1

A - A adenine.
A - A alanine.
A - A arteriole.
A - A asymptomatic no symptoms (e.g. in Hodgkin
lymphoma).
a - a autopsy.
a -GPA - a -GPA alpha-D-glucose pentaacetate.
A&BC - A&BC air and bone conduction.
A&I - A&I allergy and immunology.
A&P - A&P anterior and posterior.
A&P - A&P auscultation and palpation.
A&P - A&P auscultation and percussion.
A&W - A&W alive and well.

A-a 02 - A-a 02 alveolo-arterial oxygen tension.

A-IC - A-IC average integrated concentration.
A-V - A-V arteriovenous.
A-V - A-V atrioventricular.
A/B acid-base ratio. - A/B acid-base ratio.
A/G - A/G albumin/globulin ratio.
A/O - A/O alert and orientated.
A/V - A/V ampere/volt.
A/V - A/V arteriovenous.
A>B - A>B air greater than bone (conduction).
A1 - A1 aortic first sound.
a1AT - a1AT alpha-1-antitrypsin.
A2 - A2 aortic second sound.

A2U - A2U alpha 2u-globulin.

aa - aa (Greek: Ana) of each.
AA - AA arachidonic acid.
aa - aa arteries.
AA - AA reactive (secondary) amyloidosis.
aa seq - aa seq amino acid sequence.
AAA - AAA abdominal aortic aneurysm.
AAA - AAA adenine-adenine-adenine codon for
lysine.
AAA - AAA diagnostic arthroscopy operative
arthroscopy and possible operative arthrotomy.
AAAASF - AAAASF American Association for
Accreditation of Ambulatory Surgery Facilities.
AAAP - AAAP activity of antiactivator in plasma.

AABB - AABB American Association of Blood

Banks.
AAC - AAC adenine-adenine-cytosine codon for
asparagine.
AACPDM - AACPDM American Academy for
Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine (also:
AAOS Specialty Societies).
AACR - AACR American Association for Cancer
Research.
Aad - Aad aminoadipic acid.
AADC - AADC amino acid decarboxylase.
AAE - AAE American Association of Endodontists.
AAETS - AAETS American Academy of Experts in
Traumatic Stress.
AAF - AAF 2-acetylaminofluorene.

AAF - AAF anterior auditory field.

AAF - AAF astrocytoma with atypical/anaplastic
foci.
AAF/OL - AAF/OL anaplastic astrocytomas
/oligodendrogliomas.
AAFP - AAFP American Academy of Family
Physicians.
AAG - AAG adenine-adenine-guanine codon for
lysine.
AAHKS - AAHKS American Association of Hip
and Knee Surgeons (also: AAOS Specialty
Societies).
AAHS - AAHS American Association for Hand
Surgery (also: AAOS Related Organizations).
AAL - AAL anterior axillary line.
AAMC - AAMC Association of American Medical
Colleges.

AAMI - AAMI Advancement of Medical

Instrumentation.
AAMT - AAMT American Association for Medical
Transcriptionists.
AAN - AAN American Academy of Neurology.
AANA - AANA Arthroscopy Association of North
America (also: AAOS Related Organizations).
AANOS - AANOS The American Academy of
Neurological and Orthopaedic Surgeons.
AANS - AANS American Association of
Neurological Surgeons.
AAO - AAO American Academy of
Ophthalmology.
AAo - AAo ascending aorta.
AAOC - AAOC antacid of choice.

AAofA - AAofA Ambulance Association of

America.
AAOFAS - AAOFAS American Association of
Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgeons.
AAOHN - AAOHN American Association of
Occupational Health Nurses.
AAOM - AAOM American Academy of Oral
Medicine.
AAOO - AAOO American Academy of
Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology.
AAOP - AAOP American Academy of Oral
Pathology.
AAOP - AAOP American Academy of Orthotists
and Prosthetists.
AAOPP - AAOPP American Association of
Osteopathic Postgraduate Physicians.
AAOS - AAOS American Academy of Orthopaedic

Surgery.
AAOT - AAOT Asociacion Argentina de Ortopedia
y Traumatologia (Argentinian Orthopaedic
Association).
AAOx3 - AAOx3 awake alert and oriented x 3 (to
person place and time).
AAP - AAP air at atmospheric pressure.
AAP - AAP American Academy of Pediatrics.
AAP - AAP American Academy of Pedodontics.
AAP - AAP American Academy of Periodontology.
AAP - AAP American Academy of Psychoanalysis.
AAP - AAP American Academy of
Psychotherapists.
AAP - AAP American Association of Pathologists.
AAP - AAP aminoantipyrine.

AAP - AAP Association for the Advancement of

Psychoanalysis.
AAP - AAP Association of Academic Physiatrists.
AAP - AAP Association of American Physicians.
AaP02 - AaP02 (A-a) P02 alveolo-arterial oxygen
tension difference.
AAPA - AAPA American Academy of Physician
Assistants.
AAPA - AAPA American Association of
Pathologist Assistants.
AAPB - AAPB American Association of
Pathologists and Bacteriologists.
AAPC - AAPC antibiotic-associated
pseudomembranous colitis.
AAPCC - AAPCC adjusted annual per capita cost.

10

AAPCC - AAPCC adjusted average per capita cost.

AAPCC - AAPCC American Association of Poison
Control Centers.
AaPco2 - AaPco2 (A-a)Pc02 alveolo-arterial carbon
dioxide tension difference.
AAPF - AAPF anti-arteriosclerosis polysaccharide
factor.
AAPH - AAPH22'-azobis-(amidinopropane)
dihydrochloride.
AAPHD - AAPHD American Association of Public
Health Dentists.
AAPHP - AAPHP American Association of Public
Health Physicians.
AAPL - AAPL American Academy of Psychiatry
and the Law.
AAPM - AAPM American Association of Physicists
in Medicine.

11

AAPM&R - AAPM&R American Academy of

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
AAPMC - AAPMC antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis.
AAPMR - AAPMR American Academy of Physical
Medicine and Rehabilitation.
AAPOS - AAPOS American Association for
Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.
AAPP - AAPP American Academy on Physician
and Patient.
AAPPO - AAPPO American Association of
Preferred Provider Organizations.
AAPS - AAPS American Association of Plastic
Surgeons.
AAPS - AAPS Arizona Articulation Proficiency
Scale.

12

AAPS - AAPS Association of American Physicians

and Surgeons.
AAPSM - AAPSM American Academy of Podiatric
Sports Medicine.
AAR - AAR active avoidance reaction.
AAR - AAR acute articular rheumatism.
aar - aar against all risks.
AAR - AAR antigen-antiglobulin reaction.
AARC - AARC American Association for
Respiratory Care.
AARDA - AARDA American Autoimune Related
Diseases Association.
AARE - AARE automobile accident rear end.
AAROM - AAROM active assertive range of
motion.

13

AAROM - AAROM active assisted range of motion.

AARP - AARP American Association of Retired
Persons.
AAS - AAS Aarskog-Scott (syndrome).
AAS - AAS acid aspiration syndrome.
AAS - AAS alcoholic abstinence syndrome.
AAS - AAS American Academy of Sanitarians.
AAS - AAS American Analgesia Society.
AAS - AAS aneurysm of atrial septum.
AAS - AAS anthrax anti serum.
AAS - AAS aortic arch syndrome.
AAS - AAS atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
AASD - AASD American Academy of Stress
Disorders.

14

AASH - AASH adrenal androgen stimulating

hormone.
AASH - AASH American Association for the Study
of Headache.
AASK - AASK African American Study of Kidney
Diseases and Hypertension Pilot Study.
AASP - AASP acute atrophic spinal paralysis.
AASP - AASP American Association of Senior
Physicians.
AASP - AASP ascending aorta synchronized
pulsation.
AASS - AASS American Association for Social
Security.
AAST - AAST American Association for the
Surgery of Trauma.
AAT - AAT Aachen Aphasia Test.

15

AAT - AAT academic aptitude test.

AAT - AAT alanine aminotransferase.
AAT - AAT alkylating agent therapy.
AAT - AAT alpha-1-antitrypsin.
AAT - AAT atrial triggered (pacemaker).
AAT - AAT auditory apperception test.
AAT - AAT automatic atrial tachycardia.
AATS - AATS American Association for Thoracic
Surgery.
AAU - AAU acute anterior uveitis.
AAU - AAU adenine-adenine-uracil codon for
asparagine.
AAV - AAV adeno-associated virus.

16

AAVMC - AAVMC Association of American

Veterinary Medical Colleges.
AAVP - AAVP American Association of Veterinary
Parasitologists.
AAVPT - AAVPT American Academy of
Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics.
AAW - AAW anterior aortic wall.
AAWD - AAWD American Association of Women
Dentists.
AAWM - AAWM American Academy of Wound
Management.
AB - AB Ab abortion.
AB - AB abdominal.
AB - AB abnormal.
ab - ab abortion.

17

AB - AB Ace bandage.
AB - AB active bilaterally.
AB - AB aid to the blind.
AB - AB alcian blue.
AB - AB alertness behavior.
AB - AB antibiotic.
Ab - Ab antibiotic.
ab - ab antibody.
Ab - Ab antibody.
AB - AB antibody.
AB - AB antigen binding.
AB - AB apex beat.
AB - AB asbestos body.

18

AB - AB asthmatic bronchitis.
AB - AB axiobuccal.
aB - aB azure B.
AB - AB Bachelor of Arts (Lat.Artium
Baccalaureus).
AB - AB blood group AB.
ABA - ABA abscissic acid.
ABA - ABA allergic bronchopulmonary
aspergillosis.
ABA - ABA American Board of Anesthesiologists.
ABA - ABA antibacterial activity.
ABA - ABA arrest before arrival.
ABA - ABA Arthroscopie Belge - Belgian
Arthroscopy Association.

19

ABAT - ABAT American Board of Applied

Toxicology.
Abb - Abb abbreviations.
ABB - ABB Albright-Butler-Bloomberg syndrome.
ABB - ABB American Board of Bioanalysis.
ABB - ABB Asea Brown Boveri.
ABBQ - ABBQ Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome Beliefs and Behavior Questionnaire.
abbr - abbr abbreviation abbreviated.
ABC - ABC absolute basophil count.
ABC - ABC absolute bone conduction.
ABC - ABC acalculous biliary colic.
ABC - ABC acid balance control.

20

ABC - ABC aconite-belladonna-chloroform.

ABC - ABC advanced breast cancer.
ABC - ABC airway breathing and circulation.
ABC - ABC alignment blue calcium (synovial fluid
pearls in gout and pseudogout).
ABC - ABC alternative birth center.
ABC - ABC alum blood and charcoal (purification
and deodorizing method).
ABC - ABC alum blood and clay (sludge
deodorizing method).
ABC - ABC American Blood Commission.
ABC - ABC aneurysmal bone cyst.
ABC - ABC antigen-binding capacity.
ABC - ABC apnea bradycardia cyanosis.

21

ABC - ABC aspiration biopsy cytology.

ABC - ABC aspiration needle biopsy.
ABC - ABC assessment of basic competency.
ABC - ABC atomic biological and chemical
(warfare).
Abc - Abc autoantibodies to collagen.
ABC - ABC avidin-biotin complex.
ABC - ABC axiobuccocervical.
ABCC - ABCC Atomic Bomb Casualty
Commission.
ABCD - ABCD airway breathing circulation
differential diagnosis (or defibrillate) - in
cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
ABCD - ABCD asymmetry borders irregular color
variegated diameter > 6 mm (assessment of
melanoma).

22

ABCDE - ABCDE airway breathing circulation

disability
ABCDE - ABCDE botulism toxin pentavalent.
ABCDEFGH - ABCDEFGH air ways bones cardiac
shadow diaphragm
ABCDES - ABCDES abnormal alignment bonesperiarticular osteoporosis cartilage joint space loss
deformities
ABCDES - ABCDES adjust medication bacterial
prophylaxis cervical spine disease deep vein
thrombosis prophylaxis
Abd - Abd (abdere) abdomen.
Abd - Abd abdominal.
Abd - Abd abduction.
ABE - ABE acetone-butanol-ethanol.

23

ABE - ABE acid-base equilibrium.

ABE - ABE activity before exercise.
ABE - ABE actual base excess.
ABE - ABE acute bacterial endocarditis.
ABE - ABE acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic
bronchitis.
ABE - ABE Adult Basic Education Programs.
ABE - ABE American Board of Endodontics.
ABE - ABE aminobenzoate.
ABE - ABE anode-break excitation.
ABE - ABE antisheep beta-endorphin.
ABE - ABE atypical bronchial epithelium.
Abe - Abe autoantibodies to elastin.

24

ABE - ABE average bioequivalence.

ABe - ABe Averrhoa bilimbi.
ABE - ABE estradiol bound to albumin.
ABE - ABE trivalent botulinic antitoxin.
ABE-1 - ABE-1 a strain of the psychrophilic marine
bacterium Vibrio
ABE-1. - ABE-1.
ABE-I - ABE-I anion-binding exosite I.
ABE-II - ABE-II anion-binding exosite II.
Abeta - Abeta beta-amyloid (component of
Alzheimer's disease plaques).
ABF - ABF alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases.
ABG - ABG arterial blood gases.
ABG - ABG autogenous bone graft.

25

ABI - ABI ankle to brachial index.

ABJS - ABJS Association of Bone and Joint
Surgeons (AAOS Specialty Societies).
ABMA - ABMA anti-basement membrane antibody
disease (Goodpastures syndrome).
ABMS - ABMS American Board of Medical
Specialties.
ABMT - ABMT autologous bone marrow transplant.
ABN - ABN abducens nucleus.
AbN - AbN ablation nephropathy.
ABN - ABN Abn abnormal.
abn - abn abnormality of a chromosome (e.g.abn
12p).
ABN - ABN active bulimia nervosa (BN).

26

ABN - ABN acute bacterial nephritis.

ABN - ABN acute brachial neuropathy/neuritis.
ABN - ABN advance beneficiary notices.
ABN - ABN alkali-treated bound niacin.
ABN - ABN anterior BNST lesions (BNST bed
nucleus of the stria terminalis).
AbN - AbN antibody nitrogen.
AbN - AbN antibody to the N terminus (of a protein
or peptide).
ABN - ABN arched-back nursing (about laboratory
rats).
ABN - ABN artificial background noise.
ABN - ABN aseptic (avascular) bone/bone marrow
necrosis.
ABN - ABN Association of British Neurologists.

27

ABN - ABN endo-15-alpha-L-arabinase.

ABN - ABN The Brazilian Academy of Neurology.
Abn-cbd - Abn-cbd abnormal cannabidiol.
ABO - ABO blood grouping system.
ABOS - ABOS American Board of Orthopaedic
Surgery.
ABP - ABP American Board of Pathology.
ABP - ABP American Board of Pediatrics.
ABP - ABP androgen binding protein.
ABPA - ABPA allergic bronchopulmonary
aspergillosis.
ABPB - ABPB abductor pollicis brevis (also APB).
ABPL - ABPL abductor pollicis longus (also APL).

28

ABR - ABR auditory brainstem response

audiometry.
ABS - ABS American Back Society.
ABS - ABS arterial blood pressure.
ABTA - ABTA American Brain Tumor Association.
ABVD - ABVD adriamycin bleomycin vinblastine
and dacarbazine (regimen used to treat
Hodgkins disease).
ABW - ABW actual body weight.
AC - AC acromioclavicular joint.
AC - AC air conduction.
AC - AC alternating current.
ac - ac ante cenam before meal/s.
AC-PH - AC-PH ac phos acid phosphatase.

29

AC/SIUG - AC/SIUG ambulatory care specialinterest user group.

ACA - ACA adenine-cytosine-adenine codon for
threonine.
ACA - ACA American Chiropractic Association.
ACA - ACA Amputee Coalition of America (also:
AAOS Related
AcAAP - AcAAP N-acetylaminoantipyrine.
ACC - ACC adenine-cytosine-cytosine codon for
serine.
ACC - ACC adenine-cytosine-cytosine codon for
threonine.
ACC - ACC American College of Cardiology.
ACC - ACC anodal closure contraction.
ACCME - ACCME Accreditation Council for
Continuing Medical Education.

30

Accom. - Accom. accommodation.

ACCP - ACCP American College Of Chest
Physicians.
ACCx - ACCx anterior cingulate cortex.
ACD - ACD absorbent cover dressing.
ACD - ACD acid-citrate-dextrose.
ACD - ACD allergic contact dermatitis.
ACD - ACD anemia of chronic disease.
ACD - ACD anterior cervical discectomy.
ACD - ACD asymmetrical cortical degeneration
syndromes.
ACD - ACD Available Chemical Directory.
ACDF - ACDF adult children from dysfunctional
family.

31

ACDF - ACDF anterior cervical discectomy and

fusion.
ACDM - ACDM Association for Clinical Data
Management
ACE - ACE angiotensin converting enzyme.
ACEI - ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme
inhibitors.
ACF - ACF anterior cervical fusion.
ACFAS - ACFAS American College of Foot and
Ankle Surgeons.
ACG - ACG adenine-cytosine-guanine codon for
threonine.
ACG - ACG angiocardiography
ACh - ACh acetylcholine.
AChR - AChR acetylcholine receptor.

32

ACI - ACI acute coronary insufficiency.

ACILS - ACILS American Center for International
Labor Solidarity.
ACIP - ACIP Advisory Committee on Immunization
Practices.
ACJ - ACJ acromioclavicular joint (also AC joint).
ACJT - ACJT acromioclavicular joint.
ACL - ACL Achievement Check List.
ACL - ACL acromegaloid features cutis verticis
gyrata corneal leukoma (syndrome).
ACL - ACL anterior clavicular line.
ACL - ACL anterior cruciate ligament.
ACL - ACL anterior cruciate ligament.
ACL - ACL anticardiolipin (antibody).

33

ACl - ACl aspiryl chloride.

ACLA - ACLA American Clinical Laboratory
Association
ACLC - ACLC Assessment of Childrens
Language Comprehension.
ACLD - ACLD Association for Children with
Learning Disabilities.
ACLF - ACLF adult congregate living facility.
ACLI - ACLI American Council on Life Insurance.
aCLL - aCLL atypical chronic lymphocytic
leukemia.
ACLM - ACLM American College of Legal
Medicine.
ACLPS - ACLPS Academy of Clinical Laboratory
Physicians and Scientists.

34

ACLR - ACLR anterior capsulolabral

reconstruction.
ACLS - ACLS advanced cardiac life support.
AcLV - AcLV avian acute leukemia virus.
ACM - ACM acetaminophen.
ACM - ACM acute cerebrospinal meningitis.
ACM - ACM Adriamycin cyclophosphamide
methotrexate.
ACM - ACM albumin-calcium-magnesium.
ACM - ACM alveolar capillary membrane.
ACM - ACM anticardiac myosin.
ACM - ACM Arnold-Chiari malformation.
ACMA - ACMA American Occupational Medical
Association.

35

ACMC - ACMC Association of Canadian Medical

Colleges.
ACMD - ACMD associate chief medical director.
ACME - ACME Advisory Council on Medical
Education.
ACME - ACME Automated Classification of
Medical Entities.
ACMF - ACMF arachnoid cyst of the middle fossa.
ACMI - ACMI American College of Medical
Informatics.
ACML - ACML atypical chronic myeloid leukemia.
ACMP - ACMP alveolar-capillary membrane
permeability.
ACMR - ACMR Advisory Committee on Medical
Research.
ACMS - ACMS American Chinese Medical Society.

36

ACMSF - ACMSF Advisory Committee on the

Microbiological Safety of Food (UK).
ACMT - ACMT artificial circus movement
tachycardia.
ACMV - ACMV assist-controlled mechanical
ventilation.
ACN - ACN acute conditioned neurosis ventilation.
ACN - ACN Ambulatory Care Network ventilation.
ACN - ACN American College of
Neuropsychiatrists ventilation.
ACN - ACN American College of Nutrition.
ACNM - ACNM American College of Nuclear
Medicine Nutrition.
ACNM - ACNM American College of NurseMidwives.

37

ACNP - ACNP acute care nurse practitioner

Midwives.
ACNP - ACNP American College of Nuclear
Physicians.
ACO - ACO acute coronary occlusion.
ACO - ACO alert cooperative oriented.
ACO - ACO anodal closure odor.
ACO-HNS - ACO-HNS American Council of
Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.
ACOA - ACOA adult children of alcoholics.
ACoA - ACoA anterior communicating artery.
ACOAs - ACOAs collegiate adult children of
alcoholics.
ACOEM - ACOEM American College of
Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

38

ACOEP - ACOEP American College of Osteopathic

Emergency Physicians.
ACOG - ACOG American College of Obstetricians
and Gynecologists.
ACOHA - ACOHA American College of
Osteopathic Hospital Administrators.
ACOI - ACOI American College of Osteopathic
Internists.
ACOM - ACOM American College of Occupational
Medicine.
ACOM - ACOM anterior communicating (artery).
AComA - AComA anterior communicating artery.
ACOMS - ACOMS American College of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgeons.
ACOOG - ACOOG American College of
Osteopathic Obstetricians and Gynecologists.

39

ACOP - ACOP American College of Osteopathic

Pediatricians.
ACOP - ACOP approved code of practice.
ACORDE - ACORDE A Corsortium on Restorative
Dentistry Education.
ACOS - ACOS American College of Osteopathic
Surgeons
ACOS - ACOS American College of Osteopathic
Surgeons.
ACOS - ACOS associate chief of staff.
ACOS/AC - ACOS/AC associate chief of staff for
ambulatory care.
Acous - Acous acoustics acoustic.
ACP - ACP accessory conduction pathway.
ACP - ACP acetone powder.

40

ACP - ACP acid phosphatase.

exposure/environmental control - trauma protocol.
AcP - AcP acid phosphatase.
ACP - ACP acyl carrier protein.
ACP - ACP American College of Pathologists.
ACP - ACP American College of Pharmacists.
effusions fields (pulmonary) gastric hardware (chest
X-ray reading mnemonic).
ACP - ACP American College of Physicians.
ACP - ACP American College of Prosthodontists.
marginal erosions soft tissue swelling (x-ray features
in rheumatoid arthritis).
ACP - ACP American College of Psychiatrists.
ACPA - ACPA American Cleft Palate Association.
evaluate extent and activity of disease stress-dose
steroid coverage.

41

ACPC - ACPC aminocyclopentane carboxylic

(acid).
ACPE - ACPE American College of Physician
Executives.
ACPM - ACPM American College of Preventive
Medicine.
ACPOC - ACPOC Association of Children's
Prosthetic-Orthotic Clinics (AAOS Specialty
Societies).
ACPP - ACPP adrenocortical polypeptide.
ACPP - ACPP prostate-specific acid phosphatase.
ACPS - ACPS acrocephalopolysyndactyly.
ACR - ACR abnormally contracting region.
ACR - ACR absolute catabolic rate.
ACR - ACR acriflavine.

42

Acr - Acr acrylic.

ACR - ACR adenomatosis of colon and rectum.
ACR - ACR adjusted community rate.
ACR - ACR ambulance call report.
ACR - ACR American College of Radiology.
ACR - ACR American College of Rheumatology.
ACR - ACR anticonstipation regimen.
ACR - ACR axillary count rate.
ACRF - ACRF ambulatory care research facility.
ACRI - ACRI Africa Crisis Response Initiative.
ACRM - ACRM American Congress on
Rehabilitation Medicine.
ACRPI - ACRPI Association of Clinical Research
for the Pharmaceutical Industry.

43

ACS - ACS acrocallosal syndrome.

ACS - ACS acrocephalosyndactyly.
ACS - ACS acute chest syndrome.
ACS - ACS acute confusional state.
ACS - ACS Alcon Closure System.
ACS - ACS American Cancer Society.
ACS - ACS American Chemical Society.
ACS - ACS American College of Surgeons.
ACS - ACS anodal closure sound.
ACS - ACS antireticular cytotoxic serum.
ACS - ACS aperture current setting.
ACS - ACS Association of Clinical Scientists

44

ACS - ACS acute cervical strain; acute cervical

sprain.
ACSA - ACSA adenylate cyclase-stimulating
activity.
ACSE - ACSE association control service element.
ACSF - ACSF artificial cerebrospinal fluid.
ACSM - ACSM American College of Sports
Medicine.
ACSP - ACSP adenylate cyclase-stimulating
protein.
ACSP - ACSP Australian College of Sports
Physicians.
ACSV - ACSV aortocoronary saphenous vein.
ACSVBG - ACSVBG aortocoronary saphenous vein
bypass graft.
AcT - AcT acceleration time.

45

ACT - ACT achievement through counseling and

treatment.
ACT - ACT actin.
ACT - ACT actinomycin.
act - act actinomycin.
ACT - ACT activated clotting time.
ACT - ACT active motion.
act - act activity active.
ACT - ACT advanced coronary treatment.
ACT - ACT anterocolic transposition.
ACT - ACT antichymotrypsin.
ACT - ACT anticoagulant therapy.
ACT - ACT anxiety control training.

46

ACT - ACT asthma care training.

ACT - ACT atropine coma therapy.
Act-C - Act-C actinomycin C.
Act-D - Act-D actinomycin D.
ACTA - ACTA American Cardiology Technologists
Association.
ACTA - ACTA automatic computerized transverse
axial (scanning).
ACTe - ACTe anodal closure tetanus.
ACTG - ACTG AIDS Clinical Trial Group.
ACTH - ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
secreted by pituitary gland which strongly stimulates
the release of cortisol from adrenal cortex.
ACTH-LI - ACTH-LI adrenocorticotropin-like
immunoreactivity.

47

ACTHR - ACTHR adrenocorticotropic hormone

receptor.
ACTS - ACTS acute cervical trauma syndrome.
ACTZ - ACTZ acetazolamide.
ACU - ACU adenine-cytosine-uracil codon for
threonine.
ACVB - ACVB aortocoronary venous bypass.
ACVD - ACVD acute cardiovascular disease.
ACVD - ACVD arteriosclerotic cardiovascular
disease.
AD - AD Action for Democracy.
AD - AD admission and discharge.
AD - AD admitting diagnosis.
AD - AD adult disease.

48

AD - AD alternating days.
AD - AD Alzheimers disease.
AD - AD atopic dermatitis.
AD - AD auris dextra (right ear).
ad lib - ad lib at liberty as desired.
ADA - ADA American Dental Association.
ADA - ADA American Diabetes Association.
ADA - ADA anterior descending artery.
ADADS - ADADS Alcohol and Drug Abuse Data
System.
ADAS-Cog - ADAS-Cog Alzheimers Disease
Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale.
ADASP - ADASP Association of Directors of
Anatomic and Surgical Pathology.

49

ADC - ADC AIDS dementia complex.

ADCC - ADCC antibody-dependent cell-mediated
cytotoxicity.
ADD - ADD addiction.
ADD - ADD adduct; adduction.
ADD - ADD attention deficit disorder.
ADD - ADD average daily dose.
ADEA - ADEA American Dental Education
Association.
ADEA - ADEA Association for the Development of
Education in Africa.
ADEM - ADEM acute disseminated
encephalomyelitis/encephalopathy.
adeno-Ca - adeno-Ca adenocarcinoma.

50

ADF - ADF acid detergent fiber.

ADF - ADF actin depolymerizing factor.
ADG - ADG average daily gain.
ADH - ADH antidiuretic hormone called also
vasopressin.
ADH - ADH atypical ductal hyperplasia.
ADHD - ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder.
ADI - ADI acceptable daily intake.
ADJ - ADJ adjacent.
ADJ - ADJ adjoining.
ADJ - ADJ adjunct.
ADJ - ADJ adjust.
ADJ - ADJ adjuvant chemotherapy.

51

ADL - ADL activities of daily living.

ADM - ADM abductor digiti minimi.
ADM - ADM Academy of Dental Materials.
ADM - ADM acellular dermal matrix.
ADM - ADM acetone dry mass.
ADM - ADM acetone-dissolution method.
ADM - ADM acquired dermal melanocytosis.
ADM - ADM action description resolution.
ADM - ADM adamantane.
ADM - ADM adaptive decision making.
ADM - ADM adenomyomatosis.
ADM - ADM adhesion molecules.

52

adm - adm administered.

ADM - ADM administration.
ADM - ADM administrative medicine.
ADM - ADM admission/admitted.
ADM - ADM adrenal medulla.
ADM - ADM adrenodemedullated.
ADM - ADM adrenomedullin.
ADM - ADM adriamycin.
ADM - ADM adult onset diabetes mellitus.
ADM - ADM advancement of the mandible.
ADM - ADM Aide au Diagnostic Medical
(database).
adm - adm air dry mass.

53

ADM - ADM Alcohol Drug Abuse and Mental

Health (grant of US Department of Health and
Human Services).
ADM - ADM alcohol drug and mental disorders.
ADM - ADM allogeneic dermal matrix.
ADM - ADM aminopyrine-N-demethylase.
ADM - ADM amyopathic dermatomyositis.
ADM - ADM angular dependence model
ADM - ADM anisodamine.
ADM - ADM anterior deep masseter.
ADM - ADM antroduodenal manometry.
ADM - ADM aperture-defined microvolume.
ADM - ADM appraisal-disruption model.
ADM - ADM arginine-deficient medium.

54

ADM - ADM armadillo-derived mycobacteria.

ADM - ADM aspergillus differential medium.
ADM - ADM atypical diabetes mellitus.
ADM - ADM auditory dominance model.
ADM - ADM average distance map.
ADM scale - ADM scale Acceptance of Disability
Scale Modified.
ADP - ADP abductor pollicis.
ADP - ADP adenosine diphosphate.
ADP - ADP Agricultural Development Program.
ADR - ADR adverse drug reaction.
Adria - Adria Adriamycin trade name for
doxorubicin.

55

ADS - ADS anterior dynamized system (produced

by: Abbott Labs).
ADT - ADT admission-discharge-transfer.
ADV - ADV advised.
ADV - ADV arterial deep venous.
ADV - ADV Aujeszky's Disease Virus.
AE - AE above the elbow.
AE - AE active and equal.
AE - AE adverse event.
AEA - AEA Asociacin Espaola de Artroscopia
(Spanish Arthroscopy Association - only Spanish).
AEA - AEA auricular electroacupuncture.
AEB - AEB as evidenced by.
AEC - AEC 5-amino 9 ethyl carbazol.

56

AED - AED antiepileptic drug.

AED - AED automated external defibrillator.
AEEC - AEEC attaching and effacing Escherichia
coli.
AEH - AEH atypical endometrial hyperplasia.
AEI - AEI acetyleethyleneimine.
AER - AER auditory evoked response.
AER - AER average evoked response.
AERC - AERC African Economic Research
Consortium.
AET - AET 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide
hydrobromide.
AF - AF adult female.
AF - AF amniotic fluid.

57

AF - AF aortic flow.
AF - AF atrial fibrillation.
AF - AF atrial flutter.
AFB - AFB acid fast bacillus.
AFB1 - AFB1 aflatoxin B1.
AFB2a - AFB2a aflatoxin B2a.
AFC - AFC amniotic fluid cortisol.
AFC/MSC - AFC/MSC ratio of amniotic fluid
cortisol and maternal serum cortisol.
aFGF - aFGF acidic fibroblast growth factor.
Afib - Afib atrial fibrillation.
AFIP - AFIP Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.
AFL - AFL aflatoxicol.

58

AFL - AFL artificial limb.

AFL - AFL atrial flutter.
AFLM1 - AFLM1 aflatoxicol M1.
AFLP - AFLP acute fatty liver of pregnancy.
AFM - AFM atomic force microscope.
AFNOR - AFNOR French Standardisation Institut.
AFO - AFO ankle-foot orthoses.
AFP - AFP acute flaccid paralysis.
AFP - AFP alpha-fetoprotein (expressed by germ
cell tumors and other cancers).
AFSI - AFSI Africa Food Security Initiative .
AFTR - AFTR atrophy fasciculation tremor rigidity.
AFX - AFX atypical fibroxanthoma.

59

AG - AG anion gap.
AGA - AGA adenine-guanine-adenine codon for
arginine.
AGA - AGA appropriate-for-gestational age.
AGCT - AGCT adult granulosa cell tumour.
AGF - AGF angle of greatest flexion.
AGG - AGG adenine-guanine-guanine codon for
arginine.
AGG - AGG aggravation.
AGI - AGI Academy for Guided Imagery.
AGL - AGL acute granulocytic leukemia.
AGN - AGN acute glomerulonephritis.
AGTT - AGTT abnormal glucose tolerance test.

60

AGU - AGU adenine-guanine-uracil codon for

serine.
AGUS - AGUS atypical glands of unknown
significance.
AH - AH abdominal hysterectomy.
AH - AH arterial hypertension.
AHA - AHA American Heart Association.
AHA - AHA American Hospital Association.
AHB - AHB alpha-hydroxybutyric acid.
AHC - AHC academic health care.
AHC - AHC academic health center.
AHC - AHC acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis.
AHC - AHC acute hemorrhagic cystitis.
AHC - AHC amygdalohippocampal complexes.

61

AHC - AHC antihemophilic factor C.

AHCA - AHCA Agency for Health Care
Administration.
AHCA - AHCA American Health Care Association.
AHCD - AHCD acquired hepatocellular
degeneration.
AHCPR - AHCPR Agency for Health Care Policy
and Research.
AHCy - AHCy adenosyl homocysteine.
AHD - AHD acquired hepatocerebral degeneration.
AHD - AHD acute heart disease.
AHD - AHD antihyaluronidase.
AHD - AHD antihypertensive drug.
AHD - AHD arterio-hepatic dysplasia.

62

AHD - AHD atherosclerotic heart disease.

AHD - AHD autoimmune hemolytic disease.
AHDMS - AHDMS automated hospital data
management system.
AHDP - AHDP azacycloheptane diphosphonate.
AHDS - AHDS Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome.
AHE - AHE acute hazardous events (database).
AHE - AHE acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis.
AHEA - AHEA area health education activity.
AHEC - AHEC area health education center.
AHES - AHES artificial heart energy system.
AHF - AHF acute heart failure.
AHF - AHF American Health Foundation.

63

AHF - AHF American Hepatic Foundation.

AHF - AHF American Hospital Formulary.
AHF - AHF antihemophilic factor.
AHF - AHF Argentinian hemorrhagic fever.
AHF - AHF Associated Health Foundation.
AHFS - AHFS American Hospital Formulary
Service.
AHG - AHG aggregated human globulin.
AHG - AHG antihemophilic globulin factor.
AHG - AHG antihemophilic globulin.
AHG - AHG antihuman globulin.
AHGG - AHGG aggregated human gammaglobulin.
AHGG - AHGG antihuman gammaglobulin.

64

AHGS - AHGS acute herpetic gingival stomatitis.

AHH - AHH alpha-hydrazine analog of histidine.
AHH - AHH anosmia and hypogonadotropic
hypogonadism (syndrome).
AHH - AHH arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase.
AHH - AHH Association for Holistic Health.
AHI - AHI active hostility index.
AHI - AHI Animal Health Institute.
AHI - AHI apnea-plus-hypopnea index.
AHIMA - AHIMA American Health Information
Management Association.
AHIMA - AHIMA American Health Information
Management Association.
AHIP - AHIP assisted health insurance plan.

65

AHIS - AHIS automated hospital information

system.
AHJ - AHJ artificial hip joint.
AHL - AHL acquired hypertrichosis lanuginosa.
AHL - AHL acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis.
AHL - AHL apparent half-life.
AHLE - AHLE acute hemorrhagic
leukoencephalitis.
AHLG - AHLG antihuman lymphocyte globulin.
AHLS - AHLS antihuman lymphocyte serum.
AHM - AHM Allied health manpower.
AHM - AHM ambulatory Holter monitor.
AHMA - AHMA American Holistic Medicine
Association.

66

AHMA - AHMA antiheart muscle autoantibody.

AHMC - AHMC Association of Hospital
Management Committees.
AHN - AHN Army Head Nurse.
AHN - AHN assistant head nurse.
AHNMD - AHNMD associated clonal
hematopoietic non-mast cell lineage disorder.
AHO - AHO Albright hereditary osteodystrophy.
AHP - AHP accountable health plan or partnership.
AHP - AHP acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis.
AHP - AHP after hyperpolarization.
AHP - AHP air at high pressure.
AHP - AHP analytic hierarchy process.

67

AHP - AHP approved health plan.

AHP - AHP Assistant House Physician.
AHPA - AHPA American Health Planning
Association.
AHPO - AHPO anterior hypothalamic preoptic
(area).
AHR - AHR antihyaluronidase reaction.
AHR - AHR Association for Health Records.
AHR - AHR atrial heart rate.
AHRA - AHRA American Hospital Radiology
Administration.
AHRF - AHRF acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.
AHRF - AHRF American Hearing Research
Foundation.
AHRQ - AHRQ Agency for Healthcare Research

68

and Quality.
AHS - AHS Academy of Health Sciences.
AHS - AHS African horse sickness.
AHS - AHS alveolar hypoventilation syndrome.
AHS - AHS American Hearing Society.
AHS - AHS American Hospital Society.
AHS - AHS area health service.
AHS - AHS assistant house surgeon.
AHSA - AHSA American Health Security Act.
AHSCT - AHSCT autologous hematopoietic stem
cell transplantation.
AHSDF - AHSDF area health service development
fund.
AHSG - AHSG alpha-2HS-glycoprotein.

69

AHSN - AHSN Assembly of Hospital Schools of

Nursing.
AHSP - AHSP AIDS Health Services Program (of
the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation).
AHSR - AHSR Association for Health Services
Research.
AHT - AHT aggregation half time.
AHT - AHT antihyaluronidase titer.
AHT - AHT arterial hypertension.
AHT - AHT augmented histamine test.
AHT - AHT autogenous hamster tumor.
AHTG - AHTG antihuman thymocyte globulin.
AHTP - AHTP antihuman thymocyte plasma.
AHTS - AHTS antihuman thymus serum.

70

AHU - AHU acute hemolytic uremic (syndrome).

AHU - AHU arginine hypoxanthine and uracil.
AHuG - AHuG aggregated human IgG.
AHV - AHV avian herpes virus.
AI - AI accidental injury.
AI - AI accidentally incurred.
aI - aI active ingredient.
AI - AI adiposity index.
AI - AI aggregation index.
AI - AI allergy and immunology.
AI - AI amylogenesis imperfecta.
AI - AI anaphylatoxin inactivator.

71

AI - AI angiogenesis inhibitor.
AI - AI angiotensin I.
AI - AI anxiety index.
AI - AI aortic incompetence.
AI - AI aortic insufficiency.
AI - AI apical impulse.
AI - AI articulation index.
AI - AI artificial insemination.
AI - AI artificial intelligence.
AI - AI atherogenic index.
AI - AI atrial insufficiency.
AI - AI autoimmune autoimmunity.
AI - AI axio-incisal.

72

AI - AI first meiotic anaphase..

AI-CAH - AI-CAH autoimmune-type chronic active
hepatitis.
AI/COAG - AI/COAG artificial intelligence
hemostasis consultant system.
AIA - AIA allylisopropylacetamide.
AIA - AIA amylase inhibitor activity.
AIA - AIA anti-immunoglobulin antibody.
AIA - AIA anti-insulin antibody.
AIA - AIA aspirin-induced asthma.
AIA - AIA automated image analysis.
AIB - AIB aminoisobutyrate.
AIB - AIB avian infectious bronchitis.

73

AIBA - AIBA aminoisobutyric acid.

AIBS - AIBS American Institute of Biological
Sciences.
AIC - AIC Akaikes information criterion (a
goodness-of-fit measure).
AIC - AIC aminoimidazole carboxamide.
AIC - AIC Association des Infirmires Canadiennes.
AICA - AICA anterior inferior cerebellar artery.
AICA - AICA anterior inferior communicating
artery.
AICAR - AICAR aminoimidazole carboxamide
ribonucleotide.
AICD - AICD automatic implantable cardioverter
defibrillator.
AICE - AICE angiotensin I converting enzyme.

74

AICF - AICF autoimmune complement fixation.

AID - AID acquired immunodeficiency disease.
AID - AID acute infectious disease.
AID - AID acute ionization detector.
AID - AID Agency for International Development.
AID - AID argon ionization detector.
AID - AID artificial insemination by donor.
AID - AID autoimmune deficiency.
AID - AID autoimmune disease.
AID - AID automatic implantable defibrillator.
AID - AID average interocular difference.
AIDP - AIDP acute inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy.

75

AIDS - AIDS acquired immunodeficiency

syndrome.
AIDS-KS - AIDS-KS acquired immune deficiency
syndrome with Kaposis sarcoma.
AIDS-OI - AIDS-OI AIDS with opportunistic
infections.
AIDSDRUGS - AIDSDRUGS clinical trials of
acquired immunodeficiency drugs.
AIDSLINE - AIDSLINE on-line information on
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AIDSTRIALS - AIDSTRIALS clinical trials of
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome drugs.
AIIS - AIIS anterior inferior iliac spine.
AIL - AIL angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy.
AIMBE - AIMBE American Institute for Medical
and Biological Engineering.

76

AIN - AIN anterior interosseous nerve.

Aind - Aind indicative dosage.
AIOD - AIOD Association Internationale pour
l'Ostosynthse Dynamique.
AIOM - AIOM Italian Association for Medical
Oncology.
AION - AION anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.
AIOSM - AIOSM American Institute of
Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine.
AIP - AIP acute interstitial pneumonia (HammanRich disease).
AIRO - AIRO Associazione Italiana di Radioterapia
Oncologica.
AIS - AIS adenocarcinoma in situ.
AIS - AIS adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

77

AIT - AIT acute intensive treatment.

AJ - AJ ankle jerk.
AJAO - AJAO American Juvenile Arthritis
Organization.
AJCC - AJCC American Joint Committee on
Cancer.
AJKS - AJKS American Journal of Knee Surgery.
AJNR - AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology.
AJO - AJO American Journal of Orthopaedics.
AJR - AJR abdominojugular reflux maneuver.
AJR - AJR accelerated junctional rhythm.
AJR - AJR albumin-deficient and jaundiced strain of
rats.
AK - AK above knee.

78

AK - AK above the knee (amputation).

AKA - AKA above knee amputation.
AKA - AKA also known as.
AKS - AKS American Knee Society.
AL - AL idiopathic (primary) amyloidosis.
AL - AL left ear.
Al - Al porous alumni.
Ala - Ala alanine.
ALAT - ALAT alanine aminotransferase / alanine
transaminase.
ALB - ALB albendazole.
ALC - ALC anaplastic large cell.
ALC - ALC approximate lethal concentration.

79

ALD - ALD alcoholic liver disease.

ALIP - ALIP atypical localization of immature
precursors.
ALK - ALK anaplastic lymphoma kinase.
ALK - ALK automated lamellar keratoplasty.
alk phos - alk phos alkaline phosphatase.
ALL - ALL allergy.
ALL - ALL acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AlloSCT - AlloSCT allogeneic stem-cell
transplantation.
ALMI - ALMI anterior lateral myocardial infarction.
ALP - ALP alkaline phosphatase.
alpha 2 - alpha 26-ST alpha 26 sialyltransferase.
alpha-MPT - alpha-MPT alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine.

80

alpha-T7 - alpha-T7 transgenic line of mice.

