIf~l'man

manbUdUy4nak'mankSePIgd2edImkMBugbrreTH

ecosecjBIpv edImI[LanmYyeKOgebIkbrqgkat' . KWLanEdlCab'pug

kNalswgenAPUmiGng'kUb BImilmijenaHg . fenHLanenHtLb'vil
mkvijmanExrkhmnirtIcMnYn30nak'

mansImanbusCiHCamYybUdUymux

jjwmrIkray .
eBlenaHrasExrVneXIjExrnirtICiHLanCamYybUdUy k*manKMnity
l'epg@xusK~a .
- manrasExrmYyPaKEdlBicarNaminditdl' k*THKUfEskeday
etkGr . BIeJHyl'cLMy"agFn'sanEtExrkhmnirtI30nak'enHtUvbU
dUycab' .
- manmYyPaKeTotdUckumyayeTogCaedIm ekHK~aQrsmwgKb'@K~a

GgkarCanrNa ?

219

tUcciteFImuxst BIeJHyl'faCakllicfImYyeTot rbs'yYnhaNUy

vaebIkbrLanbmUlExrnirtInSykeTAciJwmbMJk'eKalCMhrtamEpnkarfI
bMJk'GavuF[eLIgvij EbeQaHfIrYcbeJj[sIusac'hutQamrasExrCM
nYsvateTAeTot . f22emsa1979 em"ag2resol kumyayeTogbeNIr
K~abndMeNIrcUlkan'TIbCMuCnsukemagsI .

yayeTogEtgEtKyKn'

emIleTsPaBsbbeNaydgpv eXIjcMkarEpeQIKb'FunEdlecalKa
nnrNaEfTSk~gry :eeBlbYnq~Sk*sitseJnCSJseBj . cMENkpH
kEngNak*dUckEngNa

eXIjsl'EtkMeTcdnigepHKYr[sayEsn

say
yayeTogk*revIrvaynwkeXIjBIyb'fTI28 kum: 1948 Kat'eTIbGayu
20q~S Kat'VnGgysab'egg-van'TijCaemevotmijBnl'fa ebIeFIsgamCamYyExr KWyYntUvebImeFaVyeTIbQ~H . eyIgtUvebIkllicbMEb
kbMVk'jSg[yl'cLMkab'cak'smab'K~a eFI[Gs'sgwm rYcswmeyIgec
jmuxbgajfa eyIgmkCYyeFI[mansgwmeLIgvij .
bcbn~enHtUvEmn dUec~HyYnhaNUymingayeVHbg'ecalKMnitelb
ykkmCaeLIy . yYnhaNUytUvEtBnaeBl[yUr edayxIdGay"gBImY
yeTAmYyeTot [Vj'kab'smab'EtK~agvk'vIteTAeTot .
enAeBlEdlnageTogrt'mkdl'beTskmCa nagEtgEtEvkEjkV
b'eromcgGMBIVyklrbs'yYnevotmij EdlnagVnGgysab'eday
pal'tecok nUvGtaFibayrbs'egg-van'Tij tSgBIq~S1948mkem"H . b"u
EnKanbg@Nam~ak'ykcitTukdak'sab'eLIy . nageTogxMBnl'bgaj
GkrBiessEdlevotmijq~bDitdak'eQaHPUmi, XMu, suk, ext, nKrnb
eTsExr sMrab'carkicrbs'vaebI . TahrN_
A -> kmCa, A+B -> P~MeBj, A+B1 -> Vt'dMbg, A+B1+A -> suksEg
A+B1+A1 -> XMusayeV", A+B1+A2 -> XMuGng'vil .l.
k~gq~S1973 Ep~kswkextVt'dMbgcab'VnbUdUyCayYnhaNUym~ak'
Gayu18q~S CakumkSePIgFM . eBlenaHelakvr:eesniyk v&n-sag CaG~k
TTYlxustUvsYrcemIybU dUyenH VnsMuBwgyayeTogCYyBinitesovePA
EdlenACab'nwgxnva ( enAk~gesovePAenaHmanGkrsmat'dUcEdlVnerob
rab'enAxagxagelIsab' ) . eqteBld*lenaH yayeTogxMEvkEjknUv
kllicnigEpnkarrbs'yYnhaNUyCaevotmijdak'Tis

tUvEtvatTIyk

GgkarCanrNa ?

220

TwkdIkmCa[VnbJlk~gshB&nNcin . b"uEneBlNak*dUceBlNa
Edr enAeBlEdlyayeTogxMBnl'BIerOgenH Gs'elakTSgenaHEtgEt
esIckac'kkac'sg'rYceqIyfa
yYnhaNUyCaevotmijkICaevotkugkI vaylsbieTetI ! etIvaeFIGIeyI
gekIt ebIsBfvarkEtVysIuKanpg ! .
manelakxHeFIkkGWtsMLk'sMLwgyayeTog

BIkaldl'cugeCIg

emIlgayeBbCayeqIyrebobsIbenasfa
hIu ! bgg[tmyYnhaNUyNas' ! .
KYr[sayGs'elakTSgenaHNas' edaymindwgTal'EtesaHfa yYn
haNUymanJkmYyXaEcgfa
ebIsinCaG~kmineTAvayswkenAkmCa G~knwgdac'eJHsab' - EtebIG~k
eTAykVyrbs'kmCa G~knwgmanP&Bvasna Gacrs'enACabneTAeTot !
( Si tu ne va pas te battre au Kampuchea, tu mourras de faim ! Si tu y va
prendre son riz, tu auras de chance de survivre ) .
cMENkyayeTogKat'yl'fa bg@ExrcitraymayNas' ExremIlga
ystUv emIlgayG~kraykarNh
_ Ysehtuy"agenH Kat'k*eVHbg'Qb'nw
knarhUtmk .
LvmaneQaHGgkarGnamik GaccankalExrkhmKb'nin~akar[
nSkllicrbs'hU-CImij ykmksabBYsJseBjbeTsExr k~gry:
eBlEtbYnq~S jSg[nKrExrTSgmUlEdlsMbUredaysuPmgl edayTBFnFan [rlayeTACaepH . ExrkMBugGs'sgwm sab'EtyYnhaNUy
CaevotNamcUlmkCYy[mansgwmeLIgvij .
kMBugrevIrvaynwkeXIjerOgGtItkal sab'EtmanG~kEskeLIgfa
eyIgmkdl'parsukemagsIehIy .
yayeTogsMdIenH k*keLkEP~ksmwgmYytYs Kat'lan'mat'frfa
{eTvtaeGIy ! emIlcuHTIbCMuCnsukmYyTSgmUl sl'EtkMeTcGid
nigepH eXIjEtemXnigdI . yayeTogbeNIrmit@rbs'Kat'edIrkat'sani
yrfePIg k*eXIjTUrreTHePIgCaecIntKNnatUvGgkardutbMpajecal .
qayBITIenaHbnic xagsSdmanvtburaNmYy tUvGgkarvaybMpajecal
xUcxatexcxI . enAk~gbrievNvtenaH eXIjsuTEtexacLanKanm"asIunK
b'FunCaecInJn'eKOgrV"t'rV"yJseBj .

GgkarCanrNa ?

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sI@emm"ayTSg15nak' k*beNIrK~aedIrevogTIenaHmkkan'pvCatielx5
. fTI22-4-79 em"agbEhl10yb' eyIgedksMrakelIcieJImf~l'pv
elx5xagsSdeTAkan'TIkugVt'dMbg . edkpal'dI BwgdICakenl Bwgem
XCadMbUl kalekIyTBsMNl'Cacugekaybgs' . yayeTogsmw
gemIlrasExrCaecInEsnnak'edIreBjf~l' VtdTeTdUceKeTIbecjBI
eragkun . edIrKanTisedATSgyb'TSgfBIemagsIeTAVt'dMbg Edlman
cmayCag50Km . KWmYyCYrxagsS edIrcUlkan'TIkugVt'dMbg mYyCYr
xageqgedIrecjBIVt'dMbgeTAemagsIvij .
BlwmfTI23-4-79 yayeTogbbYlmit@rbs'Kat'bndMeNIrtampv
Catielx5eTAkan'TIkugVt'dMbg . em"agbEhl10Bwk kumyayeTog
mkdl'PUmi kekaH Kat'VneXIjbUdUy3nak'kMBugetagebHEpsay . xag
eCIgbnic 3nak'eTotenAekamedImksSg muxjjwm QrpwmcegHemIlExr
rt'swk . bUdUyCayYnhaNUyekg@TSgenHKanGavuFeT .
nwkKYr[esIceKakEmn ! ehtuem"ckUnyYnhaNUymanvasnamkpwm
cegHemIlExrCamas'suk CaecInEsnnak'kMBugsn'esaePosxnrt'ecj
BIB rt'ecjBIkNab'dExrkhm VtdTeTKb'@K~ay"agenHeTAvij ? .
yayeTogk*bbYlK~acuHeTAsMrakekamedImksSgenaHEdr . bUdUyk*
sYrfa etImanEm"NaecHniyayPasayYneT ? . eBlenaHyayeTogKat'
GHGagfa Kat'ecHniyayyYn ! Kat'CaCatiyYn !
bUdUysMEdgkJrdUcCaPak' vasmwgmuxK~amYysnHrYcvaniyaydUcku
mbUdUymunEdr . vasYryayeTogfa
- ehtuem"cEm"gsl'enArs' ? BIeJHGgkartUvsmab'GaNikCnyY
n[Gs'Na ! .
yayeTogmanGarmNq
_ l'Esnql' nUvkJrbUdUyTSgenH . b"uEnKa
t'eFIdUcCaetkGrCakElg EdlVnCYbyYnsasnC
_ amYyK~a Kat'sMusYr
esckIsuxTukBIenHBIenaHbnic rYcbjab'sMulabUdUybndMeNIreTAmuxeTot
. enAeBlenaHKat'eXIj GabUdUym~ak'eKceTACYbK~avaEdlkMBugebHsay
QrxibK~amYysnH rYck*beNIrK~aTSgbYnnak'eTACYbCMuK~aekamedImksSg
. manbUdUym~ak'niyayTn'Pn'lYgelamyayeTognigyI-TIra"da [enAsM
rakCamYyBYkvamYyyb'sin . yayeTogyl'faminsYleT BIeJHkJr
bUdUyTSg6nak'enHKYr[sg&yNas' . minbgg'Kat'k*sMulakumvaecjdM-

GgkarCanrNa ?