ALRI - ALRI antero-lateral rotatory instability.
ALS - ALS advanced life support.
ALS - ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
ALS - ALS anterolateral sclerosis.
ALS - ALS acute lumbar strain.
ALT - ALT alanine aminotransferase (formerly
SGPT).
ALT - ALT alternate.
ALT - ALT altitude.
Alt - Alt aluminum tartrate.
ALT - ALT argon laser trabeculoplasty.
ALT - ALT autolymphocyte therapy.

81

ALT - ALT avian laryngotracheitis

alt hor - alt hor alternate hours/every other hour.
ALTB - ALTB acute laryngotracheobronchitis.
ALTE - ALTE acute life-threatening event.
ALTEE - ALTEE acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester.
ALTS - ALTS acute lumbar trauma syndrome.
ALVF - ALVF acute left ventricular failure.
AM - AM adult male.
AM - AM aerospace medicine.
AM - AM alveolar macrophages.
AM - AM anteromedial.
AM - AM before noon.

82

AMA - AMA against medical advice.

AMA - AMA American Medical Association.
AMAN - AMAN acute motor axonal neuropathy.
AMB - AMB ambulate; ambulatory.
AMD - AMD acid maltase deficiency.
AMD - AMD acromandibular dysplasia.
AMD - AMD actinomycyn d.
AMD - AMD adrenomyelodystrophy.
AMD - AMD age-related macular degeneration.
AMD - AMD air monitoring device.
AMD - AMD aleutian mink disease.
AMD - AMD alpha-methyldopa.
AMD - AMD amantadine.

83

AMD - AMD Association for Macular Diseases.

AMD - AMD axiomesiodistal.
AMD - AMD s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.
AMDF - AMDF American Macular Degeneration
Foundation.
AMG - AMG acceleromyography.
AMG - AMG ?2-macroglobulin.
AMI - AMI acute myocardial infarction.
AMIA - AMIA American Medical Informatics
Association.
AML - AML acute myeloblastic leukemia.
AMM - AMM agnogenic myeloid metaplasia.
AMM&M - AMM&M agnogenic myeloid
metaplasia with myelofibrosis.

84

amp - amp ampere.

AMP - AMP amphetamine.
AMP - AMP amputation.
AMS - AMS American Medical Systems Inc..
AMS - AMS Amsterdam.
AMS - AMS aseptic meningitis syndrome.
AMSAN - AMSAN acute motor sensory axonal
neuropathy.
AMSSM - AMSSM American Medical Society for
Sports Medicine.
amt - amt amount.
AMV - AMV alfalfa mosaic virus.
AMV - AMV anterior medullary velum.

85

AMV - AMV apical membrane vesicles (about

lung).
AMV-RT - AMV-RT avian myeloblastosis virus
reverse transcriptase.
AMY2 - AMY2 alpha-amylase 2.
AN69-S - AN69-S Biospal.
ANA - ANA anesthesia.
ANA - ANA antinuclear antibody test (see also
FANA).
ANAL - ANAL analgesic.
ANC - ANC absolute neutrophil count.
ANCA - ANCA antineutrophil cytoplasmic
antibodies.
AND - AND algoneurodystrophy.
AND - AND anterior nasal discharge.

86

ANED - ANED alive no evidence of disease.

ANES - ANES anesthesia.
ANG - ANG angle.
ANHE - ANHE acute necrotizing hemorrhagic
encephalopathy.
ANI - ANI acute nerve irritation.
ANLL - ANLL acute non-lymphocytic leukemia.
ANO - ANO amiodarone neuropathy of the optic
nerve.
ANOVA - ANOVA analysis of variance.
ANP - ANP atrial natriuretic peptide.
ANPs - ANPs advanced nurse practitioners'.
ANRF - ANRF Arthritis National Research
Foundation.

87

ANRI - ANRI acute nerve root irritation.

ANS - ANS autonomic nervous system.
ANSI - ANSI American National Standards
Institute.
ANT - ANT anterior.
anti-OJ - anti-OJ anti-isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase.
ANX - ANX anxiety.
AO - AO angle of.
AO - AO aorta.
AO - AO Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer
Osteosynthesefragen.
AO - AO inbred strains of rats [AO(RT1u/AgB2)].
AO ASIF - AO ASIF AO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer
Osteosynthesefragen) Association of the Study of

88

Internal Fixation.
AOA - AOA American Orthopaedic Association
(also: AAOS Related Organizations).
AOA - AOA American Osteopathic Association.
AOA - AOA Asian Orthopaedic Association.
AOA - AOA Australian Orthopaedic Association.
AOAC - AOAC Association of Official Analytical
Chemist.
AOB - AOB Abteilung fr Orthopdische
Biomechanik (Orthopaedic Biomechanics Division).
AOB - AOB alcohol on breath.
AOD - AOD arteriosclerotic occlusive disease.
AODA - AODA alcohol and other drugs of abuse.
AODM - AODM adult onset diabetes mellitus.

89

AOFAS - AOFAS American Orthopaedic Foot and

Ankle Society (also: AAOS Related Organizations).
AOI - AOI AO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer
Osteosynthesefragen) International.
AOLF - AOLF Association des Orthopdistes de
Langue Franaise.
AOM - AOM acute otitis media.
AOPA - AOPA American Orthotic and Prosthetic
Association.
AOQ - AOQ l'Association d'Orthopdie du Qubec.
AORFA - AORFA American Orthopaedic Rugby
Football Association.
AORN - AORN Association of Perioperative
Registered Nurses.
AOS - AOS Academic Orthopaedic Society (also:
AAOS Specialty Societies).

90

AOS - AOS Alaska Orthopaedic Society.

AOS - AOS Arizona Orthopaedic Society.
AOSSM - AOSSM American Orthopaedic Society
for Sports Medicine (Journal) (also: AAOS Related
Organizations).
AOx4 - AOx4 alert and oriented in 4 questions
asked in evaluation of metal status.
AP - AP (Lat. ante partum) before delivery.
AP - AP access permit.
AP - AP accessory pathway.
AP - AP accounts payable.
AP - AP acid phosphatase.
AP - AP acinar parenchyma.
AP - AP action potential.

91

AP - AP active pepsin.
AP - AP acute pancreatitis.
Ap - Ap acute phase.
AP - AP acute pneumonia.
AP - AP acute proliferative.
AP - AP adenomatous polyposis.
AP - AP adolescent psychiatry.
AP - AP aerosol pentamidine.
AP - AP after parturition.
AP - AP alkaline phosphatase.
AP - AP alum precipitated.
AP - AP aminopeptidase.
Ap - Ap aminopurine.

92

AP - AP amyloid p-component.
AP - AP angina pectoris.
AP - AP anterior pituitary.
AP - AP anteroposterior (view in X-rays).
AP - AP antidromic potential.
Ap - Ap antipyrine.
AP - AP antral peristalsis.
AP - AP aortic pressure.
AP - AP aortopulmonary.
Ap - Ap apex.
AP - AP apical pulse.
AP - AP apothecary.

93

AP - AP appendectomy.
AP - AP appendicitis; appendix.
AP - AP apurinic acid.
AP - AP area postrema.
AP - AP arithmetic progression.
AP - AP arterial pressure.
AP - AP artificial pneumothorax.
AP - AP aspiration pneumonia.
Ap - Ap assessment and plans.
AP - AP association period.
AP - AP atherosclerotic plaque.
AP - AP atrial pacing.
AP - AP atrioventricular pathway.

94

ap - ap attachment point.
AP - AP Australian pharmacist.
AP - AP axiopulpal.
ap - ap before dinner.
AP - AP BNP brain natriuretic peptide.
AP & L - AP & L anteroposterior and lateral.
APA - APA Abrus precatorius agglutinin.
APA - APA American Paralysis Association.
APA - APA American Psychiatric Association.
APAAP - APAAP alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline
phosphatase.
APACHE - APACHE acral pseudolymphomatous
angiokeratoma of childhood.

95

APAP - APAP acetaminophen (paracetamol).

APB - APB abductor pollicis brevis (also ABPB).
APB - APB atrial premature beat.
APC - APC activated protein C.
APC - APC allophycocyanin.
APC - APC Ambulatory Patient Classification.
APC - APC anterior polar cataract.
APC - APC antero-posterior compression.
APC - APC antigen presenting cells.
APC - APC Argon Plasma Coagulation.
APC - APC aspirin phenacetin caffeine.
APCI - APCI atmosphere pressure chemical
ionization.

96

APF - APF assigned protection factor.

APH - APH anterior pituitary hormone.
APH - APH aphasia.
APHIS - APHIS USDA's Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service.
API - API Association for Pathology Informatics.
APL - APL abductor pollicis longus (also ABPL).
APLAR - APLAR Asian Pacific League of
Association for Rheumatology.
APLS - APLS advanced pediatric life support.
APM - APM apomorphine.
APMA - APMA American Podiatric Medical
Association.
ApMV - ApMV apple mosaic virus.

97

APP - APP Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein.

APP - APP appears.
APP - APP appendix.
APP - APP appointment.
APP - APP approximate.
ApPC - ApPC anthrylvinyl-labeled
phosphatidylcholine.
APPC - APPC aorto-pericardial pouch conduit.
APPC - APPC apalcillin.
APPC - APPC apoptotic cells.
APPc - APPc cytoplasmic tail of the amyloid
precursor protein.
APPC - APPC knee arthroplasty with polyethylene
patellar components.

98

APPC - APPC p-aminophenylphosphorylcholine.

APTA - APTA American Physical Therapy
Association.
APTT - APTT automated partial thromboplastin
time.
APUD - APUD amine precursor uptake and
decarboxylation.
APVOD - APVOD arteriosclerotic peripheral
vascular occlusive disease.
APX - APX ascorbate peroxidase.
AQ - AQ aq. water.
AQL - AQL acceptance quality level.
AR - AR active resistance.
AR - AR admitting room.
AR - AR apical rate.

99

AR - AR artificial respiration.
AR - AR assessment report.
AR - AR assisted respiration.
AR - AR at risk.
ARA-C - ARA-C cytarabine.
ARC - ARC AIDS related complex.
ARD - ARD acute respiratory disease.
ARD - ARD atheroembolic renal disease.
ARDS - ARDS acute/adult respiratory distress
syndrome.
ARE - ARE active-resistance exercise.
ARF - ARF acute renal failure.
ARF - ARF acute respiratory failure.

100

ARF - ARF acute rheumatic fever.

Arg - Arg arginine.
ARI - ARI anxiety reaction intense.
ARIC - ARIC Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities.
ARM - ARM anxiety reaction mild.
ARNP - ARNP Advanced Registered Nurse
Practitioner.
AROM - AROM active range of motion.
AROM - AROM artificial rupture of membranes.
ARP - ARP American Registry of Pathology.
ARP - ARP American Registry of Pathology.
ARRT - ARRT American Registry of Radiologic
Technologists.

101

ART - ART absolute retention time

(chromatography).
ART - ART Achilles' tendon reflex test.
ART - ART artery.
ART - ART articulation.
ART - ART artificial.
ARTH - ARTH arthritic.
ARVD - ARVD arrythmogenic right ventricular
dysplasia.
AS - AS alpha-synuclein.
AS - AS anal sphincter.
AS - AS aortic stenosis.
AS - AS arteriosclerosis.
AS - AS auris sinistra (left ear).

102

AS ankylosing spondylitis. - AS ankylosing

spondylitis.
as to - as to as tolerated.
ASA - ASA acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).
ASA - ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists.
ASAMI - ASAMI Association for the Study and
Application of the Ilizarov Method.
ASAP - ASAP as soon as possible.
ASB - ASB American Society of Biomechanics.
ASBME - ASBME Associated Students of
Biomedical Engineering.
ASBMR - ASBMR Austrian Society for Bone and
Mineral Research (EFFO Member Society).
ASC - ASC arteriosclerosis.

103

ASC - ASC ascending.

ASCAD - ASCAD arteriosclerotic coronary artery
disease.
ASCO - ASCO American Society of Clinical
Oncology.
ASCUS - ASCUS atypical squamous cells of
unknown significance.
ASCVD - ASCVD arteriosclerotic cardiovascular
disease.
ASD - ASD atrial septal defect.
ASD - ASD autosensitization spongiotic dermatitis.
ASDP - ASDP American Society of
Dermatopathology.
ASES - ASES American Shoulder and Elbow
Surgeons (also: AAOS Specialty Societies).
ASF - ASF African Swine Fever.

104

ASF - ASF anterior spinal fusion.

ASH - ASH American Society of Hematology.
ASH - ASH asymmetrical septal hypertrophy.
ASHD - ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease.
ASHD - ASHD atherosclerotic heart disease.
ASHNR - ASHNR American Society of Head and
Neck Radiology.
ASI - ASI specific immunotherapy.
ASIA - ASIA American Spinal Injury Association
(AAOS Related Organizations).
ASIC - ASIC application specific integrated circuit.
ASIS - ASIS anterior superior iliac spine.
ASM - ASM aggressive systemic mastocytosis.

105

ASM - ASM American Society for Microbiology.

ASMI - ASMI American Sports Medicine Institute.
Asn - Asn asparagine.
ASNR - ASNR American Society of
Neuroradiology.
ASO - ASO Amplatzer septal occluder.
ASO - ASO antisense oligonucleotides.
ASO - ASO antistreptolysin-O.
ASO - ASO arteriosclerosis obliterans.
ASOPA - ASOPA American Society of Orthopaedic
Physician's Assistants (also: AAOS Specialty
Societies).
ASOS - ASOS Australian Society of Orthopaedic
Surgeons.
Asp - Asp aspartic acid.

106

ASPC - ASPC aspoxicillin.

ASPNR - ASPNR American Society of Pediatric
Neuroradiology.
ASPRS - ASPRS American Society of Plastic and
Reconstructive Surgeons.
ASPVD - ASPVD arteriosclerotic peripheral
vascular disease
ASR - ASR age standardized rate (incidence).
ASRT - ASRT American Society of Radiologic
Technologists.
ASS - ASS anterior superior spine.
A - A amyloid beta-peptides.
ASSH - ASSH American Society for Surgery of the
Hand (also: AAOS Related Organizations).
assist. - assist. assistive.

107

ASSR - ASSR American Society of Spine

Radiology.
ASSV - ASSV apple scar skin viroid.
AST - AST all subjects treated.
AST - AST alternate-site-testing.
AST - AST antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
AST - AST aspartate aminotransferase (formerly
SGOT).
AST - AST Association of Surgical Technologists.
AST - AST astigmatism.
Astigm. - Astigm. astigmatism.
ASTM - ASTM american standard test method.
ASTRO - ASTRO American Society for Therapeutic
Radiology and Oncology.

108

ASU - ASU ambulatory surgery unit.

AT - AT achilles tendon.
AT - AT anterior tibial.
AT - AT athletic trainer.
AT - AT atlas.
at - at vol atomic volume.
at - at wt atomic weight.
at bed time - at bed time hs.
AT/NC - AT/NC atraumatic normocephalic.
ATF - ATF amino-terminal fragment.
ATL - ATL adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
ATLL - ATLL adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.

109

ATLS - ATLS advanced trauma life support

(training course).
ATN - ATN acute tubular necrosis
ATP - ATP attending physician.
ATP - ATP autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura.
ATPS - ATPS ambient temperature and pressure
saturated.
ATR - ATR Achilles tendon reflex.
ATR - ATR alpha-thalassemia-mental retardation
(syndrome).
ATR - ATR atracurium.
ATR - ATR atrazine.
atr - atr atrophy.
ATR - ATR atrophy.

110

Atr fib - Atr fib atrial fibrillation.

ATRA - ATRA all-trans-retinoic acid (regimen used
to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia).
ATRIP - ATRIP Africa Trade and Investment
Program.
ATRX - ATRX ATR-X X-linked alpha-thalassemia
mental retardation (syndrome).
ATS - ATS Achard-Thiers syndrome.
ATS - ATS acid test solution.
ATS - ATS alpha-D-tocopherol acid succinate.
ATS - ATS American Thoracic Society.
ATS - ATS American Trauma Society.
ATS - ATS American Trudeau Society.
ATS - ATS antirat thymocyte serum.

111

ATS - ATS antitetanus serum.

ATS - ATS antithymocyte serum.
ATS - ATS anxiety tension state.
ATS - ATS arteriosclerosis.
ATSDR - ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry.
ATT - ATT arginine tolerance test.
ATT - ATT aspirin tolerance time.
att - att attending.
ATV - ATV Abelson virus transformed.
ATV - ATV avian tumor virus.
ATx - ATx adult thymectomy.
atyp - atyp atypical.

112

ATZ - ATZ atypical transformation zone.

AU - AU (auris unitas) both ears.
AU - AU according to custom (Lat.ad usum).
AU - AU allergenic unit.
AU - AU Angstrom unit.
AU - AU antitoxin unit.
AU - AU arbitrary unit.
Au - Au Australia (antigen).
AU - AU Australia antigen.
Au - Au authorization.
AU - AU azauridine.
Au - Au gold (Lat.Aurum).
Au Ag - Au Ag Australia antigen.

113

AUA - AUA adenine-uracil-adenine codon for

isoleucine.
AUA - AUA American Urological Association.
AUA - AUA asymptomatic urinary abnormalities.
AUB - AUB abnormal uterine bleeding.
AUC - AUC adenine-uracil-cytosine codon for
isoleucine.
AUC - AUC area under the curve.
AUD - AUD arthritis of unknown diagnosis.
aud - aud auditory.
aud-vis - aud-vis audiovisual.
AUDIT - AUDIT alcohol use disorders
identification test.
AUG - AUG acute ulcerative gingivitis.

114

AUG - AUG adenine-uracil-guanine codon for

methionine.
AUGH - AUGH acute upper gastrointestinal
hemorrhage.
AuHAA - AuHAA Australia hepatitis-associated
antigen.
AUI - AUI Alcohol Use Inventory.
AUL - AUL acute undifferentiated leukemia.
AUMC - AUMC area under the "moment" curve.
AUO - AUO amyloid of unknown origin.
AuP - AuP Australian antigen protein.
AUPHA - AUPHA Association of University
Programs in Health Administration.
aur - aur auric auricle auricular.

115

AUS - AUS acute urethral syndrome.

AUs - AUs alcohol users.
aus - aus ausc auscultation.
AuS - AuS Australia serum hepatitis.
Ausc. - Ausc. auscultation.
AuSH - AuSH Australia serum hepatitis.
Auto-PEEP - Auto-PEEP self-controlled positive
end-expiratory pressure.
AUU - AUU adenine-uracil-uracil codon for
isoleucine.
AUV - AUV anterior urethral valve.
AUVIB - AUVIB autotransfusion of UV-irradiated
blood.
aux - aux auxiliary.

116

aV - aV abvolt.
AV - AV Adriamycin and vincristine.
AV - AV air velocity.
av - av air velocity.
AV - AV allergic vasculitis.
AV - AV anteroventral.
AV - AV anteversion.
AV - AV anticipatory vomiting.
AV - AV antivirin.
AV - AV aortic valve.
AV - AV arteriovenous.
AV - AV artificial ventilation.
AV - AV assisted ventilation.

117

AV - AV atrioventricular.
AV - AV audio-visual.
AV - AV augmented vector.
AV - AV average.
av - av average.
Av - Av average.
AV - AV aviation medicine.
AV - AV avoirdupois.
Av - Av avoirdupois.
av - av avulsion.
AV - AV avulsion.
AV/AF - AV/AF anteverted anteflexed.

118

Av3V - Av3V anteroventral third ventricle.

AVA - AVA activity vector analysis.
AVA - AVA antiviral antibody.
AVA - AVA aortic valve area.
AVA - AVA aortic valve atresia.
AVA - AVA arteriovenous anastomosis.
AVB - AVB atrioventricular block.
AVC - AVC aberrant ventricular conduction.
AVC - AVC Academy of Veterinary Cardiology.
AVC - AVC aortic valve closure.
AVC - AVC Association of Vitamin Chemists.
AVC - AVC associative visual cortex.
AVC - AVC associative visual cortex.

119

AVC - AVC atrioventricular canal.

AVC - AVC automatic volume control.
AVCN - AVCN anteroventral cochlear nucleus.
AVCS - AVCS atrioventricular conduction system.
AVCx - AVCx atrioventricular circumflex branch.
AVD - AVD aortic valvular disease.
AVD - AVD apparent volume of distribution.
AVD - AVD Army Veterinary Department.
AVD - AVD atrioventricular dissociation.
AVDO2 - AVDO2 arteriovenous oxygen saturation
difference.
AVDO2B - AVDO2B arteriovenous oxygen
saturation difference basal.

120

AVDP - AVDP average diastolic pressure.

avdp - avdp avoirdupois.
AVE - AVE aortic valve echocardiogram.
ave - ave aver average.
AVF - AVF antiviral factor.
AVF - AVF arteriovenous fistula.
aVF - aVF automated volt foot.
aVF - aVF unipolar limb lead on the left leg in
electrocardiography.
AVG - AVG ambulatory visit group.
avg - avg average.
AVG - AVG average.
AVH - AVH acute viral hepatitis.

121

AVHD - AVHD acquired valvular heart disease.

AVHS - AVHS acquired valvular heart syndrome.
AVI - AVI air velocity index.
AVI - AVI Association of Veterinary Inspectors.
AVJ - AVJ atrioventricular junction.
AVJR - AVJR atrioventricular junction rhythm.
AVJRe - AVJRe atrioventricular junctional
reentrant.
aVL - aVL automated volt left.
aVL - aVL unipolar limb lead on the left arm in
electrocardiography.
AVLINE - AVLINE Audiovisuals On-Line
(database).
AVM - AVM arteriovenous malformations.

122

AVM - AVM atrio-ventricular malformations.

AVM - AVM aviation medicine.
AVMA - AVMA American Veterinary Medical
Association.
AVN - AVN acute vasomotor nephropathy.
AVN - AVN atrioventricular nodal (conduction).
AVN - AVN atrioventricular node.
AVN - AVN avascular necrosis (MRI evaluation).
AVND - AVND atrioventricular node dysfunction.
AVNFH - AVNFH avascular necrosis of the femoral
head.
AVNFRP - AVNFRP atrioventricular node
functional refractory period.
AVNR - AVNR atrioventricular nodal reentry.

123

AVNRT - AVNRT atrioventricular node reentry

tachycardia.
AVO - AVO aortic valve opening.
AVO - AVO aortic valve orifice.
AVO - AVO atrioventricular opening.
AVO2 - AVO2 arteriovenous oxygen ratio.
AVP - AVP abnormal vasopressin.
AVP - AVP actinomycin-vincristine-Platinol.
AVP - AVP ambulatory venous pressure.
AVP - AVP antiviral protein.
AVP - AVP aqueous vasopressin.
AVP - AVP argininevasopressin.
AVP - AVP arteriovenous passage time.

124

AVP - AVP vasopressin.

AVPU - AVPU alert verbal painful unresponsive
(neurologic test).
AVR - AVR accelerated ventricular rhythm.
AVR - AVR antiviral regulator.
AVR - AVR aortic valve replacement.
aVR - aVR automated volt right.
aVR - aVR unipolar limb lead on the right arm in
electrocardiography.
AVRI - AVRI acute viral respiratory infection.
AVRP - AVRP atrioventricular refractory period.
AVRR - AVRR antiviral repressor regulator.
AVRT - AVRT atrioventricular reentrant
tachycardia; atrioventricular reciprocating
tachycardia.

125

AVS - AVS aortic valve stenosis.

AVS - AVS arteriovenous shunt.
AVS - AVS auditory vocal sequencing.
AVSD - AVSD atrioventricular septal defect.
AVSV - AVSV aortic valve stroke volume.
AVT - AVT Allen vision test.
AVT - AVT arginine vasotocin.
AVT - AVT Aviation Medicine Technician.
AVZ - AVZ avascular zone.
AW - AW able to work.
AW - AW above waist.
AW - AW abrupt withdrawal.

126

aw - aw airway.
AW - AW alcohol withdrawal.
AW - AW alive and well.
AW - AW alveolar wall.
AW - AW anterior wall.
AW - AW atomic warfare.
AW - AW atomic weight.
aw - aw water activity.
AW-GC - AW-GC apatite and wollastonite
containing glass-ceramic.
AWA - AWA animal waste ashes.
AWA - AWA as well as.
AWAR - AWAR anterior wall of aortic root.

127

AWBM - AWBM alveolar wall basement

membrane.
AX - AX axial: axillary.
AZT - AZT azidothymidine (zidovudine).
AZUR - AZUR 6-azauridine.

B - B black.
B - B born.
B - B fever sweats or weight loss ("B" symptoms in
Hodgkin lymphoma).
B B&C - B B&C biopsy and curettage. B B-cells.
B-ALL - B-ALL B-cell acute lymphoblastic
leukemia.
b/c - b/c benefit/cost (ratio).
B19-PRCA - B19-PRCA pure red cell aplasia

128

caused by parvovirus B19.

Ba - Ba BA barium.
BA - BA blood alcohol.
BA - BA bone age.
BA - BA brachial artery.
BA - BA bronchial asthma.
BAB - BAB Babinski's sign
BAC - BAC blood alcohol concentration
BACR - BACR British Association for Cancer
Research.
Bact. - Bact. bacteriologist; bacteriology
BaE - BaE barium enema
BAER - BAER brain stem auditory evoked
response.

129

BAIJP - BAIJP Bovie-assisted uvulopalatoplasty.

BAL - BAL bronchoalveolar lavage.
BALF - BALF broncho-alveolar lavage fluid.
bals - bals balsam.
BALT - BALT bronchus-associated lymphoid
tissue.
BAM - BAM bamifylline.
BaM - BaM barium meal.
BAM - BAM basilar artery migraine.
BAM - BAM bilateral augmentation mammoplasty.
BAM - BAM brachial artery mean (pressure).
BAME - BAME benzoylarginine methyl ester.
BamHI - BamHI restriction enzyme from Bacillus

130

amyloliquefaciens H.
BAN - BAN British Approved Name.
BAN - BAN British Association of Neurologists.
BANS - BANS Back posterior upper Arm posterior
Neck Scalp; prognostically high-risk sites for
malignant melanoma.
BAO - BAO basal acid output.
BAO - BAO brachial artery output.
BAO-MAO - BAO-MAO basal acid output to
maximal acid output (ratio).
BAP - BAP bacterial alkaline phosphatase.
BAP - BAP Behavior Activity Profile.
BAP - BAP beta-amyloid peptide.
BAP - BAP blood-agar plate.

131

BAP - BAP bovine albumin in phosphate buffer.

BAP - BAP brachial artery pressure.
BAPhysMed - BAPhysMed British Association
Physical Medicine.
BAPI - BAPI barley alkaline protease inhibitor.
BAPN - BAPN beta-aminoproprionitrile fumarate.
BAPO - BAPO Belgian Association of Pediatric
Orthopaedics.
BAPP - BAPP beta amyloid precursor protein.
BAPS - BAPS biomechanical ankle platform
system.
BAPS - BAPS bovine albumin phosphate saline.
BAPS - BAPS British Association of Paediatric
Surgeons.
BAPS - BAPS British Association of Plastic

132

Surgeons.
BAPT - BAPT British Association of Physical
Training.
BAPTA - BAPTA l2-bis (aminophenoxy) ethaneNNN
BAPV - BAPV bovine alimentary papilloma virus.
BAQ - BAQ brain-age quotient.
BAR - BAR bariatrics; barometer barometric.
bar - bar barometric.
BAR - BAR beta-adrenergic receptor.
BAR - BAR biofragmentable anastomosis ring.
BARB - BARB barbiturates.
Barb - Barb barb barbiturate barbituric.
BARK - BARK beta-adrenergic receptor kinase.

133

Barn - Barn benzamide.

BARN - BARN bilateral acute retinal necrosis.
BARS - BARS behaviorally anchored rating scale.
BART - BART blood-activated recalcification time.
BAS - BAS balloon atrial septostomy
BaS - BaS barium swallow.
bas - bas basilar.
bas - bas basophil basophilic.
Bas - Bas basophils.
BAS - BAS benzyl anti-serotonin.
BAS - BAS beta-adrenergic stimulation.
BAS - BAS boric acid solution.

134

Bas. - Bas. basal

BASA - BASA Boston Assessment of Severe
Aphasia.
BASE - BASE B27-arthritis-sacroiliitis-extraarticular features (syndrome).
BASH - BASH body acceleration synchronous with
heart rate.
BASI - BASI barley alpha-amylase/subtilisin
inhibitor.
BASIC - BASIC Beginners All-Purpose
Symbolic Introduction Code.
baso - baso basophil.
BASO - BASO British Association of Surgical
Oncologists.
basos - basos basophils (leukocytes).
BASPCAN - BASPCAN British Association for the

135

Study and Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.

BAT - BAT basic aid training.
BAT - BAT best available technology.
BAT - BAT blunt abdominal trauma.
BAT - BAT brown adipose tissue.
BAUS - BAUS British Association of Urological
Surgeons.
BAV - BAV bicuspid aortic valve.
BAVCP - BAVCP bilateral abductor vocal cord
paralysis.
BAVFO - BAVFO bradycardia after arteriovenous
fistula occlusion.
BAW - BAW bronchoalveolar washing.
BB - BB bad breath.

136

BB - BB bed bath.
BB - BB bed board.
BB - BB beta blockade beta blocker.
BB - BB BioBreeding (rat).
BB - BB blanket bath.
BB - BB blood bank.
BB - BB blood buffer.
BB - BB blow bottle.
BB - BB blue bloaters (emphysema).
bb - bb Bolton point.
BB - BB borderline.
bb - bb both bones.
BB - BB both bones.

137

BB - BB breakthrough bleeding.
BB - BB breast biopsy.
BB - BB brush border.
BB - BB buffer base.
BB - BB bundle branch.
BB - BB isoenzyme of creatine kinase containing
two B subunits.
BB/FS - BB/FS breast biopsy/frozen section
BBA - BBA born before arrival.
BBB - BBB blood buffer base.
BBB - BBB blood-brain barrier.
BBB - BBB bundle branch block.
BBBB - BBBB bilateral bundle-branch block.

138

BBBD - BBBD blood brain barrier disruption.

BBC - BBC Belgian Bone Club (EFFO Member
Society).
BBC - BBC bromobenzycyanide.
BBD - BBD benign breast disease.
BBE - BBE Bacteroides bile esculin (agar).
BBEP - BBEP brush border endopeptidase.
BBF - BBF bronchial blood flow.
BBI - BBI Biomedical Business International.
BBI - BBI Bowman-Birk soybean inhibitor.
BBIW - BBIW BioBreeding/Worcester (rat).
BBM - BBM brush border membrane.
BBMV - BBMV brush border membrane vesicle.

139

BBN - BBN broad band noise.

BBRS - BBRS Burks Behavior Rating Scale.
BBS - BBS Barolet-Biedl syndrome.
BBS - BBS bashful bladder syndrome.
BBS - BBS benign breast syndrome.
BBS - BBS bilateral breath sounds.
BBS - BBS bombesin.
BBS - BBS borate-buffered saline.
BBS - BBS brown bowel syndrome.
BBT - BBT basal body temperature
BC - BC Bachelor of Surgery (Lat.Baccalaureus
Chirurgiae).
BC - BC back care.

140

BC - BC bactericidal concentration.
BC - BC basal cell.
BC - BC basket cell.
BC - BC battle casualty.
BC - BC bicarbonate.
BC - BC biliary colic.
BC - BC bipolar cell.
BC - BC birth control.
BC - BC blastic crisis.
BC - BC blood count.
BC - BC blood culture.
BC - BC Blue Cross (plan).

141

BC - BC board certified.
BC - BC bone conduction.
BC - BC brachiocephalic.
BC - BC breast cancer.
BC - BC bronchial carcinoma.
BC - BC buccal cartilage.
BC - BC buccocervical.
BC - BC buffy coat.
BC/BS - BC/BS Blue cross/Blue shield.
BCA - BCA balloon catheter angioplasty.
BCA - BCA bicinchoninic acid.
BCA - BCA blood color analyzer.
BCA - BCA Blue Cross Association.

142

BCA - BCA branchial cleft anomaly.

BCA - BCA breast cancer antigen.
BCAA - BCAA branched chain amino acid.
BCAg - BCAg basal-cell antigen.
BCAT - BCAT brachiocephalic arterial trunk.
BCB - BCB blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.
BCB - BCB brilliant cresyl blue.
BCBR - BCBR bilateral carotid body resection.
BCBSA - BCBSA Blue Cross and Blue Shield
Association.
BCC - BCC basal cell carcinoma.
BCC - BCC benign cellular changes (pap smear).
BCC - BCC biliary cholesterol concentration.

143

BCC - BCC birth control clinic.

bcc - bcc body-centered-cubic.
BCCG - BCCG British Cooperative Clinical Group.
BCCP - BCCP biotin carboxyl carrier protein.
BCD - BCD binary-coded decimal.
BCD - BCD bleomycin cyclophosphamide
dactinomycin.
BCDDP - BCDDP Breast Cancer Detection
Demonstration Project.
BCDF - BCDF B-cell differentiation factor.
BCDL - BCDL Brachmann-Cornelia de Lange
(syndrome).
BCDRS - BCDRS brief Carroll depression rating
scale.

144

BCDS - BCDS bulimia cognitive distortions scale.

BCDSP - BCDSP Boston Collaborative Drug
Surveillance Program.
BCE - BCE basal cell epithelioma.
BCE - BCE benign childhood epilepsy.
BCE - BCE bubble chamber equipment.
BCEI - BCEI breast cancer estrogen-inducible.
BCF - BCF basophil chemotactic factor.
BCF - BCF bioconcentration factor.
BCF - BCF breast cyst fluid.
BCFP - BCFP breast cyst fluid protein.
BCG - BCG bacille Calmette-Gurin (vaccine).
BCG - BCG ballistocardiography
ballistocardiogram.

145

BCG - BCG bicolor guaiac test.

BCG - BCG bromcresol green.
BCGF - BCGF B-cell growth factor.
BCh - BCh Bachelor of Surgery (Lat.Baccalaureus
Chirurgiae).
BCH - BCH basal cell hyperplasia.
BChD - BChD Bachelor of Dental Surgery.
BCHE - BCHE butyrylcholinesterase.
BChir - BChir Bachelor of Surgery
(Lat.Baccalaureus Chirurgiae).
Bchl - Bchl bChl bacterial chlorophyll.
BCHS - BCHS Bureau of Community Health
Services.
BCHT - BCHT bicaval heart transplantation.

146

BCI - BCI behavioral cues index.

BCI - BCI brain-computer interface.
BCIA - BCIA Biomedical Clinical Instrumentation
Association.
BCIP - BCIP 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-inodolyl
phosphate.
BCKA - BCKA branched-chain keto acid.
BCKD - BCKD branched-chain alpha-keto acid
dehydrogenase.
BCL - BCL basic cycle length.
BCL - BCL B-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
bcl-2 - bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) a gene that
inhibits apoptosis; overexpression may cause
follicular lymphomas.
BCLPD - BCLPD B-cell chronic

147

lymphoprolipherative disorders.
BCNU - BCNU carmustine.
BCP - BCP birth control pills.
bcr - bcr breakpoint cluster region.
BCS - BCS breast conservation surgery.
BD - BD (Lat: bis die) twice a day.
BD - BD band.
BD - BD barbital-dependent.
BD - BD barbiturate dependence.
BD - BD base deficit.
BD - BD base of prism down.
BD - BD basophilic degeneration.
BD - BD Batten disease.

148

BD - BD behavioral disorder.
BD - BD Behcet disease.
BD - BD belladonna.
BD - BD bicarbonate dialysis.
BD - BD bile duct.
BD - BD binocular deprivation.
BD - BD biotinylated dextran.
BD - BD birth date.
BD - BD black death.
BD - BD block design (test).
BD - BD blood donor.
BD - BD blue diaper (syndrome).

149

BD - BD board.
BD - BD border disease.
BD - BD borderline dull.
BD - BD bound.
BD - BD Bowen disease.
BD - BD brain damage.
BD - BD brain dead brain death.
BD - BD Briquet disorder.
BD - BD bronchodilation bronchodilator.
BD - BD buccodistal.
BD - BD bundle.
BD - BD buoyant density.
BD - BD Byler disease.

150

BDG - BDG bidirectional Glenn shunt.

BDI - BDI blunt duodenal injury.
BDI-1 - BDI-1 monoclonal antibody against human
bladder carcinoma.
BDI-PC - BDI-PC Beck Depression Inventory for
Primary Care.
BE - BE barium enema.
BE - BE below the elbow.
BE - BE benzoylecgonine (cocaine).
BE - BE brisk and equal.
BEA - BEA 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide.
BEC2 - BEC2 an anti-idiotypic monoclonal
antibody that mimics the ganglioside GD3.
BELI - BELI beta-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity.

151

BEMS - BEMS Bioelectromagnetics Society.

BERG - BERG balloon-assisted endoscopic
retroperitoneal gasless (BERG lumbar interbody
fusion).
beta-2M - beta-2M beta-2 microglobulin level.
BF - BF biofiltration.
BF - BF blood flow.
BF - BF bone fragment.
bFGF - bFGF basic fibroblast frowth factor.
BG - BG bone graft.
BGB - BGB bisglucuronosyl bilirubin.
BGS - BGS balance gate station
BGTT - BGTT borderline glucose tolerance test.

152

BH cells - BH cells baby hamster kidney cells.

BHA - BHA butylated hydroxyanisole.
BHG - BHG Belgian Hand Group.
BHIA - BHIA British Healthcare Internet
Association.
BHP - BHP benign hypertrophic prostate.
BHS - BHS beta hemolytic streptococcus.
BHT - BHT blunt head trauma.
BHT - BHT butylated hydroxytoluene.
BHV-1 - BHV-1 Bovine Herpesvirus-1.
BI - BI background interval.
BI - BI bacterial or bactericidal index.
BI - BI base-in (prism).

153

BI - BI basilar impression.
BI - BI Billroth I (operation).
BI - BI biological indicator.
BI - BI biotechnology informatics.
BI - BI bodily injury.
BI - BI bone impaction.
BI - BI bone injury.
BI - BI brain injury.
BI - BI burn index
Bi - Bi prefix meaning both sides (e.g. bilateral); two
components (e.g. biphasic).
Bic. - Bic. biceps.
BID - BID brought in dead.

154

BID/BD - BID/BD twice a day (bis in die).

BIJC - BIJC The British Isles Joint TNM
Classification.
BIL - BIL bilateral
bilat. - bilat. bilateral.
BILI - BILI bilirubin.
BIN - BIN bin twice a night.
BIP - BIP bronchiolitis obliterans with interstitial
pneumonia.
BIR - BIR baculovirus IAP repeat.
BIR - BIR British Institute of Radiology.
BIRP - BIRP B1-independent rotation phase-cycled.
BIRP - BIRP BIR-containing proteins.
Bis-GMA - Bis-GMA bisphenol-a-glycidyl

155

methacrylate.
BiVAS - BiVAS biventricular assist system.
biw - biw twice a week.
BJ - BJ Bence Jones (proteinuria).N-tetraacetic
acid.
BJ - BJ biceps jerk.
BJ - BJ bone and joint.
BJE - BJE bones joints extremities
BJM - BJM bones joints muscles.
BK - BK back.
BK - BK below the knee.
BKA - BKA below knee amputation.
BKP - BKP back pain.

156

BL - BL bilateral lower lung fields.

BL - BL blood loss.
Blad. - Blad. bladder.
BLE - BLE both lower extremities.
BLEED - BLEED bleeding (ongoing) low systolic
blood pressure elevated prothrombin time erratic
mental status
BLP - BLP beta-lipotropin.
BLPD - BLPD B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder.
BLQ - BLQ both lower quadrants.
BLS - BLS basic life support.
BLS-D - BLS-D basic life support and defibrillation.
BM - BM basal metabolism.
BM - BM blood monitoring.

157

BM - BM body mass.
BM - BM bone marrow.
BM - BM bowel movement.
BMA - BMA British Medical Association.
BMA - BMA butyl methacrylate.
BMD - BMD 3-(s)-[(benzyloxycarbonyl)methyl].
BMD - BMD Becker muscular dystrophies.
BMD - BMD Best's macular dystrophy.
BMD - BMD bone mineral density.
BMES - BMES Biomedical Engineering Society.
BMG - BMG benign monoclonal gammopathy.
BMI - BMI body mass index.

158

BMJ - BMJ British Medical Journal.

BMMEC - BMMEC bone marrow microvascular
endothelial cells.
BMN - BMN bone marrow necrosis.
BMP - BMP bone morphogenetic protein.
BMR - BMR basal metabolic rate.
BMT - BMT bone marrow transplant (see HDC and
HDC/BMT).
BMZ - BMZ basement membrane zone.
BN - BN bound niacin.
BN - BN bulimia nervosa.
BND - BND barely noticeable difference.
BNLI - BNLI British National Lymphoma
Investigation.

159

BNO - BNO bladder neck obstruction.

BNST - BNST bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.
BOA - BOA born on arrival.
BOA - BOA British Oncology Association.
BOA - BOA British Orthopaedic Association.
BODMA - BODMA British Oncology Data
Managers Association (UK).
BOE - BOE bilateral otitis externa.
BOLD - BOLD blood oxygenation level-dependent.
BOM - BOM bilateral otitis media.
BOO - BOO bladder outlet obstruction.
BOOP - BOOP bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing
pneumonia.
BOP - BOP blood ova parasites.

160

BOS - BOS Bombay Orthopaedic Association.

BOTA - BOTA Belgian Orthopaedic Trauma
Association.
BOW - BOW bag of waters.
BP - BP B/P blood pressure.
BP - BP bipolar.
BP - BP body part.
BP - BP bullous pemphigoid.
BPC - BPC blood pressure cuff.
BPC - BPC bronchoprovocation challenge.
BPD - BPD biparietal diameter.
BPD - BPD borderline personality disorder.
BPD - BPD bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

161

BPD - BPD Transmission Chain Burnup Reactor

Computer Code.
BPH - BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy.
BPI - BPI bactericidal permeability increasing
protein.
BPI - BPI Brief Pain Inventory.
BPL - BPL Bauchinia purpurea alba.
bpm - bpm beats per minute.
BPP - BPP blood pressure and pulse.
BPPV - BPPV benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.
BPR - BPR brief psychiatric rating (scale).
BPS - BPS Belgian Pain Society.
BPTB - BPTB bone-patellar tendon-bone.

162

BR - BR bacteriorhodopsin.
BR - BR bathroom.
BR - BR bedrest.
BRAT - BRAT a fusion protein between the
membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and the
catalytic subunit of aspartyl transcarbamylase from
Escherichia coli.
BRAT - BRAT Baylor Rapid Autologous
Transfusion system.
BRAT - BRAT Behaviour Research and Therapy.
brat - brat brain tumor gene.
BRB - BRB bright red blood.
BRBPR - BRBPR bright red blood per rectum.
BRCA1 & BRCA2 (pronounced bra - BRCA1 &
BRCA2 (pronounced braka one ...) genes prone to
multiple mutations that are involved in a percentage

163

of the breast cancers.

BRD(C) - BRD(C) bovine respiratory disease
(complex).
BRFSS - BRFSS Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance system.
BRM - BRM biological response modifier.
BRP - BRP bathroom privileges.
BRW - BRW breast meat weight.
BRY - BRY breast meat yield.
BS - BS blood sugar.
BS - BS bowel sounds.
BS - BS breath sounds.
BS - BS bronchial secretion.
BSA - BSA body surface area.