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eNIrPam .
em"agbEhl6lac kumyayeTogmkdl'KILEm"telx30 KWPUmiB
dMrI cMkalEsrbs'Kat'EdlmanTMhM200mX1
1000m . eBlenaHyay
eTogKat'EskyMdUckUnekg yMhUrTwkEP~keCakfal' Kat'yMehIyyMeTot
BIeJHtSgBIbIq~SmkehIyKat'ePcyM KWcab'tSgBIEBlEdlGgkarbJa[
ExrkhmcUlmkcab'cgelakyI-vijTI CabIrbs'Kat'nSykeTAsmab'
esckItk'st'rnt'd*hYsehtuenHjSg[yayeTogdYlsnb'Vt'sartICa
ecInem"ag luHKat'Pak'dwgxneLIgvij Kat'ePcyMrhUt . eTIbfTI23-479 enHsab'EtKat'nwkeXIjecHyM Kat'yMecjTwkEP~k Kat'yMbeNIrKat'
niyaybeNIrra"yra"b'Vb'mit@rbs'Kat'beNIrfa dIEsenHmanTMhM20
hikta CaTBd*sMLaj'rbs'Kat' . Kat'rksIulUtlas'edaysardIEs
enH . BIskraCsemcnigelakln'-nl' Kat'nigbIEtgEtnSkUnTSg6nak'
CiHLanpal'xnmkkan'EsenHswgral'fGaTit nSKYsarjSVy . kUn
TSg6nak'EskecogelatrSelgkNalvallelv mhaEsnsbayrI
kraymenarm bkbedaysuPmgld*bribUN . Kat'minsanTal'EtesaH
fanwgmaneKaHf~ak'dl'nUvvinashinehacCaelIkTI2dUec~HeLIy. eBlenaH
yayeTogelIkdcglvalEsd*FMlwgelIyCab'tambeNaypvCatiel
x5 BmTSgeFIGtaFibayfa
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GgkarCanrNa ?

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75 .
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nick~gebHdUgrbs'Kat' .
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kenl BwgemXCadMbUl rs'enAekamekA kNalePg kNalxl' .
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GgkarCanrNa ?

224

Etra"da kUnsIrbs'Kat'EskehAfa m"ak'eGIy ! eyIgmkdl'PUmikac'

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manGnusavrIy_

GgkarCanrNa ?

225

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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exacPUmiKwH (vILa) rbs'yayeTog (ftenAfTI1-1-1993)

GgkarCanrNa ?

227

EdlVk'EbkexcxIenaH . Kat'KSgmat'stbMBg'k niyayminecj . BIeJHpHvILarbs'Kat'sl'EtkMeTcd nigbnb'bgn'mYyTMhM3Em"tbYnCu g

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CJSgfduHflag . Can'elIeFIBIeQIkekaHnigsukm sabnaBIrq~SeTIb
rYcescenAcugq~S1970 . cMENkedImdUgtUveKkab'rMlMexcxI .

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GgkarCanrNa ?

228

vsab'k*eday . cMENkEm" Em"Cab'BlikmenAkgTYls~leNaH . tSg

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mYykUnenHehIy ! .
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bgenAfTI23-3-1979 .
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k bgajfa kMst'Nas'@ . Ggra"manEtexanigGavdac'dacmYybnHCab'
tamxn .
taGageXIjbriyakasEsnGab'GYrdUec~H Kat'k*edIrmkGEglx~gyay
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- bgmanP&Bvasnaxs'Nas' EdlGacrYccakputBIeKaHcgGs'enH

GgkarCanrNa ?

229

minEtb"ueNaHesat bgVnCYbkUnsITSgBIrnak'eTot . elaktaGEglx~g

yayeTogmgeTot rYcniyaybnfa
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bgnSKYsarcakecjputeTAehIy

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fa
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cab'epImGFibayra"yra"b'fa

GgkarCanrNa ?

230

- ekayBIsni~siTNcinenAP~MeBjq~S1965rYcmk bCaCnPaKticEd
ltUveKCiHCan' k*ekakeLIgbgYbbgYmK~abegItCarNsirmYyEdlman
eQaHfa hlr"U ( FULRO: Front Uni de Libration des Races Oprimes )
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kmCaekamcMnYn4lannak' EdlCamas'TwkdIkmCaekamBit@ [kan'katCa
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smaKmExrkmCaekam nigrNsirhlr"UbcSextVt'dMbg EdlmanxM
bgTI nigbgeTogCaG~kTTYlxustUv .
k~gq~S1970 beTskmCatUvrgeKaH sgampHeLIg kgT&BkEng
sdwgcas'fa bNalmkBIsemcnsIhnutUvcaj'eVkyYnhaNUy Ca
evotkug kgT&BkEngsk*s&KcitrMlayCYrk~gExsPaq~S1970 rYccUl
mkrYbrYmbMerIkgT&BCatisaFarNrd Edlmanelakln'-nl'CaemdwknS .

GgkarCanrNa ?

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k~gq~S1972 GtItkgT&BkEngs manPaKecInrt'ecjBIkgT&BrdaPiVl

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k~gkgT&BrdaPiVlrjIrj"bkan'bkBYk . mYykgvr:esnatUc eXIjEt
nSK~aJk's&ki xHCaGtItemXMu Casasacar manxHCatMNagras .l.
Gs'elakTSgenaH sLaj's&kiNas' Jk's&kieBj@elIsa . b"uEnmin
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esnabmuxln'-nl'dEdl . kumeKmanbMNgd*emaHmuts&KcitbUCaCIvit
karJrbeTskmCa EdlmanelakesnabmuxCaG~kdwknS .