164

BSA - BSA bovine serum albumin.

BSA - BSA bowel signs active.
BSAEP - BSAEP brain stem auditory evoked
potentials.
BSC - BSC bedside commode.
BSE - BSE bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
BSE - BSE breast self examination.
BSER - BSER brainstem evoked response
audiometry.
BSI - BSI bloodstream infections.
BSL - BSL baseline.
BSN - BSN bowel sounds normal.
BSO - BSO bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.

165

BSP - BSP bromsulphalein (dye).

BSPh - BSPh bachelor of science in pharmacy.
BSQ - BSQ behavior style questionnaire.
BSR - BSR basal skin resistance.
BSR - BSR blood sedimentation rate.
BSR - BSR bowel sounds regular.
BSR - BSR brain stimulation reinforcement.
BSR - BSR Buschke selective reminding (test).
BSS - BSS Bachelor of Sanitary Science.
BSS - BSS balanced salt solution.
BSS - BSS Bernard-Soulier syndrome.
BSS - BSS black silk suture.
BSS - BSS British Scoliosis Society.

166

BSS - BSS buffered salt solution.

BSS - BSS buffered single substrate.
BSSE - BSSE bile salt-stimulated esterase.
BSSG - BSSG sitogluside.
BSSH - BSSH British Society for Surgery of the
Hand.
BSSL - BSSL bile salt-stimulated lipase.
BST - BST bacteriuria screening test.
BST - BST blood serologic test.
BST - BST brief stimulus therapy.
BSTFA - BSTFA bistrimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide.
BSU - BSU Bartholin Skene urethral (glands).

167

BSU - BSU basic structural unit.

BSU - BSU British standard unit.
BSV - BSV binocular single vision.
BT - BT bedtime.
BT - BT bitemporal.
BT - BT bitrochanteric.
BT - BT bladder tumor.
BT - BT Blalock-Taussig (shunt).
BT - BT bleeding time.
BT - BT blood type blood typing.
BT - BT blue tetrazolium.
BT - BT blue tongue.
BT - BT body temperature.

168

BT - BT borderline tuberculoid.
BT - BT botulinum toxin.
BT - BT bovine turbinate (cells).
BT - BT brain tumor.
BT - BT breast tumor.
BT base of tongue. - BT base of tongue.
Bt2cAMP - Bt2cAMP N6O2c- dibutyryladenosine
3c:5c-cyclic monophosphate a dibutyryl derivative
of cAMP.
BTA - BTA Blood Transfusion Association.
BTB - BTB breakthrough bleeding.
BTB - BTB bromthymol blue.
BTBL - BTBL bromothymol blue lactose.

169

BTC - BTC basal temperature chart.

BTC - BTC biliary tract complication.
BTC - BTC body temperature chart.
BTCG - BTCG Brain Tumor Cooperative Group.
BTD - BTD biliary tract disease.
BTDS - BTDS benzoylthiamine disulfide.
BTE - BTE behind the ear (hearing aid).
BTE - BTE bovine thymus extract.
BTFS - BTFS breast tumor frozen section.
BTG - BTG beta-thromboglobulin.
BTg - BTg bovine trypsinogen.
BthU - BthU British thermal unit.
BTL - BTL bilateral tubal ligation.

170

BTLS - BTLS basic trauma life support.

BTM - BTM benign tertian malaria.
BTM - BTM blood temperature monitor.
BTMSA - BTMSA bis-trimethylsilacetylene.
BTP - BTP biliary tract pain.
BTP - BTP biological treatment planning.
BTPABA - BTPABA N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-paminobenzoic acid.
BTPS - BTPS at body temperature and ambient
pressure and saturated with water vapor (gas).
BTR - BTR Bezold-type reflex.
BTR - BTR biceps tendon reflex.
BTR - BTR biceps tendon reflex.

171

BTr - BTr bovine trypsin.

BTS - BTS blood transfusion service.
BTS - BTS blue toe syndrome.
BTS - BTS bradycardia-tachycaxdia syndrome.
BTSG - BTSG Brain Tumor Study Group.
bTSH bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone. - bTSH
bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone.
BTU - BTU British thermal unit.
BTV - BTV blue tongue virus.
BTW - BTW back to work.
BTW - BTW by the way.
BTx - BTx blood transfusion.
BTX - BTX botulinum toxin.

172

BTX - BTX brevetoxin.

BTZ - BTZ benzothiazepine.
BU - BU base of prism up.
BU - BU Bethesda unit.
BU - BU blood urea.
BU - BU Bodansky unit.
BU - BU bromouracil.
BU - BU burn unit.
BU - BU Buruli ulcer.
Bu - Bu bushel.
Bu - Bu butyl.
BUA - BUA blood uric acid.
BUA - BUA broadband ultrasonic attenuation.

173

BUAS - BUAS Boston University Accutane Survey.

Buc - Buc Bucc buccal.
BUDR - BUDR bromodeoxyuridine.
BUDS - BUDS bilateral upper dorsal
sympathectomy.
BUE - BUE both upper extremities.
BUF - BUF buffalo (rat).
BUG - BUG buccal ganglion.
BUI - BUI brain uptake index.
BULIT - BULIT bulimia test.
BuMed - BuMed Bureau of Medicine and Surgery.
BUMP - BUMP behavioral regression or upset in
hospitalized medical patients (scale).

174

BUN - BUN blood urea nitrogen.

BUN/CR - BUN/CR blood urea nitrogen/creatine
ratio.
BUO - BUO bleeding of undetermined origin
bruising of undetermined origin.
BUQ - BUQ both upper quadrants.
BUR bilateral ureteral occlusion. - BUR bilateral
ureteral occlusion.
BUS - BUS busulfan.
BUS Bartholin - BUS Bartholin urethral and Skene
glands.
But - But but butyrate butyric.
BV - BV bacitracin V.
BV - BV bacterial vaginosis.
BV - BV biological value.

175

BV - BV blood vessel.
BV - BV blood volume.
BV - BV bronchovesicular.
BVA - BVA Blind Veterans Association.
BVA - BVA British Veterinary Association.
BVAD - BVAD biventricular assist device.
BVAS - BVAS Birmingham Vasculitis Activity
Score (prognostic scoring systems).
BVC - BVC British Veterinary Codex.
BVD - BVD bovine viral diarrhea.
BVD-MD - BVD-MD bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal
disease.
BVDT - BVDT brief vestibular disorientation test.

176

BVDU - BVDU bromovinyldeoxyuridine.

BVDV - BVDV bovine virus diarrhea virus.
BVE - BVE binocular visual efficiency.
BVE - BVE blood vessel endothelium.
BVE - BVE blood volume expander.
BVGHV - BVGHV Belgian Society of Medicine
and Surgery of the Foot.
BVH - BVH biventricular hypertrophy.
BVI - BVI blood vessel invasion.
BVL - BVL bilateral vas ligation.
BVM - BVM bag-valve-mask.
BVM - BVM bronchovascular markings.
BVM - BVM Bureau of Veterinary Medicine.

177

BVMGT - BVMGT Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt

Test.
BVMOT - BVMOT Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt
Test.
BVMS - BVMS Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine
and Science.
BVO - BVO branch vein occlusion.
BVOT - BVOT Belgische Vereniging voor
Orthopedie en Traumatologie.
BVP - BVP blood vessel prosthesis.
BVP - BVP blood volume pulse.
BVP - BVP burst of ventricular pacing.
BVR - BVR baboon virus replication.
BVR - BVR bureau of vocational rehabilitation.
BVS - BVS blanked ventricular sense.

178

BVSc - BVSc Bachelor of Veterinary Science.

BVU - BVU bromoisovalerylurea.
BVV - BVV bovine vaginitis virus.
BW - BW bacteriological warfare.
BW - BW bed wetting.
BW - BW below waist.
BW - BW biological warfare.
BW - BW biological weapon.
BW - BW birth weight.
BW - BW black woman.
BW - BW bladder washout.
BW - BW blood Wasserman (reaction).

179

BW - BW body water.
BW - BW body weight.
BWD - BWD bacillary white diarrhea.
BWFI - BWFI bacteriostatic water for injection.
BWI - BWI birth weight.
BWS - BWS battered woman (or wife) syndrome.
disease (unstable comorbid disease) (mnemonic for
gastro-intestinal hemorrhage).
BWS - BWS Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.
BWST - BWST black widow spider toxin.
BWSV - BWSV black widow spider venom.
Bwt - Bwt body weight.
BWYV - BWYV beet western yellow virus.
BX - BX bx bacitracin X.

180

BX - BX Bx biop. biopsy.
BXO - BXO balanitis xerotica obliterans.
ByCPR - ByCPR bystander cardiac pulmonary
resuscitation.
BYDV - BYDV barley yellow dwarf virus.
BYE - BYE Barila-Yaguchi-Eveland (medium).
BZ - BZ benzodiazepine.
Bz - Bz Bzl benzoyl.
BZD - BZD benzodiazepine.
BZQ - BZQ benzquinamide.
BZRP - BZRP benzodiazepine receptor peripheral
(type).
BZS - BZS Bannayan-Zonana syndrome.

181

C - C Celsius centigrade complement

C - C certainty factor.
c - c clinical.
C - C clonidine.
C - C cortex.
C - C cysteine.
C - C cytosine.
C - C List.
C - C standard clearance.
C - C static respiratory compliance.
C C sect - C C sect C-section cesarean section.
C&C cold and clammy.
C&M - C&M cocaine and morphine.

182

C&S - C&S calvarium and scalp.

C&S - C&S conjunctiva and sclera.
C&S - C&S culture and sensitivity.
c(with line over it) - c(with line over it) with.
c-ANCA - c-ANCA cytoplasmic antineutrophil
cytoplasmic antibodies.
C-C - C-C convexo-concavc.
C-L - C-L consultation-liaison (setting).
C-section - C-section cesarean section.
C-spine - C-spine cervical spine.
C/C - C/C chief complaint.
C/M - C/M counts per minute.
C/O - C/O care of; complains of.

183

C/S - C/S cesarean section.

C/S - C/S cycles per second.
c/w - c/w compatible with.
C/W - C/W continue with.
C02 - C02 carbon dioxide.
C1 - C7 - C1 - C7 Cervical vertebrae.
C4S - C4S chondroitin-4-sulfate.
Ca - Ca calcium.
CA - CA cancer.
CA - CA carbonic anhydrase.
CA - CA carcinoma.
CA - CA cardiac arrest.
CA - CA catchment area.

184

CA - CA Caucasian adult.
CA - CA chromosomal aberration.
CA - CA chronological age.
CA - CA controlled atmospheres.
CA - CA cornu Ammonis (Ammons horn).
CA - CA corpus allatum.
CA - CA cytoxan plus adriamycin (treatment
regimen).
CAA - CAA cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
CAA - CAA cytosine-adenine-adenine codon for
glutamine.
CAB - CAB coronary artery bypass.
CABG - CABG coronary artery bypass graft.

185

CAC - CAC cytosine-adenine-cytosine codon for

histidine.
CACO3 - CACO3 calcium carbonate.
CAD - CAD coronary artery disease.
CAE - CAE carotid artery endarterectomy.
CAF - CAF caffeine.
CAF - CAF Caucasian adult female
CAF - CAF cell adhesion factor.
CAF - CAF chloramphenicol.
CAF - CAF chronic atrial fibrillation.
CAF - CAF citric acid fermentation.
CAF - CAF cyclophosphamide adriamycin and 5fluorouracil.
CAG - CAG cytosine-adenine-guanine codon for

186

glutamine.
CAH - CAH chronic active hepatitis.
CAI - CAI carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.
CALGB - CALGB Cancer and Leukemia Group
B (USA).
cALL - cALL common ALL.
CALLA - CALLA common acute lymphoblastic
leukemia antigen.
CAM - CAM Caucasian adult male.
CAM - CAM Complementary and Alternative
Medicine.
CAMIS - CAMIS Computer Assisted Minimally
Invasive Surgery (Cleveland Clinic Foundation).
CAO - CAO chronic airflow obstruction.
CAOS - CAOS Computer Assisted Orthopaedic

187

Systems (Hull University).

CAP - CAP College of American Pathologists.
CAPD - CAPD continuous ambulatory peritoneal
dialysis.
CAPMR - CAPMR Canadian Association of
Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation.
caps - caps capsules.
Car - Car carbapenem.
CAREMIS - CAREMIS Current Agricultural
Management Information System.
CAS - CAS computer aided surgery (Journal).
CaSac - CaSac calcium saccharin.
CASIB - CASIB computer-assisted frameless
stereotactic interstitial brachytherapy.
CAST-6 - CAST-6 Children of Alcoholics

188

Screening Test 6-Item Version.

CASTLE - CASTLE carcinoma showing thymuslike differentiation.
CAT - CAT cataract.
CAT - CAT chloramphenicol avetyltransferase.
CAT - CAT coital alignment technique.
CAT - CAT computed axial tomography.
CATCH - CATCH critically attained threshold of
cerebral hypoperfusion.
Cath - Cath catheter.
CAU - CAU cytosine-adenine-uracil codon for
histidine.
CAV - CAV cytoxan adriamycin and vincristine.
CAVB - CAVB chronic AV block.

189

CAVH - CAVH continuous arterio-venous

haemofiltration.
CAVHD - CAVHD continuous arterio-venous
haemodialysis.
CB - CB chest-back.
CB - CB chronic bronchitis
CB - CB current complaint.
CB/CC - CB/CC centroblastic/centrocytic
lymphoma.
CB3S - CB3S Coxsackie B3 virus susceptibility.
CBC - CBC combinatorial chemistry.
CBC - CBC complete blood count.
CBD - CBD common bile duct.
CBD - CBD corticobasal degeneration.

190

CBDS - CBDS corticobasal degeneration

syndrome.
CBF - CBF cerebral blood flow.
CBF - CBF core binding factor (16q22).
CBF - CBF coronary blood flow.
CBG - CBG cortisol binding globulin.
CBGD - CBGD cortical-basal ganglionic
degeneration.
CBI - CBI continuous bladder irrigation.
CBP - CBP colon anastomosis bursting pressure.
CBPP - CBPP contagious bovine
pleuropneumonia.
CBQ - CBQ California Behavior Questionnaire.
CBQ - CBQ cellobiose:quinone oxidoreductase.

191

CBQ - CBQ Childbearing Questionnaire.

CBQ - CBQ Childrens Behavior
Questionnaire.
CBQ - CBQ Conflict Behavior Questionnaire.
CBR - CBR complete bed rest.
CBS - CBS cervicobrachial syndrome
CBS - CBS chronic brain syndrome.
CBS - CBS clinical behavioral science.
CBS - CBS conjugated bile salts.
CBS - CBS culture-bound syndrome.
CBS - CBS cystathionine beta-synthase.
CBT - CBT carotid body tumor.
CBT - CBT cognitive behavioral
treatment/therapy.

192

CBT - CBT computed body tomography.

CBV - CBV capillary blood cell velocity.
CBV - CBV catheter balloon valvuloplasty.
CBV - CBV central blood volume.
CBV - CBV cerebral blood volume.
CBV - CBV circulating blood volume.
CBV - CBV corrected blood volume.
CBV - CBV cortical blood volume.
CBV - CBV Coxsackie B virus.
CBVD - CBVD cerebrovascular disease.
CBW - CBW chemical and biological warfare.
CBX - CBX computer-based examination.

193

CBZ - CBZ carbamazepine.

CC - CC Caucasian child.
CC - CC cc cubic centimeter.
CC - CC chief complaint.
cc - cc clean catch.
CC - CC closed cup.
CC - CC closing capacity.
CC - CC collagenous colitis.
CC - CC colony count.
CC - CC colorectal cancer.
CC - CC columnar cells.
CC - CC commission certified.
CC - CC common cold.

194

CC - CC complicating condition.
CC - CC compound cathartic.
CC - CC computer calculated.
cc - cc concave.
Cc - Cc concave.
CC - CC concordance.
CC - CC congenital cardiopathy.
CC - CC congenital cataract.
CC - CC consumptive coagulopathy.
CC - CC contrast cystogram.
CC - CC conversion complete.
CC - CC coracoclavicular.

195

CC - CC cord compression.
CC - CC corpora cardiaca.
CC - CC corpus callosum.
cc - cc corrected.
CC - CC costochondral.
CC - CC Coulter counter.
CC - CC craniocaudal.
CC - CC craniocervical.
CC - CC creatinine clearance.
CC - CC critical care.
CC - CC critical condition.
CC - CC Crohn colitis.
CC - CC Cronkhite-Canada (syndrome).

196

CC - CC crus cerebri.
cc - cc cubic centimeter.
CC - CC Current Contents.
CC&C - CC&C colony count and culture.
CCA - CCA cephalin cholesterol antigen.
CCA - CCA chick cell agglutination.
CCA - CCA chimpanzee coryza agent.
CCA - CCA choriocarcinoma.
CCA - CCA circulating cathodic antigen.
CCA - CCA circumflex coronary artery.
CCA - CCA common carotid artery.
CCA - CCA congenital contractural
arachnodactyly.

197

CCA - CCA constitutional chromosome

abnormality.
CCA - CCA Consultative Committee on
Agriculture .
CCA - CCA cytosine-cytosine-adenine codon for
proline.
CCAT - CCAT chick cell agglutination test.
CCAT - CCAT conglutinating complement
absorption test.
CCB - CCB calcium channel blocker.
CCBV - CCBV central circulating blood volume.
CCC - CCC care-cure coordination.
CCC - CCC cathodal closure contraction.
CCC - CCC chronic calculous cholecystitis.

198

CCC - CCC chronic catarrhal colitis.

CCC - CCC comprehensive care clinic.
CCC - CCC concurrent care concern.
CCC - CCC consecutive case conference.
CCC - CCC council on clinical classification.
CCC - CCC critical care complex.
CCC - CCC cylindrical confronting cistemae.
CCC - CCC cytosine-cytosine-cytosine codon for
proline.
CCCAD - CCCAD The Canadian Consensus
Conference on the Assessment of Dementia.
CCCC - CCCC centrifugal countercurrent
chromatography
cccDNA covalently closed circular
deoxyribonucleic - cccDNA covalently closed

199

circular deoxyribonucleic acid.

CCCE - CCCE cross-cultural cognitive
examination.
CCCI - CCCI cathodal closure clonus.
CCCP - CCCP carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone.
CCCR - CCCR closed chest cardiac resuscitation.
CCCS - CCCS Canadian Committee on Cancer
Staging.
CCCS - CCCS condom catheter collecting
system.
CCCT - CCCT closed craniocerebral trauma.
CCCU - CCCU comprehensive cardiac care unit.
CCD - CCD calibration curve data
CCD - CCD central core disease.

200

CCD - CCD charge-coupled device.

CCD - CCD childhood celiac disease.
CCD - CCD cleidocranial dysplasia.
CCD - CCD clinical cardiovascular disease.
CCD - CCD countercurrent distribution.
CCD - CCD cumulative cardiotoxic dose.
CCDC - CCDC Canadian Communicable Disease
Center.
CCDN - CCDN Central Council for District
Nursing.
CcDNA - CcDNA closed circle deoxyribonucleic
acid.
CCE - CCE carboline carboxylic acid ester.
CCE - CCE chamois contagious ecthyma.

201

CCE - CCE clear-cell endothelioma.

CCE - CCE countercurrent electrophoresis.
CCE - CCE cyanosis clubbing or edema.
CCEHRP - CCEHRP Committee to Coordinate
Environmental Health and Related Programs.
CCEI - CCEI Crown-Crisp Experimental Index.
CCF - CCF cancer coagulation factor.
CCF - CCF cardiolipin complement fixation.
CCF - CCF carotid-cavernous fistula.
CCF - CCF centrifuged culture fluid.
CCF - CCF cephalin-cholesterol flocculation.
CCF - CCF compound comminuted fracture.
CCF - CCF congestive cardiac failure.

202

CCF - CCF crystal-induced chemotactic factor..

CCFA - CCFA cefotoxin-cycloserine fructose
agar.
CCFAS - CCFAS compact colony-forming active
substance.
CCFE - CCFE cyclophosphamide cisplatin
fluorouracil and extramustine.
CCFMG - CCFMG Cooperating Committee on
Foreign Medical Graduates.
CCFPC - CCFPC Certificant member College of
Family Physicians of Canada.
CCG - CCG Children's Cancer Group (USA).
CCG - CCG cholecystogram cholecystography.
CCG - CCG clinically coherent group.
CCG - CCG cytosine-cytosine-guanine codon for

203

proline.
CCGC - CCGC capillary column gas
chromotography.
CCH - CCH C-cell hyperplasia.
CCh - CCh cholinergic agonist carbachol.
CCH - CCH chronic chloride hemagglutination.
CCH - CCH chronic cholestatic hepatitis.
CCH - CCH circumscribed choroidal
hemangiomas.
CCHA - CCHA Canadian Council on Hospital
Accreditation.
CCHD - CCHD Chester County Health
Department.
CCHD - CCHD cyanotic congenital heart disease.
CCHE - CCHE Central Council for Health

204

Education.
CCHFA - CCHFA Canadian Council on Health
Facilities Accreditation.
CCHMS - CCHMS Central Committee for
Hospital Medical Services.
CCHP - CCHP Consumer Choice Health Plan.
CCHS - CCHS congenital central hypoventilation
syndrome.
CCI - CCI Cardiovascular Credentialing
International.
CCI - CCI cholesterol crystallization inhibitor.
CCI - CCI chronic coronary insufficiency.
CCI - CCI common client interface.
CCI - CCI corrected count increment.
CCID50 - CCID50 cell culture infectious dose 50

205

%.
CCK - CCK cholecystokinin.
CCK-8 - CCK-8 cholecystokinin octapeptide.
CCK-OP - CCK-OP cholecystokinin octapeptide.
CCK-PZ - CCK-PZ cholecystokininpancreozymin.
CCKLI - CCKLI cholecystokinin-like
immunoreactivity
CCKRB - CCKRB cholecystokinin receptor B.
CCL - CCL carcinoma cell line.
CCL - CCL certified cell line.
CCL - CCL Charcot-Leyden crystal.
CCL - CCL continuing care level.
CCL - CCL critical carbohydrate level.

206

CCLI - CCLI composite clinical and laboratory

index.
CCM - CCM cerebrocostomandibular
(syndrome).
CCM - CCM chemical cleavage of mismatch.
CCM - CCM congestive cardiomyopathy.
CCM - CCM contextual choice model.
CCM - CCM craniocervical malformation.
CCM - CCM critical care medicine.
CCMC - CCMC Committee on the Costs of
Medical Care.
CCME - CCME Coordinating Council on
Medical Education.
CCMS - CCMS cerebrocostomandjbular
syndrome.

207

CCMS - CCMS clean catch midstream (urine).

CCMS - CCMS clinical care management system.
CCMSU - CCMSU clean catch midstream urine.
CCMT - CCMT catechol methyltransferase.
CCMU - CCMU critical care medical unit.
CCN - CCN caudal central nucleus.
CCN - CCN community care network.
CCN - CCN coronary care nursing.
CCN - CCN critical care nursing.
CCNHP - CCNHP community college nursing
home project.
CCNU - CCNU N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-cyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea.

208

CCO - CCO cytochrome C oxidase.

CCOT - CCOT cervical compression overloading
test.
CCPD - CCPD continuous cycling peritoneal
dialysis.
CCR - CCR continuous complete remission.
CCRG - CCRG Children's Cancer Research
Group (Oxford UK).
CCS - CCS Canadian Cancer Society.
CCS - CCS serum corticosterone.
CCSC - CCSC Canadian Cardiovascular Society
Classification.
CCU - CCU coronary/cardiac care unit.
CCU - CCU cytosine-cytosine-uracil codon for
proline.

209

CD - CD cadaver donor.
CD - CD Cadmium (Cd).
CD - CD candela (cd).
CD - CD canine distemper.
CD - CD canine dose.
CD - CD carbohydrate dehydratase.
CD - CD carbon dioxide.
CD - CD cardiac disease.
CD - CD cardiac dullness.
CD - CD cardiac dysrhythmia.
CD - CD cardiovascular disease.
CD - CD Carrel-Dakin (fluid).
CD - CD Castleman disease.

210

CD - CD caudad caudal.
CD - CD caudal (cd or cd).
CD - CD cause of death.
CD - CD celiac disease.
CD - CD cell dissociation.
CD - CD cervico dorsal.
CD - CD cesarean delivery.
CD - CD chemical dependancy.
CD - CD circular dichroism.
CD - CD cluster of differentiation (eg. CD4 CD8)
- full list of CDs.
CD - CD coccygeal (cd).
CD - CD color doppler.

211

CD - CD combination drug.
CD - CD common (bile) duct.
CD - CD communicable disease.
CD - CD compact disk.
CD - CD completely denaturated.
CD - CD conceptual design.
CD - CD conduct disorder.
CD - CD conduction disorder.
CD - CD condylion (cd).
CD - CD conjugata diagonalis.
CD - CD consanguineous donor.
CD - CD consent decree.

212

CD - CD contact dermatitis.
CD - CD contagious disease.
CD - CD control diet.
CD - CD controlled drug.
CD - CD conventional dialysis.
CD - CD convulsive disorder.
CD - CD convulsive dose.
CD - CD corneal dystrophy.
CD - CD Cotrel-Dubousset (rod).
CD - CD Crohn disease.
CD - CD crossed diagonal.
CD - CD curative dose.
CD - CD cutdown.

213

CD - CD cystic duct
CD138 - CD138 plasma cell membrane receptor.
CD138/B-B4 - CD138/B-B4 immunoperoxidase
stain using an antibody against CD 138.
CDA - CDA congenital dyserythropoietic anemia.
CDC - CDC Centers for Disease Control.
CDG - CDG Congenital disorders of
glycosylation.
CDGS - CDGS carbohydrate-deficient
glycoprotein syndrome.
CDH - CDH congenital dislocation of the hip.
CDH - CDH congenital dysplasia of hip.
CDI - CDI clean dry intact.
Cdiff - Cdiff C-diff Clostridium difficile.

214

CDMS - CDMS clinically definite multiple

sclerosis.
cDNA - cDNA complementary DNA (a synthetic
DNA copied from mRNA).
CDO - CDO congenital duodenal obstruction.
CDR - CDR Clinical Dementia Rating.
CDR - CDR complementarity-determining
regions.
CDS - CDS cervico-dorsal syndrome.
CDT - CDT carbohydrate-deficient transferrin.
CE - CE carboxylesterases.
CE - CE chloracetate esterase.
CE - CE european conformity.
CE angle (radiograph) - CE angle (radiograph)

215

center-edge angle.
CEA - CEA carcinoembryonic antigen.
CEC - CEC chloroethylclonidine.
CEF - CEF cytoxan plus epirubicin plus 5.
Ceff - Ceff effective compliance; bedside method
of monitoring the effectiveness of PEEP; equal
with VT(tidal volume)/peak air pressure should
be greater than 50 cm3/cmH2O.
CENELEC - CENELEC European Committee
for Electrotechnical Standardization.
CERAD - CERAD Consortium to Establish a
Registry for Alzheimers Disease.
Cervical dil. - Cervical dil. cervical dilation.
CEZ - CEZ cefazolin.
CF - CF Clofibrate.

216

CF - CF compare refer to.

CF - CF complement fixation.
CF - CF cystic fibrosis.
CFAE - CFAE ceftiofur free acid equivalent.
CFC - CFC colony-forming cells.
CFCOT - CFCOT College Francais des
Chirurgiens Orthopedistes et Traumatologues.
CFDI - CFDI colour-flow duplex imaging.
CFIDS - CFIDS Chronic Fatigue and Immune
Dysfunction Syndrome.
CFM - CFM continuous electronic fetal
monitoring.
CFNS - CFNS chills fever night sweats.
CFP - CFP call for papers.

217

CFPC - CFPC College of Family Physicians of

Canada.
CFS - CFS Chronic Fatigue (and Immune
Dysfunction) Syndrome.
CFS/ME - CFS/ME chronic fatigue syndrome
(often called myalgic encephalomyelitis especially
in the UK).
CFTR - CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane
regulator.
CFU - CFU colony forming units.
CFU-GEMM - CFU-GEMM colony-forming
units generating granulocytes erythroblasts
macrophages and megakaryiocytes.
CFU-S - CFU-S spleen colony-forming units.
CFUc - CFUc colony-forming unit cells.
cg - cg centigram.

218

CG - CG chorionic gonadotropin.
CgA - CgA chromogranin A.
CGA - CGA compressed gas association.
CGA - CGA Contact Guard Assist (physical
therapy).
CGA - CGA cytosine-guanine-adenine codon for
arginine.
CGC - CGC cytosine-guanine-cytosine codon for
arginine.
CGCGGATC - CGCGGATC Oct motif.
CGD - CGD chronic granulomatous disease.
CGG - CGG cytosine-guanine-guanine codon for
arginine.
CGH - CGH comparative genomic hybridization
- cytogenetics method.

219

CGL - CGL chronic granulocytic leukemia

(previous name for CML).
CGN - CGN crescentic glomerulonephritis.
CGRP - CGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide.
CGU - CGU cytosine-guanine-uracil codon for
arginine.
cGy - cGy centi Gray (unit of radiation).
CH - CH characteristic.
CH - CH chest.
CH - CH chief.
CH - CH chronic.
CH - CH crown-heel.
ch. br. syn. - ch. br. syn. chronic brain syndrome.
CH50 - CH50 total functional hemolytic

220

complement.
CHA - CHA calcium hydroxyapatite.
CHA - CHA congenital hypoplastic anemia.
cHA - cHA coralline hydroxyapatite.
CHD - CHD congenital dislocation of the hip.
CHD - CHD congenital heart disease
CHD - CHD coronary heart disease.
ChE - ChE cholinesterases.
chemo - chemo chemotherapy.
CHF - CHF congestive heart failure.
CHG - CHG change.
CHI - CHI closed head injury.
CHILD syndrome - CHILD syndrome congenital

221

hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythrodermal

and limb defects.
CHL - CHL classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
ChlVPP - ChlVPP chlorambucil vinblastine
procarbazine and prednisone.
CHOL - CHOL serum cholesterol.
CHR - CHR chronic.
CHR - CHR chronological.
CHS - CHS calvarial hyperostotic syndrome.
CHS - CHS Chediak-Higashi syndrome.
CHS - CHS customized headholder system.
CHS1 - CHS1 Chediak Higashi syndrome gene
located on chromosome 1 (1q42-44).
CHT - CHT classical heart transplantation.

222

CI - CI cardiac index (cardiac output divided by

the patient's body surface area); normal 2.8-4.2
L/min/m2.
CI - CI cardiac insufficiency.
CI - CI cerebral infarction.
CI - CI confidence interval.
CIA - CIA collagen-induced arthritis.
CIBIC-Plus - CIBIC-Plus Clinicians
Interview Based Impression of Change Plus
Caregiver Input.
CIC - CIC circulating immune complexes.
CIC - CIC crisis intervention clinic.
CICU - CICU cardiac intensive care unit.
CID - CID carpal instability dissociative.
CID - CID collision-induced dissociation.

223

CIDA - CIDA Canadian International

Development Agency.
CIDP - CIDP chronic inflammatory
demyelinating polyneuropathy.
CIG - CIG cigarette consumption.
cig - cig cigarette.
CIG - CIG cold insoluble globulin.
CIG - CIG cryosurgical iceball gauge.
cIg - cIg cytoplasmic immunoglobulin.
cIgM - cIgM cytoplasmic immunoglobulin M.
CIK - CIK cytokine induced-killer cells.
CIMF - CIMF chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis.
CIMMYT - CIMMYT International Maize and
Wheat Improvement Center.

224

CIN - CIN cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

(grades I II III).
CIND - CIND carpal instability non-dissociative.
CIP - CIP clinical investigation plan.
CIP - CIP International Foot and Ankle Society.
CIRC - CIRC circulation.
CIRC - CIRC circumference.
CIS - CIS carcinoma in situ.
cis-DDP - cis-DDP cisdiamminedichloroplatinum.
CISH - CISH chromosomal in situ hybridization.
CJD - CJD Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
CJF - CJF carotid-jugular fistula.

225

CK - CK check.
CK - CK creatine kinase.
CK - CK cytokeratin.
CK 1-8 - CK 1-8 neutral to basic cytokeratin.
CK 18 - CK 18 cytokeratin found in hepatocyte
renal tubular cell ductular epithelia mesothelia
CK 9-20 - CK 9-20 acidic cytokeratin.
CKD - CKD result checked.
CKI - CKI casein kinase I.
CKMB - CKMB creatine kinase muscle band.
CKS - CKS classic Kaposi sarcoma.
CL - CL capillary lumen.
CL - CL cardiolipin.

226

CL - CL cell line.
cl - cl centiliter.
CL - CL centralis lateralis.
CL - CL chemiluminescence.
CL - CL chest and left arm (lead in
electrocardiography).
Cl - Cl chloride.
Cl - Cl chlorine.
CL - CL cholelithiasis.
CL - CL cholesterol-lecithin.
CL - CL chronic leukemia.
CL - CL cirrhosis of liver.
cl - cl clarified.

227

Cl - Cl clavicle.
CL - CL clavicle.
cl - cl clean.
CL - CL clean.
CL - CL clear liquid.
cl - cl clear.
Cl - Cl clear.
CL - CL clearance.
CL - CL cleft lip.
cl - cl cleft.
cl - cl clinic clinical.
Cl - Cl clinic.
CL - CL clinical laboratory.

228

CL - CL clomipramine.
cl - cl clonus.
CL - CL closed.
Cl - Cl Clostridium.
Cl - Cl closure.
cl - cl clotting.
cl - cl cloudy.
Cl - Cl colistin.
CL - CL complex loading.
CL - CL confidence limit or level.
CL - CL constant domain of L chain.
CL - CL contact lens.

229

CL - CL corpus luteum.
CL - CL corrected (echo long axis) length.
CL - CL cricoid lamina.
CL - CL criterion level.
CL - CL critical list.
CL - CL cycle length.
CL - CL cytotoxic lymphocyte.
CL - CL lung compliance.
CL VOID - CL VOID clean voided specimen
(urine).
CL(P) - CL(P) cleft lip without cleft palate.
CL-ABE - CL-ABE chemiluminescence avidinbiotin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
CL-IVR - CL-IVR cycle length of the

230

idioventricular rhythm.
CL/CP - CL/CP cleft lip/cleft palate.
CL/CP - CL/CP cleft lip/cleft palate.
CL/P cleft lip with or without cleft palate. - CL/P
cleft lip with or without cleft palate.
CLA - CLA cerebellar ataxia.
CLA - CLA Certified Laboratory Assistant.
CLA - CLA cervicolinguoaxial.
CLA - CLA contralateral local anesthesia.
CLA - CLA cutaneous lymphocyte antigen.
CLA - CLA cyclic lysine anhydride.
ClAc - ClAc chloroacetyl.
CLAH - CLAH congenital lipoid adrenal
hyperplasia.

231

Clam - Clam cervical laminectomy.

CLAS - CLAS congenital localized absence of
skin.
class - class classif classification.
clav - clav clavicle.
CLB - CLB chlorambucil.
CLB - CLB curvilinear body.
CLBBB - CLBBB complete left bundle branch
block.
CLBP - CLBP chronic low back pain.
CLC - CLC Charcot-Leyden crystal.
CLC - CLC Clerc-Levy-Critesco (syndrome).
CLCD - CLCD cleidocranial dysostosis.

232

CLCN - CLCN chloride channel.

CLCP - CLCP chymotrypsin-like cationic
protein.
CLCS - CLCS colchicine sensitivity.
CLD - CLD chloride diarrhea.
CLD - CLD chronic liver disease.
CLD - CLD chronic lung disease.
CLD - CLD congenital limb deficiency.
CLD - CLD crystal ligand field.
CLDH - CLDH choline dehydrogenase.
CLDP - CLDP Commercial Law Development
Program.
Cldy - Cldy cloudy.
CLE - CLE centrilobular emphysema.

233

CLE - CLE continuous lumbar epidural

(anesthesia).
CLED - CLED cystine-lactose-electrolytedeficient (agar).
CLF - CLF calcification of ligamentum flavum.
CLF - CLF cardiolipin fluorescent (antibody).
CLF - CLF ceroid lipofuscinosis.
CLF - CLF cholesterol-lecithin flocculation.
CLH - CLH chronic lobular hepatitis.
CLH - CLH cleft limb-heart (syndrome).
CLH - CLH corpus luteum hormone.
CLH - CLH cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia.
CLI - CLI complement lysis inhibitor.

234

CLI - CLI corpus luteum insufficiency.

CLIA - CLIA Clinical Laboratory Improvement
Act.
CLIF - CLIF cloning inhibitory factor.
CLIF - CLIF Crithidia luciliae
immunofluorescence.
clin - clin clinic clinical.
CLINPROT - CLINPROT Clinical Cancer
Protocols.
CLIP - CLIP capitolunate instability pattern.
CLIP - CLIP corticotropin-like intermediate lobe
peptide.
CLL - CLL cholesterol-lowering lipid.
CLL - CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
CLL - CLL cow lung lavage.

235

CLL/SLL - CLL/SLL chronic lymphocytic

leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma.
CLMA - CLMA Clinical Laboratory
Management Association.
CLMF - CLMF cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation
factor.
CLML - CLML Current List of Medical
Literature.
CLMV - CLMV cauliflower mosaic virus.
clo - clo "clothing"a unit of thermal
insulation.
CLO - CLO cod liver oil.
CLOF - CLOF clofibrate.
CLON - CLON clonidine.
Clon - Clon Clonorchis.

236

Clostr - Clostr Clostridium.

CLP - CLP chymotrypsin-like protein.
CLP - CLP cleft lip with cleft palate.
ClP - ClP clinical pathology.
CLP - CLP paced cycle length.
CLS - CLS caf-au-lait spot.
CLS - CLS Clinical Laboratory Scientist.
CLS - CLS Coffin-Lowry syndrome.
CLS - CLS Cornelia de Lange syndrome.
CLSE - CLSE calf lung surfactant extract.
CLSH - CLSH corpus luteum stimulating
hormone.
CLSL - CLSL chronic lymphosarcoma (cell)

237

leukemia.
CLSM - CLSM confocal laser scanning
microscopy.
CLT - CLT Certified Laboratory Technician.
CLT - CLT chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis.
CLT - CLT Clinical Laboratory Technician.
CLT - CLT clot lysis time.
CLT - CLT clotting time.
CLT - CLT lung-thorax compliance.
CLT(NCA) - CLT(NCA) Laboratory Technician
Certified by the National Certification Agency
for Medical Laboratory Personnel.
CLTB - CLTB total body clearance.
CLU - CLU clusterin.

238

CLV - CLV cassava latent virus.

CLV - CLV constant linear velocity.
CLZ - CLZ clozapine.
CM - CM California mastitis (test).
CM - CM calmodulin
CM - CM capreomycin
CM - CM CarboMedics (heart valves).
CM - CM carboxymethyl
CM - CM cardiac murmur
CM - CM cardiac muscle
CM - CM cardiomyopathy
CM - CM carpometacarpal
CM - CM castrated male

239

CM - CM Caucasian male
CM - CM cause of death (form Latin causa
mortis)
CM - CM cavernous malformation
CM - CM cell membrane
CM - CM center of mass
cM - cM centi -morgan.
cm - cm centimeter - 0.01 meters.
CM - CM centrum medianum.
CM - CM cerebral malaria
CM - CM cerebral mantle
CM - CM cervical mucosa or mucus
CM - CM Chick-Martin (coefficient)

240

CM - CM chloroquinemepacrine
CM - CM chondromalacia
CM - CM chopped meat (medium)
CM - CM circular muscle
CM - CM circulating monocyte
CM - CM circumferential measurement
CM - CM clindamycin
CM - CM clinical medicine
CM - CM clinical modification
CM - CM coccidioidal meningitis
CM - CM cochlear microphonic
CM - CM codling moth.

241

CM - CM combined modality
CM - CM common migraine
CM - CM complete medium
CM - CM complications
CM - CM condition median
CM - CM conditioned medium
CM - CM congenital malformation
CM - CM congestive myocardiopathy
CM - CM continuous murmur
CM - CM contrast medium
CM - CM copulatory mechanism
CM - CM costal margin
CM - CM cows milk

242

Cm - Cm curium.
CM - CM cytometry
CM - CM cytoplasmic membrane
CM - CM Master of Surgery (from Latin
Chirurgiae Magister)
Cm - Cm maximum clearance.
Cm - Cm minimal concentration.
CM - CM narrow-diameter endosseous screw
implant (form French crete manche).
cm2 - cm2 square centimeter.
cm3 - cm3 cubic centimeter.
CMA - CMA Canadian Medical Association.
CMA - CMA Certified Medical Assistant.

243

CMA - CMA chronic metabolic acidosis.

CMA - CMA cows milk allergy.
CMA - CMA cultured macrophages.
CMAP - CMAP compound muscle (or motor)
action potential.
CMAR - CMAR cell matrix adhesion regulator.
Cmax - Cmax Cmax maximum concentration.
CMB - CMB carbolic methylene blue.
CMB - CMB Central Midwives Board.
CMB - CMB chloromercuribenzoate.
CMBES - CMBES Canadian Medical and
Biological Engineering Society.
CMC - CMC carboxymethylcellulose.
CMC - CMC care management continuity.

244

CMC - CMC carpometacarpal.

CMC - CMC cell-mediated cytolysis or
cytotoxicity.
CMC - CMC chloramphenicol.
CMC - CMC chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.
CMC - CMC critical micellar concentration.
CMCC - CMCC chronic mucocutaneous
candidiasis.
CMCJ - CMCJ carpometacarpal joint.
CMCt - CMCt care management continuity
across settings.
CMD - CMD campomelic dysplasia.
CMD - CMD camptomelic dwarfism.
CMD - CMD cartilage matrix deficiency.

245

CMD - CMD chief medical director.

CMD - CMD childhood muscular dystrophy.
CMD - CMD chronic myeloproliferative disease.
CMD - CMD comparative mean dose.
CMD - CMD congenital muscular dystrophy.
CMD - CMD count median diameter.
cmDNA - cmDNA cytoplasmic membraneassociated deoxyribonucleic acid.
CME - CME continuing medical education
(American Medical Association On-Line CME
Locator).
CMET - CMET central mucoepidermoid tumor
of the jaws.
CMF - CMF cyclophosphamide methotrexate
and 5-fluorouracil.

246

CMF - CMF cytoxan methotrexate and 5fluorouracil.

CMF/VP - CMF/VP cyclophosphamide
methotrexate 5-fluorouracil vincristine
CMH - CMH Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test.
CMHC - CMHC community mental health
centers.
CMI - CMI combined mechanical injury.
CML - CML chronic myelogenous leukemia.
CMML - CMML chronic myelomonocytic
leukemia.
CMO - CMO centric relation occlusion.
CMO - CMO Chief Medical Officer (UK).
CMP - CMP cardiomyopathy.

247

CMQ - CMQ Collge des mdecins du Qubec.

CMR - CMR clinical materials requisition.
CMS - CMS circulation motion sensation.
CMT - CMT Charcot-Marie-Tooth
(International).
CMT - CMT combined modality therapy.
CMT1A - CMT1A Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
type 1A.
CMV - CMV cisplatin-methotrexate-vinblastine.
CMV - CMV control medical ventilation.
CMV - CMV cytomegalovirus.
CMVIG - CMVIG cytomegalo virus immune
globulin.
CN - CN cranial nerve.