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fac'-Ca CaGtItemT&BkEngs VnsuHsYlKMnitK~aeFIJkmYymancuH
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GgkarCanrNa ?

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bJaebskkmsmat'mYy cuHhtelxapal'drbs'elakln'-nl' cat'Et

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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neBlxHkarcENnenHekItCavivaTvaytb'K~aJseBjrdFanIP~MeBj .
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eromcgqayNas' KWBukrlYyCaGnrCati . kumenHcab'epImrksIumg .
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knLanTSgenaH brrhUteTAdl'sukGUreCAvij sIuQ~kdwknSTMnijrt'Bn
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GgkarCanrNa ?

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yKanerobcMbNHbNalbgat'hwkhWnGIeT . eJHem@rvl'EteTAKitf
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epg .
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GgkarCanrNa ?

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ykMeTcExrln'-nl' Camas'TwkdIkmCaBit@eTetI ! . elaktaGaggk'ka

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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edayesrI . TIbMputGgkarbMpajbeTsExr[rlayeTACaepH . vabegIt
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EdlCaecar TukCaG~kmanbkarKuNeTAvij .
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- ebIbeNay[rasExryl'cLMy"agenH etIeFIem"crasExrecHbug

GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

249

eBlenaHmanEtBHemKNeTEdlenAsl'viJaN nigsartIrwgbwug
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g KWdl'eBlsmab'GatarYc sMubt'sg'cIBrdak'elIp~rtamsmKYrpg .
emXatkrcitykk*sMratsg'BIBHsgTSgbIGg vaysMBgnwgdMbg
sEgrTSgbna rYcFak'Tmak'reNAerog@xn . sab'minsab'mindwgeT rYc
ehIyExrkhmk*kaydIlb'ecaleTA
yYnhaNUykenniyaydl'vKenH k*elIkdcgledImGMBilnigBuTa
BmTSgbnkarjHjg'fa
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EtsgswkcMeJHExrkhmCadac'xat .
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VneT ! dUec~HExreyIgtUvEtelIkykmktiHriHrkehtupl .
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kb'y"ageCAk~gebHdUgkumakMJ . dUec~HBIfenHeTA [EteQaHExrkhm
kumarQanmuxtUvEtkMeTcecalPam .
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lvaKas'erobtSgCaesc . luHbgajnigjHjg'rYcehIy vak*dwkekgTSg
enaHeTAkan'TIGafkMVMgedayniyayfa vanSykeTAeronenAhaNUy ?!?!
cUlq~S1979Pam

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GgkarCanrNa ?

250

[viltLb'mktammUldancas'@CahUrEhr JseBjBnbeTsExr
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y dUckumkumarQanmuxEdr . emdwknSkumenHsuTEtmansJatiCayYn
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ckIfa kumkumarQanmuxCaG~kkMeTcExrkhm rIkumExrkhmTI3 CaG~k
kMeTcExrskiPUminigExrckBti [yYnhaNUy .
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fa
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rvagkumTSgBIrenHpHeLIg stUvTSgsgagmuxCaVj'smab'K~aTSgggitg
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ekArbs'yYnmanlkN:Tn'Pn'eFIButcMeJHExrCanic .

JkburaNmYy

XamanEcgmkehIyfa esomminecalkn yYnminecalBut Exrsut

TuDminecalEccUv . edaysarmUlehtuenH eTIbxMxMsavCavedImIdas'
stikUnExr[Pak'rlwkeLIgvij Qb'edklk' Qb'kt'K~aeTAvijeTAmk
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- enAq~S1945 yYnCaevotmijvabJnbUdUycUlmktSgmUldanJseB
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GgkarCanrNa ?

251

edjVrSg . EttamkarBit vacUlmkjHjg'bMEbkbMVk'Exr edImIbegItExr

evotmijeNaHeTAvijeT . etIyYnNaEdls&Kcitsab'CYsExrenaH ?
eJHenAkmCaekameNaH k~geBlEdlvafacUlmkCYyExr (q~S1945)
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ekakeLIgtsUkab'cak'vavij eFI[vasab'Vt'bg'CIvity"agecIn . ExrkmCa
ekamQb'lk'Ggr mbbEn nigeKOgbePaKnana[evotmij . eXIjdUec~Hvak*pas'neyaVy edayebIes~teVkVs'vijmg .
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- enAedImq~S1947 vasMercbegItsmaKmmitPaByYn-Exr-lav . b"uEn
emdwknSEp~kxagExrKWyYnegg-yuSgemog sWg-g"ukmij Gacaremon .
elaktaGagniyaymkdl'twmenH k*EbrmuxsmwgyayeTogBmTSgniya
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CamYynwgeKEdr .
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tmijEdr b"uEnmindwgCaeFIy"agdUcemc ebIExrkmCaekamdUcCakUnkMJ tUv
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ecHbugby&t~ eJHebIvasegteXIjsmaCikExrNa manstismCJ:
es~haCatiBit@tUvyYnhaNUyGeJIj[eTA CYyeFIkar GgkarelI .
ExrGP&BTSgenaH tUvVt'xnrhUt .
luHfTI21-5-49 yYnTTYlC&yCMnHmhaGsar yYnelbnKrkmCa
ekamCaelIkTI2Vt'semal . cMENksmaKmmitPaByYn-Exr-lavvi
j k*tUvrlayedays&ybvti . rIExrkmCaekam EdlCasmaCikrbs'
smaKm EdlVnrYbrYmCamYyevotmijedImIedjVrSg k*tUvyYnhaNUy
bmUlnignSeTATuk[sab'ecalqwgenAhaNUyeNaHrhUt .
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ExrtsU . varkaXa smaKmmitPaByYn-Exr TukykmkeVkExrkNal

GgkarCanrNa ?

252

mYyelIkeTot .
yayeTogniyaymkdl'twmh~wg k*EbrmktaGagsMu[Kat'bnkarGFi
bayrbs'Kat'teTAeTot . elaktaGagniTanbn
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sal'enAelIEpnTIrYceTAesceTAehIy . yYnxnvak*VnTTYlsal'eday
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ekameLIy .
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edaysmab' nigkMcay

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vakMBugEteqqabegIt

GgkarCanrNa ?

253

ExrfI nSykmkCMnYsExreyIgEdlcakecalsukenaHeLIy . karbegIt

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14q~S edImIbmUldwknSecjBIbeTsExr edayVb'fa nSykeTAeronenA
haNUy .
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_ UlmksukExrvijehIy Ed
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enaH minTSgdwgfaxneTANa eTAeFIGIpg
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TSgGs' ehIyEdlmanmYyPaKs&Kcitkan'kab'eyaFaExrkhmkumTI3
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q~S

. ebIk~gry:VMq~SenH vaeKarBvin&yminVntwmtUveT vatUvEtenAsuk

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EtenAsukExrrhUt KWvasni~danTukdUcCaExr . LvenHyYnhaNUybgM
BYkbUdUyGs'TSgenaH [eronsUtGkrExrCadac'xat . BYkbUdUym~ak'@TTY
lkUnesovePAmYyBIGgkarelI manbEvgbeNay13sg'TIEm"t nigTTwg
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- eronpal'xn ( Hoc ca nhan ) .
k~gry:eeBl2f tUverons:nigBJn:ExrmYyTMB&r . k~gry:VMf
tUveron[ecHPasaExrmYyTMB&r . k~gry:b
b"unan@Ex tUveron[cb'mYyesov
ePA100TMB&renH . eroncb'rYcehIytUveTAkan'GgkarelI TTYlykkUnesov
ePAfI cab'eronsUtbneTAeTot .l.
eBlenaHelaktaGagfrfa
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GgkarCanrNa ?

254

y"aglitln' . vamanKuNsmtiKb'vis&y vaeKarBvin&yVny"aght'ct'

vaeFIkartamExry:y
y"agtwmtUv vabiunlak'karNV
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[Gt'TS sIuVyrYmval'EckCamYypIrnigtkYnesarbg'EtGMbil .
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mar:y
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mancMnYn4mWun2Jn'

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mancMnYn1mWun2Jn'

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gbIenAeCayNcink~gGasIuPaKGeK~ye_ nH . vamanbCaCnecInkuHkr
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khmnSkumXatkrGafkMVMgcUlmkcab'cgbIrbs'Kat' nigbgbnExrenA
kgBsay nSykeTAsmab'Cabnbnab' luHCitcb'ebskkm Ggkarcat'
karsmab'ExrkhmTSgenaHvijecalexc enHCaerOgd*cEmkNas' eyIg
CaExrKYrEtelIkykmktiHriHBicarNa .
dUec~HKb'@GBtehtu Kb'@bkrNn
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GgkarCanrNa ?

255

NUy .
elaktaGagbJak'fa

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EdlyYnhaNUykMBugbegItenaH

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lk'eT . Kb'@rUbeTIbnwgmanvasnaVnsab' VndwgfayYnvaebIEtkl
li c vaGacelbnKrkm CaekammY yVny" aggay L vyY ndEdlkM Bu g
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t . BYkeyIgeTIbEtyl'GMBIlkN:sgamk~gsukExrenAeBlenHeT . KW
sgamrvagyYnnigExr .
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yGMBil . elaktacg'bMerIrNsirNamYyedImIkMeTcyYnrMedaHmatuPUmikmCa . eBlenaHsI@emm"ayTSgGs' k*bbYlyayeTogeTAtamelaktaGa
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GavmYybnas'dac'dacCab'nwgxny"agenH etImanGIeTATijGgr ? .
k~gq~S1979 bCaBlrdExrkMBugGt'Vy Gt'CMrk sab'Etfa Ggkar
mnusFmGnrCatiTTUcGgryYnnigExrGay"g sMudwkCMnYyCaesgeTACYy
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BMEdnExr-f edaymancmay100Km

edImIsMuGgrEdlGgkarmnus

GgkarCanrNa ?

256

FmGnrCatidak'Tan[ExrenATIenaH rYcErkmkkan'TIkugVt'dMbgvij . b"uEn

BueTaeGIy ! manvibtimYyy"agFn'eTot KWeBlErkcUlCitdl'PUminimit k*tUv
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eTArkGgrEmn ! .
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exvrbs'yYnEdlfa

GgkarCanrNa ?

257

- ebIgmineTAtTl'eFIcMVMgenAkmCaeT gnwgsab'edaykarGt'Xan
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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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- tUvyl'fa KansasnN
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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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ehIyT&leTot . KannrNaGacCYynrNaVneLIy . yayeTogk*sMBH

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GgkarCanrNa ?