248

CN (2-12) - CN (2-12) cranial nerves (2 to 12).

CNB - CNB cannabinoids.
CNL - CNL chronic neutrophilic leukemia.
CNL - CNL constant neutral loss (scanning).
CNPA - CNPA chronic necrotizing pulmonary
aspergillosis. and respiratory epithelia.
CNR - CNR contrast-to-noise ratio.
CNS - CNS central nervous system.
CNTF - CNTF ciliary neurotrophic factor.
cNTS - cNTS caudal region of nucleus tractus
solitarius.
CNU-TNM - CNU-TNM Comite Nacional
Uruguayo TNM.
CNV - CNV cranial nerve number 5.

249

CNX - CNX cranial nerve number 10.

CO - CO carbon monoxide.
CO - CO cardiac output.
CO - CO check out.
CO - CO childhood-onset.
Co - Co cobalt.
CO-GHD - CO-GHD childhood-onset growth
hormone deficiency.
COA - COA California Orthopaedic Association.
COA - COA Canadian Orthopaedic Association
(Canadian Medical Association Affiliates).
COA - COA condition on admission.
COAD - COAD chronic obstructive airways
disease.

250

COAG - COAG coagulation.

COD - COD cause of death.
COD - COD condition on discharge.
COGME - COGME Council on Graduate
Medical Education.
COLD - COLD chronic obstructive lung disease.
COMP - COMP compound.
COMSS - COMSS Council of Musculoskeletal
Specialty Societies (also: AAOS Specialty
Societies).
COMT - COMT catechol-O-methyltransferase.
Con A - Con A concavalin A.
Cong. fail. - Cong. fail. congestive failure.
CONs - CONs normal controls.

251

Cons. - Cons. consultant.

COOMR - COOMR Center for Orthopaedic
Oncology and Musculoskeletal Research.
COP - COP center of pressure.
COPA - COPA Certified Orthotic and Prosthetic
Advocates.
COPD - COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease.
COPE - COPE chronic obstructive pulmonary
emphysema.
COPE Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences
(scale). - COPE Calendar of Premenstrual
Experiences (scale).
COR - COR Center for Orthopaedic Research.
CORF - CORF Carolina Orthopaedic Research
Foundation.

252

CORR - CORR Clinical Orthopaedics and

Related Research (Journal).
COS - COS Canadian Oncology Society.
COS - COS Clinical Orthopaedic Society (AAOS
Related Organizations).
COS - COS Colorado Orthopaedic Society.
COSTA test - COSTA test compost stabilization
test.
COVD - COVD College of Optometrists in Vision
Development.
COVD - COVD College of Optometrists in Vision
Development.
COX - COX cytochrome c oxidase.
COX-II - COX-II cyclooxygenase-II.
CP - CP capsid protein.

253

CP - CP cerebral palsy.
CP - CP chest pain.
CP - CP coat protein.
CP2D-A - CP2D-A citrate-phosphate-doubledextrose adenine.
CPAP - CPAP continuous positive airway
pressure.
CPB - CPB cardiopulmonary bypass.
CPB - CPB competitive protein binding.
CPC - CPC clinicopathological correlation.
CPD - CPD cephalopelvic disproportion.
CPD - CPD chronic peritoneal dialysis.
CPD - CPD citrate-phosphate-dextrose.
CPE - CPE chronic pulmonary emphysema.

254

CPE - CPE complete physical examination.

CPE - CPE cytopathic effect.
CPHL - CPHL Central Public Health
Laboratory.
CPK - CPK creatine phosphokinase.
CPM - CPM central pontine myelinolysis.
CPM - CPM clinical project manager.
CPM - CPM continuous passive motion machine
(center for orthopaedics and sports medicine).
CPM - CPM counts per minute.
CPM - CPM cyclophosphamide.
CPMA - CPMA California Podiatric Medical
Association.
CPMS - CPMS chronic progressive multiple

255

sclerosis.
CPPD - CPPD calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate.
CPR - CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
CPR - CPR checks with previous results.
CPR - CPR Contraceptive Prevalence Rate.
CPR - CPR C-reactive protein.
CPS - CPS Children's Protective Services.
CPT - CPT Current Procedural Terminology.
CPV-2 - CPV-2 parvovirus-2.
CPX - CPX complete physical examination.
CPZ - CPZ cefoperazone.
CPZ - CPZ Chlorpromazine (Thorazine).
CR - CR chest radiogram.

256

CR - CR clinical records.
CR - CR closed reduction.
CR - CR complete remission/complete response.
CR - CR conditioned reflex.
CR - CR crown-rump.
CR (1 - CR (12 and 3) leukocyte complement
receptors.
CR&C - CR&C closed reduction and cast.
CRA - CRA Clinical Research Associate.
Crani - Crani cranial (toward the head or
proximal).
Crani - Crani cranial (with reference to the
cranium).
CRC - CRC Cancer Research Campaign (UK).

257

CRC - CRC colorectal carcinoma.

CreA - CreA (the transcriptional repressor
mediating) carbon catabolite repression in
Aspergillus nidulans.
Crea - Crea creatinine.
CREST - CREST calcinosis Raynaud's
phenomenon esophageal dysmotility
sclerodactyly
CRF - CRF case report form.
CRF - CRF case report forms.
CRF - CRF chronic renal failure.
CRF - CRF corticotropin-releasing factor or
hormone.
CRI - CRI chronic renal insufficiency.
CRIS - CRIS controlled-release infusion system.

258

CRIT - CRIT critical hematocrit.

CRLs - CRLs cervical root lesions.
CRNA - CRNA certified registered nurse
anesthetist.
CRO - CRO cathode ray oscilloscope.
CRO - CRO clinical research organizations.
CRO - CRO Contract Research Organization.
CROM - CROM cervical range of motion.
CROM - CROM cervical range of motion.
CROME - CROME congenital cataracts-epileptic
fits-mental retardation (syndrome).
CROS - CROS contralateral routing of signals
(hearing aid).
CRP - CRP chronic relapsing pancreatitis.

259

CRP - CRP corneal-retinal potential.

CRP - CRP coronary rehabilitation program.
CRP - CRP C-reactive protein.
CrP - CrP creatine phosphate.
CRP - CRP cross-reacting protein.
CRP - CRP cyclic AMP receptor protein.
CRPA - CRPA C-reactive protein antiserum.
CRPD - CRPD chronic restrictive pulmonary
disease.
CRPF - CRPF chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium
falciparum.
CRPF - CRPF closed reduction and percutaneous
fixation.
CRPF - CRPF contralateral renal plasma flow.

260

CRPS - CRPS complex regional pain syndrome

(type I and II).
CRRN - CRRN certified rehabilitation registered
nurse.
CrRT - CrRT cranial radiotherapy.
CRS - CRS Carroll rating scale for depression.
CRS - CRS catheter-related sepsis.
CRS - CRS caudal regression syndrome.
CRS - CRS cervical spine radiography.
CRS - CRS Chinese restaurant syndrome.
CRS - CRS colon and rectum surgery.
CRS - CRS compliance of the respiratory system.
CRS - CRS congenital rubella syndrome.

261

CRS - CRS craniosynostosis.

CRS - CRS cryptidin-related sequence.
CRSM - CRSM cherry red spot myoclonus.
CRSP - CRSP comprehensive renal scintillation
procedure.
CRST - CRST calcinosis Raynaud phenomenon
sclerodactyly telangiectasia (syndrome).
CRT - CRT cadaveric renal transplant.
CRT - CRT capillary refill time.
CRT - CRT cardiac resuscitation team.
CRT - CRT cathode-ray tube.
CRT - CRT Certified Record Techniques.
CRT - CRT certified.
CRT - CRT choice reaction time.

262

CRT - CRT chromium release test.

CRT - CRT complex reaction time.
CRT - CRT computerized renal tomography.
CRT - CRT copper reduction test.
CRT - CRT corrected retention time.
CRT - CRT corrected.
CRT - CRT cortisone resistant thymocyte.
CRT - CRT cranial radiation therapy.
crt - crt hematocrit.
CRTM - CRTM cartilage matrix protein.
CRTP - CRTP Consciousness Research and
Training Project.
CRTT - CRTT Certified Respiratory Therapy

263

Technician.
CRU - CRU cardiac rehabilitation unit.
CRU - CRU clinical research unit.
CRV - CRV central retinal vein.
CRVF - CRVF congestive right ventricular
failure.
CRVO - CRVO central retinal vein occlusion.
CRYG - CRYG gamma crystallin gene.
CRYM - CRYM crystallin MU.
cryo - cryo cryogenic.
cryo - cryo cryoglobulin.
cryo - cryo cryoprecipitate.
cryo - cryo cryosurgery.

264

cryo - cryo cryotherapy.

Cryoppt - Cryoppt cryoprecipitate.
crys - crys cryst crystal crystaline.
CS - CS calf serum.
CS - CS campomelic syndrome.
CS - CS carcinoid syndrome.
CS - CS cardiogenic shock.
CS - CS caries-susceptible.
CS - CS carotid sheath.
CS - CS carotid sinus.
Cs - Cs case.
CS - CS cat scratch.
CS - CS celiac sprue.

265

Cs - Cs cell surface.
cS - cS centistoke.
CS - CS central service.
CS - CS central supply.
CS - CS cerebral scintigraphy.
CS - CS cerebrospinal.
CS - CS cervical spine.
CS - CS cervical stimulation.
CS - CS cesarean section.
Cs - Cs cesium.
CS - CS chest strap.
CS - CS chief of staff.

266

CS - CS cholesterol stone.
CS - CS chondroitin sulfate.
CS - CS chorionic somatomammotropin.
cs - cs chromosome.
CS - CS chronic schizophrenia.
CS - CS cigarette smoker.
CS - CS citrate synthase.
CS - CS climacteric syndrome.
CS - CS clinic scheduling.
CS - CS clinical laboratory scientist.
CS - CS clinical stage.
CS - CS clinical status.
CS - CS Cockayne syndrome.

267

CS - CS complete stroke.
CS - CS compression syndrome.
CS - CS concentrated strength.
CS - CS conditioned stimulus.
CS - CS congenital syphilis.
CS - CS conjunctival secretion.
CS - CS conscious sedation.
CS - CS conscious consciousness.
cs - cs consciousness.
CS - CS conservative surgery.
CS - CS constant spring.
CS - CS contact sensitivity.

268

CS - CS continue same.
CS - CS contrast sensitivity (test).
CS - CS control serum.
CS - CS convalescence convalescent.
CS - CS coronary sclerosis.
CS - CS coronary sinus.
CS - CS corpus striatum.
CS - CS corticoid-sensitive.
CS - CS corticosteroid.
CS - CS crush syndrome.
CS - CS c-section cesarean section.
CS - CS current smoker.
CS - CS current strength.

269

CS - CS Cushing syndrome.
CS - CS cycloserine.
CS - CS cyclosporine.
Cs - Cs cyclosporine.
CS - CS IV clinical stage 4.
CS-F - CS-F colony-stimulating factor.
CSA - CSA Canadian Standards Association.
CSA - CSA canavaninosuccinic acid.
CSA - CSA carbonyl salicylamide.
CSA - CSA cell surface antigen.
CSA - CSA chemical shift anisotropy.
CSA - CSA chondroitin sulfate A. and
prednisone.

270

CSA - CSA chorionic somatomammotropin A.

CSA - CSA colony-stimulating activity.
CSA - CSA compressed spectral assay.
CSA - CSA computerized spectral analysis.
CSA - CSA Controlled Substances Act.
CSA - CSA cross section area.
CSA - CSA cyclosporine A.
CsA - CsA cyclosporine A.
CSAA - CSAA Child Study Association of
America.
CSAD - CSAD corporate services administration
department.
CSAT - CSAT center for substance abuse
treatment.

271

CSAVP - CSAVP cerebral subarachnoid venous

pressure.
CSB - CSB Canadian Society for Biomechanics
(Socit Canadienne de Biomcanique).
csb - csb chromosome break.
CSB - CSB congenital short bowel.
CSB - CSB contaminated small bowel.
CSB - CSB craniosynostosis Boston type.
CSBF - CSBF coronary sinus blood flow.
CSBS - CSBS contaminated small bowel
syndrome.
CSC - CSC blow on blow (administration of
small amounts of drugs at short intervals)
(Fr.coup sur coup).
CSC - CSC collagen sponge contraceptive.

272

CSC - CSC corticostriatocerebellar.

CSC - CSC cryogenic storage container.
CSCC - CSCC cutaneous squamous cell
carcinoma.
CSCD - CSCD Center for Sickle Cell Disease.
CSCI - CSCI corticosterone side-chain isomerase.
CSCR - CSCR Central Society for Clinical
Research.
CSCV - CSCV critical serum chemistry value.
CSD - CSD carotid sinus denervation.
CSD - CSD cat scratch disease.
CSD - CSD combined system disease.
CSD - CSD conditionally streptomycin
dependent.

273

CSD - CSD conduction system disease.

CSD - CSD cortical spreading depression.
CSD - CSD craniospinal defect.
CSD - CSD critical stimulus duration.
CSDB - CSDB cat scratch disease bacillus.
CSDMS - CSDMS Canadian Society of
Diagnostic Medical Sonographers.
CSE - CSE clinical-symptom self-evaluation
(questionnaire).
CSE - CSE cone-shaped epiphysis.
CSE - CSE conventional spin-echo.
CSE - CSE cross-sectional echocardiography.
CSEP - CSEP cortical somatosensory evoked
potential.

274

CSER - CSER cortical somatosensory evoked

response.
CSF - CSF cancer family syndrome.
CSF - CSF cerebrospinal fluid.
CSF - CSF classical swine fever.
CSF - CSF cold stability factor.
CSF - CSF colony-stimulating factor.
CSF - CSF coronary sinus flow.
CSF-WR - CSF-WR cerebrospinal fluidWassermann reaction.
CSFH - CSFH cerebrospinal fluid hypotension.
CSFP - CSFP cerebrospinal fluid pressure.
CSFR - CSFR colony-stimulating factor receptor.

275

CSFV - CSFV cerebrospinal fluid volume.

CSG - CSG cholecystography cholecystogram.
csg - csg chromosome gap.
CSGBI - CSGBI Cardiac Society of Great Britain
and Ireland.
CSGBM - CSGBM collagenase soluble
glomerular basement membrane.
CSH - CSH carotid sinus hypersensitivity.
CSH - CSH chronic subdural hematoma.
CSH - CSH combat support (army) hospital.
CSH - CSH cortical stromal hyperplasia.
CSHA - CSHA Canadian Study of Health and
Aging.
CSHE - CSHE California Society for Hospital
Engineering.

276

CSHRH - CSHRH congenital self-healing

reticulohistiocytosis.
CSII - CSII continuous subcutaneous insulin
infusion.
CSK - CSK chronic superficial keratitis.
CSM - CSM clinical supply management.
CSMSD - CSMSD Czech Society for Metabolic
Skeletal Diseases (EFFO Member Society).
CSOS - CSOS Chinese Speaking Orthopaedic
Society.
CSOT - CSOT Canadian Society of Orthopaedic
Technologists.
CSP - CSP cervical spine.
CSP - CSP cyclosporine.
CSR - CSR central supply room.

277

CSR - CSR cervical spine radiography.

CSRS - CSRS Cervical Spine Research Society
(also: AAOS Specialty Societies).
CSRT - CSRT corrected sinus recovery time.
CSS - CSS Churg-Strauss syndrome.
Cst - Cst corticosterone.
CSV - CSV Cordis Standard Valves.
CSW - CSW Certified Social Worker.
CSWs - CSWs Children's Social Workers.
CT - CT carpal tunnel.
CT - CT cerebral thrombosis.
CT - CT cervical traction.
CT - CT cervical-thoracic.

278

CT - CT chemotherapy.
CT - CT clinical trial.
CT - CT computerized tomography.
CT - CT cor triatriatum.
CT - CT cytotrophoblast.
ct. - ct. count.
CTA - CTA clear to auscultation (about lungs).
CTAB - CTAB clear to auscultation bilaterally
(about lungs).
CTACK - CTACK cutaneous T-cell attracting
chemokine.
CTB - CTB cholera toxin subunit B.
CTB - CTB confined to bed

279

CTC - CTC common toxicity criteria.

CTD - CTD connective tissue disease.
CTE - CTE coefficient of thermal expansion.
CTEV - CTEV congenital talipes equinovarus.
CTF - CTF central tegmental field.
CTL - CTL cervical thoracic lumbar.
CTL - CTL cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
CTLA - CTLA cytotoxic T-lymphocyteassociated antigen-4 (CD152).
CTNB - CTNB CT-guided needle biopsy.
CTO - CTO clinical trials office.
CTR - CTR carpal tunnel release.
CTR - CTR coated tube radioimmunoassay.

280

CTS - CTS carpal tunnel syndrome (carpal

tunnel release: sample operative report).
CTSP - CTSP called to see patient.
CTX - CTX clinical trials exemption.
CU - CU cause unknown.
CU - CU clinical unit.
cu - cu cubic.
CUA - CUA cytosine-uracil-adenine codon for
leucine.
CUC - CUC cytosine-uracil-cytosine codon for
leucine. and telangiectasis.
CUD - CUD cause undetermined.
CUG - CUG cytosine-uracil-guanine codon for
leucine.
CUU - CUU cytosine-uracil-uracil codon for

281

leucine.
CV - CV cardiac volume.
CV - CV cardiovascular.
CV - CV cervical vertebra.
CV - CV color vision.
CV - CV cresyl violet (dye used in Gram
staining).
CVA - CVA cerebrovascular accident (stroke).
CVA - CVA costovertebral angle.
CVC - CVC central venous catheters.
CVD - CVD cardiovascular disease.
CVD - CVD cerebrovascular disease
CVG - CVG contrast ventriculography.

282

CVI - CVI cerebrovascular insufficiency.

CVMP - CVMP Committee for Veterinary
Medicinal Product.
CVP - CVP central venous pressure; normal
range: 0 to 9 cm of water.
CVP - CVP cytoxan vincristine prednisone
CVS - CVS cardiovascular status.
CVS - CVS cardiovascular system.
CVS - CVS chorionic villous sampling.
CVVH - CVVH continuous veno-venous
haemofiltration.
CVVHD - CVVHD continuous veno-venous
hemodialysis.
CW - CW chest wall.
CW - CW crutch walking.

283

CWHTO - CWHTO closing wedge high tibial

osteotomy.
CWI - CWI crutch walking instructions.
CWP - CWP cell wall protein.
CWP - CWP childbirth without pain.
CWP - CWP coal workers pneumoconiosis.
CX - CX cervix.
CX - CX chest x-ray.
CX - CX consciousness
Cx - Cx cultures.
CXR - CXR chest X-ray.
Cys - Cys cysteine.
cysto - cysto cystoscopic exam.

284

d - d /d day per day

D - D aspartic acid.
D - D day.
D - D diopter (lens strength)
D&C - D&C dilatation and curettage.
D&E - D&E dilatation and evacuation.
D&I - D&I dry and intact (wound dressings).
D&V - D&V diarrhea and vomiting.
D-LST - D-LST drug lymphocyte stimulation
test.
D-spine - D-spine dorsal spine (thoracic spine).
D/A - D/A date of accident.
D/A - D/A date of admission.

285

D/BMD - D/BMD Duchenne and Becker

muscular dystrophies.
D/C - D/C diarrhea/constipation.
D/C - D/C discharge.
D/C - D/C discontinue.
D/DW - D/DW dextrose in distilled water
D/H - D/H drug history.
D/NS - D/NS dextrose in normal saline
D/W - D/W dextrose in water.
D/W - D/W discussed with.
D1 D12 - D1 D12 dorsal vertebrae
(thoracic vertebrae).
D1OW - D1OW 10% aqueous dextrose solution.

286

D5 - D5 anti-microphtalmia transcription factor

antibody (for diagnosis of clear cell
sarcoma/malignant melanoma of soft parts).
D5%DW - D5%DWdextrose 5% in distilled
water
D5%NS - D5%NS dextrose 5% in normal saline
D5LR - D5LR dextrose 5% with lactated ringers
D5W - D5W 5% dextrose in water.
DA - DA degenerative arthritis.
DA - DA inbred strains of rats
[DA(RT1a/AgB4)].
DAB - DAB diaminobenzidine (chromogen for
peroxidase-based detection systems).
DAB - DAB dorsal abductors.
Dabs - Dabs absorbed radiation dose.

287

Dabs - Dabs degassed by O2 absorption (lungs).

DABS - DABS Derogatis Affects Balance Sheet.
DABS - DABS diazobenzene sulfonate.
DABS-AA - DABS-AA
dimethylaminoazobenzenesulfonyl-amino acid.
DABS-Cl - DABS-Cl
dimethylaminoazobenzenesulfonyl chloride.
DABS-L-Met-dl-(O) - DABS-L-Met-dl-(O) 4dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl-Lmethionine-dl-sulfoxide.
DAF - DAF decay-accelerating factor (CD55) regulates C3.
DAG - DAG diacylglycerol.
DAISY - DAISY the dairy information system
(UK).
DAN - DAN24-diaminonaphthalene.

288

DAN - DAN danazol.

DAN - DAN diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
Dan-MONICA - Dan-MONICA Danish
MONItoring trends in CArdiovascular diseases
study.
DAN-PSS - DAN-PSS Danish Prostate Symptom
Score.
DAO - DAO dog aorta.
DAP - DAP Draw a Person Test.
DAP - DAP dystrophin associated protein.
DAP-Kinase - DAP-Kinase death-associated
protein kinase.
DAPC - DAPC dystrophin-associated protein
complex.
DAPK - DAPK death-associated protein kinase.

289

DAPT - DAPT diphtheria acellular pertussis and

tetanus toxoids.
DAR - DAR double-antibody radioimmunoassay.
DAT - DAT dementia of the Alzheimer's type.
DAT - DAT diet as tolerated.
DAT - DAT direct antibody testing.
DATT - DATT Defense Attach.
DAV - DAV dapple apple viroid.
DB - DB date of birth.
db - db decibel.
DB - DB disability.
DBI - DBI diazepam binding inhibitor.
DBM - DBM demineralized bone matrix.

290

DBP - DBP demineralized bone powder.

DBP - DBP diastolic blood pressure.
DBP - DBP dibutyl phthalate.
DBPCFC - DBPCFC double-blind placebo
controlled food challenge.
DBSC - DBSC double-breath single cycle.
DBW - DBW deficit birthweight.
DBW - DBW desirable body weight.
DBW - DBW diabetic black women.
DBW - DBW dosing body weight.
DBW - DBW dry body weight.
DC - DC dendritic cells.
DC - DC direct current.

291

DC - DC disc discharged discontinue.

dc - dc discontinue.
DC - DC doctor of chiropractic.
DC&B - DC&B dilation curettage and biopsy.
DCA - DCA directional coronary atherectomy
(for coronary ostial lesions).
DCBE - DCBE double-contrast barium enema.
DCC - DCC dextran-coated charcoal.
DCC - DCC direct current contershock.
DCGF - DCGF dry corn gluten feed.
DCH - DCH23-dicyanohydroquinone.
DCH - DCH Day-case haemorrhoidectomy.
DCH - DCH deep cerebral hemorrhages.

292

DCH - DCH delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity.

DCH - DCH diffuse chorioamnionic
hemosiderosis.
DCH - DCH diffuse choroidal hemangiomas.
DCh - DCh dorsochiasmatic area.
DCH - DCH double-crush hypothesis.
DCIS - DCIS ductal carcinoma in situ - type of
breast cancer.
DCM - DCM dilated cardiomyopathy.
DCP - DCP des-g-carboxy prothrombin specific
for HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma).
DCS - DCS decompression sickness.
DCT - DCT distal convoluted tubule.
DD - DD discharge diagnosis.

293

DD - DD dry dressing.
DDAVP - DDAVP desmopressin acetate.
DDAVP - DDAVP desmopressin test for urine
osmolality.
ddC - ddC zalcitabine.
DDD - DDD degenerative disk disease.
DDH - DDH developmental dysplasia of the hip
(case report).
ddI - ddI didanosine.
DDP - DDP diamminedichloroplatinum.
DDS - DDS Doctor of Dental Surgery.
DDT - DDT chlorphenotane.
DDx - DDx differential diagnosis.

294

DE - DE delayed excitation.
DEA - DEA diethylamine.
DEA - DEA Drug Enforcement Agency.
DEAE - DEAE diethylaminoethyl.
DEC - DEC deceased; decrease
DEF - DEF defecation.
DEF - DEF deferred.
DEF - DEF deficient.
DEG - DEG degeneration.
Derm - Derm dermatology
DES - DES describe.
DES - DES desflurane.
DES - DES diethylstilbestrol.

295

DET - DET determine

DEV - DEV deviation.
DEXA - DEXA dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
(accuDEXA bone densitometer by Schick
Technologies).
DF - DF dorsiflexion.
DFA - DFA direct fluorescent antibody test.
DFI - DFI disease free interval.
DFID - DFID British Department of
International Development (Formerly ODA).
DFMO - DFMO DL-alphadifluoromethylornithine.
DFS - DFS disease free survival (time without
disease prior to relapse or last follow-up).
DFSP - DFSP dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.

296

DFX - DFX desferrioxamine.

DGC - DGC differentiated type gastric
carcinoma.
DGC - DGC dystrophin-glycoprotein complex.
DGCR - DGCR DiGeorge chromosomal region.
DGGE - DGGE denaturing gradient gel
electrophoresis.
DGGE - DGGE denaturing gradient gel
electrophoresis.
DGI - DGI disseminated gonococcal infection.
DGM - DGM duodenal gastric metaplasia.
DGR - DGR duodenogastric reflux.
DGS - DGS DiGeorge syndrome.
DH - DH dermatitis herpetiformis.

297

DHA - DHA docosahexanoic acid.

DHEA - DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone.
DHEA-ST - DHEA-ST dehydroepiandrosterone
sulfotransferases.
DHEAS - DHEAS dehydroepiandrosterone
sulfate.
DHF - DHF dorsi-hyperflexion.
DHHS - DHHS Department of Health and
Human Services.
DHL - DHL diffuse histocytic leukemia.
DHS - DHS dynamic hip screw.
DI - DI date of injury.
DI - DI diabetes insipidus.
diag - diag diagnosis diagnostic.

298

DIC - DIC disseminated intravascular

coagulation.
Dict. - Dict. dictation.
DIF - DIF direct immunofluorescence.
DIFF - DIFF diff differential blood count.
DIL - DIL dilated.
DIL - DIL dilute.
DIM - DIM diminished.
Dind - Dind indicative radiation dose.
DIP - DIP desquamative interstitial penumonitis.
DIP - DIP distal interphalangeal joints.
DIP - DIP distal interphalangeal.
DIPJ - DIPJ distal interphalangeal joint.

299

DIPP - DIPP diisopropyl phosphate.

dIPSPs - dIPSPs depolarizing inhibitory
postsynaptic potentials.
DIS - DIS disabled.
DIS - DIS disease.
DISH - DISH diffuse idiopathic skeletal
hyperostosis.
DISI - DISI dorsal intercalate segment instability.
DISL - DISL dislocate; dislocation.
DISP - DISP disposition.
DIST - DIST distal.
DIST - DIST distended.
DIT - DIT diiodotyrosine.

300

DIW - DIW dextrose in water.

DJD - DJD degenerative joint disease.
DKA - DKA diabetic ketoacidosis.
DKA - DKA did not keep appointment.
DKB - DKB deep knee bends.
dl - dl deciliter - 0.01 liters (100 ml).
DL - DL dual lumen.
DLA - DLA dorsolateral area.
DLC - DLC diamond-like carbon (coatings).
DLCL - DLCL diffuse large cell lymphoma.
DLCO - DLCO diffusing capacity of the lung for
carbon monoxide.
DLDH - DLDH dementia lacking distinctive
histopathology.

301

DLE - DLE discoid lupus erythematosus.

DLI - DLI donor lymphocyte infusion.
DLO - DLO d-limonene 12-epoxide.
DLO - DLO dorsolateral outflow.
DLO - DLO octopamine-IR.
DLS - DLS date last seen.
DLT - DLT dose limiting toxicity - determined by
phase 1 studies.
DM - DM diabetes mellitus.
DM - DM diastolic murmur.
DM1 - DM1 myotonic dystrophy gene.
DM2 - DM2 myotonic dystrophy gene 2 (linked to
chromosome 3q).

302

DMA - DMA dog mesenteric artery.

DMARD - DMARD disease modifying
antirheumatic drugs.
DMC - DMC Data Monitoring Committee.
DMD - DMD 3-(s)-[(dodecyloxycarbonyl)methyl]14-dioxane-25-diones.
DMD - DMD daily maintenance dose.
DMD - DMD delayed mental development.
DMD - DMD depression and manic depression.
DMD - DMD desmethyldiltiazem.
DMD - DMD desmethyldoxepin.
DMD - DMD diastolic myocardial dysfunction.
DMD - DMD dietary management of diarrhea.
DMD - DMD differential metabolic display.

303

DMD - DMD differentially methylated domain.

DMD - DMD digitoxigenin monodigitoxoside.
DMD - DMD dimethadione.
DMD - DMD dimethyldioxirane.
DMD - DMD discontinuous molecular dynamics.
DMD - DMD disease modifying drug
DMD - DMD disseminated malignant disease.
DMD - DMD disseminated mycobacterial disease.
DMD - DMD Doctor of Dental Medicine.
DMD - DMD dorsal medullary depressor area.
DMD - DMD Drug Misuse Databases.
DMD - DMD drusen-related macular
degeneration.

304

DMD - DMD dry matter digestibility.

DMD - DMD Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
DMD - DMD Dynia-Majan-Drdlicka factor
DMD - DMD Dystonia Musculorum Deformans
DMD - DMD dystrophin.
DMG - DMG dimethylglycine.
DMI - DMI Desipramine (Norpramin).
DMI - DMI dry matter intake.
DMN - DMN dorsal motor nucleus.
DMP - DMP data management plan.
DMPK - DMPK dystrophia myotonica-protein
kinase (gene on chromosome 19q).
DMR - DMR direct myocardial

305

revascularization.
DMS or MSM - DMS or MSM dimethylsulfone
or methylsulfonylmethane (CH3SO2CH3).
DMSO - DMSO dimethyl sulfamethoxazole
(cryoprotective used to store cells from patients
undergoing autologous transplantation).
DMSO - DMSO dimethylsulfoxyde.
DMT1 - DMT1 divalent metal transporter 1.
DMV - DMV dog mesenteric vein.
DMV - DMV dorsal metatarsal veins.
DN - DN double negative.
DNA - DNA deoxyribonucleic acid.
DNA - DNA did not attend (clinic).
DNC - DNC dominant-negative
complementation.

306

DND - DND died a natural death.

DNI - DNI do not intubate.
DNI/DNR - DNI/DNR do not intubate do not
resuscitate.
DNKA - DNKA did not keep appointment
dNM - dNM 1-deoxynojirimycin.
dnm - dnm daunosamine.
DNM - DNM delayed nonmatching-to-sample.
DNM - DNM descending necrotizing
mediastinitis.
DNM - DNM desmoplastic neurotropic
melanoma.
DNM - DNM dominant negative mutant.
DNR - DNR daunorubicin.

307

DNR - DNR do not resuscitate.

DNR - DNR dorsal nerve root.
DNS - DNS did not show for appointment.
DO - DO doctor of osteopathy.
DO - DO dorsal outflow.
DOA - DOA day of admission.
DOA - DOA dead on arrival.
DOB - DOB date of birth.
DOC - DOC deoxycholate.
DOC - DOC deoxycorticosterone.
DOC - DOC died of other causes.
DOD - DOD date of death.

308

DOD/OSD - DOD/OSD Department of

Defense/Office of the Secretary of Defense.
DOE - DOE date of examination.
DOE - DOE Department of Energy.
DOE - DOE dyspnea on exertion.
DOES - DOES disorder of excessive somnolence
(narcolepsy).
DOI - DOI date of injury.
DOJ - DOJ Department of Justice.
DON - DON demyelinating optic neuritis.
DOS - DOS date of surgery.
DOS - DOS Department of State.
DOT - DOT date of transfer.
DOT - DOT Department of Transportation.

309

DP - DP deep pulse.
DP - DP diastolic pressure.
DP - DP distal pulses.
DP - DP dorsalis pedis pulse.
DP - DP dorsalis pedis.
DPC - DPC desaturated phosphatidylcholine.
DPC - DPC desaturated phosphatidylcholine.
DPC - DPC diethypyrocarbonate.
DPC - DPC diethypyrocarbonate.
DPC - DPC direct patient care.
DPC - DPC direct patient care.
DPC - DPC disseminated peritoneal cancer.

310

DPC - DPC distal palmar crease.

DPC - DPC distal palmar crease.
DPC - DPCdelayed primary closure.
DPC - DPCdelayed primary closure.
DPD - DPD diffuse pulmonary disease.
dpdt - dpdt time derivative of left ventricular
pressure.
DPDT-SP - DPDT-SP D-Pro2-D-Trp79-SP.
DPGN - DPGN diffuse proliferative
glomerulonephritis.
DPH - DPH diphenylhydantoin.
DPKO - DPKO Department of Peacekeeping
Operations.
DPL - DPL diagnostic peritoneal lavage.

311

DPM - DPM dipyridamole.

DPM - DPM direct photometric method.
DPM - DPM disintegrations per minute.
DPM - DPM Doctor of Podiatric Medicine.
DPM - DPM dog pancreas microsomal
membranes.
DPPC - DPPC dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine.
DPT - DPT diphtheria pertussis tetanus
immunization.
DPTA - DPTA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic
acid.
DPV - DPV diameter of portal vein.
DR - DR delivery room.
DR - DR diabetic retinopathy.

312

DR - DR diagnostic radiology.
DR - DR dorsal root.
dr - dr dram.
DR - DR dressing.
DR - DR HLA DR antigen.
DRE - DRE digital rectal examination.
DREZ - DREZ dorsal root entry zone.
DRG - DRG diagnosis-related groups.
DRG - DRG dorsal root ganglion.
DRG/PPS - DRG/PPS diagnosis-relatedgroup/prospective-payment system.
DRN - DRN disaster relief nurse.
Drng - Drng drainage.

313

Drsg - Drsg dressing.

DRSP - DRSP drospirenone.
DRT - DRT daily rumination time.
DRT - DRT delay-reduction theory.
DRT - DRT Developmentally Regulated EPHrelated Tyrosine kinase gene.
DRT - DRT deviation ratio topography.
DRT - DRT device readiness test.
DRT - DRT device-related thrombosis.
DRT - DRT dexamethasone-resistant thymocytes.
DRT - DRT Diagnostic-Rhyme Test.
DRT - DRT dichotic rhyme task.
DRT - DRT Diet Readiness Test.

314

DRT - DRT diffraction Radon transform.

DRT - DRT diffuse rhythmic theta (waves).
drt - drt diffusional response time.
DRT - DRT digestion-related thermogenesis.
DRT - DRT discriminative reaction time.
DRT - DRT discriminative response task.
DRT - DRT disjunctive reaction time.
DRT - DRT DNA-damage-repair/toleration
activities.
DRT - DRT dopamine replacement therapy.
DRt - DRt dorsal reticular nucleus.
DRT - DRT dorsal root terminals.
DRT - DRT dorsal roots.

315

DRT - DRT Drug resistant typhoid fever.

DRT - DRT dynamic regional thresholding.
dRT-PCR - dRT-PCR differential RT-PCR.
DRUDP - DRUDP Division of Reproductive and
Urologic Drug Products.
DRUJ - DRUJ distal radioulnar joint.
DRUL - DRUL distal radioulnar ligaments.
DS - DS diagnostic sensitivity.
DS - DS Durie-Salmon stage.
DSA - DSA defibrillation systems analyser.
DSA - DSA digital substraction angiography.
DSA - DSA digital subtraction angiography.
DSC - DSC differential scanning calorimetry.

316

DSCA - DSCA Defense Security Cooperation

Agency.
DSD - DSD discharge summary dictated.
DSD - DSD dry sterile dressing.
DSE - DSE disposable smoke evacuator.
DSG - DSG dressing.
DSG - DSG dry sterile gauze.
DSH - DSH domestic shorthaired cat.
DSHEA - DSHEA Dietary Supplement Health
and Education Act.
DSK-TNM - DSK-TNM Deutschsprachiges
TNM-Komitee.
DSM - DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
DSP - DSP decreased sensory perception.

317

DSR - DSR Dahl salt-resistant rats.

DSs - DSs Dahl salt-sensitive.
DSS - DSS decision support system.
DSS - DSS Dejerine-Sottas Syndrome.
DSS - DSS dengue shock syndrome.
DSS - DSS Department of Social Services.
DSS - DSS dextrane sulfate sodium.
DSS - DSS digit symbol subtest.
DSS - DSS distal splenorenal shunt.
DSS - DSS disuccinimidyl suberate.
DSS - DSS double simultaneous stimulation.
DSSD - DSSD drug safety and surveillance
management.

318

DST - DST dexamethasone suppression test.

DST - DST distal straight tubule.
DSV - DSV Deep Submergence Vehicle.
DSV - DSV dense-cored vesicles.
DSV - DSV desulfoviridin.
DSV - DSV diameter of splenic vein.
DSV - DSV diastolic septal velocity.
DSV - DSV diethylamine shift value.
DSV - DSV diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary
thyroid carcinomas.
DSV - DSV digital subtraction venacavography.
DSV - DSV digital subtraction venography.
DSV - DSV Digitaria streak virus.

319

DSV - DSV DNA sequence variations.

DSV - DSV dog saphenous vein.
DSV - DSV Drosophila S virus.
DSV - DSV Dual Switch Valves.
DSV - DSV dithranol-2% salicylic acid-white soft
vaseline.
DT - DT date and time.
DT - DT date of treatment.
DT - DT delirium tremens.
DT - DT due to.
DT - DT duration tetany.
DTP - DTP diphtheria and tetanus toxoids with
pertussis (killed whole organism).
DTP - DTP distal tingling on percussion (over the

320

site of a nerve a.k.a. Tinel's sign or HoffmanTinel sign).

DTP - DTP distal tingling on percussion (Tinel's
sign)
DTR - DTR deep tendon reflex/es.
DTS - DTS diametral tensile strength.
DTSSP - DTSSP33'-dithiobis(succinimidyl
propionate).
DTZ - DTZ diltiazem.
DU - DU diagnosis undetermined.
DU - DU duodenal ulcer.
DU-24 - DU-24 avian cell line.
DUB - DUB dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
Dus - Dus differential upstream sequence.

321

DUS - DUS distinctness uniformity and stability

(test for crops in UK).
DUS - DUS divergent unilateral strabismus.
DUS - DUS Doppler ultrasound.
DUs - DUs drug users.
DUs - DUs duodenal ulcers.
DUS - DUS Dusseldorf.
dus - dus unknown gene tentatively designated
"dus" for dut suppressor.
DUS-3 - DUS-3 avian rho0 cell line.
dv - dv double vibrations.
DV&D - DV&D Diploma in Venereology and
Dermatology.
DVA - DVA developmental venous anomaly.

322

DVA - DVA distance visual acuity.

DVA - DVA duration of voluntary apnea.
DVA - DVA vindesine.
DVB - DVB divinylbenzene.
DVC - DVC divanillylcyclohexane.
DVCC - DVCC Disease Vector Control Center.
DVD - DVD dissociated vertical deviation.
dVDAVP - dVDAVP 1 -deamine-4-valine-Darginine vasopressin.
DVE - DVE duck virus enteritis.
DVH - DVH Diploma in Veterinary Hygiene.
DVH - DVH Division for the Visually
Handicapped.
DVH - DVH dose volume histogram.

323

DVI - DVI AV sequential (pacemaker).

DVI - DVI deep venous insufficiency.
DVI - DVI diastolic velocity integral.
DVI - DVI digital vascular imaging.
DVI - DVI Doppler velocity index.
DVIS - DVIS digital vascular imaging system.
DVIU - DVIU direct-vision internal urethrotomy.
DVL - DVL deep vastus lateralis.
DVM - DVM digital voltmeter.
DVM - DVM Doctor of Veterinary Medicine.
DVMS - DVMS Doctor of Veterinary Medicine
and Surgery.
DVN - DVN dorsal vagal nucleus.

324

DVP - DVP daunorubicin vincristine and

prednisolone.
DVP - DVP deep vascular plexus.
DVP - DVP defective viral particles.
DVP - DVP diastolic peak velocity prosthetic
flow.
DVP - DVP diastolic ventricular pressure.
DVP - DVP digital video plotter.
DVP - DVP direct venipuncture.
DVP - DVP distal vein patch.
DVP - DVP distributed volume pair.
DVP - DVP divalproex sodium.
DVP - DVP divinylporphyrin.

325

DVP - DVP domestic violence programs.

DVP - DVP Doppler velocity profile.
DVP - DVP dorsal vein of the penis.
DVP - DVP draining vein pressure.
DVP - DVP ventriculo-peritonial derivations.
DVR - DVR digital vascular reactivity.
DVR - DVR Doctor of Veterinary Radiology.
DVR - DVR double valve replacement.
DVR - DVR double ventricular response.
DVS - DVS Doctor of Veterinary Science.
DVS - DVS Doctor of Veterinary Surgery.
DVSc - DVSc Doctor of Veterinary Science.
DVT - DVT deep venous thrombosis.

326

DW - DW daily weight.
DW - DW deionized water.
DW - DW dextrose in water.
DW - DW distilled water.
DW - DW doing well.
DW - DW dry weight.
dw - dw dwarf (mouse).
DWA - DWA died from wounds by the action of
the enemy.
DWD - DWD died with disease.
DWDL - DWDL diffuse well-differentiated
lymphocytic lymphoma.
DWI - DWI driving while impaired; driving
while intoxicated.

327

DWM - DWM Dandy-Walker malformation.

DWR - DWR delayed word recall.
DWS - DWS Dandy-Walker syndrome.
DWS - DWS disaster warning system.
DWT - DWT dichotic word test.
DWT - DWT discrete wave transform.
dwt - dwt pennyweight.
DWW - DWW diabetic white women.
DX - DX dextran.
DX - DX dicloxacillin.
DX - DX discharged.
DX - DX disease.

328

Dx - Dx dx diagnosis.
DXA - DXA dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.
DXD - DXD discontinued.
DXM - DXM dexamethasone.
DXM - DXM dextromethorphan.
DXP - DXP digital x-ray prototype.
DxPLAIN - DxPLAIN Massachusetts General
Hospitals expert diagnostic system.
DXPNET - DXPNET Digital X-Ray Prototype
Network.
DXR - DXR deep x-ray.
DXR - DXR doxorubicin.
DXRT - DXRT deep x-ray therapy.
DXT - DXT deep x-ray therapy.

329

DXT - DXT dextrose.

dXTP - dXTP deoxyxanthine triphosphate.
DY - DY dense parenchyma.
Dy - Dy dysprosium.
dy - dy dystrophia muscularis (mouse).
dyn - dyn dynamic; dynamometer; dyne.
DYS - DYS dysautonomia.
dysp - dysp dyspnea.
DZ - DZ diazepam.
dz - dz disease.
DZ - DZ dizygotic.
DZ - DZ dizziness.