264

kayvikarVb'yayeTogfa elaksMuCYbsin . yayeTogk*edIrecjBICYr

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tG~krdkar ! .
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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

267

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nusavrIy_ fTI3-2-30 KWCafkMeNItrbs'bkkumynisNcin Edlb
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erogral'q~S .
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dak'eTAvij
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- eKeXIjmanpvhU-CImij, pveLnIn ekIteLIgeJgJt .
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17-4-75 KWCaC&yCMnHrbs'GtItExrevotmij bcbn~lYcebIyIehaExrk
hm minEmnC&yCMnHrbs'bkExrkhmExov-sMpneT .
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Bitrbs'eromcgm~ak'enH .

enAeBlenaHs&ki3yYnhaNUyegg-va"n'TijedIrcUlmkkan'kUnxmrb

GgkarCanrNa ?
s'yayeTogy"agelOnTSgTwkmuxjjwm .

268
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mk[yayeTog . kaEstenHmaneQaHfa kmCa .

kaEstenHVnGH

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1- kgkmSgbdab'GavuFbdivtn
_ kPaBrbs'kmCa EdlhU-CImijbJa[sWg-g"ukmijbegItenAfTI19-6-51enaH

k~geBlbnMeFICaExrkh

medImIbnMvaykMeTcExrln'-nl'BIq~S70-75 VnEkEbeQaHeTACa kg
kmSgbdab'GavuFes~haCatikmCa . enAk~grbbGgkarGnamik kgkmSg
enHgk*EbeQaHeTACa bkExrkhmnirtI . bcbn~enHbkExrkh
mnirtI k*EbeQaHeTACa kgkmSgbdab'GavuFbCaCnbdivtnk
_ mCa .
2- bkbCaCnbdivtnk
_ mCa EdlhU-CImijbJa[sWg-g"ukmijbegI
tkalBIfTI28-6-51enaH k~grbbGgkarGnamik75-79 GgkarVncat'
tSgsmaCikbkenH[eFICabFanshkrN_ CaKN:t
tMbn' nigCatMNag
ras . bcbn~enHEbeQaHmkCa bkbCaCnbdivtnk
_ mCa EdlyY
nhaNUycat'EtgtSgehg-sMrin CaGKelxaFikarKN:k
kmaFikarmCwm
bk . rYcehIyyYnhaNUyVncat'EtgtSgCa-sIum, say-PUfg, hunEsn, Ca-suTCaedIm [eTACasmaCiknkariyal&yneyaVyrbs'mCwm
bkenH .
3- kaEstenHhanGYtbeJjGafkMVMgenAkNalvalfa evotNa
mVnbekoksaCamYykmCa ( JkkmCak~gTIenH KWvacg'sMedAeTAelIExr
evotmij ) eyIgtUvEtebCaEfrkabMb"ncMNgmitPaBEdlhU-CImijVndS
eCayBUnk~gf~alsgmniym BImYyfeTAmYyf kan'Etpasitlt kay
eTAkmSgd*mhima kayeTAkmSgd*Gmt: . cMNgTMnak'TMngbyuTBiess
eJreBjeTAedaysartIGnrCatiGFnd*ffa GacdeNImVnC&yCMnHCasa
BrenAq~S1975 . eyIgGacrujcanxSg[fyekayCaCMhan@ eyIgGac
plrMlMxSgmYyEp~k@ rYcQaneLIgdeNImykC&yCMnHVnCabnbnab'
y"agFMeFg . TahrNd
_ UcCaeyIgkMeTcExrln'-nl' eyIgTTYlC&yCMnH
enAfTI17emsa1975 . enHKWCaCMhanTI1 . eyIgkMeTcExrexov-sMpn
eyIgTTYlC&yCMnHenAfTI7 mkra 1979 enHKWCaCMhanTI2 .l.
esckIGYtrbs'yYnhaNUyenHCasakIbJak'fa yYnenHgehIyCa
GgkarGnamik . cMENkGay"grbs'va dUcCaehg-sMrin, Ca-sIum, say
-PUfg, Ca-suT, hun-EsnCaedIm CaXatkrelIrasExrsttg'y"agBit

GgkarCanrNa ?

269

Vkd .
kaEstj"agywugjSg[eyIgeXIjeTotfa k~grbbGgkarGnamik yYn
haNUybtmGtItExrevotmij [tSgmUldanJseBjBnbeTs
Exr EfmTSgmanbUdUyy"agecInmWunnak'KST eqt{kasd*lenHebIyIeha
Exrkhm rYccUlmkcab'cgrasExrsttg'nSykeTAsmab'ral'@f .
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bkbCaCnbdivtnk
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bdivtn_ bCaCatibCaFibetybCaCn nigdMNak'karbdivtns
_ gmniym
Par:kicCadMbUgtUvkMeTcbqSgckBti nigskiPUmi .l.

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GagEmn .
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layayeTog edImIeTAkan'sukhaNUyenAfEsk .
yayeTogsYrfa

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ltUvkan'vin&ydUcEdltaGagVnbJak'Vb'rYcmkehIy . vaeKarBvin&y
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fEskenH . cMENks&ki3evotkugegg-va"n'Tij vaVnVb'yayeTog
fa

vaekItenAextdaNag . yYnhaNUybJnvamkkan'sukExrkalBIEx

mIna1972 CamYyBYkyYnK~avaCaecInJn'nak' . q~S1977 yYnTijFak'vin&y

5q~S dUec~HvatUvenAsukExr5q~SteTAeTot rhUtdl'q~S1982 .l.

GgkarCanrNa ?

270

enAExmifunaq~S1979 enAnaykdansuxaPiVlextVt'dMbg eKmanbiT

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ykeTANaeT . EtedImIkMu[mankarsg&y elakekAlIk*huckdas'mYy
snwkmk[yayeTogdUceKgEdr .
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sNaenAsukExreFIGIsBfeFIGI? .
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eTsNaenAsukExreFIGIsBfeFIGI? .
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GgkarCanrNa ?

271

ecarmYykumcUlmkB&Tcab'cg rYcbn'ykeKaGs'rlIg . vicikak*tUvGUs

reTHCMnYseKa viltLb'mkkan'Vt'dMbgvij rg'cSTTYlbJaCafI .

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- xmenHlak'ecar ! xmenHlak'ecar !
bnab'mkvak*cUlmkcab'EqkeqrkUnxmtamGMeBIcit BnaeBlcSyb'ggi
tmkdl' edImIeFITaruNkmelImas'xmTSgbInak'enH . vaebIlicklecaT
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bn'yayeTogvij . Kat'rt'eKceTABYnenAcMkardUgxageCIgxm . edayrk

GgkarCanrNa ?

272

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GgkarCanrNa ?

273

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

275

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GgkarCanrNa ?

276

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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elogjjwmGEglx~gyayeTogehIyeqIyfa

GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

285

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GgkarCanrNa ?

286

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GgkarCanrNa ?

287

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GgkarCanrNa ?

288

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GgkarCanrNa ?

289

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GgkarCanrNa ?

290

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GgkarCanrNa ?

292

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GgkarCanrNa ?

293

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GgkarCanrNa ?

294

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GgkarCanrNa ?

295

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GgkarCanrNa ?

296

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GgkarCanrNa ?

297

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GgkarCanrNa ?

298

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GgkarCanrNa ?

299

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GgkarCanrNa ?

300

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301

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302

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GgkarCanrNa ?

304

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GgkarCanrNa ?

305

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306

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bml
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307
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GgkarCanrNa ?

308

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GgkarCanrNa ?

309

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bml
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beJj
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ak@
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te' Blevlaya" gtm
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u
NatvU ecjenAeBlNa tvU sma bE' xr Fn
u Na .l. ng
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vaj
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km
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' at mn
i [Cb
Y bgb

GgkarCanrNa ?

310

nEm
" bCaCnfeI Ly
I
. cEM NkbCaBlrdE xr Ggk
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1
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enAekayfT
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Gtt
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Gayg
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i .l.

GgkarCanrNa ?

311

eml
I cHu ! Ggk
arcl
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u beTsExr kg
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EtExr
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i km
u Exr khmekt
I
mkBeI car Exr khmenHseuI Carelatsma b' bCaBlrdE xr vvI k' jS g[bCa
rasE xr Vks
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I
eTb
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arbeJj
gtt
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u
T1
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arcatt
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shkrN_ CaKN:t
tb
M n' bnm
kCatN
M
agras . enAcg
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ar
e Xj
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u ma" sn
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e Tb
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evotmj
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a . Ggk
ar
bJa [eby
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mnn
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beTsExr vaGnvu te s~ trbsG
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c
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mn
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l
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td
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sk
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kt
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b
' N
u
sn
i cHu .

GgkarCanrNa ?

312

nk
w @eTAKrY [xa se' Gonyn
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eFk
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.
eml
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sk
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bd
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yn
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ebn
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.
bd
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dk
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yn
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kg
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uM a~ escVce' hy
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U ma~ kt
' c
U TabetO mn
i Fat'

GgkarCanrNa ?

313

mn
i sm

mx
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katx
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karNC
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asaExr Cn
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yn
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snH bFanenHk* keLkEPk
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l
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as' . vabga jnvU sbr sFmC

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ny
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Bk
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yn
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GgkarCanrNa ?

314

bCuM bkastSgxn
CatN
M
agecAha yext rc
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ksB
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c
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vtl
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sk
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sk
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1
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cabx
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Lay-samn
u " enHEdr .

GgkarCanrNa ?

315

enATI kg
u Vtd
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GgkarCanrNa ?

316

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GgkarCanrNa ?

317

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GgkarCanrNa ?

318

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GgkarCanrNa ?

319

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320

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GgkarCanrNa ?

321

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322

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323

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GgkarCanrNa ?

324

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326

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

328

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GgkarCanrNa ?

329

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GgkarCanrNa ?

330

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GgkarCanrNa ?

331

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GgkarCanrNa ?

332

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sga mBt
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:s
nbeTsExr fasga menHCasga mrvagyn
Y ng
i Exr .

GgkarCanrNa ?

340

- ebeI mdk
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GgkarCanrNa ?

341

Ca rc
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nGK
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I rY [sgy
& eToteT .

GgkarCanrNa ?

341

cEM Nkvc
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BbeM rI km
u Exr sr: edm
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I m
w VrSg .

GgkarCanrNa ?

342

km
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GgkarCanrNa ?

343

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kecjecalsk
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i .

GgkarCanrNa ?