330

dz - dz dozen.
dZ - dZ impedance change.
DZM - DZM dorsal zone of membranelle.
DZP - DZP diazeparn.
E - E air dose.
e - e base of natural logarithms approximately
2.7182818285; egg transfer; ejection; electric
charge; electron; elementary charge; exchange.
E - E cortisone (compound E).
E - E each.
E - E eating.
E - E edema.
E - E elastance.
E - E electric charge.

331

E - E electric field vector.

E - E electrode potential.
E - E electromotive force.
E - E electron.
E - E embyro.
E - E emmetropia.
E - E encephalitis.
E - E endangered (animal).
E - E endogenous.
E - E endoplasm.
E - E enema.
E - E energy.

332

E - E Entamoeba.
E - E enterococcus.
E - E enzyme.
E - E eosinophil.
E - E epicondyle.
E - E epinephrine.
E - E error.
E - E erythrocyte.
E - E erythroid.
E - E erythromycin.
E - E Escherichia.
E - E esophagus.
E - E ester.

333

E - E estradiol.
E - E ethanol.
E - E ethyl.
E - E examination.
E - E exhalation.
E - E expectancy (wave).
E - E expected frequency in a cell of a
contingency table.
E - E experiment experimenter.
E - E expiration.
E - E expired air.
E - E exposure.
E - E extract extracted extraction.

334

E - E extraction fraction.
E - E extralymphatic.
E - E eye.
E - E glutamic acid.
E - E internal energy.
E - E involvement of a single extranodal site (in
Hodgkin lymphoma).
E - E kinetic energy.
E - E mathematical expectation.
e - e negative electron.
E - E redox potential.
E - E stereodescriptor to indicate the
configuration at a double bond (Ger. entgegen
opposite).

335

E - E unit (Ger. Einheit)..

E 4E - E 4E four-plus edema.
E coli - E coli Escherichia coli.
E&A - E&A evaluate and advise.
E* - E* lesion on the erythrocyte cell membrane
at the site of complement fixation.
e+ - e+ positron.
E-ADD - E-ADD epileptic attentional deficit
disorder.
E/A - E/A emergency admission.
E/G ratio - E/G ratio ratio of erythroid to
granulocytic precursors.
E0 - E0 electric affinity.
E0 - E0 standard electrode potential.

336

E1 - E1 estrone.
E2 - E2 17-estradiol.
E3 - E3 estriol.
E4 - E4 estetrol.
ea - ea each.
EA - EA early antigen (in EBV-IM).
EA - EA educational age.
EA - EA egg albumin.
EA - EA electric affinity.
EA - EA electrical activity.
EA - EA electroacupuncture.
EA - EA electroanes thesia.

337

EA - EA electropbysiological abnormality.
EA - EA embryonic antibody.
EA - EA endocardio graphic amplifier.
EA - EA Endometriosis Association.
EA - EA endurance athletes.
EA - EA enteral alimentation.
EA - EA entero anastomosis.
EA - EA enzymatically active.
EA - EA epiandrosterone.
EA - EA erythrocyte antibody.
EA - EA erythrocyte antiserum.
EA - EA esophageal atresia.
EA - EA estivo-autumnal.

338

EA - EA ethacrynic acid..
Ea - Ea kinetic energy of alpha particles.
EA-D - EA-D early antigen diffuse.
EAA - EAA electroacupuncture analgesia.
EAA - EAA Epilepsy Association of America.
EAA - EAA essential amino acid.
EAA - EAA ex trinsic allergic alveolitis.
EAA - EAA excitatory amino acid.
EAAC - EAAC excitatory amino acid carrier.
EAB - EAB elective abortion; Ethics Advisory
Board.
EABV - EABV effective arterial blood volume.
EAC - EAC Ehrlich ascites carcinoma.

339

EAC - EAC electroacupuncture.

EAC - EAC epithelioma adenoides cysticum.
EAC - EAC erythema annulare centrifugum.
EAC - EAC erythrocyte antibody complement.
EAC - EAC external auditory canal.
EACA - EACA epsilon-aminocaproic acid.
EACD - EACD eczematous allergic contact
dermatitis.
EACH - EACH essential access community
hospital.
EACR - EACR European Association for Cancer
Research.
EACs - EACs endocrine-active chemicals.
EAD - EAD early afterdepolarization;

340

extracranial arterial disease.

EADS - EADS early amnion deficit spectrum or
syndrome.
EAE - EAE experimental allergic
encephalomyelitis; experimental autoimmune
encephalitis.
EAHP - EAHP European Association for
Hematopathology.
EAN - EAN experimental allergic (autoimmune)
neuritis).
EANO - EANO European Association for
NeuroOncology.
EAS - EAS emergent abdominal sonography.
EB - EB epidermolysis bulosa.
EBA - EBA epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.
EBCT - EBCT electron-beam computed

341

tomography.
EBER - EBER early EBV mRNA.
EBL - EBL enzootic bovine leucosis.
EBL - EBL estimated blood loss.
EBM - EBM evidence-based medicine.
EBMT - EBMT European Group for Blood and
Marrow Transplantation.
EBN - EBN Endemic Balkan nephropathy.
EBNA - EBNA Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen.
EBV - EBV Epstein-Barr virus.
EBV-IM - EBV-IM Epstein-BArr virus infectious
mononucleosis.
EC - EC Enzyme Commission of the
International Union of Biochemistry.

342

ECA - ECA Echocontrast agents.

ECA - ECA ecternal/extracranial carotid artery.
ECA - ECA electrical control activity.
ECA - ECA endometrial cryoablation.
ECA - ECA enterobacterial common antigen.
ECA - ECA Epidemiological Catchment Area.
Eca - Eca Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica
(a phytopathogen).
ECA - ECA external carotid artery.
ECA - ECA extra-cardiac structural or
karyotypic anomalies.
Eca 109 - Eca 109 human esophageal epithelial
cancer cell line.
ECBO virus - ECBO virus enteric cytopathogenic
bovine orphan virus.

343

ECC - ECC early childhood caries.

ECC - ECC endocervical cell collector.
ECC - ECC extracorporeal circulation.
ECCE - ECCE extracapsular cataract extraction.
ECF - ECF extended care facility.
ECF - ECF extracellular fluid.
ECFV - ECFV extracellular fluid volume.
ECG - ECG electrocardiogram (also EKG).
ECH - ECH enoyl CoA hydratase.
ECHO - ECHO echocardiogram.
ECM - ECM extracellular matrix.
ECMO - ECMO extracorporeal membrane
oxygenation.

344

ECOMOG - ECOMOG Economic Community of

West African Monitoring Group.
EcoRI - EcoRI restriction enzyme from
Escherichia coli RY 13.
ECOWAS - ECOWAS Economic Community of
West African States.
ECRB - ECRB extensor carpi radialis brevis.
ECRL - ECRL extensor carpi radialis longus.
ECT - ECT electroconvulsive therapy.
ECTR - ECTR endoscopic carpal tunnel release.
ECU - ECU extensor carpi ulnaris.
ECWSs - ECWSs endoluminal colonic wall
stents.
ED - ED edema.

345

ED - ED emergency department.
ED - ED extradomain (the type III unit of
fibronectin).
EDA - EDA Excess Defense Articles.
EDAC - EDAC early detection of alcohol
consumption.
EDC - EDC estimated or expected date of
confinement.
EDC - EDC extensor digitorum communis.
EDDI - EDDI Education for Development and
Democracy Initiative.
EDI - EDI electronic data interchange.
EDIR - EDIR emergency drug identification
record.
EDL - EDL extensor digitorum longus.

346

EDM - EDM extensor digitis minimi.

EDMR - EDMR electrically detected magnetic
resonance.
EDRF - EDRF endothelium-derived relaxing
factor.
EDS - EDS Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
EDS - EDS external defibrillation system.
EDSTAC - EDSTAC Endocrine-Disrupter
Screening and Testing Advisory Committee.
EDTA - EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
EDV - EDV end diastolic velocity.
EDX - EDX electrodiagnostic.
EE - EE energy expenditure.
EE - EE ethinyl estradiol.

347

EEG - EEG electroencephalogram.

EENT - EENT ear eye nose and throat.
EES - EES Ethicon Endo-Surgery.
EEXOT - EEXOT Hellenic Orthopaedic
Association.
EF - EF (peptide) elongation factor.
EF - EF ectopic focus.
EF - EF edema factor.
EF - EF ejection fraction.
EF - EF elastic fibril.
EF - EF electric field.
EF - EF elongation factor.
EF - EF embryo fibroblast.

348

EF - EF embryo-fetal.
EF - EF emergency facility.
EF - EF encephalitogenic factor..
EF - EF endothoracic fascia.
EF - EF endurance factor.
EF - EF eosinophilic fasciitis.
EF - EF epithelial focus.
EF - EF equivalent focus.
EF - EF erythroblastosis fetalis.
EF - EF erythrocyte fragmentation.
EF - EF exposure factor.
EF - EF extended field.
EF - EF extrafine.

349

EF - EF extrinisic factor.
EF-2 - EF-2 initiation factor in the translational
step of viral replication.
EF-G - EF-G elongation factor G.
EFA - EFA essential fatty acids.
EFFAS - EFFAS European Foot and Ankle
National Societies.
EFFO - EFFO European Foundation for
Osteoporosis and Bone Disease.
EFORT - EFORT European Federation of
National Associations of Orthopaedics and
Traumatology.
EFS - EFS event free survival - time from
diagnosis to defined events (e.g. relapse or death).
EGA - EGA error grid analysis.

350

EGA - EGA estimated gestational age.

EGCs - EGCs early gastric carcinomas.
EGD - EGD esophagogastroduodenoscopy.
EGDS - EGDS esophagogastric devascularization
with splenectomy.
EGE - EGE eosinophilic gastroenteritis.
EGF - EGF epidermal growth factor.
EGFP - EGFP enhanced green fluorescent
protein.
EGS - EGS ethylene glycol bis succinimidyl
succinate.
EHBA - EHBA extrahepatic biliary atresia.
EHBP - EHBP extrahepatic biliary passages.
EHEC - EHEC enterohemorrhagic Escherichia
Coli.

351

EHL - EHL extensor hallucis longus.

EHS - EHS European Hip Society.
EIC - EIC endometrial intraepithelial
carcinogenesis.
EIC - EIC extensive intraductal component.
EICESS - EICESS European Intergroup Ewing's
Sarcoma Study.
EIN3 - EIN3 ethylene-insensitive3 (is a
transcription factor that works in the ethylene
signaling pathway in Arabidopsis).
EJ - EJ elbow jerk.
EJC - EJC European Journal of Cancer.
EJHS - EJHS Electronic Journal of Hand
Surgery.
EJO - EJO Electronic Journal of Orthopaedics.

352

EJS - EJS Electronic Journal of Surgery and

Specialistic Medicine.
EKG - EKG electrocardiogram (also ECG).
EL - EL elbow.
EL - EL endoscopic ligation.
ELAM-1 - ELAM-1 E-selectin adhesion molecule
(on endothelial cells).
ELISA - ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay.
Elix - Elix elixir.
ELOS - ELOS estimated lenght of stay.
EM - EM electron microscope emmetropia.
EMB - EMB eosin methylene blue agar.
EMC - EMC electromagnetic compatibility.

353

EMCAP - EMCAP World Bank's Economic

Management Capacity Project.
EMDR - EMDR Eye Movement Desensitization
and Reprocessing.
EMEA - EMEA European Agency for the
Evaluation of Medicinal Products.
EMG - EMG electromyogram electromyography.
EMH - EMH extramedullary hematopoiesis.
EMM - EMM epithelial malignant
mesotheliomas.
EMP - EMP Embden-Meyerhof pathway.
EMR - EMR Electronic Medical Records.
EMS - EMS electrical muscle stimulation.
EMS - EMS emergency medical service.

354

EMST - EMST Emergency Management of

Severe Trauma.
EMT - EMT emergency medical technician.
EMTALA - EMTALA Emergency Medical
Treatment and Active Labor Act.
EMUO - EMUO early morning urine osmolality
(evaluating urine concentration).
End - End endothelial cells.
ENG - ENG electronystagmography.
ENI - ENI Bureau for Europe and the New
Independent States .
ENSG - ENSG European Neuroblastoma Study
Group.
ENT - ENT ear nose and throat.
EOA - EOA Eastern Orthopaedic Association.

355

EOA - EOA Egyptian Orthopaedic Association.

EOI - EOI European Osteosarcoma Intergroup.
EOM - EOM extraocular movements.
EOMI - EOMI extraocular movements intact.
EORS - EORS European Orthopaedics Research
Society.
EORTC - EORTC European Organisation for
Research and Treatment of Cancer.
Eos - Eos eosin eosinophil.
EP - EP ectopic pregnancy.
EP - EP emergency physician.
EP - EP endogenous pyrogens.
EP - EP European Pharmacopoeia.
EPA - EPA Environmental Protection Agency;

356

controls the use of pesticides and monitors water

pollution in general.
EPB - EPB extensor pollicis brevis.
EPC - EPC egg phosphatidylcholine.
EPDM - EPDM ethylene propylene diene rubber.
EPEC - EPEC enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
EPI - EPI epinephrine.
Epi - Epi epithelial cells.
EPL - EPL extensor pollicis longus.
EPOC - EPOC excess post-exercise oxygen
consumption.
EPOS - EPOS European Pediatric Orthopaedic
Society.
EPS - EPS exophtalmos-producing substance.

357

EPS - EPS extrapyramidal symptoms.

EPSD - EPSD Early Periodic Screening
Detection.
EPSP - EPSP excitatory postsynaptic potential.
EPSPS - EPSPS 5-enolpyruvylshikamate-3phosphate synthetase.
EPU - EPU epidermal proliferative unit.
EPV - EPV Epstein-Barr virus.
ER - ER emergency room.
ER - ER endoplasmic reticulum.
ER - ER external rotation.
ER/PR - ER/PR estrogen/progesterone.
ERA - ERA electrical response activity.
ERA - ERA estradiol receptor assay.

358

ERA - ERA evoked response audiometry.

ERAD - ERAD endoplasmic-reticulum-associated
degradation.
ERCP - ERCP endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography.
ERE - ERE external rotation in extension.
ERF - ERF external rotation in flexion.
ERP - ERP effective refractory period.
ERT - ERT empathy response task.
ERT - ERT endurance run test.
ERT - ERT enzyme replacement therapy.
ERT - ERT estrogen replacement therapy.
ERT - ERT external radiation therapy.

359

Ery - Ery erythrocytes.

ES - ES electrical stimulation.
ES - ES endoscopic sclerotherapy.
ES - ES enzymatic spectrometric method.
ES - ES enzyme-substrate complex.
ESAF - ESAF Enhanced Structural Adjustment
Facility.
ESB - ESB European Society of Biomechanics.
ESD - ESD esterase D.
ESD Dus 2 - ESD Dus 2 a new rare allele for
esterase D (ESD) described in a family from
Dusseldorf.
ESDS - ESDS European Spinal Deformities
Society.
ESF - ESF Economic Support Fund.

360

ESF - ESF European Science Foundation.

ESFAS - ESFAS European Society of Foot and
Ankle Surgeons.
ESI - ESI electrospray ionization.
ESI - ESI epidural steroid injection.
ESI - ESI European Surgical Institute.
ESO - ESO European School of Oncology
EspA - EspA E. coli secreted protein A.
EspB - EspB E. coli secreted protein B.
EspD - EspD E. coli secreted protein D.
ESPD - ESPD electrosensitive protective device.
ESPD - ESPD endogenous digoxin-like substance.
ESPGHAN - ESPGHAN European Society of

361

Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and

Nutrition.
ESR - ESR electron spin resonance.
ESR - ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
ESRD - ESRD end stage renal disease.
ESRF - ESRF end stage renal failure.
ESS - ESS endometrial stromal sarcoma.
ESS - ESS European Spine Society.
ESSKA - ESSKA European Society for Sports
Medicine Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy.
EST - EST electroshock therapy.
EST - EST estrogen sulfotransferases.
EST - EST expressed sequence tag.
ESTRO - ESTRO European Society for

362

Therapeutic Radiation and Oncology.

ESWL - ESWL extracorporeal shock wave
lithotripsy.
et - et and.
ET - ET ejection time.
ET - ET esotropia.
ET - ET essential thrombocythemia.
ET - ET eustachian tube(s).
ET - ET exercise training.
ET-1 - ET-1 endothelin-1.
ETA - ETA estimated time of arrival.
ETCO2 - ETCO2 end tidal CO2.
ETD - ETD estimated time of departure.

363

ETF - ETF eustachian tube function.

ETI - ETI endotracheal intubation.
Etio - Etio etiology.
etiol. - etiol. etiology
EtO - EtO ethylene oxyde.
ETOH - ETOH ethanol - alcohol
ETS - ETS environmental tobacco smoke.
ETT - ETT endotracheal tube.
ETT - ETT exercise tolerance test.
ETX - ETX ethosuximide.
EU - EU European Union.
EU-NRLs - EU-NRLs European Union National
Reference Laboratories.

364

EUA - EUA examination under anesthesia.

EUP - EUP eupneic.
EUS - EUS endoscopic ultrasound.
EVA - EVA economic value added.
EVA - EVA electric vacuum aspiration.
EVA - EVA ethylene-vinylacetate.
EVAL - EVAL ethylene-vinyl alcohol.
eval. - eval. evaluation.
EVH - EVH enabled/VASP homology.
EVH - EVH endoscopic vein harvest.
EVH - EVH esophageal variceal hemorrhage.
EVH - EVH eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation.
EX - EX exacerbate; examination; excision.

365

EX - EX exercise.
EX - EX extension.
Exam - Exam examination.
EXC - EXC excellent; except; exchange; excision.
EXP - EXP expand; explain.
ExT - ExT exfoliating toxin.
EXT - EXT extend; external; extremity
ext - ext external.
What is Medical Transcription?
Medical transcription as the name suggests is the
diligent process of converting a health care
providers dictated notes in to accurate and readable
data records. This includes a sophisticated yet simple
method of listening to voice data and converting it in
a hardcopy and readable form. The process of
converting this voice data in readable format can be
basically described as transcription . Most of the

366

material transcribed include patients history,

physical reports, patient assessment, workup,
therapeutic procedures, clinical course, diagnosis,
prognosis, clinic notes, office notes, pathology
reports, operative reports, consultation notes,
discharge summaries, letters, psychiatric reviews,
laboratory reports, x-ray reports and many others
similar kinds of medical records, etc. It is not as easy
as a task of just transcribing voice data but also
involves a lot of editing of dictated material for
grammar, medical terminology and clarity as
necessary and as appropriate. Medical transcription
is usually carried out for medical professionals
operating out of small clinics to large hospitals.
These transcribed records are used for purposes of
archives, reference or serve as legal proof of medical
advice. In concise, this process starts with the health
care providers seeing patients in their hospitals and
clinics and dictating and recording important
information about the patients history, physical
examination, diseases, procedures, laboratory tests
and diagnoses in the form of voice data. These are
then heard by the medical transcriptionists who
accurately interpret it and transform in to much
needed readable and documented format.

367

HOW TO BECOME A MEDICAL

TRANSCRIPTIONIST
There are lots of institutions and schools available
who impart efficient training for medical
transcription . Essentially, entry level
transcriptionists must graduate from a MT certificate
program and according to industry standards are
considered experienced only after 3-5 years of full
time equivalent work hours. The reigns of medical
transcription are in the hands of The American
Association for Medical Transcription, which also
offers a Medical Transcriptionist Certification
Program (MTCP). To obtain certification, an
individual must pass a 2-part test a written test on
essential knowledge (terminology, language use,
anatomy/physiology, etc.) and a dictation
transcription covering report types and specialties.
However, Certification is a fairly new development
that has been created to improve professionalism and
quality of MT work product.
It takes most students about 6-9 months to complete
the program, although some take a little longer. A
proper training program includes overview in depth

368

on Medical terminology, English and grammar

usage, building up English and medical vocabulary
and the most important part of keyboard and typing
skills. During this period, students are exposed to a
variety of dictations from all fields of medicine so
that they are ready to give the desired output as
required by the industry.
Successful medical transcription training results
from a combination of knowledge, skills, effective
transcription experience with careful assessment and
evaluation by professional and caring instructors.
INDUSTRY TRENDS AND POTENTIAL
THREATS
The most conceivable and recognizable threat to the
medical industry as a whole is the emergence of new
voice recognition software. However, in spite of the
advances in this technology, it has been difficult for
the computer to grasp and analyze the human voice
and the English language with all its diversity.
Besides, as many as software develop, there will still
be people needed to edit what is transcribed by the
software. Hence, there will continue to be a need for
skilled medical language specialists who expand

369

their education and have the knowledge to identify

and edit the inevitable errors created by speech
recognition systems and who have enough
understanding of health records to create an accurate
final document. Medical transcriptionists will
therefore remain the ultimate qualified persons to
discern the nuances of human speech.
Billing/Counting Lines in Medical Transcription
Billing, which is quite the most important task in
medical transcription is itself quite a huge task, not
because it is difficult but because of lack of any
standardized format for billing process. This till date
has remained a mystery. It is supposedly one of the
controversial, misunderstood, misused, and abused
concepts in the industry. Though everyone does
complain about it, still the fuzziness surrounding this
issue still carries on. However, over the past few
years, there has been a general consensus among
industry players, which in coming years will pave
the way for standardization. Before proceeding with
understanding this billing cycle and process, lets get
familiar with basic definitions provided by AAMT.

370

1. Gross Character: Any letter, number, symbol or

function key necessary for the final appearance and
content of a document, including the space bar,
carriage return, underscore, bold, and any character
contained within a macro, header or footer.
2. Net Character: Printed characters only. Note: to
convert to Gross Characters multiply Net
Characters by 1.2
3. Net Line: A defined line length that includes a
predetermined number of gross characters (55, 60,
65, 70, 75, etc.).
4. Gross Line: Any printed line that has one or more
characters. (To convert Gross Lines to Net Lines
multiply Gross Lines by .70).
5. Keystroke: Each stroke of a key is counted including the space bar, carriage return, underscore,
bold, etc. Note: macros become an issue here technically, if a macro requires three keystrokes,
then for billing purposes, three keystrokes would be
billed.

371

6. Net Word: A net word is defined as five (5)

alpha/numeric characters plus one(1) space for a
total of six (6) characters.
7. Recorded Minute: One recorded minute of
dictation is equal to an average of 777 gross
characters for Medical Records dictation (including
ER) and an average of 782 gross characters for
Physician Practices dictation.
General Methodology for Accounting: The most
accepted system in the industry is to bill transcribed
reports on the number of lines, which is usually a
65-keystroke line. In other language, all characters
with spaces divided by 65 gives the total number of
lines in the document. Though some clients do bill
on the basis of all characters without spaces divided
by 65. However, still billing per page is still in
accordance at some places where majority of reports
are very concise and short. Anyhow, it remains in
the repertoire of the client and the transcription
provider as to how best they can negotiate with each
other.
After a successful negotiation, comes the most
difficult task of counting the number of characters

372

and lines in each document. But thanks to

information technology, a variety of softwares are
available in the market to reduce this taxing task to a
question of minutes.
These include:
Speed cent Developed by Spinet global solutions,
tailor made as per requirements.
Abacus - Sorcerer Software,
MedPen - Emmaus MedPen
MP Count - Emmaus MedPen
Slycount II (WordPerfect) - Sylvan Software
Slycount IV (MS Word) - Sylvan Software
WP Count - Productive Performance, Inc.
In addition, the widely used document processing
software, Microsoft Word and Word Perfect each
have their own built-in line counting utility - which
may prove adequate depending on your application.
However, the best programs provide all the options
of including or excluding spaces, carriage returns,
headers, footers, transcriptionist ID, etc. This allows

373

for optimal flexibility in tracking and billing line

counts.
Medical Transcription News
Read the latest developments in the field of medical
transcription.
Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute
Finds Mobile Convenience and Flexibility with
WinScribe Digital ... (PRWeb)
WinScribe announced today that it has deployed its
award-winning digital dictation, transcription, and
workflow management solutions to Memphis based
Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute.
WinScribe's mobile functionality was a primary
factor for the firm's decision to choose WinScribe.
(PRWeb May 10, 2008) Read the full story at ...
Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute
Finds Mobile Convenience and Flexibility with
WinScribe Digital ... (PRWeb via Yahoo! News)
WinScribe announced today that it has deployed its
award-winning digital dictation, transcription, and
workflow management solutions to Memphis based
Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute.
WinScribe's mobile functionality was a primary
factor for the firm's decision to choose WinScribe.

374

Minor and James Medical, A Multi-Specialty,

Multiple Location Clinic, Selects MxSecure, Inc.,
Provider of ... (PRWeb)
Minor and James Medical, an innovative multispecialty, multiple location clinic selects MxSecure,
Inc., the nation's leading provider of medical
transcription services to healthcare clinics, as their
outsourced medical transcription provider. (PRWeb
May 6, 2008) Read the full story at
http://www.prweb.com/releases/transcription/service
s/prweb903434.htm
Minor and James Medical, A Multi-Specialty,
Multiple Location Clinic, Selects MxSecure, Inc.,
Provider of ... (PRWeb via Yahoo! News)
Minor and James Medical, an innovative multispecialty, multiple location clinic selects MxSecure,
Inc., the nation's leading provider of medical
transcription services to healthcare clinics, as their
outsourced medical transcription provider.
Liberia: Ellen Seeks Oppostion's Help
(AllAfrica.com)
President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf arrived in the
country from the U.S., Monday this week, where she
underwent medical check-ups, held talks with U.S.
business executives, and picked up a number of

375

university degrees and laurels for her work.

Drivers, passengers cope with gas hikes (Cebu Daily
News)
Amid the series of fuel price increases this year,
drivers and passengers are finding ways to save and
stretch their daily budget. Dexter Bayawa, 19 and a
passenger jeepney driver, came to Cebu to have a
job and save money for his college studies.
Scientists identify key roadblock to gene expression
(News-Medical-Net)
A team of scientists has provided, for the first time, a
detailed map of how the building blocks of
chromosomes, the cellular structures that contain
genes, are organized in the fruit fly Drosophila
melanogaster. The work identifies a critical stop sign
for transcription, the first step in gene expression,
and has implications for understanding how the
AIDS virus regulates its genes. The ...
In print (Science News)
In research circles the debate is settled. Psychiatric
illnesses are disorders rooted in biology. As
convincing as the evidence is, mysteries still fog our
understanding of mental illnesses.
CMCC honors 300 grads (The Lewiston Sun
Journal)

376

LEWISTON - Members of the largest graduating

class in Central Maine Community College's history
received diplomas Friday night. About 350
graduates and their families and friends filled the
Androscoggin Bank Colisee for the school's 44th
commencement exercises.
Daycare options increase for city's parents (Carlsbad
Current-Argus)
CARLSBAD The future of Carlsbad's number of
daycare options looks to be bright. Aaron and Becky
Norman plan to open Bright Horizons Daycare in a
building at 803 N. Eighth St. They hope to have the
facility open to half capacity by July or August.
Need for Medical Transcription
Well, as somebody has so rightly said Necessity is
the mother of invention and its apt usage can be
applied for this process too. Over the years, there has
been always a constant need and requirement to have
a properly documented data of each and every
individuals health records over his lifetime. This
necessarily requires an efficient work management
system along with detailed and yet organized
documented proof of each and every hospital visit
during an individuals lifetime. Consequent to this,

377

the Flexner report on medical education (1910) was

the first formal statement made about the function
and contents of the medical record, which
encouraged physicians to keep a patient oriented
medical record. In the 1960s, hospital information
systems (HIS) emerged, which helped physicians
keep accurate patient health data. Similarly, Problem
oriented medical records (POMR), made in 1969 by
Larry Weed focused on the organization of all
diagnostic and therapeutic plans keeping in mind the
medical problems. Thus, started the need for
maintaining accurate and organized medical data and
with that the need for medical transcriptionists
paving the way for a new emerging business of
medical transcription . There are no doubts with
regard to the benefits this process has brought to the
whole medical fraternity and general public as a
whole.
Medical Transcription Curriculum
Any educational program in medical transcription
should provide basic knowledge and skills required
for transcribing healthcare dictation. The programs
aim should be to prepare a student for entry-level
employment as a medical transcriptionist in the

378

industry. It is recommended that the training

program should ideally be based on The Model
Curriculum for Medical Transcription, 2nd edition,
published by AAMT that specifies the belowmentioned requisites for a successful training
program. These include: a minimum of 400 hours of
theory classes & 600 hours of practical sessions with
live dictation a total of 1000 hours and should be
delivered in regular batches over a period of six
months. The important heads to be covered in the
syllabus are:
1. English Language and its applied usage, which
should cover correct English usage, rules of
grammar, punctuation, and using correct spelling
and sentence structure.
2. Medical Knowledge:
a. Understand medical terminology related to
anatomy, physiology, general medicine, general
surgery, medical specialties, surgical specialties,
diagnostic and interventional procedures, pathology
and laboratory medicine, health and wellness,
imaging techniques, medications, and alternative or
complementary medicine.

379

Medical language and its structure including

prefixes, suffixes, combining forms, root words,
plurals, abbreviations, acronyms, eponyms,
homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, and commonly
used phrases.
b. Anatomy and Physiology Essentials of human
anatomy and physiology.
c. Pharmacology and Laboratory Medicine
d. Common tests used in pathology and laboratory
medicine, including diagnostic indications,
techniques, expression of values, and significance of
findings.
e. Recognize, pronounce, spell, define, and
understand pharmacological terminology.
f. Drug classifications, indications,
contraindications, actions, interactions, side effects,
forms, dosages, and routes of administration.
g. Disease Processes, their etiology and pathology.
h. Clinical medicine, including diagnosis and
treatment of common diseases and conditions.

380

i. Advanced Medical Language-surgical procedures

and other diagnostic and interventional treatment
modalities, including anesthesia types and
techniques, surgical techniques, equipment,
instruments, and accessories, as well as typical
findings and related diagnoses.
j. Procedures, techniques, and findings in diagnostic
and interventional imaging.

3. Computer skills and technology:

a.
Word processing, computers, dictation and
transcription equipment, and related technologies.
b.
Operate designated dictation and transcription
equipment and use designated word processing
programs and related technologies.
c.
Trends and developments in technologies
related to healthcare documentation.
d.
Use of electronic references and other
resources for research and practice.

381

4. Healthcare Documentation:
a.
Healthcare Records - the purpose and content
of the healthcare record (paper and electronic).
b.
The content and format of healthcare
documents (paper and electronic).
c.
Knowledge of standards and regulations
related to healthcare documentation as set by US
healthcare authorities.
d.
Medicolegal Concepts and Ethics-the
medicolegal aspects of the healthcare record (e.g.,
confidentiality, privacy) and the medical
transcriptionist's role in risk management.
e.
Understanding and application of ethics in the
medical transcription profession.

5. Professional Practice:
a.

Fundamentals of Medical Transcription

b.
Demonstrate the ability to proofread and
correct transcribed healthcare documents.

382

c.
Recognize, evaluate, and interpret
inconsistencies, discrepancies, and inaccuracies in
healthcare dictation and appropriately edit, revise,
and clarify them while transcribing, without altering
the meaning of the dictation or changing the author's
style.
d.
Meet progressively demanding medical
transcription accuracy and productivity standards.
e.
Demonstrate an awareness of the functions,
operations, and dynamics of medical transcription
work environments.
f.
Demonstrate professionalism in the
workplace.
g.
Demonstrate an awareness of the opportunities
in medical transcription and related careers and the
importance of professional development.
Understanding HIPAA & its Compliance in
Medical transcription
1. Understanding HIPAA & its Compliance in
Medical transcription

383

HIPAA is Health Insurance Portability and

Accountability Act of 1996-A law mandating that
anyone belonging to a group health insurance plan
must be allowed to purchase health insurance within
an interval of time beginning when the previous
coverage is lost. The law protects employees,
especially those with long-term health conditions
who may be reluctant to leave jobs because they are
afraid pre-existing condition clauses will limit
coverage of any such conditions under a new
insurance plan, from losing health insurance due a
change in employment status. This act was basically
designed to protect the privacy rights of individuals
with regard to their confidential medical records.
The act greatly restricts the dissemination and
transmittal of personal patient information and has
dramatically affected the way healthcare information
is handled. HIPAA regulations have also tried to
restrict the use of preexisting condition exclusions,
create special enrollment periods and prohibit
discrimination based on health-status related
conditions in enrollment and premiums.
HIPAA - Primary objectives

384

This act was a result of congressional healthcare

reform proponents to reform healthcare. The four
primary objectives it serves to achieve are:
Reduce healthcare fraud and abuse
Assure health insurance portability by eliminating
job-lock due to pre-existing medical conditions
Enforce standards for health information
Guarantee security, privacy and confidentiality of
patient health information
Of the four primary objectives, the fourth objective
has the most impact on medical transcription since it
deals with handling and transfer of sensitive
information of patient health data usually in
electronic form. All transcription organizations
therefore must be able to support two requirements:
1. Ensure the security and confidentiality of the
patients Protected Health Information and
2. Maintain an audit trail of all individuals who have
had access to Protected Health Information.
This means that transcription service providers must
implement technology and business processes in

385

their operation to support these two major

requirements.
HIPAA Regulations and its reach-HIPPA
regulations have been devised to have broad
application with a variety of extensions. These
provisions extend to all health care providers who
transmit health records in an electronic format and
health care billing companies. The Act refers to
these organizations as "Covered Entities". Most
Medical Transcription Services and their employees
are not considered "Covered Entities" under the Act
unless their organization also engages in services
that put them in the category of "Covered Entity".
Medical Transcription Services are typically
regarded under the Act as "Business Associates".
Covered Entity and Business Associate
HIPAA defines a Covered Entity (CE) as a health
plan, a healthcare clearinghouse, or a healthcare
provider who transmits any health information in
electronic form in connection with a HIPAA
transaction. A physicians office thereby would fall
under the category of a Covered Entity.

386

The Act defines a Business Associate as "any person

or organization that performs a function or activity
on behalf of a Covered Entity, but is not part of the
Covered Entity's workforce (employees, volunteers,
trainees and others) under the Covered Entity's direct
control, regardless of whether they are paid by the
Covered Entity." A medical transcription service
provider would be classified under the definition of a
Business Associate.
As a Business Associate, the Medical Transcription
Service may not be directly governed by HIPAA
regulations. But however, indirectly, the Business
Associates are governed in accordance with the fact
that Covered Entities are required to obtain written
assurances from the Business Associates that they
deal with to ensure that patient identifying
information is appropriately safeguarded. These
written assurances must be included in a written
contract between the Covered Entity and the
Business Associate.
HIPAA & Independent Medical
Transcriptionists?

387

Medical transcriptionists who operate as

Independent Contractors to Medical Transcription
Services (Business Associates) and who have direct
access to patient health information are referred to
by the Act as "Third Parties." Third Parties must
have a written contract with the Business Associate
for whom they provide contract services to assure
that patient information conveyed to them will be
appropriately safeguarded and that all electronic data
transmissions between the Third Party and the
Business Associate are conducted in accordance
with the approved national standard. This contract
should be similar in nature and scope to the contract
between the Business Associate and the coveted
entity.
Deadline for Complying to guidelines of HIPAA?
HIPAA act requires that healthcare organizations
insurers and payors that have been using any
electronic means of storing patient data and
performing claims submission must comply with the
this rule by April 14, 2003. Since medical
transcription deals with handling and storing patient
data in electronic form, it is necessary that all such
organizations must comply with this deadline. Small

388

health care plans will have until April 14, 2004 to

become completely compliant. However, all other
covered entities must become fully compliant by
April 14, 2003.
Standards prescribed for Transmittal of Electronic
Patient Information - HIPAA act requires that
healthcare organizations insurers and payors that
have been using any electronic means of storing
patient data and performing claims submission must
comply with the this rule by April 14, 2003. Since
medical transcription deals with handling and
storing patient data in electronic form, it is necessary
that all such organizations must comply with this
deadline.
Internet & HIPAA compliance-With advancing
technology, internet has become the major source of
electronic data transmission over the years and will
surely continue to do so. Hence, it becomes
necessary on the part of medical transcription
service provider to use encryption and password
protection to prevent unauthorized access to any
patient information. Dictations done on a telephone
does not need to be encrypted. However, voice files
transmitted by portable recorders should be

389

encrypted prior to transmission over the Internet.

Transcribed documents must be sent back to the
healthcare provider also in a secured manner using
encrypted email or a secure FTP site or may be
faxed with a disclaimer statement explaining the
confidential nature of the document. However, use
of tapes lends a high degree of doubt since there is
no way to verify an audit trail as to who has had the
tape and who listened to patient data on the tape. If
the tape is lost, one cannot guarantee the security of
the information on it.
Other Key Provisions of the Act - The primary
focus of the Act is to restrict the leakage and
dissemination of patient health care information.
The conditions under which information can be
conveyed are very explicitly stated. The rules
specifically pertain to health information that is
transmitted or maintained in any form be it oral,
paper, electronic, etc and which contains patient
identifying information. Patient identifying
information includes such things as name,
address, social security number, phone number,
and any other information, which could be used
to identify an individual.

390

In order to be compliant to the rules and regulations

of HIPAA, covered entities must implement
measures to ensure that patient information is
protected in accordance with the provisions of the
Act. Specifically:
1. A proper written proof must be provided to
individuals telling them as to how their information
will be used and to whom it will be disseminated
(i.e. to insurance and billing companies, or other
health care practitioners).
2. Similarly, a written consent should also be
obtained from the individual allowing for the use
and maintenance of personal information as
provided for by the Act.
3. Disclosure of information for any other purpose
must be done always after documented specific
authorization from the individual.
4. All efforts must be made by covered entities to
minimize the dispersal of patient information
through any means.
5. Covered entities must establish and maintain
adequate administrative, technical and physical

391

measures to ensure that all privacy requirements are

upheld within the organization.
6. Business Associate must be directed specifically
to safeguard all patient related information in the
best possible way and covered entities should
periodically review the standards of security and
confidentiality of their Business Associate.
Penalty imposition for non-compliance-The total
amount from civil penalties for multiple violations
by a Covered Entity during a calendar year is capped
at $25,000.
HIPAA also provides from criminal liability for
Covered Entities for knowingly obtaining or
disclosing individually identifiable health
information. The maximum penalty is a fine of
$50,000 and imprisonment of one year. If the
offense is committed under false pretenses, the
maximum penalty is a fine of $100,000 and
imprisonment of five years. If the offense is
committed with the intent to sell, transfer or use
individually identifiable health information for
commercial advantage, personal gain or malicious

392

harm, the maximum penalty is a fine of $250,000

and imprisonment of ten years.
Both Civil and criminal penalties can be imposed for
noncompliance with HIPAA. The truss of these
penalties are usually directed against Covered
Entities but not directed directly against Business
Associates. However, indirectly, the business
Associates do come under penalty imposition since
they are contractually obligated to comply with these
regulations.

Rights of patient under HIPAA-HIPAA provides the

patient with many new rights in relation to their
healthcare documentation. Some of them include:
Right to review their entire medical record and
data.
Right to request changes within documentation
(though this comes under the preview of the
physician who can deny for specific reasons
Right to request documentation every time their
information was accessed, along with identity of the

393

individual accessing the document with specific

reason for doing so.
Right to know how much of the information was
shared.
Right to know what the Covered Entitys policies
and procedures are for security and privacy.
Productivity Tools for Medical Transcription
In our world of advancing technology and time
constraints, where time saved is money earned, a lot
of transcription service providers stress vehemently
on newer methods of improving productivity and
output standards. More and more transcriptionists
are taking advantage of keystroke saving software
tools to improve their performance and thereby their
income.
The latest generation of typing saving tools allow
MTs to direct their computers to expand a few
judiciously typed characters into strings of common
words, phrases, paragraphs or even entire short
repetitive reports. The proper use of such methods
has been shown to cut production time by almost
one-half to one-third. Besides, not only improving

394

speed, these tools have improved accuracy of the

generated reports by minimizing the errors to the
least. A few of such tools available are:
Word Expanders
There are a number of excellent productivity
programs available on the market today. What is
more, the scope and functionality of these offerings
continues to evolve.
InstantText- Textware Solutions
MedPen - Emmaus MedPen
MPWord - Emmaus MedPen
QuickScript - QuickScript
ShortCut - Healthcare Technologies
Shorthand - Office Soft, LLC
ShortKeys - Insight Software Solutions
Smartype - Narratek
WP Medical - Productive Performance, Inc.

395

Medical spell checkers: Besides these text

expanders, there is a whole gamut of softwares for
medical spell checkers. A few of these are:
Dorland's Electronic Medical Dictionary - W.B.
Saunders
Merriam-Webster's Medical Audio Dictionary Merriam-Webster
Spellex - Spellex
Stedman's Electronic Medical Dictionary Stedman's
Complete Medical / Pharmaceutical Spellchecker Sylvan Software
Taber's Electronic Medical Dictionary - Taber's
Automated speech Recognition Software: A newer
and most threatening software to the whole
transcription industry as a whole is the speech
recognition software, where the software makes the
report automatically after hearing the dictated voice.
Thought it is still in nascent stages but over a period
of time, it will surely become the most sought after

396

software for the medical fraternity. Some of them in

use are
Boomerang - Dictaphone
Dragon Naturally Speaking - ScanSoft
Eloquently Speaking - 21st Century Eloquence
IBM Via Voice - IBM
MediTalk - Voice Automated
Speech Power DVISkills Needed to Become A
Medical Transcriptionist

Medical transcriptionists (MTs) are not just data

entry operators or simple typists working in the
healthcare industry. They need to have additional
skills required for creating proficient and accurate
medical records. Besides having these skills, they
need to constantly improvise and hone their skill-set.
MTs are expected to be proficient in English
language use and grammar, medical terminology,
anatomy and physiology, disease processes, medical
record keeping, and of course typing and computer
skills. These skill-sets can be summarized below:

397

1. Keyboard Kinetics: Typing speed is important in

the productivity of a transcriptionist. Techniques
for building speed and efficiency on the
keyboard is an invaluable tool for improving
typing speed and thereby productivity. Usually,
industry requirement is 60 to 80 wpm.
2. Language and grammar style: The ability to
correctly structure and punctuate proper English
sentences is vital in producing quality medical
transcription reports. Hence, transcriptionists
need to have a thorough idea on when and how
to use commas, semicolons, hyphenation,
capitalization, subject-verb agreement, and
more.
3. Medical Terminology: Understanding the
language of medicine is essentially the most
important and vital aspect of this career. Hence,
a constant improvisation on adding medical
vocabulary is a must for a successful MT.
4. Human Anatomy, Physiology & Disease
Processes: Last but not the least, a general
understanding of the human body and how it
works is essential to medical transcription .
Though not a thorough but a basic idea of all
major body systems like musculoskeletal

398

system, cardiovascular system, endocrine

system, reproductive system, digestive system,
respiratory system, the brain and central nervous
system, and the sense organs including their
functions, organs, common diseases is required.
These enable MTs to formulate an
understanding of the terms they will hear based
on logic.
MEDICAL TRANSCRIPTION AS AN
ATTRACTIVE CAREER
Medical transcription has been a very rapidly
growing industry and has been classified as an IT
enabled service. In other words, it does not require
highly specialized IT or software development skills.
Because of limited skill-set, it provides unlimited
opportunities to make dynamic and unique
contribution to quality patient care and health
service. Health care has always been a rapidly
growing field and hence the demand for medical
transcribers will be ever increasing. Coupled with
the high level of job security and minimum skill-set,
medical transcribers will usually receive a good
premium for their services. Medical transcription is a
portable skill that allows for professional and

399

geographic mobility. Medical transcriptionists have

more control over their careers than most
occupations. One can even choose where and when
to work within reasonable limits. There are lots of
options available. One may choose to work from
home or as an employee of a medical transcription
company or hospital. Other options include working
in a doctor's office, insurance company, attorney's
office, or a company marketing medical products or
even in a medical book publishing company. Its a
field where experience really counts and so age
restrictions are usually not found. Medical
transcription can be a satisfying lifelong career
providing a constant challenge of an expanding and
advancing technology.
With job security concerns being negligible, and the
stable and constant high rewards, it is really one of
the most stable and always growth-oriented industry
being necessarily a part of general health care
services. A current estimate is that there are a total
of over 67 billion lines of transcription done
annually in US. While most transcription related to
patients seen in the United States continues to be
done within its boundaries, much of it is done across

400

state lines and an increasing amount is being done

offshore (e.g., in India and Philippines).
As per U.S. Department of Labor there will be a
constant need for good medical transcribers and
medical language specialists. The medical industry
is virtually recession-proof and hence, if one is good
at his work, there is no dearth of generating
employment for oneself. Salaries for medical
transcriptionists range widely. Certain areas in US
pay more and cost of living is higher. A salary
estimate for the first year after training can range
from $20,000-$27,000 and this may eventually lead
to $40,000-$50000 depending on experience and
skill sets gained.
With more experience, qualified medical
transcriptionists who wish to expand their
professional responsibilities may choose to become
department heads, supervisors, managers, or owners
of medical transcription services. Experienced
medical language specialists may become teachers,
working in schools and colleges and educating
future medical transcriptionists and thereby look for
better growth and monetary rewarding opportunities.