344

yb' fT
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GgkarCanrNa ?

346

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GgkarCanrNa ?

347

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GgkarCanrNa ?

348

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GgkarCanrNa ?

349

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.

GgkarCanrNa ?

350

enHehy
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w eKcecj
mkBk
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aekam .

GgkarCanrNa ?

351

CMBUkTI23
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GgkarCanrNa ?

352

enAmx
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bs
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GgkarCanrNa ?

353

fa CnCaty
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GgkarCanrNa ?

354

ltvU yn
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ny
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GgkarCanrNa ?

355

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bmk[Bk
Y eyg
I . yn
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I deU cH~ kb
* Ja [Exr khm{nkalsB
M HseuM Ta
sBk
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w . Kn
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enHehI
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I xn
M SKa~ esc
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@yn
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kack
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yn
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by
u -fajP
' g
u ke* sc
I mg
eTot BmTSgeqy
I fa

GgkarCanrNa ?

356

- bgmj
i ecHny
i ay ecHGanng
i sresrGkrExr casl
' asN
'
as' .
enAqS~ 1973 Kat' bLgCabV
' kD
' b
u enAsk
u Exr . Pg
u tvU Gakx
' anny
i aytw
meNH edayeXj
I bgmj
i rbsv' aedrI cl
U mk . mj
i xH @Bc
I ma y ks
* mk
'
mkbn
bs
u va . EtPg
u eFm
I n
i dg
w kn
* y
i aybnb
e' TAbgvafa
- bgmj
i Ga GeuM TogecHny
i ayPasaExr ! .
enAkg
~ CrM M NW-9 mj
i ng
i yayeTogcgGgg
w VvedkCt
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by
u -fanm
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rabG
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M k
w @eTAKrY [ql
N
'
asf
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Exr Cat
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eTAvj
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yn
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edm
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& Exr khm Edls& Kct
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xn
x,M yn
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eTAkg
~ salaemeyaFaCamy
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@Gayu sVl

Ka~ Caecn
I Jnn
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' s
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ecHExr ya" geCACH mansJa b& tdc
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cgv' l
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edm
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vakalBq
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mt
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kg
~ Ex

km
u : qS~ 1979 yn
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Exr khmkm
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jBnbeTskmC
a . kg
~ ceM NamBk
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ng
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tvU eKbJn
mkkan' BTakF
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td
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yn
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&
EdlCaGaNk
i Cnyn
Y ekt
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u Exr EdlecHsresrng
i ny
i ayExr ya"
gcasl
' as' .

GgkarCanrNa ?

357

kg
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M eFC
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i
. eq teB
lEdlyn
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mt
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ng
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gcn
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cl
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yn
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arKy
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mj
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taragEbeQaHextBeI QaHExreTAeQaHyYn
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n
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1- rdF
anP
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kg
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i

2- kg
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kg
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3- kg
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kg
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Gan

4- kg
u taEkv

kg
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5- kg
u esomrab-tr manCy
&

kg
u bj
ui TeI Fon

GgkarCanrNa ?
6- kg
u kB
M gq
' S~ g

358
kg
u hvU ya" g

7- kg
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u

kg
u mj
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8- kg
u BHvh
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kg
u Fnh
' ay

9- kg
u rtn:KrI I

kg
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ui

10- kg
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kg
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11- kg
u kB
M ge' sam

kg
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12- kg
u kB
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kg
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i

13- kg
u BEvg

kg
u dg
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14- kg
u kB
M gF
' M

kg
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15- kg
u Vtd
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M g

kg
u kgNam daNSg

16- kg
u eJFs
i at'

kg
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17- kg
u kB
M t

kg
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18- kg
u kB
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kg
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19- kg
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kg
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20- kg
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KrI I

kg
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manBtm
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m" agvj
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tkrds
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Bk
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kV
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i
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fabEgk
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_.
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2
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W aypn
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' ayeTogfa

GgkarCanrNa ?

359

- KatV
' neXj
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~
nvU karerobcrM bsy
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U
Xatkr50, 100, 150nakk
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kBk
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M k
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gGsm
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I I qy
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' td
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w eT .

GgkarCanrNa ?

360

CMBUkTI24
CYbelakTIv-cUv
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cg
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kkgkmS gma" rn
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_
k (sk
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ne~ lakCaembJa karrCrbx PaKety
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g EdlCaGtt
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W -gk
u" fan' . elakfac' eTOgeTb
I ng
w

GgkarCanrNa ?

361

rc
Y ecjBeI xa~ Hyn
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1
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u Vtd
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M g.
elakVneTAlaxeM dm
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ecjeTAbeTsf .
l uH d wg f a e l a k e T O g m a n v a s n a e K c c a k p ut e K a H f ~a k 'y "a g e n a H e h Iy
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,
yn
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bga jxn
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asm
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Y ya" gdU

GgkarCanrNa ?

362

ecH~ eTAvj
i ?
kg
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anx
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w -elog . kg
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Km
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u kB
M ge' sam maneQa Hfa elogja" n ( Ling Nhan ) .
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GgkarCanrNa ?

363

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GgkarCanrNa ?

364

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GgkarCanrNa ?

365

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GgkarCanrNa ?

366

lHu Vnsa b' Kb' Cg

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GgkarCanrNa ?

367

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GgkarCanrNa ?

367

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GgkarCanrNa ?

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GgkarCanrNa ?

370

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