401

Medical Transcription Certification

The most important aspect in finding successful
employment in the Medical Transcription industry is
ones skill set though certification, while not
essential, can be very helpful in advancing a career
in Medical Transcription. Generally, certification in
Medical Transcription field refers to certification
with the AAMT (American Association of Medical
Transcriptionists). The official designation of the
AAMT certification is "CMT" - Certified Medical
Transcriptionist. Becoming a CMT nevertheless
guarantees a successful employment, it is by no
means a prerequisite for entry into or advancement
within the field of medical transcription. Many of
them or rather a large chunk of transcriptionists do
not have the designation. But a CMT credential is
particularly important for those interested in
pursuing a management level or supervisory position
in the industry. Getting certified from AAMT
requires investment both in time and money.
The AAMT exam is a two-part exam. Each part
must be taken separately and each requires the
payment of a fee. One is required to pass Part I

402

before appearing for Part II. Detailed information is

available on the AAMT website www.aamt.org
Part I Certification Exam
The first part of the exam is a multiple-choice,
objective examination. This exam measures overall
competence in the foundation knowledge required to
be a successful medical transcriptionist. Test
sections and weighting are as follows: Medical
Terminology (30%), English Language and Usage
(25%), Anatomy & Physiology (20%), Disease
Processes (15), Healthcare Record (5%), and
Professional Development (5%). The exam consists
of 120 multiple choice questions in the 6 major
content areas listed above. The exam is administered
electronically on touch-screen computers. The time
allowed for this exam is 3 hours. No reference
materials are permitted in the testing center. This
exam fee for Part I of the CMT is currently $150.
The same fee applies to retakes.
Part II Certification Exam
The second part of the CMT exam is a transcription
exam. This is a rigorous, competency based exam
that tests an applicant's ability to accurately and

403

proficiently transcribe physician dictation. This

exam is administered in a controlled setting and
requires several years of experience transcribing a
broad array of complex medical records. The exam
consists of approximately 15 minutes of dictation
representing a broad cross section of report types
and specialties. Applicants are allowed 2 hours for
this portion of the exam. Reference materials, notes,
spellcheckers, and abbreviation expanders are
permitted. This exam fee for Part II of the CMT is
currently $100 for Members and $150 for NonMembers within the US; $200 for Members and
$250 for Non-Members outside of the US. The same
fee applies to retakes.
Preparation for Certification
The best preparation for this exam is to gain a
number of years of experience in transcribing
medical records for a hospital or some transcription
service provider.
Besides the experience and the training imparted,
AAMT also offers a number of Self-Assessment
products that can be purchased in advance of taking
the exam. These are essentially simulated tests that

404

allow a prospective candidate to assess whether they

are ready to take the actual exam. These practice
tests also help prepare a person for the actual exam
experience. Self-Assessment simulation exams are
available for both Parts I & II, and can be purchased
on-line at www.aamt.org. There are a number of
referral materials available on the internet, which
can be purchased or sought free for preparation of
exam. However, the most efficient preparation
would be the number of years of experience in
transcribing medical records because no theory can
be better than actual live job experience.
Normal Laboratory Values
Below is a list of few of the commonly used normal
laboratory values:
HEMATOLOGY
Red Blood Cells
RBC (Male)
RBC (Female)
RBC (Child)
White Blood Cells
WBC (Male)

4.2 - 5.6 M/L

3.8 - 5.1 M/L
3.5 - 5.0 M/L
3.8 - 11.0 K / mm cubed

405

WBC (Female)
WBC (Child)
Hemoglobin
Hgb (Male)
Hgb (Female)
Hgb (child)
Hgb (Newborn)
Hematocrit
Hct (Male)
Hct (Female)
Hct (Child)
MCV
MCH
MCHC
Neutrophils
Bands
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
CARDIAC

3.8 - 11.0 K / mm cubed

5.0 - 10.0 K / mm cubed
14 - 18 g/dL
11 - 16 g/dL
10 - 14 g/dL
15 - 25 g/dL
39 - 54%
34 - 47%
30 - 42%
78 - 98 fL
27 - 35 pg
31 - 37%
50 - 81%
1 - 5%
14 - 44%
2 - 6%
1 - 5%
0 - 1%

406

MARKERS
0 - 0.1 ng/ml (onset: 4-6 hrs,
Troponin I
peak: 12-24 hrs, return to
normal: 4-7 days)
0 - 0.2 ng/ml (onset: 3-4 hrs,
Troponin T
peak: 10-24 hrs, return to
normal: 10-14 days)
10 - 95 ng/ml (onset: 1-3 hrs,
Myoglobin (Male) peak: 6-10 hrs, return to
normal: 12-24 hrs)
10 - 65 ng/ml (onset: 1-3 hrs,
Myoglobin (Female) peak: 6-10 hrs, return to
normal: 12-24 hrs)
GENERAL
CHEMISTRY
Acetone
0.3 - 2.0 mg%
Albumin
3.5 - 5.0 gm/dL
Alkaline
32 - 110 U/L
Phosphatase
Anion gap
5 - 16 mEq/L
Ammonia
11 - 35 mol/L
Amylase
50 - 150 U/dL
AST, SGOT (Male) 7 - 21 U/L

407

AST, SGOT
(Female)
Bilirubin, Direct
Bilirubin, Indirect
Bilirubin, Total
BUN
Calcium (total)
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Chloride
Creatine (Male)
Creatine (Female)
Creatinine
Ethanol
Folic acid
Glucose
HDL (Male)
HDL (Female)

6 - 18 U/L
0.0 - 0.4 mg/dL
total minus direct
0.2 - 1.4 mg/dL
6 - 23 mg/dL
8 - 11 mg/dL
21 - 34 mEq/L
symptoms at greater than or
equal to 10% saturation
96 - 112 mEq/L
0.2 - 0.6 mg/dL
0.6 - 1.0 mg/dL
0.6 - 1.5 mg/dL
0 mg%; Coma: greater than or
equal to 400 - 500 mg%
2.0 - 21 ng/mL
70 - 110 mg/dL (diuresis
greater than or equal to 180
mg/dL)
25 - 65 mg/dL
38 - 94 mg/dL

408

Iron
Iron binding
capacity
Lactic acid
Lactate
Lipase
Magnesium
Osmolarity
Parathyroid
hormone
Phosphorus
Potasssium
Protein (total)
SGPT
Sodium
T3
Thyroglobulin
Thyroxine (T4) total
Total protein
TSH
Urea nitrogen
Uric acid (Male)

52 - 169 g/dL
246 - 455 g/dL
0.4 - 2.3 mEq/L
0.3 - 2.3 mEq/L
10 - 140 U/L
1.5 - 2.5 mg/dL
276 - 295 mOsm/kg
12 - 68 pg/mL
2.2 - 4.8 mg/dL
3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L
6.0 - 9.0 gm/dL
8 - 32 U/L
135 - 148 mEq/L
0.8 - 1.1 g/dL
Less than 55 ng/mL
5 - 13 g/dL
5 - 9 gm/dL
Less than 9 U/mL
8 - 25 mg/dL
3.5 - 7.7 mg/dL

409

Uric acid (Female) 2.5 - 6.6 mg/dL

LIPID PANEL
(ADULT)
Cholesterol (total) Less than 200 mg/dL desirable
Cholesterol (HDL) 30 - 75 mg/dL
Cholesterol (LDL) Less than 130 mg/dL desirable
Triglycerides (Male) Greater than 40 - 170 mg/dL
Triglycerides
Greater than 35 - 135 mg/dL
(Female)
URINE
Color
Straw
Specific Gravity
1.003 - 1.040
pH
4.6 - 8.0
Na
10 - 40 mEq/L
K
Less than 8 mEq/L
Cl
Less than 8 mEq/L
Protein
1 - 15 mg/dL
Osmolality
80 - 1300 mOsm/L
24 HOUR URINE
Amylase
250 - 1100 IU / 24 hr
Calcium
100 - 250 mg / 24 hr
Chloride
110 - 250 mEq / 24 hr

410

Creatinine
Creatine Clearance
(Male)
Creatine Clearance
(Male)
Creatine Clearance
(Female)
Creatine Clearance
(Female)
Magnesium
Osmolality
Phosphorus
Potassium
Protein
Sodium
Urea nitrogen
Uric acid
COAGULATION
ACT
APTT
Platelets
Plasminogen

1 - 2 g / 24 hr
100 - 140 mL / min
16 - 26 mg / kg / 24 hr
80 - 130 mL / min
10 - 20 mg / kg / 24 hr
6 - 9 mEq / 24 hr
450 - 900 mOsm / kg
0.9 - 1.3 g / 24 hr
35 - 85 mEq / 24 hr
0 - 150 mg / 24 hr
30 - 280 mEq / 24 hr
10 - 22 gm / 24 hr
240 - 755 mg / 24 hr
90 - 130 seconds
21 - 35 seconds
140,000 - 450,000 / ml
62 - 130%

411

PT
PTT
FSP
Fibrinogen
Bleeding time
Thrombin time
CEREBRAL
SPINAL FLUID
Appearance
Glucose
Osmolality
Pressure
Protein
Total cell count
WBC's
HEMODYNAMIC
PARAMETERS
Cardiac Index
Cardiac Output
Left Ventricular
Stroke Work Index
Mean Arterial

10 - 14 seconds
32 - 45 seconds
Less than 10 g/dL
160 - 450 mg/dL
3 - 7 minutes
11 - 15 seconds

clear
40 - 85 mg/dL
290 - 298 mOsm/L
70 - 180 mm/H2O
15 - 45 mg/dL
0 - 5 cells
0 - 6 / L

2.5 - 4.2 L / min / m squared

4 - 8 LPM
40 - 70 g / m squared / beat
70 - 105 mm Hg

412

Pressure
Pulmonary Vascular
Resistance
Pulmonary Vaslular
Resistance Index
Right Ventricular
Stroke Work Index
Stroke Volume
Stroke Volume
Index
Systemic Vascular
Resistance
Systemic Vascular
Resistance Index
Systolic Arterial
Pressure
Diastolic Arterial
Pressure
Central Venous
Pressure
Ejection Fraction
Left Arterial
Pressure

155 - 255 dynes / sec / cm to

the negative 5
255 - 285 dynes / sec / cm to
the negative 5
7 - 12 g / m squared / beat
60 - 100 mL / beat
40 - 85 mL / m squared / beat
900 - 1600 dynes / sec / cm to
the negative 5
1970 - 2390 dynes / sec / cm to
the negative 5
90 - 140 mm Hg
60 - 90 mm Hg
2 - 6 mm Hg; 2.5 - 12 cm H2O
60 - 75%
4 - 12 mm Hg

413

Pulmonary Artery
15 - 30 mm Hg
Systolic
Pulmonary Artery
5 - 15 mm Hg
Diastolic
Pulmonary Artery
10 - 20 mm Hg
Pressure
Pulmonary Artery
4 - 12 mm Hg
Wedge Pressure
Pulmonary Artery
End Diastolic
8 - 10 mm Hg
Pressure
Right Atrial
4 - 6 mm Hg
Pressure
Right Ventricular
End Diastolic
0 - 8 mm Hg
Pressure
NEUROLOGICAL
VALUES
Cerebral Perfusion
70 - 90 mm Hg
Pressure
5 - 15 mm Hg or 5 - 10 cm
Intracranial Pressure
H2O
ARTERIAL

414

VALUES
pH
PaCO2
HCO3
O2 sat
PaO2
BE
VENOUS
VALUES
pH
PaCO2
HCO3
O2 sat
PaO2
BE

7.35 - 7.45
35 - 45 mm Hg
22 - 26 mEq/L
96 - 100%
85 - 100 mm Hg
-2 to +2 mmol/L

7.31 - 7.41
41 - 51 mm Hg
22 - 29 mEq/L
60 - 85%
30 - 40 mm Hg
0 to +4 mmol/L

Health - Diseases and Conditions News

Sweet Baby Grace

Web site of the parents Grace Catherine, the infant
with Krabbe disease. Includes disease information,

415

photos, and selected writings and poems.

More Sites about Krabbe Disease
Krabbe Disease - About.com
About the inherited disease, its types, symptoms,
diagnosis, and treatment possibilities.
More Sites about Krabbe Disease
Neurofibromatosis Information Page - NINDS
Explains what is neurofibromatosis, the genetic
disorder of the nervous system which primarily
affects the development and growth of neural cell
tissues.From the National Institute of Neurological
Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).
More Sites about Neurofibromatosis
Krabbe Disease - UMM
Overview, causes, symptoms, risk factors, and
treatment of the rare genetic disorder of the nervous
system. From the University of Maryland Medical
Center.
More Sites about Krabbe Disease
Neurofibromatosis - Wikipedia
User-generated article about neurofibromatosis, an
autosomal dominant genetic disorder in which
tumors grow along the nerves hindering the
development of non-nervous tissues such as bones
and skin.

416

More Sites about Neurofibromatosis

Fighting Krabbe's Disease With Jim Kelly MedicineNet
Transcript of an interview with Jim Kelly, the
former Buffalo Bills quarterback, discussing the
management of Krabbe's disease which affected his
son.
More Sites about Krabbe Disease
Krabbe's Disease - Patient UK
Features aetiology, diagnosis, and management of
Krabbe disease, the inherited autosomal recessive
condition which is often fatal, affecting the central
and peripheral nervous system.
More Sites about Krabbe Disease
Krabbe Disease - Genetics Home Reference
Offers diseases description, genetic changes,
treatment, and online resources about Krabbe
disease.
More Sites about Krabbe Disease
Globoid-Cell Leukodystrophy (Krabbe Disease) and
Transplant
Patient information about the life threatening
globoid-cell leukodystrophy (GLD), the inherited
metabolic storage disorder which affects the
muscles, vision, and mental abilities. From the

417

National Marrow Donor Program.

More Sites about Krabbe Disease
Neurofibromatosis - AAOS Your Orthopaedic
Connection
Disease information about neurofibromatosis,
causes, diagnosis, NF1 and NF2 types, and treatment
of the disease which causes tumors, or
neurofibromas, to grow on nerves that lie under the
skin.
More Sites about Neurofibromatosis
Neurofibromatosis - eMedicine
Monograph on neurofibromatosis, the autosomal
dominant disorder which affects the bone, the
nervous system, soft tissue, and the skin. Includes
pathophysiology, clinical description, and treatment.
More Sites about Neurofibromatosis
Betsy's Story
Story and pictures of Betsy Alyn Taft, the infant
who suffered Krabbe disease before succumbing to
it.
More Sites about Krabbe Disease
Neurofibromatosis - Merck Manual
Information about neurofibromatosis, the genetic
disorder in which many soft, fleshy growths of nerve
tissue (neurofibromas) develop under the skin and

418

other parts of the body.

More Sites about Neurofibromatosis
Neurofibromatosis - MedlinePlus
Patient information about neurofibromatosis, the
genetic disorder of the nervous system which causes
tumors on nerves and thus affect the formation and
growth of nerve cells.
More Sites about Neurofibromatosis
Krabbe Disease - Drugs.com
Medical information about the rare genetic disorder
of the nervous system, which is also a type of
leukodystrophy.
More Sites about Krabbe Disease
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's Disease) MedStudents
Disease description includes pathology and
diagnosis.
More Sites about Neurofibromatosis
Children's Tumor Foundation (CTF)
Non profit medical foundation dedicated to
improving the health and well being of individuals
and families affected by the neurofibromatoses (NF).
More Sites about Neurofibromatosis
Krabbe Disease - GeneReviews
Disease overview, diagnosis, clinical description,

419

testing, genetic counseling, and related resources.

From the National Center for Biotechnology
Information (NCBI) bookshelf.
More Sites about Krabbe Disease
Neurofibromatosis-1 - MedlinePlus Medical
Encyclopedia
Information about one of the types of
neurofibromatoses, an inherited disorder
characeterized by formation of neurofibromas in the
skin, subcutaneous tissue, cranial nerves, and spinal
root nerves.
More Sites about Neurofibromatosis
Neurofibromatosis - neurologychannel
Overview, types, incidence and prevalence, risk
factors, and causes of the genetic neurological
disorder which affects cell growth in nerve tissue.
A - A adenine.
A - A alanine.
A - A arteriole.
A - A asymptomatic no symptoms (e.g. in Hodgkin
lymphoma).

420

a - a autopsy.
a -GPA - a -GPA alpha-D-glucose pentaacetate.
A&BC - A&BC air and bone conduction.
A&I - A&I allergy and immunology.
A&P - A&P anterior and posterior.
A&P - A&P auscultation and palpation.
A&P - A&P auscultation and percussion.
A&W - A&W alive and well.
A-a 02 - A-a 02 alveolo-arterial oxygen tension.
A-IC - A-IC average integrated concentration.
A-V - A-V arteriovenous.
A-V - A-V atrioventricular.

421

A/B acid-base ratio. - A/B acid-base ratio.

A/G - A/G albumin/globulin ratio.
A/O - A/O alert and orientated.
A/V - A/V ampere/volt.
A/V - A/V arteriovenous.
A>B - A>B air greater than bone (conduction).
A1 - A1 aortic first sound.
a1AT - a1AT alpha-1-antitrypsin.
A2 - A2 aortic second sound.
A2U - A2U alpha 2u-globulin.
aa - aa (Greek: Ana) of each.
AA - AA arachidonic acid.
aa - aa arteries.

422

AA - AA reactive (secondary) amyloidosis.

aa seq - aa seq amino acid sequence.
AAA - AAA abdominal aortic aneurysm.
AAA - AAA adenine-adenine-adenine codon for
lysine.
AAA - AAA diagnostic arthroscopy operative
arthroscopy and possible operative arthrotomy.
AAAASF - AAAASF American Association for
Accreditation of Ambulatory Surgery Facilities.
AAAP - AAAP activity of antiactivator in plasma.
AABB - AABB American Association of Blood
Banks.
AAC - AAC adenine-adenine-cytosine codon for
asparagine.
AACPDM - AACPDM American Academy for

423

Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine (also:

AAOS Specialty Societies).
AACR - AACR American Association for Cancer
Research.
Aad - Aad aminoadipic acid.
AADC - AADC amino acid decarboxylase.
AAE - AAE American Association of Endodontists.
AAETS - AAETS American Academy of Experts in
Traumatic Stress.
AAF - AAF 2-acetylaminofluorene.
AAF - AAF anterior auditory field.
AAF - AAF astrocytoma with atypical/anaplastic
foci.
AAF/OL - AAF/OL anaplastic astrocytomas
/oligodendrogliomas.

424

AAFP - AAFP American Academy of Family

Physicians.
AAG - AAG adenine-adenine-guanine codon for
lysine.
AAHKS - AAHKS American Association of Hip
and Knee Surgeons (also: AAOS Specialty
Societies).
AAHS - AAHS American Association for Hand
Surgery (also: AAOS Related Organizations).
AAL - AAL anterior axillary line.
AAMC - AAMC Association of American Medical
Colleges.
AAMI - AAMI Advancement of Medical
Instrumentation.
AAMT - AAMT American Association for Medical
Transcriptionists.
AAN - AAN American Academy of Neurology.

425

AANA - AANA Arthroscopy Association of North

America (also: AAOS Related Organizations).
AANOS - AANOS The American Academy of
Neurological and Orthopaedic Surgeons.
AANS - AANS American Association of
Neurological Surgeons.
AAO - AAO American Academy of
Ophthalmology.
AAo - AAo ascending aorta.
AAOC - AAOC antacid of choice.
AAofA - AAofA Ambulance Association of
America.
AAOFAS - AAOFAS American Association of
Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgeons.
AAOHN - AAOHN American Association of
Occupational Health Nurses.

426

AAOM - AAOM American Academy of Oral

Medicine.
AAOO - AAOO American Academy of
Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology.
AAOP - AAOP American Academy of Oral
Pathology.
AAOP - AAOP American Academy of Orthotists
and Prosthetists.
AAOPP - AAOPP American Association of
Osteopathic Postgraduate Physicians.
AAOS - AAOS American Academy of Orthopaedic
Surgery.
AAOT - AAOT Asociacion Argentina de Ortopedia
y Traumatologia (Argentinian Orthopaedic
Association).
AAOx3 - AAOx3 awake alert and oriented x 3 (to
person place and time).

427

AAP - AAP air at atmospheric pressure.

AAP - AAP American Academy of Pediatrics.
AAP - AAP American Academy of Pedodontics.
AAP - AAP American Academy of Periodontology.
AAP - AAP American Academy of Psychoanalysis.
AAP - AAP American Academy of
Psychotherapists.
AAP - AAP American Association of Pathologists.
AAP - AAP aminoantipyrine.
AAP - AAP Association for the Advancement of
Psychoanalysis.
AAP - AAP Association of Academic Physiatrists.
AAP - AAP Association of American Physicians.

428

AaP02 - AaP02 (A-a) P02 alveolo-arterial oxygen

tension difference.
AAPA - AAPA American Academy of Physician
Assistants.
AAPA - AAPA American Association of
Pathologist Assistants.
AAPB - AAPB American Association of
Pathologists and Bacteriologists.
AAPC - AAPC antibiotic-associated
pseudomembranous colitis.
AAPCC - AAPCC adjusted annual per capita cost.
AAPCC - AAPCC adjusted average per capita cost.
AAPCC - AAPCC American Association of Poison
Control Centers.
AaPco2 - AaPco2 (A-a)Pc02 alveolo-arterial carbon
dioxide tension difference.

429

AAPF - AAPF anti-arteriosclerosis polysaccharide

factor.
AAPH - AAPH22'-azobis-(amidinopropane)
dihydrochloride.
AAPHD - AAPHD American Association of Public
Health Dentists.
AAPHP - AAPHP American Association of Public
Health Physicians.
AAPL - AAPL American Academy of Psychiatry
and the Law.
AAPM - AAPM American Association of Physicists
in Medicine.
AAPM&R - AAPM&R American Academy of
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
AAPMC - AAPMC antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis.
AAPMR - AAPMR American Academy of Physical

430

Medicine and Rehabilitation.

AAPOS - AAPOS American Association for
Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.
AAPP - AAPP American Academy on Physician
and Patient.
AAPPO - AAPPO American Association of
Preferred Provider Organizations.
AAPS - AAPS American Association of Plastic
Surgeons.
AAPS - AAPS Arizona Articulation Proficiency
Scale.
AAPS - AAPS Association of American Physicians
and Surgeons.
AAPSM - AAPSM American Academy of Podiatric
Sports Medicine.
AAR - AAR active avoidance reaction.

431

AAR - AAR acute articular rheumatism.

aar - aar against all risks.
AAR - AAR antigen-antiglobulin reaction.
AARC - AARC American Association for
Respiratory Care.
AARDA - AARDA American Autoimune Related
Diseases Association.
AARE - AARE automobile accident rear end.
AAROM - AAROM active assertive range of
motion.
AAROM - AAROM active assisted range of motion.
AARP - AARP American Association of Retired
Persons.
AAS - AAS Aarskog-Scott (syndrome).
AAS - AAS acid aspiration syndrome.

432

AAS - AAS alcoholic abstinence syndrome.

AAS - AAS American Academy of Sanitarians.
AAS - AAS American Analgesia Society.
AAS - AAS aneurysm of atrial septum.
AAS - AAS anthrax anti serum.
AAS - AAS aortic arch syndrome.
AAS - AAS atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
AASD - AASD American Academy of Stress
Disorders.
AASH - AASH adrenal androgen stimulating
hormone.
AASH - AASH American Association for the Study
of Headache.
AASK - AASK African American Study of Kidney

433

Diseases and Hypertension Pilot Study.

AASP - AASP acute atrophic spinal paralysis.
AASP - AASP American Association of Senior
Physicians.
AASP - AASP ascending aorta synchronized
pulsation.
AASS - AASS American Association for Social
Security.
AAST - AAST American Association for the
Surgery of Trauma.
AAT - AAT Aachen Aphasia Test.
AAT - AAT academic aptitude test.
AAT - AAT alanine aminotransferase.
AAT - AAT alkylating agent therapy.
AAT - AAT alpha-1-antitrypsin.

434

AAT - AAT atrial triggered (pacemaker).

AAT - AAT auditory apperception test.
AAT - AAT automatic atrial tachycardia.
AATS - AATS American Association for Thoracic
Surgery.
AAU - AAU acute anterior uveitis.
AAU - AAU adenine-adenine-uracil codon for
asparagine.
AAV - AAV adeno-associated virus.
AAVMC - AAVMC Association of American
Veterinary Medical Colleges.
AAVP - AAVP American Association of Veterinary
Parasitologists.
AAVPT - AAVPT American Academy of
Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics.

435

AAW - AAW anterior aortic wall.

AAWD - AAWD American Association of Women
Dentists.
AAWM - AAWM American Academy of Wound
Management.
AB - AB Ab abortion.
AB - AB abdominal.
AB - AB abnormal.
ab - ab abortion.
AB - AB Ace bandage.
AB - AB active bilaterally.
AB - AB aid to the blind.
AB - AB alcian blue.

436

AB - AB alertness behavior.
AB - AB antibiotic.
Ab - Ab antibiotic.
ab - ab antibody.
Ab - Ab antibody.
AB - AB antibody.
AB - AB antigen binding.
AB - AB apex beat.
AB - AB asbestos body.
AB - AB asthmatic bronchitis.
AB - AB axiobuccal.
aB - aB azure B.
AB - AB Bachelor of Arts (Lat.Artium

437

Baccalaureus).
AB - AB blood group AB.
ABA - ABA abscissic acid.
ABA - ABA allergic bronchopulmonary
aspergillosis.
ABA - ABA American Board of Anesthesiologists.
ABA - ABA antibacterial activity.
ABA - ABA arrest before arrival.
ABA - ABA Arthroscopie Belge - Belgian
Arthroscopy Association.
ABAT - ABAT American Board of Applied
Toxicology.
Abb - Abb abbreviations.
ABB - ABB Albright-Butler-Bloomberg syndrome.

438

ABB - ABB American Board of Bioanalysis.

ABB - ABB Asea Brown Boveri.
ABBQ - ABBQ Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome Beliefs and Behavior Questionnaire.
abbr - abbr abbreviation abbreviated.
ABC - ABC absolute basophil count.
ABC - ABC absolute bone conduction.
ABC - ABC acalculous biliary colic.
ABC - ABC acid balance control.
ABC - ABC aconite-belladonna-chloroform.
ABC - ABC advanced breast cancer.
ABC - ABC airway breathing and circulation.
ABC - ABC alignment blue calcium (synovial fluid
pearls in gout and pseudogout).

439

ABC - ABC alternative birth center.

ABC - ABC alum blood and charcoal (purification
and deodorizing method).
ABC - ABC alum blood and clay (sludge
deodorizing method).
ABC - ABC American Blood Commission.
ABC - ABC aneurysmal bone cyst.
ABC - ABC antigen-binding capacity.
ABC - ABC apnea bradycardia cyanosis.
ABC - ABC aspiration biopsy cytology.
ABC - ABC aspiration needle biopsy.
ABC - ABC assessment of basic competency.
ABC - ABC atomic biological and chemical
(warfare).

440

Abc - Abc autoantibodies to collagen.

ABC - ABC avidin-biotin complex.
ABC - ABC axiobuccocervical.
ABCC - ABCC Atomic Bomb Casualty
Commission.
ABCD - ABCD airway breathing circulation
differential diagnosis (or defibrillate) - in
cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
ABCD - ABCD asymmetry borders irregular color
variegated diameter > 6 mm (assessment of
melanoma).
ABCDE - ABCDE airway breathing circulation
disability
ABCDE - ABCDE botulism toxin pentavalent.
ABCDEFGH - ABCDEFGH air ways bones cardiac
shadow diaphragm

441

ABCDES - ABCDES abnormal alignment bonesperiarticular osteoporosis cartilage joint space loss
deformities
ABCDES - ABCDES adjust medication bacterial
prophylaxis cervical spine disease deep vein
thrombosis prophylaxis
Abd - Abd (abdere) abdomen.
Abd - Abd abdominal.
Abd - Abd abduction.
ABE - ABE acetone-butanol-ethanol.
ABE - ABE acid-base equilibrium.
ABE - ABE activity before exercise.
ABE - ABE actual base excess.
ABE - ABE acute bacterial endocarditis.

442

ABE - ABE acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic

bronchitis.
ABE - ABE Adult Basic Education Programs.
ABE - ABE American Board of Endodontics.
ABE - ABE aminobenzoate.
ABE - ABE anode-break excitation.
ABE - ABE antisheep beta-endorphin.
ABE - ABE atypical bronchial epithelium.
Abe - Abe autoantibodies to elastin.
ABE - ABE average bioequivalence.
ABe - ABe Averrhoa bilimbi.
ABE - ABE estradiol bound to albumin.
ABE - ABE trivalent botulinic antitoxin.

443

ABE-1 - ABE-1 a strain of the psychrophilic marine

bacterium Vibrio
ABE-1. - ABE-1.
ABE-I - ABE-I anion-binding exosite I.
ABE-II - ABE-II anion-binding exosite II.
Abeta - Abeta beta-amyloid (component of
Alzheimer's disease plaques).
ABF - ABF alpha-L-arabinofuranosidases.
ABG - ABG arterial blood gases.
ABG - ABG autogenous bone graft.
ABI - ABI ankle to brachial index.
ABJS - ABJS Association of Bone and Joint
Surgeons (AAOS Specialty Societies).
ABMA - ABMA anti-basement membrane antibody
disease (Goodpastures syndrome).

444

ABMS - ABMS American Board of Medical

Specialties.
ABMT - ABMT autologous bone marrow transplant.
ABN - ABN abducens nucleus.
AbN - AbN ablation nephropathy.
ABN - ABN Abn abnormal.
abn - abn abnormality of a chromosome (e.g.abn
12p).
ABN - ABN active bulimia nervosa (BN).
ABN - ABN acute bacterial nephritis.
ABN - ABN acute brachial neuropathy/neuritis.
ABN - ABN advance beneficiary notices.
ABN - ABN alkali-treated bound niacin.

445

ABN - ABN anterior BNST lesions (BNST bed

nucleus of the stria terminalis).
AbN - AbN antibody nitrogen.
AbN - AbN antibody to the N terminus (of a protein
or peptide).
ABN - ABN arched-back nursing (about laboratory
rats).
ABN - ABN artificial background noise.
ABN - ABN aseptic (avascular) bone/bone marrow
necrosis.
ABN - ABN Association of British Neurologists.
ABN - ABN endo-15-alpha-L-arabinase.
ABN - ABN The Brazilian Academy of Neurology.
Abn-cbd - Abn-cbd abnormal cannabidiol.
ABO - ABO blood grouping system.

446

ABOS - ABOS American Board of Orthopaedic

Surgery.
ABP - ABP American Board of Pathology.
ABP - ABP American Board of Pediatrics.
ABP - ABP androgen binding protein.
ABPA - ABPA allergic bronchopulmonary
aspergillosis.
ABPB - ABPB abductor pollicis brevis (also APB).
ABPL - ABPL abductor pollicis longus (also APL).
ABR - ABR auditory brainstem response
audiometry.
ABS - ABS American Back Society.
ABS - ABS arterial blood pressure.
ABTA - ABTA American Brain Tumor Association.

447

ABVD - ABVD adriamycin bleomycin vinblastine

and dacarbazine (regimen used to treat
Hodgkins disease).
ABW - ABW actual body weight.
AC - AC acromioclavicular joint.
AC - AC air conduction.
AC - AC alternating current.
ac - ac ante cenam before meal/s.
AC-PH - AC-PH ac phos acid phosphatase.
AC/SIUG - AC/SIUG ambulatory care specialinterest user group.
ACA - ACA adenine-cytosine-adenine codon for
threonine.
ACA - ACA American Chiropractic Association.

448

ACA - ACA Amputee Coalition of America (also:

AAOS Related
AcAAP - AcAAP N-acetylaminoantipyrine.
ACC - ACC adenine-cytosine-cytosine codon for
serine.
ACC - ACC adenine-cytosine-cytosine codon for
threonine.
ACC - ACC American College of Cardiology.
ACC - ACC anodal closure contraction.
ACCME - ACCME Accreditation Council for
Continuing Medical Education.
Accom. - Accom. accommodation.
ACCP - ACCP American College Of Chest
Physicians.
ACCx - ACCx anterior cingulate cortex.

449

ACD - ACD absorbent cover dressing.

ACD - ACD acid-citrate-dextrose.
ACD - ACD allergic contact dermatitis.
ACD - ACD anemia of chronic disease.
ACD - ACD anterior cervical discectomy.
ACD - ACD asymmetrical cortical degeneration
syndromes.
ACD - ACD Available Chemical Directory.
ACDF - ACDF adult children from dysfunctional
family.
ACDF - ACDF anterior cervical discectomy and
fusion.
ACDM - ACDM Association for Clinical Data
Management
ACE - ACE angiotensin converting enzyme.

450

ACEI - ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme

inhibitors.
ACF - ACF anterior cervical fusion.
ACFAS - ACFAS American College of Foot and
Ankle Surgeons.
ACG - ACG adenine-cytosine-guanine codon for
threonine.
ACG - ACG angiocardiography
ACh - ACh acetylcholine.
AChR - AChR acetylcholine receptor.
ACI - ACI acute coronary insufficiency.
ACILS - ACILS American Center for International
Labor Solidarity.
ACIP - ACIP Advisory Committee on Immunization
Practices.

451

ACJ - ACJ acromioclavicular joint (also AC joint).

ACJT - ACJT acromioclavicular joint.
ACL - ACL Achievement Check List.
ACL - ACL acromegaloid features cutis verticis
gyrata corneal leukoma (syndrome).
ACL - ACL anterior clavicular line.
ACL - ACL anterior cruciate ligament.
ACL - ACL anterior cruciate ligament.
ACL - ACL anticardiolipin (antibody).
ACl - ACl aspiryl chloride.
ACLA - ACLA American Clinical Laboratory
Association
ACLC - ACLC Assessment of Childrens
Language Comprehension.

452

ACLD - ACLD Association for Children with

Learning Disabilities.
ACLF - ACLF adult congregate living facility.
ACLI - ACLI American Council on Life Insurance.
aCLL - aCLL atypical chronic lymphocytic
leukemia.
ACLM - ACLM American College of Legal
Medicine.
ACLPS - ACLPS Academy of Clinical Laboratory
Physicians and Scientists.
ACLR - ACLR anterior capsulolabral
reconstruction.
ACLS - ACLS advanced cardiac life support.
AcLV - AcLV avian acute leukemia virus.
ACM - ACM acetaminophen.

453

ACM - ACM acute cerebrospinal meningitis.

ACM - ACM Adriamycin cyclophosphamide
methotrexate.
ACM - ACM albumin-calcium-magnesium.
ACM - ACM alveolar capillary membrane.
ACM - ACM anticardiac myosin.
ACM - ACM Arnold-Chiari malformation.
ACMA - ACMA American Occupational Medical
Association.
ACMC - ACMC Association of Canadian Medical
Colleges.
ACMD - ACMD associate chief medical director.
ACME - ACME Advisory Council on Medical
Education.

454

ACME - ACME Automated Classification of

Medical Entities.
ACMF - ACMF arachnoid cyst of the middle fossa.
ACMI - ACMI American College of Medical
Informatics.
ACML - ACML atypical chronic myeloid leukemia.
ACMP - ACMP alveolar-capillary membrane
permeability.
ACMR - ACMR Advisory Committee on Medical
Research.
ACMS - ACMS American Chinese Medical Society.
ACMSF - ACMSF Advisory Committee on the
Microbiological Safety of Food (UK).
ACMT - ACMT artificial circus movement
tachycardia.
ACMV - ACMV assist-controlled mechanical

455

ventilation.
ACN - ACN acute conditioned neurosis ventilation.
ACN - ACN Ambulatory Care Network ventilation.
ACN - ACN American College of
Neuropsychiatrists ventilation.
ACN - ACN American College of Nutrition.
ACNM - ACNM American College of Nuclear
Medicine Nutrition.
ACNM - ACNM American College of NurseMidwives.
ACNP - ACNP acute care nurse practitioner
Midwives.
ACNP - ACNP American College of Nuclear
Physicians.
ACO - ACO acute coronary occlusion.

456

ACO - ACO alert cooperative oriented.

ACO - ACO anodal closure odor.
ACO-HNS - ACO-HNS American Council of
Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.
ACOA - ACOA adult children of alcoholics.
ACoA - ACoA anterior communicating artery.
ACOAs - ACOAs collegiate adult children of
alcoholics.
ACOEM - ACOEM American College of
Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
ACOEP - ACOEP American College of Osteopathic
Emergency Physicians.
ACOG - ACOG American College of Obstetricians
and Gynecologists.
ACOHA - ACOHA American College of
Osteopathic Hospital Administrators.

457

ACOI - ACOI American College of Osteopathic

Internists.
ACOM - ACOM American College of Occupational
Medicine.
ACOM - ACOM anterior communicating (artery).
AComA - AComA anterior communicating artery.
ACOMS - ACOMS American College of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgeons.
ACOOG - ACOOG American College of
Osteopathic Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
ACOP - ACOP American College of Osteopathic
Pediatricians.
ACOP - ACOP approved code of practice.
ACORDE - ACORDE A Corsortium on Restorative
Dentistry Education.

458

ACOS - ACOS American College of Osteopathic

Surgeons
ACOS - ACOS American College of Osteopathic
Surgeons.
ACOS - ACOS associate chief of staff.
ACOS/AC - ACOS/AC associate chief of staff for
ambulatory care.
Acous - Acous acoustics acoustic.
ACP - ACP accessory conduction pathway.
ACP - ACP acetone powder.
ACP - ACP acid phosphatase.
exposure/environmental control - trauma protocol.
AcP - AcP acid phosphatase.
ACP - ACP acyl carrier protein.
ACP - ACP American College of Pathologists.

459

ACP - ACP American College of Pharmacists.

effusions fields (pulmonary) gastric hardware (chest
X-ray reading mnemonic).
ACP - ACP American College of Physicians.
ACP - ACP American College of Prosthodontists.
marginal erosions soft tissue swelling (x-ray features
in rheumatoid arthritis).
ACP - ACP American College of Psychiatrists.
ACPA - ACPA American Cleft Palate Association.
evaluate extent and activity of disease stress-dose
steroid coverage.
ACPC - ACPC aminocyclopentane carboxylic
(acid).
ACPE - ACPE American College of Physician
Executives.
ACPM - ACPM American College of Preventive
Medicine.

460

ACPOC - ACPOC Association of Children's

Prosthetic-Orthotic Clinics (AAOS Specialty
Societies).
ACPP - ACPP adrenocortical polypeptide.
ACPP - ACPP prostate-specific acid phosphatase.
ACPS - ACPS acrocephalopolysyndactyly.
ACR - ACR abnormally contracting region.
ACR - ACR absolute catabolic rate.
ACR - ACR acriflavine.
Acr - Acr acrylic.
ACR - ACR adenomatosis of colon and rectum.
ACR - ACR adjusted community rate.
ACR - ACR ambulance call report.

461

ACR - ACR American College of Radiology.

ACR - ACR American College of Rheumatology.
ACR - ACR anticonstipation regimen.
ACR - ACR axillary count rate.
ACRF - ACRF ambulatory care research facility.
ACRI - ACRI Africa Crisis Response Initiative.
ACRM - ACRM American Congress on
Rehabilitation Medicine.
ACRPI - ACRPI Association of Clinical Research
for the Pharmaceutical Industry.
ACS - ACS acrocallosal syndrome.
ACS - ACS acrocephalosyndactyly.
ACS - ACS acute chest syndrome.
ACS - ACS acute confusional state.

462

ACS - ACS Alcon Closure System.

ACS - ACS American Cancer Society.
ACS - ACS American Chemical Society.
ACS - ACS American College of Surgeons.
ACS - ACS anodal closure sound.
ACS - ACS antireticular cytotoxic serum.
ACS - ACS aperture current setting.
ACS - ACS Association of Clinical Scientists
ACS - ACS acute cervical strain; acute cervical
sprain.
ACSA - ACSA adenylate cyclase-stimulating
activity.
ACSE - ACSE association control service element.

463

ACSF - ACSF artificial cerebrospinal fluid.

ACSM - ACSM American College of Sports
Medicine.
ACSP - ACSP adenylate cyclase-stimulating
protein.
ACSP - ACSP Australian College of Sports
Physicians.
ACSV - ACSV aortocoronary saphenous vein.
ACSVBG - ACSVBG aortocoronary saphenous vein
bypass graft.
AcT - AcT acceleration time.
ACT - ACT achievement through counseling and
treatment.
ACT - ACT actin.
ACT - ACT actinomycin.

464

act - act actinomycin.

ACT - ACT activated clotting time.
ACT - ACT active motion.
act - act activity active.
ACT - ACT advanced coronary treatment.
ACT - ACT anterocolic transposition.
ACT - ACT antichymotrypsin.
ACT - ACT anticoagulant therapy.
ACT - ACT anxiety control training.
ACT - ACT asthma care training.
ACT - ACT atropine coma therapy.
Act-C - Act-C actinomycin C.
Act-D - Act-D actinomycin D.

465

ACTA - ACTA American Cardiology Technologists

Association.
ACTA - ACTA automatic computerized transverse
axial (scanning).
ACTe - ACTe anodal closure tetanus.
ACTG - ACTG AIDS Clinical Trial Group.
ACTH - ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
secreted by pituitary gland which strongly stimulates
the release of cortisol from adrenal cortex.
ACTH-LI - ACTH-LI adrenocorticotropin-like
immunoreactivity.
ACTHR - ACTHR adrenocorticotropic hormone
receptor.
ACTS - ACTS acute cervical trauma syndrome.
ACTZ - ACTZ acetazolamide.

466

ACU - ACU adenine-cytosine-uracil codon for

threonine.
ACVB - ACVB aortocoronary venous bypass.
ACVD - ACVD acute cardiovascular disease.
ACVD - ACVD arteriosclerotic cardiovascular
disease.
AD - AD Action for Democracy.
AD - AD admission and discharge.
AD - AD admitting diagnosis.
AD - AD adult disease.
AD - AD alternating days.
AD - AD Alzheimers disease.
AD - AD atopic dermatitis.
AD - AD auris dextra (right ear).

467

ad lib - ad lib at liberty as desired.

ADA - ADA American Dental Association.
ADA - ADA American Diabetes Association.
ADA - ADA anterior descending artery.
ADADS - ADADS Alcohol and Drug Abuse Data
System.
ADAS-Cog - ADAS-Cog Alzheimers Disease
Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale.
ADASP - ADASP Association of Directors of
Anatomic and Surgical Pathology.
ADC - ADC AIDS dementia complex.
ADCC - ADCC antibody-dependent cell-mediated
cytotoxicity.
ADD - ADD addiction.

468

ADD - ADD adduct; adduction.

ADD - ADD attention deficit disorder.
ADD - ADD average daily dose.
ADEA - ADEA American Dental Education
Association.
ADEA - ADEA Association for the Development of
Education in Africa.
ADEM - ADEM acute disseminated
encephalomyelitis/encephalopathy.
adeno-Ca - adeno-Ca adenocarcinoma.
ADF - ADF acid detergent fiber.
ADF - ADF actin depolymerizing factor.
ADG - ADG average daily gain.
ADH - ADH antidiuretic hormone called also
vasopressin.

469

ADH - ADH atypical ductal hyperplasia.

ADHD - ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder.
ADI - ADI acceptable daily intake.
ADJ - ADJ adjacent.
ADJ - ADJ adjoining.
ADJ - ADJ adjunct.
ADJ - ADJ adjust.
ADJ - ADJ adjuvant chemotherapy.
ADL - ADL activities of daily living.
ADM - ADM abductor digiti minimi.
ADM - ADM Academy of Dental Materials.
ADM - ADM acellular dermal matrix.

470

ADM - ADM acetone dry mass.

ADM - ADM acetone-dissolution method.
ADM - ADM acquired dermal melanocytosis.
ADM - ADM action description resolution.
ADM - ADM adamantane.
ADM - ADM adaptive decision making.
ADM - ADM adenomyomatosis.
ADM - ADM adhesion molecules.
adm - adm administered.
ADM - ADM administration.
ADM - ADM administrative medicine.
ADM - ADM admission/admitted.

471

ADM - ADM adrenal medulla.

ADM - ADM adrenodemedullated.
ADM - ADM adrenomedullin.
ADM - ADM adriamycin.
ADM - ADM adult onset diabetes mellitus.
ADM - ADM advancement of the mandible.
ADM - ADM Aide au Diagnostic Medical
(database).
adm - adm air dry mass.
ADM - ADM Alcohol Drug Abuse and Mental
Health (grant of US Department of Health and
Human Services).
ADM - ADM alcohol drug and mental disorders.
ADM - ADM allogeneic dermal matrix.

472

ADM - ADM aminopyrine-N-demethylase.

ADM - ADM amyopathic dermatomyositis.
ADM - ADM angular dependence model
ADM - ADM anisodamine.
ADM - ADM anterior deep masseter.
ADM - ADM antroduodenal manometry.
ADM - ADM aperture-defined microvolume.
ADM - ADM appraisal-disruption model.
ADM - ADM arginine-deficient medium.
ADM - ADM armadillo-derived mycobacteria.
ADM - ADM aspergillus differential medium.
ADM - ADM atypical diabetes mellitus.
ADM - ADM auditory dominance model.

473

ADM - ADM average distance map.

ADM scale - ADM scale Acceptance of Disability
Scale Modified.
ADP - ADP abductor pollicis.
ADP - ADP adenosine diphosphate.
ADP - ADP Agricultural Development Program.
ADR - ADR adverse drug reaction.
Adria - Adria Adriamycin trade name for
doxorubicin.
ADS - ADS anterior dynamized system (produced
by: Abbott Labs).
ADT - ADT admission-discharge-transfer.
ADV - ADV advised.
ADV - ADV arterial deep venous.

474

ADV - ADV Aujeszky's Disease Virus.

AE - AE above the elbow.
AE - AE active and equal.
AE - AE adverse event.
AEA - AEA Asociacin Espaola de Artroscopia
(Spanish Arthroscopy Association - only Spanish).
AEA - AEA auricular electroacupuncture.
AEB - AEB as evidenced by.
AEC - AEC 5-amino 9 ethyl carbazol.
AED - AED antiepileptic drug.
AED - AED automated external defibrillator.
AEEC - AEEC attaching and effacing Escherichia
coli.

475

AEH - AEH atypical endometrial hyperplasia.

AEI - AEI acetyleethyleneimine.
AER - AER auditory evoked response.
AER - AER average evoked response.
AERC - AERC African Economic Research
Consortium.
AET - AET 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide
hydrobromide.
AF - AF adult female.
AF - AF amniotic fluid.
AF - AF aortic flow.
AF - AF atrial fibrillation.
AF - AF atrial flutter.
AFB - AFB acid fast bacillus.

476

AFB1 - AFB1 aflatoxin B1.

AFB2a - AFB2a aflatoxin B2a.
AFC - AFC amniotic fluid cortisol.
AFC/MSC - AFC/MSC ratio of amniotic fluid
cortisol and maternal serum cortisol.
aFGF - aFGF acidic fibroblast growth factor.
Afib - Afib atrial fibrillation.
AFIP - AFIP Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.
AFL - AFL aflatoxicol.
AFL - AFL artificial limb.
AFL - AFL atrial flutter.
AFLM1 - AFLM1 aflatoxicol M1.
AFLP - AFLP acute fatty liver of pregnancy.

477

AFM - AFM atomic force microscope.

AFNOR - AFNOR French Standardisation Institut.
AFO - AFO ankle-foot orthoses.
AFP - AFP acute flaccid paralysis.
AFP - AFP alpha-fetoprotein (expressed by germ
cell tumors and other cancers).
AFSI - AFSI Africa Food Security Initiative .
AFTR - AFTR atrophy fasciculation tremor rigidity.
AFX - AFX atypical fibroxanthoma.
AG - AG anion gap.
AGA - AGA adenine-guanine-adenine codon for
arginine.
AGA - AGA appropriate-for-gestational age.

478

AGCT - AGCT adult granulosa cell tumour.

AGF - AGF angle of greatest flexion.
AGG - AGG adenine-guanine-guanine codon for
arginine.
AGG - AGG aggravation.
AGI - AGI Academy for Guided Imagery.
AGL - AGL acute granulocytic leukemia.
AGN - AGN acute glomerulonephritis.
AGTT - AGTT abnormal glucose tolerance test.
AGU - AGU adenine-guanine-uracil codon for
serine.
AGUS - AGUS atypical glands of unknown
significance.
AH - AH abdominal hysterectomy.

479

AH - AH arterial hypertension.
AHA - AHA American Heart Association.
AHA - AHA American Hospital Association.
AHB - AHB alpha-hydroxybutyric acid.
AHC - AHC academic health care.
AHC - AHC academic health center.
AHC - AHC acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis.
AHC - AHC acute hemorrhagic cystitis.
AHC - AHC amygdalohippocampal complexes.
AHC - AHC antihemophilic factor C.
AHCA - AHCA Agency for Health Care
Administration.
AHCA - AHCA American Health Care Association.

480

AHCD - AHCD acquired hepatocellular

degeneration.
AHCPR - AHCPR Agency for Health Care Policy
and Research.
AHCy - AHCy adenosyl homocysteine.
AHD - AHD acquired hepatocerebral degeneration.
AHD - AHD acute heart disease.
AHD - AHD antihyaluronidase.
AHD - AHD antihypertensive drug.
AHD - AHD arterio-hepatic dysplasia.
AHD - AHD atherosclerotic heart disease.
AHD - AHD autoimmune hemolytic disease.
AHDMS - AHDMS automated hospital data
management system.

481

AHDP - AHDP azacycloheptane diphosphonate.

AHDS - AHDS Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome.
AHE - AHE acute hazardous events (database).
AHE - AHE acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis.
AHEA - AHEA area health education activity.
AHEC - AHEC area health education center.
AHES - AHES artificial heart energy system.
AHF - AHF acute heart failure.
AHF - AHF American Health Foundation.
AHF - AHF American Hepatic Foundation.
AHF - AHF American Hospital Formulary.
AHF - AHF antihemophilic factor.
AHF - AHF Argentinian hemorrhagic fever.

482

AHF - AHF Associated Health Foundation.

AHFS - AHFS American Hospital Formulary
Service.
AHG - AHG aggregated human globulin.
AHG - AHG antihemophilic globulin factor.
AHG - AHG antihemophilic globulin.
AHG - AHG antihuman globulin.
AHGG - AHGG aggregated human gammaglobulin.
AHGG - AHGG antihuman gammaglobulin.
AHGS - AHGS acute herpetic gingival stomatitis.
AHH - AHH alpha-hydrazine analog of histidine.
AHH - AHH anosmia and hypogonadotropic
hypogonadism (syndrome).

483

AHH - AHH arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase.

AHH - AHH Association for Holistic Health.
AHI - AHI active hostility index.
AHI - AHI Animal Health Institute.
AHI - AHI apnea-plus-hypopnea index.
AHIMA - AHIMA American Health Information
Management Association.
AHIMA - AHIMA American Health Information
Management Association.
AHIP - AHIP assisted health insurance plan.
AHIS - AHIS automated hospital information
system.
AHJ - AHJ artificial hip joint.
AHL - AHL acquired hypertrichosis lanuginosa.

484

AHL - AHL acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis.

AHL - AHL apparent half-life.
AHLE - AHLE acute hemorrhagic
leukoencephalitis.
AHLG - AHLG antihuman lymphocyte globulin.
AHLS - AHLS antihuman lymphocyte serum.
AHM - AHM Allied health manpower.
AHM - AHM ambulatory Holter monitor.
AHMA - AHMA American Holistic Medicine
Association.
AHMA - AHMA antiheart muscle autoantibody.
AHMC - AHMC Association of Hospital
Management Committees.
AHN - AHN Army Head Nurse.

485

AHN - AHN assistant head nurse.

AHNMD - AHNMD associated clonal
hematopoietic non-mast cell lineage disorder.
AHO - AHO Albright hereditary osteodystrophy.
AHP - AHP accountable health plan or partnership.
AHP - AHP acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis.
AHP - AHP after hyperpolarization.
AHP - AHP air at high pressure.
AHP - AHP analytic hierarchy process.
AHP - AHP approved health plan.
AHP - AHP Assistant House Physician.
AHPA - AHPA American Health Planning
Association.
AHPO - AHPO anterior hypothalamic preoptic

486

(area).
AHR - AHR antihyaluronidase reaction.
AHR - AHR Association for Health Records.
AHR - AHR atrial heart rate.
AHRA - AHRA American Hospital Radiology
Administration.
AHRF - AHRF acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.
AHRF - AHRF American Hearing Research
Foundation.
AHRQ - AHRQ Agency for Healthcare Research
and Quality.
AHS - AHS Academy of Health Sciences.
AHS - AHS African horse sickness.
AHS - AHS alveolar hypoventilation syndrome.

487

AHS - AHS American Hearing Society.

AHS - AHS American Hospital Society.
AHS - AHS area health service.
AHS - AHS assistant house surgeon.
AHSA - AHSA American Health Security Act.
AHSCT - AHSCT autologous hematopoietic stem
cell transplantation.
AHSDF - AHSDF area health service development
fund.
AHSG - AHSG alpha-2HS-glycoprotein.
AHSN - AHSN Assembly of Hospital Schools of
Nursing.
AHSP - AHSP AIDS Health Services Program (of
the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation).
AHSR - AHSR Association for Health Services

488

Research.
AHT - AHT aggregation half time.
AHT - AHT antihyaluronidase titer.
AHT - AHT arterial hypertension.
AHT - AHT augmented histamine test.
AHT - AHT autogenous hamster tumor.
AHTG - AHTG antihuman thymocyte globulin.
AHTP - AHTP antihuman thymocyte plasma.
AHTS - AHTS antihuman thymus serum.
AHU - AHU acute hemolytic uremic (syndrome).
AHU - AHU arginine hypoxanthine and uracil.
AHuG - AHuG aggregated human IgG.
AHV - AHV avian herpes virus.

489

AI - AI accidental injury.
AI - AI accidentally incurred.
aI - aI active ingredient.
AI - AI adiposity index.
AI - AI aggregation index.
AI - AI allergy and immunology.
AI - AI amylogenesis imperfecta.
AI - AI anaphylatoxin inactivator.
AI - AI angiogenesis inhibitor.
AI - AI angiotensin I.
AI - AI anxiety index.
AI - AI aortic incompetence.

490

AI - AI aortic insufficiency.
AI - AI apical impulse.
AI - AI articulation index.
AI - AI artificial insemination.
AI - AI artificial intelligence.
AI - AI atherogenic index.
AI - AI atrial insufficiency.
AI - AI autoimmune autoimmunity.
AI - AI axio-incisal.
AI - AI first meiotic anaphase..
AI-CAH - AI-CAH autoimmune-type chronic active
hepatitis.
AI/COAG - AI/COAG artificial intelligence
hemostasis consultant system.

491

AIA - AIA allylisopropylacetamide.

AIA - AIA amylase inhibitor activity.
AIA - AIA anti-immunoglobulin antibody.
AIA - AIA anti-insulin antibody.
AIA - AIA aspirin-induced asthma.
AIA - AIA automated image analysis.
AIB - AIB aminoisobutyrate.
AIB - AIB avian infectious bronchitis.
AIBA - AIBA aminoisobutyric acid.
AIBS - AIBS American Institute of Biological
Sciences.
AIC - AIC Akaikes information criterion (a
goodness-of-fit measure).

492

AIC - AIC aminoimidazole carboxamide.

AIC - AIC Association des Infirmires Canadiennes.
AICA - AICA anterior inferior cerebellar artery.
AICA - AICA anterior inferior communicating
artery.
AICAR - AICAR aminoimidazole carboxamide
ribonucleotide.
AICD - AICD automatic implantable cardioverter
defibrillator.
AICE - AICE angiotensin I converting enzyme.
AICF - AICF autoimmune complement fixation.
AID - AID acquired immunodeficiency disease.
AID - AID acute infectious disease.
AID - AID acute ionization detector.

493

AID - AID Agency for International Development.

AID - AID argon ionization detector.
AID - AID artificial insemination by donor.
AID - AID autoimmune deficiency.
AID - AID autoimmune disease.
AID - AID automatic implantable defibrillator.
AID - AID average interocular difference.
AIDP - AIDP acute inflammatory demyelinating
polyradiculoneuropathy.
AIDS - AIDS acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome.
AIDS-KS - AIDS-KS acquired immune deficiency
syndrome with Kaposis sarcoma.
AIDS-OI - AIDS-OI AIDS with opportunistic
infections.

494

AIDSDRUGS - AIDSDRUGS clinical trials of

acquired immunodeficiency drugs.
AIDSLINE - AIDSLINE on-line information on
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
AIDSTRIALS - AIDSTRIALS clinical trials of
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome drugs.
AIIS - AIIS anterior inferior iliac spine.
AIL - AIL angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy.
AIMBE - AIMBE American Institute for Medical
and Biological Engineering.
AIN - AIN anterior interosseous nerve.
Aind - Aind indicative dosage.
AIOD - AIOD Association Internationale pour
l'Ostosynthse Dynamique.
AIOM - AIOM Italian Association for Medical

495

Oncology.
AION - AION anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.
AIOSM - AIOSM American Institute of
Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine.
AIP - AIP acute interstitial pneumonia (HammanRich disease).
AIRO - AIRO Associazione Italiana di Radioterapia
Oncologica.
AIS - AIS adenocarcinoma in situ.
AIS - AIS adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
AIT - AIT acute intensive treatment.
AJ - AJ ankle jerk.
AJAO - AJAO American Juvenile Arthritis
Organization.
AJCC - AJCC American Joint Committee on

496

Cancer.
AJKS - AJKS American Journal of Knee Surgery.
AJNR - AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology.
AJO - AJO American Journal of Orthopaedics.
AJR - AJR abdominojugular reflux maneuver.
AJR - AJR accelerated junctional rhythm.
AJR - AJR albumin-deficient and jaundiced strain of
rats.
AK - AK above knee.
AK - AK above the knee (amputation).
AKA - AKA above knee amputation.
AKA - AKA also known as.
AKS - AKS American Knee Society.

497

AL - AL idiopathic (primary) amyloidosis.

AL - AL left ear.
Al - Al porous alumni.
Ala - Ala alanine.
ALAT - ALAT alanine aminotransferase / alanine
transaminase.
ALB - ALB albendazole.
ALC - ALC anaplastic large cell.
ALC - ALC approximate lethal concentration.
ALD - ALD alcoholic liver disease.
ALIP - ALIP atypical localization of immature
precursors.
ALK - ALK anaplastic lymphoma kinase.
ALK - ALK automated lamellar keratoplasty.

498

alk phos - alk phos alkaline phosphatase.

ALL - ALL allergy.
ALL - ALL acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
AlloSCT - AlloSCT allogeneic stem-cell
transplantation.
ALMI - ALMI anterior lateral myocardial infarction.
ALP - ALP alkaline phosphatase.
alpha 2 - alpha 26-ST alpha 26 sialyltransferase.
alpha-MPT - alpha-MPT alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine.
alpha-T7 - alpha-T7 transgenic line of mice.
ALRI - ALRI antero-lateral rotatory instability.
ALS - ALS advanced life support.
ALS - ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

499

ALS - ALS anterolateral sclerosis.

ALS - ALS acute lumbar strain.
ALT - ALT alanine aminotransferase (formerly
SGPT).
ALT - ALT alternate.
ALT - ALT altitude.
Alt - Alt aluminum tartrate.
ALT - ALT argon laser trabeculoplasty.
ALT - ALT autolymphocyte therapy.
ALT - ALT avian laryngotracheitis
alt hor - alt hor alternate hours/every other hour.
ALTB - ALTB acute laryngotracheobronchitis.
ALTE - ALTE acute life-threatening event.

500

ALTEE - ALTEE acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester.

ALTS - ALTS acute lumbar trauma syndrome.
ALVF - ALVF acute left ventricular failure.
AM - AM adult male.
AM - AM aerospace medicine.
AM - AM alveolar macrophages.
AM - AM anteromedial.
AM - AM before noon.
AMA - AMA against medical advice.
AMA - AMA American Medical Association.
AMAN - AMAN acute motor axonal neuropathy.
AMB - AMB ambulate; ambulatory.

501

AMD - AMD acid maltase deficiency.

AMD - AMD acromandibular dysplasia.
AMD - AMD actinomycyn d.
AMD - AMD adrenomyelodystrophy.
AMD - AMD age-related macular degeneration.
AMD - AMD air monitoring device.
AMD - AMD aleutian mink disease.
AMD - AMD alpha-methyldopa.
AMD - AMD amantadine.
AMD - AMD Association for Macular Diseases.
AMD - AMD axiomesiodistal.
AMD - AMD s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.
AMDF - AMDF American Macular Degeneration

502

Foundation.
AMG - AMG acceleromyography.
AMG - AMG ?2-macroglobulin.
AMI - AMI acute myocardial infarction.
AMIA - AMIA American Medical Informatics
Association.
AML - AML acute myeloblastic leukemia.
AMM - AMM agnogenic myeloid metaplasia.
AMM&M - AMM&M agnogenic myeloid
metaplasia with myelofibrosis.
amp - amp ampere.
AMP - AMP amphetamine.
AMP - AMP amputation.
AMS - AMS American Medical Systems Inc..

503

AMS - AMS Amsterdam.

AMS - AMS aseptic meningitis syndrome.
AMSAN - AMSAN acute motor sensory axonal
neuropathy.
AMSSM - AMSSM American Medical Society for
Sports Medicine.
amt - amt amount.
AMV - AMV alfalfa mosaic virus.
AMV - AMV anterior medullary velum.
AMV - AMV apical membrane vesicles (about
lung).
AMV-RT - AMV-RT avian myeloblastosis virus
reverse transcriptase.
AMY2 - AMY2 alpha-amylase 2.

504

AN69-S - AN69-S Biospal.

ANA - ANA anesthesia.
ANA - ANA antinuclear antibody test (see also
FANA).
ANAL - ANAL analgesic.
ANC - ANC absolute neutrophil count.
ANCA - ANCA antineutrophil cytoplasmic
antibodies.
AND - AND algoneurodystrophy.
AND - AND anterior nasal discharge.
ANED - ANED alive no evidence of disease.
ANES - ANES anesthesia.
ANG - ANG angle.
ANHE - ANHE acute necrotizing hemorrhagic

505

encephalopathy.
ANI - ANI acute nerve irritation.
ANLL - ANLL acute non-lymphocytic leukemia.
ANO - ANO amiodarone neuropathy of the optic
nerve.
ANOVA - ANOVA analysis of variance.
ANP - ANP atrial natriuretic peptide.
ANPs - ANPs advanced nurse practitioners'.
ANRF - ANRF Arthritis National Research
Foundation.
ANRI - ANRI acute nerve root irritation.
ANS - ANS autonomic nervous system.
ANSI - ANSI American National Standards
Institute.

506

ANT - ANT anterior.

anti-OJ - anti-OJ anti-isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase.
ANX - ANX anxiety.
AO - AO angle of.
AO - AO aorta.
AO - AO Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer
Osteosynthesefragen.
AO - AO inbred strains of rats [AO(RT1u/AgB2)].
AO ASIF - AO ASIF AO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer
Osteosynthesefragen) Association of the Study of
Internal Fixation.
AOA - AOA American Orthopaedic Association
(also: AAOS Related Organizations).
AOA - AOA American Osteopathic Association.
AOA - AOA Asian Orthopaedic Association.

507

AOA - AOA Australian Orthopaedic Association.

AOAC - AOAC Association of Official Analytical
Chemist.
AOB - AOB Abteilung fr Orthopdische
Biomechanik (Orthopaedic Biomechanics Division).
AOB - AOB alcohol on breath.
AOD - AOD arteriosclerotic occlusive disease.
AODA - AODA alcohol and other drugs of abuse.
AODM - AODM adult onset diabetes mellitus.
AOFAS - AOFAS American Orthopaedic Foot and
Ankle Society (also: AAOS Related Organizations).
AOI - AOI AO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer
Osteosynthesefragen) International.
AOLF - AOLF Association des Orthopdistes de
Langue Franaise.

508

AOM - AOM acute otitis media.

AOPA - AOPA American Orthotic and Prosthetic
Association.
AOQ - AOQ l'Association d'Orthopdie du Qubec.
AORFA - AORFA American Orthopaedic Rugby
Football Association.
AORN - AORN Association of Perioperative
Registered Nurses.
AOS - AOS Academic Orthopaedic Society (also:
AAOS Specialty Societies).
AOS - AOS Alaska Orthopaedic Society.
AOS - AOS Arizona Orthopaedic Society.
AOSSM - AOSSM American Orthopaedic Society
for Sports Medicine (Journal) (also: AAOS Related
Organizations).

509

AOx4 - AOx4 alert and oriented in 4 questions

asked in evaluation of metal status.
AP - AP (Lat. ante partum) before delivery.
AP - AP access permit.
AP - AP accessory pathway.
AP - AP accounts payable.
AP - AP acid phosphatase.
AP - AP acinar parenchyma.
AP - AP action potential.
AP - AP active pepsin.
AP - AP acute pancreatitis.
Ap - Ap acute phase.
AP - AP acute pneumonia.

510

AP - AP acute proliferative.
AP - AP adenomatous polyposis.
AP - AP adolescent psychiatry.
AP - AP aerosol pentamidine.
AP - AP after parturition.
AP - AP alkaline phosphatase.
AP - AP alum precipitated.
AP - AP aminopeptidase.
Ap - Ap aminopurine.
AP - AP amyloid p-component.
AP - AP angina pectoris.
AP - AP anterior pituitary.
AP - AP anteroposterior (view in X-rays).

511

AP - AP antidromic potential.
Ap - Ap antipyrine.
AP - AP antral peristalsis.
AP - AP aortic pressure.
AP - AP aortopulmonary.
Ap - Ap apex.
AP - AP apical pulse.
AP - AP apothecary.
AP - AP appendectomy.
AP - AP appendicitis; appendix.
AP - AP apurinic acid.
AP - AP area postrema.

512

AP - AP arithmetic progression.
AP - AP arterial pressure.
AP - AP artificial pneumothorax.
AP - AP aspiration pneumonia.
Ap - Ap assessment and plans.
AP - AP association period.
AP - AP atherosclerotic plaque.
AP - AP atrial pacing.
AP - AP atrioventricular pathway.
ap - ap attachment point.
AP - AP Australian pharmacist.
AP - AP axiopulpal.
ap - ap before dinner.

513

AP - AP BNP brain natriuretic peptide.

AP & L - AP & L anteroposterior and lateral.
APA - APA Abrus precatorius agglutinin.
APA - APA American Paralysis Association.
APA - APA American Psychiatric Association.
APAAP - APAAP alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline
phosphatase.
APACHE - APACHE acral pseudolymphomatous
angiokeratoma of childhood.
APAP - APAP acetaminophen (paracetamol).
APB - APB abductor pollicis brevis (also ABPB).
APB - APB atrial premature beat.
APC - APC activated protein C.

514

APC - APC allophycocyanin.

APC - APC Ambulatory Patient Classification.
APC - APC anterior polar cataract.
APC - APC antero-posterior compression.
APC - APC antigen presenting cells.
APC - APC Argon Plasma Coagulation.
APC - APC aspirin phenacetin caffeine.
APCI - APCI atmosphere pressure chemical
ionization.
APF - APF assigned protection factor.
APH - APH anterior pituitary hormone.
APH - APH aphasia.
APHIS - APHIS USDA's Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service.

515

API - API Association for Pathology Informatics.

APL - APL abductor pollicis longus (also ABPL).
APLAR - APLAR Asian Pacific League of
Association for Rheumatology.
APLS - APLS advanced pediatric life support.
APM - APM apomorphine.
APMA - APMA American Podiatric Medical
Association.
ApMV - ApMV apple mosaic virus.
APP - APP Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein.
APP - APP appears.
APP - APP appendix.
APP - APP appointment.

516

APP - APP approximate.

ApPC - ApPC anthrylvinyl-labeled
phosphatidylcholine.
APPC - APPC aorto-pericardial pouch conduit.
APPC - APPC apalcillin.
APPC - APPC apoptotic cells.
APPc - APPc cytoplasmic tail of the amyloid
precursor protein.
APPC - APPC knee arthroplasty with polyethylene
patellar components.
APPC - APPC p-aminophenylphosphorylcholine.
APTA - APTA American Physical Therapy
Association.
APTT - APTT automated partial thromboplastin
time.

517

APUD - APUD amine precursor uptake and

decarboxylation.
APVOD - APVOD arteriosclerotic peripheral
vascular occlusive disease.
APX - APX ascorbate peroxidase.
AQ - AQ aq. water.
AQL - AQL acceptance quality level.
AR - AR active resistance.
AR - AR admitting room.
AR - AR apical rate.
AR - AR artificial respiration.
AR - AR assessment report.
AR - AR assisted respiration.
AR - AR at risk.

518

ARA-C - ARA-C cytarabine.

ARC - ARC AIDS related complex.
ARD - ARD acute respiratory disease.
ARD - ARD atheroembolic renal disease.
ARDS - ARDS acute/adult respiratory distress
syndrome.
ARE - ARE active-resistance exercise.
ARF - ARF acute renal failure.
ARF - ARF acute respiratory failure.
ARF - ARF acute rheumatic fever.
Arg - Arg arginine.
ARI - ARI anxiety reaction intense.
ARIC - ARIC Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities.

519

ARM - ARM anxiety reaction mild.

ARNP - ARNP Advanced Registered Nurse
Practitioner.
AROM - AROM active range of motion.
AROM - AROM artificial rupture of membranes.
ARP - ARP American Registry of Pathology.
ARP - ARP American Registry of Pathology.
ARRT - ARRT American Registry of Radiologic
Technologists.
ART - ART absolute retention time
(chromatography).
ART - ART Achilles' tendon reflex test.
ART - ART artery.
ART - ART articulation.

520

ART - ART artificial.

ARTH - ARTH arthritic.
ARVD - ARVD arrythmogenic right ventricular
dysplasia.
AS - AS alpha-synuclein.
AS - AS anal sphincter.
AS - AS aortic stenosis.
AS - AS arteriosclerosis.
AS - AS auris sinistra (left ear).
AS ankylosing spondylitis. - AS ankylosing
spondylitis.
as to - as to as tolerated.
ASA - ASA acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).

521

ASA - ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists.

ASAMI - ASAMI Association for the Study and
Application of the Ilizarov Method.
ASAP - ASAP as soon as possible.
ASB - ASB American Society of Biomechanics.
ASBME - ASBME Associated Students of
Biomedical Engineering.
ASBMR - ASBMR Austrian Society for Bone and
Mineral Research (EFFO Member Society).
ASC - ASC arteriosclerosis.
ASC - ASC ascending.
ASCAD - ASCAD arteriosclerotic coronary artery
disease.
ASCO - ASCO American Society of Clinical
Oncology.

522

ASCUS - ASCUS atypical squamous cells of

unknown significance.
ASCVD - ASCVD arteriosclerotic cardiovascular
disease.
ASD - ASD atrial septal defect.
ASD - ASD autosensitization spongiotic dermatitis.
ASDP - ASDP American Society of
Dermatopathology.
ASES - ASES American Shoulder and Elbow
Surgeons (also: AAOS Specialty Societies).
ASF - ASF African Swine Fever.
ASF - ASF anterior spinal fusion.
ASH - ASH American Society of Hematology.
ASH - ASH asymmetrical septal hypertrophy.
ASHD - ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease.

523

ASHD - ASHD atherosclerotic heart disease.

ASHNR - ASHNR American Society of Head and
Neck Radiology.
ASI - ASI specific immunotherapy.
ASIA - ASIA American Spinal Injury Association
(AAOS Related Organizations).
ASIC - ASIC application specific integrated circuit.
ASIS - ASIS anterior superior iliac spine.
ASM - ASM aggressive systemic mastocytosis.
ASM - ASM American Society for Microbiology.
ASMI - ASMI American Sports Medicine Institute.
Asn - Asn asparagine.
ASNR - ASNR American Society of
Neuroradiology.

524

ASO - ASO Amplatzer septal occluder.

ASO - ASO antisense oligonucleotides.
ASO - ASO antistreptolysin-O.
ASO - ASO arteriosclerosis obliterans.
ASOPA - ASOPA American Society of Orthopaedic
Physician's Assistants (also: AAOS Specialty
Societies).
ASOS - ASOS Australian Society of Orthopaedic
Surgeons.
Asp - Asp aspartic acid.
ASPC - ASPC aspoxicillin.
ASPNR - ASPNR American Society of Pediatric
Neuroradiology.
ASPRS - ASPRS American Society of Plastic and
Reconstructive Surgeons.

525

ASPVD - ASPVD arteriosclerotic peripheral

vascular disease
ASR - ASR age standardized rate (incidence).
ASRT - ASRT American Society of Radiologic
Technologists.
ASS - ASS anterior superior spine.
A - A amyloid beta-peptides.
ASSH - ASSH American Society for Surgery of the
Hand (also: AAOS Related Organizations).
assist. - assist. assistive.
ASSR - ASSR American Society of Spine
Radiology.
ASSV - ASSV apple scar skin viroid.
AST - AST all subjects treated.

526

AST - AST alternate-site-testing.

AST - AST antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
AST - AST aspartate aminotransferase (formerly
SGOT).
AST - AST Association of Surgical Technologists.
AST - AST astigmatism.
Astigm. - Astigm. astigmatism.
ASTM - ASTM american standard test method.
ASTRO - ASTRO American Society for Therapeutic
Radiology and Oncology.
ASU - ASU ambulatory surgery unit.
AT - AT achilles tendon.
AT - AT anterior tibial.
AT - AT athletic trainer.

527

AT - AT atlas.
at - at vol atomic volume.
at - at wt atomic weight.
at bed time - at bed time hs.
AT/NC - AT/NC atraumatic normocephalic.
ATF - ATF amino-terminal fragment.
ATL - ATL adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
ATLL - ATLL adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
ATLS - ATLS advanced trauma life support
(training course).
ATN - ATN acute tubular necrosis
ATP - ATP attending physician.
ATP - ATP autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura.

528

ATPS - ATPS ambient temperature and pressure

saturated.
ATR - ATR Achilles tendon reflex.
ATR - ATR alpha-thalassemia-mental retardation
(syndrome).
ATR - ATR atracurium.
ATR - ATR atrazine.
atr - atr atrophy.
ATR - ATR atrophy.
Atr fib - Atr fib atrial fibrillation.
ATRA - ATRA all-trans-retinoic acid (regimen used
to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia).
ATRIP - ATRIP Africa Trade and Investment
Program.

529

ATRX - ATRX ATR-X X-linked alpha-thalassemia

mental retardation (syndrome).
ATS - ATS Achard-Thiers syndrome.
ATS - ATS acid test solution.
ATS - ATS alpha-D-tocopherol acid succinate.
ATS - ATS American Thoracic Society.
ATS - ATS American Trauma Society.
ATS - ATS American Trudeau Society.
ATS - ATS antirat thymocyte serum.
ATS - ATS antitetanus serum.
ATS - ATS antithymocyte serum.
ATS - ATS anxiety tension state.
ATS - ATS arteriosclerosis.

530

ATSDR - ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and

Disease Registry.
ATT - ATT arginine tolerance test.
ATT - ATT aspirin tolerance time.
att - att attending.
ATV - ATV Abelson virus transformed.
ATV - ATV avian tumor virus.
ATx - ATx adult thymectomy.
atyp - atyp atypical.
ATZ - ATZ atypical transformation zone.
AU - AU (auris unitas) both ears.
AU - AU according to custom (Lat.ad usum).
AU - AU allergenic unit.

531

AU - AU Angstrom unit.
AU - AU antitoxin unit.
AU - AU arbitrary unit.
Au - Au Australia (antigen).
AU - AU Australia antigen.
Au - Au authorization.
AU - AU azauridine.
Au - Au gold (Lat.Aurum).
Au Ag - Au Ag Australia antigen.
AUA - AUA adenine-uracil-adenine codon for
isoleucine.
AUA - AUA American Urological Association.
AUA - AUA asymptomatic urinary abnormalities.

532

AUB - AUB abnormal uterine bleeding.

AUC - AUC adenine-uracil-cytosine codon for
isoleucine.
AUC - AUC area under the curve.
AUD - AUD arthritis of unknown diagnosis.
aud - aud auditory.
aud-vis - aud-vis audiovisual.
AUDIT - AUDIT alcohol use disorders
identification test.
AUG - AUG acute ulcerative gingivitis.
AUG - AUG adenine-uracil-guanine codon for
methionine.
AUGH - AUGH acute upper gastrointestinal
hemorrhage.
AuHAA - AuHAA Australia hepatitis-associated

533

antigen.
AUI - AUI Alcohol Use Inventory.
AUL - AUL acute undifferentiated leukemia.
AUMC - AUMC area under the "moment" curve.
AUO - AUO amyloid of unknown origin.
AuP - AuP Australian antigen protein.
AUPHA - AUPHA Association of University
Programs in Health Administration.
aur - aur auric auricle auricular.
AUS - AUS acute urethral syndrome.
AUs - AUs alcohol users.
aus - aus ausc auscultation.
AuS - AuS Australia serum hepatitis.

534

Ausc. - Ausc. auscultation.

AuSH - AuSH Australia serum hepatitis.
Auto-PEEP - Auto-PEEP self-controlled positive
end-expiratory pressure.
AUU - AUU adenine-uracil-uracil codon for
isoleucine.
AUV - AUV anterior urethral valve.
AUVIB - AUVIB autotransfusion of UV-irradiated
blood.
aux - aux auxiliary.
aV - aV abvolt.
AV - AV Adriamycin and vincristine.
AV - AV air velocity.
av - av air velocity.

535

AV - AV allergic vasculitis.
AV - AV anteroventral.
AV - AV anteversion.
AV - AV anticipatory vomiting.
AV - AV antivirin.
AV - AV aortic valve.
AV - AV arteriovenous.
AV - AV artificial ventilation.
AV - AV assisted ventilation.
AV - AV atrioventricular.
AV - AV audio-visual.
AV - AV augmented vector.
AV - AV average.

536

av - av average.
Av - Av average.
AV - AV aviation medicine.
AV - AV avoirdupois.
Av - Av avoirdupois.
av - av avulsion.
AV - AV avulsion.
AV/AF - AV/AF anteverted anteflexed.
Av3V - Av3V anteroventral third ventricle.
AVA - AVA activity vector analysis.
AVA - AVA antiviral antibody.
AVA - AVA aortic valve area.

537

AVA - AVA aortic valve atresia.

AVA - AVA arteriovenous anastomosis.
AVB - AVB atrioventricular block.
AVC - AVC aberrant ventricular conduction.
AVC - AVC Academy of Veterinary Cardiology.
AVC - AVC aortic valve closure.
AVC - AVC Association of Vitamin Chemists.
AVC - AVC associative visual cortex.
AVC - AVC associative visual cortex.
AVC - AVC atrioventricular canal.
AVC - AVC automatic volume control.
AVCN - AVCN anteroventral cochlear nucleus.
AVCS - AVCS atrioventricular conduction system.

538

AVCx - AVCx atrioventricular circumflex branch.

AVD - AVD aortic valvular disease.
AVD - AVD apparent volume of distribution.
AVD - AVD Army Veterinary Department.
AVD - AVD atrioventricular dissociation.
AVDO2 - AVDO2 arteriovenous oxygen saturation
difference.
AVDO2B - AVDO2B arteriovenous oxygen
saturation difference basal.
AVDP - AVDP average diastolic pressure.
avdp - avdp avoirdupois.
AVE - AVE aortic valve echocardiogram.
ave - ave aver average.

539

AVF - AVF antiviral factor.

AVF - AVF arteriovenous fistula.
aVF - aVF automated volt foot.
aVF - aVF unipolar limb lead on the left leg in
electrocardiography.
AVG - AVG ambulatory visit group.
avg - avg average.
AVG - AVG average.
AVH - AVH acute viral hepatitis.
AVHD - AVHD acquired valvular heart disease.
AVHS - AVHS acquired valvular heart syndrome.
AVI - AVI air velocity index.
AVI - AVI Association of Veterinary Inspectors.

540

AVJ - AVJ atrioventricular junction.

AVJR - AVJR atrioventricular junction rhythm.
AVJRe - AVJRe atrioventricular junctional
reentrant.
aVL - aVL automated volt left.
aVL - aVL unipolar limb lead on the left arm in
electrocardiography.
AVLINE - AVLINE Audiovisuals On-Line
(database).
AVM - AVM arteriovenous malformations.
AVM - AVM atrio-ventricular malformations.
AVM - AVM aviation medicine.
AVMA - AVMA American Veterinary Medical
Association.
AVN - AVN acute vasomotor nephropathy.

541

AVN - AVN atrioventricular nodal (conduction).

AVN - AVN atrioventricular node.
AVN - AVN avascular necrosis (MRI evaluation).
AVND - AVND atrioventricular node dysfunction.
AVNFH - AVNFH avascular necrosis of the femoral
head.
AVNFRP - AVNFRP atrioventricular node
functional refractory period.
AVNR - AVNR atrioventricular nodal reentry.
AVNRT - AVNRT atrioventricular node reentry
tachycardia.
AVO - AVO aortic valve opening.
AVO - AVO aortic valve orifice.
AVO - AVO atrioventricular opening.

542

AVO2 - AVO2 arteriovenous oxygen ratio.

AVP - AVP abnormal vasopressin.
AVP - AVP actinomycin-vincristine-Platinol.
AVP - AVP ambulatory venous pressure.
AVP - AVP antiviral protein.
AVP - AVP aqueous vasopressin.
AVP - AVP argininevasopressin.
AVP - AVP arteriovenous passage time.
AVP - AVP vasopressin.
AVPU - AVPU alert verbal painful unresponsive
(neurologic test).
AVR - AVR accelerated ventricular rhythm.
AVR - AVR antiviral regulator.

543

AVR - AVR aortic valve replacement.

aVR - aVR automated volt right.
aVR - aVR unipolar limb lead on the right arm in
electrocardiography.
AVRI - AVRI acute viral respiratory infection.
AVRP - AVRP atrioventricular refractory period.
AVRR - AVRR antiviral repressor regulator.
AVRT - AVRT atrioventricular reentrant
tachycardia; atrioventricular reciprocating
tachycardia.
AVS - AVS aortic valve stenosis.
AVS - AVS arteriovenous shunt.
AVS - AVS auditory vocal sequencing.
AVSD - AVSD atrioventricular septal defect.

544

AVSV - AVSV aortic valve stroke volume.

AVT - AVT Allen vision test.
AVT - AVT arginine vasotocin.
AVT - AVT Aviation Medicine Technician.
AVZ - AVZ avascular zone.
AW - AW able to work.
AW - AW above waist.
AW - AW abrupt withdrawal.
aw - aw airway.
AW - AW alcohol withdrawal.
AW - AW alive and well.
AW - AW alveolar wall.

545

AW - AW anterior wall.
AW - AW atomic warfare.
AW - AW atomic weight.
aw - aw water activity.
AW-GC - AW-GC apatite and wollastonite
containing glass-ceramic.
AWA - AWA animal waste ashes.
AWA - AWA as well as.
AWAR - AWAR anterior wall of aortic root.
AWBM - AWBM alveolar wall basement
membrane.
AX - AX axial: axillary.
AZT - AZT azidothymidine (zidovudine).
AZUR - AZUR 6-azauridine.

546

B - B black.
B - B born.
B - B fever sweats or weight loss ("B" symptoms in
Hodgkin lymphoma).
B B&C - B B&C biopsy and curettage. B B-cells.
B-ALL - B-ALL B-cell acute lymphoblastic
leukemia.
b/c - b/c benefit/cost (ratio).
B19-PRCA - B19-PRCA pure red cell aplasia
caused by parvovirus B19.
Ba - Ba BA barium.
BA - BA blood alcohol.
BA - BA bone age.

547

BA - BA brachial artery.
BA - BA bronchial asthma.
BAB - BAB Babinski's sign
BAC - BAC blood alcohol concentration
BACR - BACR British Association for Cancer
Research.
Bact. - Bact. bacteriologist; bacteriology
BaE - BaE barium enema
BAER - BAER brain stem auditory evoked
response.
BAIJP - BAIJP Bovie-assisted uvulopalatoplasty.
BAL - BAL bronchoalveolar lavage.
BALF - BALF broncho-alveolar lavage fluid.
bals - bals balsam.

548

BALT - BALT bronchus-associated lymphoid

tissue.
BAM - BAM bamifylline.
BaM - BaM barium meal.
BAM - BAM basilar artery migraine.
BAM - BAM bilateral augmentation mammoplasty.
BAM - BAM brachial artery mean (pressure).
BAME - BAME benzoylarginine methyl ester.
BamHI - BamHI restriction enzyme from Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens H.
BAN - BAN British Approved Name.
BAN - BAN British Association of Neurologists.
BANS - BANS Back posterior upper Arm posterior
Neck Scalp; prognostically high-risk sites for

549

malignant melanoma.
BAO - BAO basal acid output.
BAO - BAO brachial artery output.
BAO-MAO - BAO-MAO basal acid output to
maximal acid output (ratio).
BAP - BAP bacterial alkaline phosphatase.
BAP - BAP Behavior Activity Profile.
BAP - BAP beta-amyloid peptide.
BAP - BAP blood-agar plate.
BAP - BAP bovine albumin in phosphate buffer.
BAP - BAP brachial artery pressure.
BAPhysMed - BAPhysMed British Association
Physical Medicine.
BAPI - BAPI barley alkaline protease inhibitor.

550

BAPN - BAPN beta-aminoproprionitrile fumarate.

BAPO - BAPO Belgian Association of Pediatric
Orthopaedics.
BAPP - BAPP beta amyloid precursor protein.
BAPS - BAPS biomechanical ankle platform
system.
BAPS - BAPS bovine albumin phosphate saline.
BAPS - BAPS British Association of Paediatric
Surgeons.
BAPS - BAPS British Association of Plastic
Surgeons.
BAPT - BAPT British Association of Physical
Training.
BAPTA - BAPTA l2-bis (aminophenoxy) ethaneNNN

551

BAPV - BAPV bovine alimentary papilloma virus.

BAQ - BAQ brain-age quotient.
BAR - BAR bariatrics; barometer barometric.
bar - bar barometric.
BAR - BAR beta-adrenergic receptor.
BAR - BAR biofragmentable anastomosis ring.
BARB - BARB barbiturates.
Barb - Barb barb barbiturate barbituric.
BARK - BARK beta-adrenergic receptor kinase.
Barn - Barn benzamide.
BARN - BARN bilateral acute retinal necrosis.
BARS - BARS behaviorally anchored rating scale.
BART - BART blood-activated recalcification time.

552

BAS - BAS balloon atrial septostomy

BaS - BaS barium swallow.
bas - bas basilar.
bas - bas basophil basophilic.
Bas - Bas basophils.
BAS - BAS benzyl anti-serotonin.
BAS - BAS beta-adrenergic stimulation.
BAS - BAS boric acid solution.
Bas. - Bas. basal
BASA - BASA Boston Assessment of Severe
Aphasia.
BASE - BASE B27-arthritis-sacroiliitis-extraarticular features (syndrome).

553

BASH - BASH body acceleration synchronous with

heart rate.
BASI - BASI barley alpha-amylase/subtilisin
inhibitor.
BASIC - BASIC Beginners All-Purpose
Symbolic Introduction Code.
baso - baso basophil.
BASO - BASO British Association of Surgical
Oncologists.
basos - basos basophils (leukocytes).
BASPCAN - BASPCAN British Association for the
Study and Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect.
BAT - BAT basic aid training.
BAT - BAT best available technology.
BAT - BAT blunt abdominal trauma.

554

BAT - BAT brown adipose tissue.

BAUS - BAUS British Association of Urological
Surgeons.
BAV - BAV bicuspid aortic valve.
BAVCP - BAVCP bilateral abductor vocal cord
paralysis.
BAVFO - BAVFO bradycardia after arteriovenous
fistula occlusion.
BAW - BAW bronchoalveolar washing.
BB - BB bad breath.
BB - BB bed bath.
BB - BB bed board.
BB - BB beta blockade beta blocker.
BB - BB BioBreeding (rat).

555

BB - BB blanket bath.
BB - BB blood bank.
BB - BB blood buffer.
BB - BB blow bottle.
BB - BB blue bloaters (emphysema).
bb - bb Bolton point.
BB - BB borderline.
bb - bb both bones.
BB - BB both bones.
BB - BB breakthrough bleeding.
BB - BB breast biopsy.
BB - BB brush border.
BB - BB buffer base.

556

BB - BB bundle branch.
BB - BB isoenzyme of creatine kinase containing
two B subunits.
BB/FS - BB/FS breast biopsy/frozen section
BBA - BBA born before arrival.
BBB - BBB blood buffer base.
BBB - BBB blood-brain barrier.
BBB - BBB bundle branch block.
BBBB - BBBB bilateral bundle-branch block.
BBBD - BBBD blood brain barrier disruption.
BBC - BBC Belgian Bone Club (EFFO Member
Society).
BBC - BBC bromobenzycyanide.

557

BBD - BBD benign breast disease.

BBE - BBE Bacteroides bile esculin (agar).
BBEP - BBEP brush border endopeptidase.
BBF - BBF bronchial blood flow.
BBI - BBI Biomedical Business International.
BBI - BBI Bowman-Birk soybean inhibitor.
BBIW - BBIW BioBreeding/Worcester (rat).
BBM - BBM brush border membrane.
BBMV - BBMV brush border membrane vesicle.
BBN - BBN broad band noise.
BBRS - BBRS Burks Behavior Rating Scale.
BBS - BBS Barolet-Biedl syndrome.
BBS - BBS bashful bladder syndrome.

558

BBS - BBS benign breast syndrome.

BBS - BBS bilateral breath sounds.
BBS - BBS bombesin.
BBS - BBS borate-buffered saline.
BBS - BBS brown bowel syndrome.
BBT - BBT basal body temperature
BC - BC Bachelor of Surgery (Lat.Baccalaureus
Chirurgiae).
BC - BC back care.
BC - BC bactericidal concentration.
BC - BC basal cell.
BC - BC basket cell.
BC - BC battle casualty.

559

BC - BC bicarbonate.
BC - BC biliary colic.
BC - BC bipolar cell.
BC - BC birth control.
BC - BC blastic crisis.
BC - BC blood count.
BC - BC blood culture.
BC - BC Blue Cross (plan).
BC - BC board certified.
BC - BC bone conduction.
BC - BC brachiocephalic.
BC - BC breast cancer.

560

BC - BC bronchial carcinoma.
BC - BC buccal cartilage.
BC - BC buccocervical.
BC - BC buffy coat.
BC/BS - BC/BS Blue cross/Blue shield.
BCA - BCA balloon catheter angioplasty.
BCA - BCA bicinchoninic acid.
BCA - BCA blood color analyzer.
BCA - BCA Blue Cross Association.
BCA - BCA branchial cleft anomaly.
BCA - BCA breast cancer antigen.
BCAA - BCAA branched chain amino acid.
BCAg - BCAg basal-cell antigen.

561

BCAT - BCAT brachiocephalic arterial trunk.

BCB - BCB blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.
BCB - BCB brilliant cresyl blue.
BCBR - BCBR bilateral carotid body resection.
BCBSA - BCBSA Blue Cross and Blue Shield
Association.
BCC - BCC basal cell carcinoma.
BCC - BCC benign cellular changes (pap smear).
BCC - BCC biliary cholesterol concentration.
BCC - BCC birth control clinic.
bcc - bcc body-centered-cubic.
BCCG - BCCG British Cooperative Clinical Group.
BCCP - BCCP biotin carboxyl carrier protein.

562

BCD - BCD binary-coded decimal.

BCD - BCD bleomycin cyclophosphamide
dactinomycin.
BCDDP - BCDDP Breast Cancer Detection
Demonstration Project.
BCDF - BCDF B-cell differentiation factor.
BCDL - BCDL Brachmann-Cornelia de Lange
(syndrome).
BCDRS - BCDRS brief Carroll depression rating
scale.
BCDS - BCDS bulimia cognitive distortions scale.
BCDSP - BCDSP Boston Collaborative Drug
Surveillance Program.
BCE - BCE basal cell epithelioma.
BCE - BCE benign childhood epilepsy.

563

BCE - BCE bubble chamber equipment.

BCEI - BCEI breast cancer estrogen-inducible.
BCF - BCF basophil chemotactic factor.
BCF - BCF bioconcentration factor.
BCF - BCF breast cyst fluid.
BCFP - BCFP breast cyst fluid protein.
BCG - BCG bacille Calmette-Gurin (vaccine).
BCG - BCG ballistocardiography
ballistocardiogram.
BCG - BCG bicolor guaiac test.
BCG - BCG bromcresol green.
BCGF - BCGF B-cell growth factor.
BCh - BCh Bachelor of Surgery (Lat.Baccalaureus

564

Chirurgiae).
BCH - BCH basal cell hyperplasia.
BChD - BChD Bachelor of Dental Surgery.
BCHE - BCHE butyrylcholinesterase.
BChir - BChir Bachelor of Surgery
(Lat.Baccalaureus Chirurgiae).
Bchl - Bchl bChl bacterial chlorophyll.
BCHS - BCHS Bureau of Community Health
Services.
BCHT - BCHT bicaval heart transplantation.
BCI - BCI behavioral cues index.
BCI - BCI brain-computer interface.
BCIA - BCIA Biomedical Clinical Instrumentation
Association.

565

BCIP - BCIP 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-inodolyl

phosphate.
BCKA - BCKA branched-chain keto acid.
BCKD - BCKD branched-chain alpha-keto acid
dehydrogenase.
BCL - BCL basic cycle length.
BCL - BCL B-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
bcl-2 - bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) a gene that
inhibits apoptosis; overexpression may cause
follicular lymphomas.
BCLPD - BCLPD B-cell chronic
lymphoprolipherative disorders.
BCNU - BCNU carmustine.
BCP - BCP birth control pills.
bcr - bcr breakpoint cluster region.

566

BCS - BCS breast conservation surgery.

BD - BD (Lat: bis die) twice a day.
BD - BD band.
BD - BD barbital-dependent.
BD - BD barbiturate dependence.
BD - BD base deficit.
BD - BD base of prism down.
BD - BD basophilic degeneration.
BD - BD Batten disease.
BD - BD behavioral disorder.
BD - BD Behcet disease.
BD - BD belladonna.
BD - BD bicarbonate dialysis.

567

BD - BD bile duct.
BD - BD binocular deprivation.
BD - BD biotinylated dextran.
BD - BD birth date.
BD - BD black death.
BD - BD block design (test).
BD - BD blood donor.
BD - BD blue diaper (syndrome).
BD - BD board.
BD - BD border disease.
BD - BD borderline dull.
BD - BD bound.

568

BD - BD Bowen disease.
BD - BD brain damage.
BD - BD brain dead brain death.
BD - BD Briquet disorder.
BD - BD bronchodilation bronchodilator.
BD - BD buccodistal.
BD - BD bundle.
BD - BD buoyant density.
BD - BD Byler disease.
BDG - BDG bidirectional Glenn shunt.
BDI - BDI blunt duodenal injury.
BDI-1 - BDI-1 monoclonal antibody against human
bladder carcinoma.

569

BDI-PC - BDI-PC Beck Depression Inventory for

Primary Care.
BE - BE barium enema.
BE - BE below the elbow.
BE - BE benzoylecgonine (cocaine).
BE - BE brisk and equal.
BEA - BEA 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide.
BEC2 - BEC2 an anti-idiotypic monoclonal
antibody that mimics the ganglioside GD3.
BELI - BELI beta-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity.
BEMS - BEMS Bioelectromagnetics Society.
BERG - BERG balloon-assisted endoscopic
retroperitoneal gasless (BERG lumbar interbody
fusion).
beta-2M - beta-2M beta-2 microglobulin level.

570

BF - BF biofiltration.
BF - BF blood flow.
BF - BF bone fragment.
bFGF - bFGF basic fibroblast frowth factor.
BG - BG bone graft.
BGB - BGB bisglucuronosyl bilirubin.
BGS - BGS balance gate station
BGTT - BGTT borderline glucose tolerance test.
BH cells - BH cells baby hamster kidney cells.
BHA - BHA butylated hydroxyanisole.
BHG - BHG Belgian Hand Group.
BHIA - BHIA British Healthcare Internet
Association.

571

BHP - BHP benign hypertrophic prostate.

BHS - BHS beta hemolytic streptococcus.
BHT - BHT blunt head trauma.
BHT - BHT butylated hydroxytoluene.
BHV-1 - BHV-1 Bovine Herpesvirus-1.
BI - BI background interval.
BI - BI bacterial or bactericidal index.
BI - BI base-in (prism).
BI - BI basilar impression.
BI - BI Billroth I (operation).
BI - BI biological indicator.
BI - BI biotechnology informatics.

572

BI - BI bodily injury.
BI - BI bone impaction.
BI - BI bone injury.
BI - BI brain injury.
BI - BI burn index
Bi - Bi prefix meaning both sides (e.g. bilateral); two
components (e.g. biphasic).
Bic. - Bic. biceps.
BID - BID brought in dead.
BID/BD - BID/BD twice a day (bis in die).
BIJC - BIJC The British Isles Joint TNM
Classification.
BIL - BIL bilateral
bilat. - bilat. bilateral.

573

BILI - BILI bilirubin.

BIN - BIN bin twice a night.
BIP - BIP bronchiolitis obliterans with interstitial
pneumonia.
BIR - BIR baculovirus IAP repeat.
BIR - BIR British Institute of Radiology.
BIRP - BIRP B1-independent rotation phase-cycled.
BIRP - BIRP BIR-containing proteins.
Bis-GMA - Bis-GMA bisphenol-a-glycidyl
methacrylate.
BiVAS - BiVAS biventricular assist system.
biw - biw twice a week.
BJ - BJ Bence Jones (proteinuria).N-tetraacetic
acid.

574

BJ - BJ biceps jerk.
BJ - BJ bone and joint.
BJE - BJE bones joints extremities
BJM - BJM bones joints muscles.
BK - BK back.
BK - BK below the knee.
BKA - BKA below knee amputation.
BKP - BKP back pain.
BL - BL bilateral lower lung fields.
BL - BL blood loss.
Blad. - Blad. bladder.
BLE - BLE both lower extremities.

575

BLEED - BLEED bleeding (ongoing) low systolic

blood pressure elevated prothrombin time erratic
mental status
BLP - BLP beta-lipotropin.
BLPD - BLPD B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder.
BLQ - BLQ both lower quadrants.
BLS - BLS basic life support.
BLS-D - BLS-D basic life support and defibrillation.
BM - BM basal metabolism.
BM - BM blood monitoring.
BM - BM body mass.
BM - BM bone marrow.
BM - BM bowel movement.
BMA - BMA British Medical Association.

576

BMA - BMA butyl methacrylate.

BMD - BMD 3-(s)-[(benzyloxycarbonyl)methyl].
BMD - BMD Becker muscular dystrophies.
BMD - BMD Best's macular dystrophy.
BMD - BMD bone mineral density.
BMES - BMES Biomedical Engineering Society.
BMG - BMG benign monoclonal gammopathy.
BMI - BMI body mass index.
BMJ - BMJ British Medical Journal.
BMMEC - BMMEC bone marrow microvascular
endothelial cells.
BMN - BMN bone marrow necrosis.
BMP - BMP bone morphogenetic protein.

577

BMR - BMR basal metabolic rate.

BMT - BMT bone marrow transplant (see HDC and
HDC/BMT).
BMZ - BMZ basement membrane zone.
BN - BN bound niacin.
BN - BN bulimia nervosa.
BND - BND barely noticeable difference.
BNLI - BNLI British National Lymphoma
Investigation.
BNO - BNO bladder neck obstruction.
BNST - BNST bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.
BOA - BOA born on arrival.
BOA - BOA British Oncology Association.

578

BOA - BOA British Orthopaedic Association.

BODMA - BODMA British Oncology Data
Managers Association (UK).
BOE - BOE bilateral otitis externa.
BOLD - BOLD blood oxygenation level-dependent.
BOM - BOM bilateral otitis media.
BOO - BOO bladder outlet obstruction.
BOOP - BOOP bronchiolitis obliterans-organizing
pneumonia.
BOP - BOP blood ova parasites.
BOS - BOS Bombay Orthopaedic Association.
BOTA - BOTA Belgian Orthopaedic Trauma
Association.
BOW - BOW bag of waters.

579

BP - BP B/P blood pressure.

BP - BP bipolar.
BP - BP body part.
BP - BP bullous pemphigoid.
BPC - BPC blood pressure cuff.
BPC - BPC bronchoprovocation challenge.
BPD - BPD biparietal diameter.
BPD - BPD borderline personality disorder.
BPD - BPD bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
BPD - BPD Transmission Chain Burnup Reactor
Computer Code.
BPH - BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy.
BPI - BPI bactericidal permeability increasing
protein.

580

BPI - BPI Brief Pain Inventory.

BPL - BPL Bauchinia purpurea alba.
bpm - bpm beats per minute.
BPP - BPP blood pressure and pulse.
BPPV - BPPV benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.
BPR - BPR brief psychiatric rating (scale).
BPS - BPS Belgian Pain Society.
BPTB - BPTB bone-patellar tendon-bone.
BR - BR bacteriorhodopsin.
BR - BR bathroom.
BR - BR bedrest.
BRAT - BRAT a fusion protein between the
membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and the

581

catalytic subunit of aspartyl transcarbamylase from

Escherichia coli.
BRAT - BRAT Baylor Rapid Autologous
Transfusion system.
BRAT - BRAT Behaviour Research and Therapy.
brat - brat brain tumor gene.
BRB - BRB bright red blood.
BRBPR - BRBPR bright red blood per rectum.
BRCA1 & BRCA2 (pronounced bra - BRCA1 &
BRCA2 (pronounced braka one ...) genes prone to
multiple mutations that are involved in a percentage
of the breast cancers.
BRD(C) - BRD(C) bovine respiratory disease
(complex).
BRFSS - BRFSS Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance system.

582

BRM - BRM biological response modifier.

BRP - BRP bathroom privileges.
BRW - BRW breast meat weight.
BRY - BRY breast meat yield.
BS - BS blood sugar.
BS - BS bowel sounds.
BS - BS breath sounds.
BS - BS bronchial secretion.
BSA - BSA body surface area.
BSA - BSA bovine serum albumin.
BSA - BSA bowel signs active.
BSAEP - BSAEP brain stem auditory evoked
potentials.

583

BSC - BSC bedside commode.

BSE - BSE bovine spongiform encephalopathy.
BSE - BSE breast self examination.
BSER - BSER brainstem evoked response
audiometry.
BSI - BSI bloodstream infections.
BSL - BSL baseline.
BSN - BSN bowel sounds normal.
BSO - BSO bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.
BSP - BSP bromsulphalein (dye).
BSPh - BSPh bachelor of science in pharmacy.
BSQ - BSQ behavior style questionnaire.
BSR - BSR basal skin resistance.

584

BSR - BSR blood sedimentation rate.

BSR - BSR bowel sounds regular.
BSR - BSR brain stimulation reinforcement.
BSR - BSR Buschke selective reminding (test).
BSS - BSS Bachelor of Sanitary Science.
BSS - BSS balanced salt solution.
BSS - BSS Bernard-Soulier syndrome.
BSS - BSS black silk suture.
BSS - BSS British Scoliosis Society.
BSS - BSS buffered salt solution.
BSS - BSS buffered single substrate.
BSSE - BSSE bile salt-stimulated esterase.
BSSG - BSSG sitogluside.

585

BSSH - BSSH British Society for Surgery of the

Hand.
BSSL - BSSL bile salt-stimulated lipase.
BST - BST bacteriuria screening test.
BST - BST blood serologic test.
BST - BST brief stimulus therapy.
BSTFA - BSTFA bistrimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide.
BSU - BSU Bartholin Skene urethral (glands).
BSU - BSU basic structural unit.
BSU - BSU British standard unit.
BSV - BSV binocular single vision.
BT - BT bedtime.

586

BT - BT bitemporal.
BT - BT bitrochanteric.
BT - BT bladder tumor.
BT - BT Blalock-Taussig (shunt).
BT - BT bleeding time.
BT - BT blood type blood typing.
BT - BT blue tetrazolium.
BT - BT blue tongue.
BT - BT body temperature.
BT - BT borderline tuberculoid.
BT - BT botulinum toxin.
BT - BT bovine turbinate (cells).
BT - BT brain tumor.

587

BT - BT breast tumor.
BT base of tongue. - BT base of tongue.
Bt2cAMP - Bt2cAMP N6O2c- dibutyryladenosine
3c:5c-cyclic monophosphate a dibutyryl derivative
of cAMP.
BTA - BTA Blood Transfusion Association.
BTB - BTB breakthrough bleeding.
BTB - BTB bromthymol blue.
BTBL - BTBL bromothymol blue lactose.
BTC - BTC basal temperature chart.
BTC - BTC biliary tract complication.
BTC - BTC body temperature chart.
BTCG - BTCG Brain Tumor Cooperative Group.

588

BTD - BTD biliary tract disease.

BTDS - BTDS benzoylthiamine disulfide.
BTE - BTE behind the ear (hearing aid).
BTE - BTE bovine thymus extract.
BTFS - BTFS breast tumor frozen section.
BTG - BTG beta-thromboglobulin.
BTg - BTg bovine trypsinogen.
BthU - BthU British thermal unit.
BTL - BTL bilateral tubal ligation.
BTLS - BTLS basic trauma life support.
BTM - BTM benign tertian malaria.
BTM - BTM blood temperature monitor.
BTMSA - BTMSA bis-trimethylsilacetylene.

589

BTP - BTP biliary tract pain.

BTP - BTP biological treatment planning.
BTPABA - BTPABA N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-paminobenzoic acid.
BTPS - BTPS at body temperature and ambient
pressure and saturated with water vapor (gas).
BTR - BTR Bezold-type reflex.
BTR - BTR biceps tendon reflex.
BTR - BTR biceps tendon reflex.
BTr - BTr bovine trypsin.
BTS - BTS blood transfusion service.
BTS - BTS blue toe syndrome.
BTS - BTS bradycardia-tachycaxdia syndrome.

590

BTSG - BTSG Brain Tumor Study Group.

bTSH bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone. - bTSH
bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone.
BTU - BTU British thermal unit.
BTV - BTV blue tongue virus.
BTW - BTW back to work.
BTW - BTW by the way.
BTx - BTx blood transfusion.
BTX - BTX botulinum toxin.
BTX - BTX brevetoxin.
BTZ - BTZ benzothiazepine.
BU - BU base of prism up.
BU - BU Bethesda unit.

591

BU - BU blood urea.
BU - BU Bodansky unit.
BU - BU bromouracil.
BU - BU burn unit.
BU - BU Buruli ulcer.
Bu - Bu bushel.
Bu - Bu butyl.
BUA - BUA blood uric acid.
BUA - BUA broadband ultrasonic attenuation.
BUAS - BUAS Boston University Accutane Survey.
Buc - Buc Bucc buccal.
BUDR - BUDR bromodeoxyuridine.
BUDS - BUDS bilateral upper dorsal

592

sympathectomy.
BUE - BUE both upper extremities.
BUF - BUF buffalo (rat).
BUG - BUG buccal ganglion.
BUI - BUI brain uptake index.
BULIT - BULIT bulimia test.
BuMed - BuMed Bureau of Medicine and Surgery.
BUMP - BUMP behavioral regression or upset in
hospitalized medical patients (scale).
BUN - BUN blood urea nitrogen.
BUN/CR - BUN/CR blood urea nitrogen/creatine
ratio.
BUO - BUO bleeding of undetermined origin
bruising of undetermined origin.

593

BUQ - BUQ both upper quadrants.

BUR bilateral ureteral occlusion. - BUR bilateral
ureteral occlusion.
BUS - BUS busulfan.
BUS Bartholin - BUS Bartholin urethral and Skene
glands.
But - But but butyrate butyric.
BV - BV bacitracin V.
BV - BV bacterial vaginosis.
BV - BV biological value.
BV - BV blood vessel.
BV - BV blood volume.
BV - BV bronchovesicular.
BVA - BVA Blind Veterans Association.

594

BVA - BVA British Veterinary Association.

BVAD - BVAD biventricular assist device.
BVAS - BVAS Birmingham Vasculitis Activity
Score (prognostic scoring systems).
BVC - BVC British Veterinary Codex.
BVD - BVD bovine viral diarrhea.
BVD-MD - BVD-MD bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal
disease.
BVDT - BVDT brief vestibular disorientation test.
BVDU - BVDU bromovinyldeoxyuridine.
BVDV - BVDV bovine virus diarrhea virus.
BVE - BVE binocular visual efficiency.
BVE - BVE blood vessel endothelium.

595

BVE - BVE blood volume expander.

BVGHV - BVGHV Belgian Society of Medicine
and Surgery of the Foot.
BVH - BVH biventricular hypertrophy.
BVI - BVI blood vessel invasion.
BVL - BVL bilateral vas ligation.
BVM - BVM bag-valve-mask.
BVM - BVM bronchovascular markings.
BVM - BVM Bureau of Veterinary Medicine.
BVMGT - BVMGT Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt
Test.
BVMOT - BVMOT Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt
Test.
BVMS - BVMS Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine
and Science.

596

BVO - BVO branch vein occlusion.

BVOT - BVOT Belgische Vereniging voor
Orthopedie en Traumatologie.
BVP - BVP blood vessel prosthesis.
BVP - BVP blood volume pulse.
BVP - BVP burst of ventricular pacing.
BVR - BVR baboon virus replication.
BVR - BVR bureau of vocational rehabilitation.
BVS - BVS blanked ventricular sense.
BVSc - BVSc Bachelor of Veterinary Science.
BVU - BVU bromoisovalerylurea.
BVV - BVV bovine vaginitis virus.
BW - BW bacteriological warfare.

597

BW - BW bed wetting.
BW - BW below waist.
BW - BW biological warfare.
BW - BW biological weapon.
BW - BW birth weight.
BW - BW black woman.
BW - BW bladder washout.
BW - BW blood Wasserman (reaction).
BW - BW body water.
BW - BW body weight.
BWD - BWD bacillary white diarrhea.
BWFI - BWFI bacteriostatic water for injection.

598

BWI - BWI birth weight.

BWS - BWS battered woman (or wife) syndrome.
disease (unstable comorbid disease) (mnemonic for
gastro-intestinal hemorrhage).
BWS - BWS Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.
BWST - BWST black widow spider toxin.
BWSV - BWSV black widow spider venom.
Bwt - Bwt body weight.
BWYV - BWYV beet western yellow virus.
BX - BX bx bacitracin X.
BX - BX Bx biop. biopsy.
BXO - BXO balanitis xerotica obliterans.
ByCPR - ByCPR bystander cardiac pulmonary
resuscitation.

599

BYDV - BYDV barley yellow dwarf virus.

BYE - BYE Barila-Yaguchi-Eveland (medium).
BZ - BZ benzodiazepine.
Bz - Bz Bzl benzoyl.
BZD - BZD benzodiazepine.
BZQ - BZQ benzquinamide.
BZRP - BZRP benzodiazepine receptor peripheral
(type).
BZS - BZS Bannayan-Zonana syndrome.
C - C Celsius centigrade complement
C - C certainty factor.
c - c clinical.
C - C clonidine.

600

C - C cortex.
C - C cysteine.
C - C cytosine.
C - C List.
C - C standard clearance.
C - C static respiratory compliance.
C C sect - C C sect C-section cesarean section. C&C
cold and clammy.
C&M - C&M cocaine and morphine.
C&S - C&S calvarium and scalp.
C&S - C&S conjunctiva and sclera.
C&S - C&S culture and sensitivity.
c(with line over it) - c(with line over it) with.

601

c-ANCA - c-ANCA cytoplasmic antineutrophil

cytoplasmic antibodies.
C-C - C-C convexo-concavc.
C-L - C-L consultation-liaison (setting).
C-section - C-section cesarean section.
C-spine - C-spine cervical spine.
C/C - C/C chief complaint.
C/M - C/M counts per minute.
C/O - C/O care of; complains of.
C/S - C/S cesarean section.
C/S - C/S cycles per second.
c/w - c/w compatible with.
C/W - C/W continue with.

602

C02 - C02 carbon dioxide.

C1 - C7 - C1 - C7 Cervical vertebrae.
C4S - C4S chondroitin-4-sulfate.
Ca - Ca calcium.
CA - CA cancer.
CA - CA carbonic anhydrase.
CA - CA carcinoma.
CA - CA cardiac arrest.
CA - CA catchment area.
CA - CA Caucasian adult.
CA - CA chromosomal aberration.
CA - CA chronological age.
CA - CA controlled atmospheres.

603

CA - CA cornu Ammonis (Ammons horn).

CA - CA corpus allatum.
CA - CA cytoxan plus adriamycin (treatment
regimen).
CAA - CAA cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
CAA - CAA cytosine-adenine-adenine codon for
glutamine.
CAB - CAB coronary artery bypass.
CABG - CABG coronary artery bypass graft.
CAC - CAC cytosine-adenine-cytosine codon for
histidine.
CACO3 - CACO3 calcium carbonate.
CAD - CAD coronary artery disease.
CAE - CAE carotid artery endarterectomy.

604

CAF - CAF caffeine.

CAF - CAF Caucasian adult female
CAF - CAF cell adhesion factor.
CAF - CAF chloramphenicol.
CAF - CAF chronic atrial fibrillation.
CAF - CAF citric acid fermentation.
CAF - CAF cyclophosphamide adriamycin and 5fluorouracil.
CAG - CAG cytosine-adenine-guanine codon for
glutamine.
CAH - CAH chronic active hepatitis.
CAI - CAI carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.
CALGB - CALGB Cancer and Leukemia Group B
(USA).

605

cALL - cALL common ALL.

CALLA - CALLA common acute lymphoblastic
leukemia antigen.
CAM - CAM Caucasian adult male.
CAM - CAM Complementary and Alternative
Medicine.
CAMIS - CAMIS Computer Assisted Minimally
Invasive Surgery (Cleveland Clinic Foundation).
CAO - CAO chronic airflow obstruction.
CAOS - CAOS Computer Assisted Orthopaedic
Systems (Hull University).
CAP - CAP College of American Pathologists.
CAPD - CAPD continuous ambulatory peritoneal
dialysis.
CAPMR - CAPMR Canadian Association of

606

Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation.

caps - caps capsules.
Car - Car carbapenem.
CAREMIS - CAREMIS Current Agricultural
Management Information System.
CAS - CAS computer aided surgery (Journal).
CaSac - CaSac calcium saccharin.
CASIB - CASIB computer-assisted frameless
stereotactic interstitial brachytherapy.
CAST-6 - CAST-6 Children of Alcoholics
Screening Test 6-Item Version.
CASTLE - CASTLE carcinoma showing thymuslike differentiation.
CAT - CAT cataract.
CAT - CAT chloramphenicol avetyltransferase.

607

CAT - CAT coital alignment technique.

CAT - CAT computed axial tomography.
CATCH - CATCH critically attained threshold of
cerebral hypoperfusion.
Cath - Cath catheter.
CAU - CAU cytosine-adenine-uracil codon for
histidine.
CAV - CAV cytoxan adriamycin and vincristine.
CAVB - CAVB chronic AV block.
CAVH - CAVH continuous arterio-venous
haemofiltration.
CAVHD - CAVHD continuous arterio-venous
haemodialysis.
CB - CB chest-back.

608

CB - CB chronic bronchitis
CB - CB current complaint.
CB/CC - CB/CC centroblastic/centrocytic
lymphoma.
CB3S - CB3S Coxsackie B3 virus susceptibility.
CBC - CBC combinatorial chemistry.
CBC - CBC complete blood count.
CBD - CBD common bile duct.
CBD - CBD corticobasal degeneration.
CBDS - CBDS corticobasal degeneration syndrome.
CBF - CBF cerebral blood flow.
CBF - CBF core binding factor (16q22).
CBF - CBF coronary blood flow.

609

CBG - CBG cortisol binding globulin.

CBGD - CBGD cortical-basal ganglionic
degeneration.
CBI - CBI continuous bladder irrigation.
CBP - CBP colon anastomosis bursting pressure.
CBPP - CBPP contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.
CBQ - CBQ California Behavior Questionnaire.
CBQ - CBQ cellobiose:quinone oxidoreductase.
CBQ - CBQ Childbearing Questionnaire.
CBQ - CBQ Childrens Behavior Questionnaire.
CBQ - CBQ Conflict Behavior Questionnaire.
CBR - CBR complete bed rest.
CBS - CBS cervicobrachial syndrome

610

CBS - CBS chronic brain syndrome.

CBS - CBS clinical behavioral science.
CBS - CBS conjugated bile salts.
CBS - CBS culture-bound syndrome.
CBS - CBS cystathionine beta-synthase.
CBT - CBT carotid body tumor.
CBT - CBT cognitive behavioral treatment/therapy.
CBT - CBT computed body tomography.
CBV - CBV capillary blood cell velocity.
CBV - CBV catheter balloon valvuloplasty.
CBV - CBV central blood volume.
CBV - CBV cerebral blood volume.
CBV - CBV circulating blood volume.

611

CBV - CBV corrected blood volume.

CBV - CBV cortical blood volume.
CBV - CBV Coxsackie B virus.
CBVD - CBVD cerebrovascular disease.
CBW - CBW chemical and biological warfare.
CBX - CBX computer-based examination.
CBZ - CBZ carbamazepine.
CC - CC Caucasian child.
CC - CC cc cubic centimeter.
CC - CC chief complaint.
cc - cc clean catch.
CC - CC closed cup.

612

CC - CC closing capacity.
CC - CC collagenous colitis.
CC - CC colony count.
CC - CC colorectal cancer.
CC - CC columnar cells.
CC - CC commission certified.
CC - CC common cold.
CC - CC complicating condition.
CC - CC compound cathartic.
CC - CC computer calculated.
cc - cc concave.
Cc - Cc concave.
CC - CC concordance.

613

CC - CC congenital cardiopathy.
CC - CC congenital cataract.
CC - CC consumptive coagulopathy.
CC - CC contrast cystogram.
CC - CC conversion complete.
CC - CC coracoclavicular.
CC - CC cord compression.
CC - CC corpora cardiaca.
CC - CC corpus callosum.
cc - cc corrected.
CC - CC costochondral.
CC - CC Coulter counter.

614

CC - CC craniocaudal.
CC - CC craniocervical.
CC - CC creatinine clearance.
CC - CC critical care.
CC - CC critical condition.
CC - CC Crohn colitis.
CC - CC Cronkhite-Canada (syndrome).
CC - CC crus cerebri.
cc - cc cubic centimeter.
CC - CC Current Contents.
CC&C - CC&C colony count and culture.
CCA - CCA cephalin cholesterol antigen.
CCA - CCA chick cell agglutination.

615

CCA - CCA chimpanzee coryza agent.

CCA - CCA choriocarcinoma.
CCA - CCA circulating cathodic antigen.
CCA - CCA circumflex coronary artery.
CCA - CCA common carotid artery.
CCA - CCA congenital contractural arachnodactyly.
CCA - CCA constitutional chromosome
abnormality.
CCA - CCA Consultative Committee on Agriculture
.
CCA - CCA cytosine-cytosine-adenine codon for
proline.
CCAT - CCAT chick cell agglutination test.
CCAT - CCAT conglutinating complement

616

absorption test.
CCB - CCB calcium channel blocker.
CCBV - CCBV central circulating blood volume.
CCC - CCC care-cure coordination.
CCC - CCC cathodal closure contraction.
CCC - CCC chronic calculous cholecystitis.
CCC - CCC chronic catarrhal colitis.
CCC - CCC comprehensive care clinic.
CCC - CCC concurrent care concern.
CCC - CCC consecutive case conference.
CCC - CCC council on clinical classification.
CCC - CCC critical care complex.
CCC - CCC cylindrical confronting cistemae.

617

CCC - CCC cytosine-cytosine-cytosine codon for

proline.
CCCAD - CCCAD The Canadian Consensus
Conference on the Assessment of Dementia.
CCCC - CCCC centrifugal countercurrent
chromatography
cccDNA covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic
- cccDNA covalently closed circular
deoxyribonucleic acid.
CCCE - CCCE cross-cultural cognitive examination.
CCCI - CCCI cathodal closure clonus.
CCCP - CCCP carbonyl cyanide m-chloro-phenylhydrazone.
CCCR - CCCR closed chest cardiac resuscitation.
CCCS - CCCS Canadian Committee on Cancer
Staging.

618

CCCS - CCCS condom catheter collecting system.

CCCT - CCCT closed craniocerebral trauma.
CCCU - CCCU comprehensive cardiac care unit.
CCD - CCD calibration curve data
CCD - CCD central core disease.
CCD - CCD charge-coupled device.
CCD - CCD childhood celiac disease.
CCD - CCD cleidocranial dysplasia.
CCD - CCD clinical cardiovascular disease.
CCD - CCD countercurrent distribution.
CCD - CCD cumulative cardiotoxic dose.
CCDC - CCDC Canadian Communicable Disease
Center.

619

CCDN - CCDN Central Council for District

Nursing.
CcDNA - CcDNA closed circle deoxyribonucleic
acid.
CCE - CCE carboline carboxylic acid ester.
CCE - CCE chamois contagious ecthyma.
CCE - CCE clear-cell endothelioma.
CCE - CCE countercurrent electrophoresis.
CCE - CCE cyanosis clubbing or edema.
CCEHRP - CCEHRP Committee to Coordinate
Environmental Health and Related Programs.
CCEI - CCEI Crown-Crisp Experimental Index.
CCF - CCF cancer coagulation factor.
CCF - CCF cardiolipin complement fixation.

620

CCF - CCF carotid-cavernous fistula.

CCF - CCF centrifuged culture fluid.
CCF - CCF cephalin-cholesterol flocculation.
CCF - CCF compound comminuted fracture.
CCF - CCF congestive cardiac failure.
CCF - CCF crystal-induced chemotactic factor..
CCFA - CCFA cefotoxin-cycloserine fructose agar.
CCFAS - CCFAS compact colony-forming active
substance.
CCFE - CCFE cyclophosphamide cisplatin
fluorouracil and extramustine.
CCFMG - CCFMG Cooperating Committee on
Foreign Medical Graduates.
CCFPC - CCFPC Certificant member College of

621

Family Physicians of Canada.

CCG - CCG Children's Cancer Group (USA).
CCG - CCG cholecystogram cholecystography.
CCG - CCG clinically coherent group.
CCG - CCG cytosine-cytosine-guanine codon for
proline.
CCGC - CCGC capillary column gas
chromotography.
CCH - CCH C-cell hyperplasia.
CCh - CCh cholinergic agonist carbachol.
CCH - CCH chronic chloride hemagglutination.
CCH - CCH chronic cholestatic hepatitis.
CCH - CCH circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas.
CCHA - CCHA Canadian Council on Hospital

622

Accreditation.
CCHD - CCHD Chester County Health Department.
CCHD - CCHD cyanotic congenital heart disease.
CCHE - CCHE Central Council for Health
Education.
CCHFA - CCHFA Canadian Council on Health
Facilities Accreditation.
CCHMS - CCHMS Central Committee for Hospital
Medical Services.
CCHP - CCHP Consumer Choice Health Plan.
CCHS - CCHS congenital central hypoventilation
syndrome.
CCI - CCI Cardiovascular Credentialing
International.
CCI - CCI cholesterol crystallization inhibitor.

623

CCI - CCI chronic coronary insufficiency.

CCI - CCI common client interface.
CCI - CCI corrected count increment.
CCID50 - CCID50 cell culture infectious dose 50 %.
CCK - CCK cholecystokinin.
CCK-8 - CCK-8 cholecystokinin octapeptide.
CCK-OP - CCK-OP cholecystokinin octapeptide.
CCK-PZ - CCK-PZ cholecystokinin-pancreozymin.
CCKLI - CCKLI cholecystokinin-like
immunoreactivity
CCKRB - CCKRB cholecystokinin receptor B.
CCL - CCL carcinoma cell line.
CCL - CCL certified cell line.

624

CCL - CCL Charcot-Leyden crystal.

CCL - CCL continuing care level.
CCL - CCL critical carbohydrate level.
CCLI - CCLI composite clinical and laboratory
index.
CCM - CCM cerebrocostomandibular (syndrome).
CCM - CCM chemical cleavage of mismatch.
CCM - CCM congestive cardiomyopathy.
CCM - CCM contextual choice model.
CCM - CCM craniocervical malformation.
CCM - CCM critical care medicine.
CCMC - CCMC Committee on the Costs of Medical
Care.
CCME - CCME Coordinating Council on Medical

625

Education.
CCMS - CCMS cerebrocostomandjbular syndrome.
CCMS - CCMS clean catch midstream (urine).
CCMS - CCMS clinical care management system.
CCMSU - CCMSU clean catch midstream urine.
CCMT - CCMT catechol methyltransferase.
CCMU - CCMU critical care medical unit.
CCN - CCN caudal central nucleus.
CCN - CCN community care network.
CCN - CCN coronary care nursing.
CCN - CCN critical care nursing.
CCNHP - CCNHP community college nursing home
project.

626

CCNU - CCNU N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-cyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea.

CCO - CCO cytochrome C oxidase.
CCOT - CCOT cervical compression overloading
test.
CCPD - CCPD continuous cycling peritoneal
dialysis.
CCR - CCR continuous complete remission.
CCRG - CCRG Children's Cancer Research Group
(Oxford UK).
CCS - CCS Canadian Cancer Society.
CCS - CCS serum corticosterone.
CCSC - CCSC Canadian Cardiovascular Society
Classification.
CCU - CCU coronary/cardiac care unit.

627

CCU - CCU cytosine-cytosine-uracil codon for

proline.
CD - CD cadaver donor.
CD - CD Cadmium (Cd).
CD - CD candela (cd).
CD - CD canine distemper.
CD - CD canine dose.
CD - CD carbohydrate dehydratase.
CD - CD carbon dioxide.
CD - CD cardiac disease.
CD - CD cardiac dullness.
CD - CD cardiac dysrhythmia.
CD - CD cardiovascular disease.

628

CD - CD Carrel-Dakin (fluid).
CD - CD Castleman disease.
CD - CD caudad caudal.
CD - CD caudal (cd or cd).
CD - CD cause of death.
CD - CD celiac disease.
CD - CD cell dissociation.
CD - CD cervico dorsal.
CD - CD cesarean delivery.
CD - CD chemical dependancy.
CD - CD circular dichroism.
CD - CD cluster of differentiation (eg. CD4 CD8) full list of CDs.

629

CD - CD coccygeal (cd).
CD - CD color doppler.
CD - CD combination drug.
CD - CD common (bile) duct.
CD - CD communicable disease.
CD - CD compact disk.
CD - CD completely denaturated.
CD - CD conceptual design.
CD - CD conduct disorder.
CD - CD conduction disorder.
CD - CD condylion (cd).
CD - CD conjugata diagonalis.
CD - CD consanguineous donor.

630

CD - CD consent decree.
CD - CD contact dermatitis.
CD - CD contagious disease.
CD - CD control diet.
CD - CD controlled drug.
CD - CD conventional dialysis.
CD - CD convulsive disorder.
CD - CD convulsive dose.
CD - CD corneal dystrophy.
CD - CD Cotrel-Dubousset (rod).
CD - CD Crohn disease.
CD - CD crossed diagonal.

631

CD - CD curative dose.
CD - CD cutdown.
CD - CD cystic duct
CD138 - CD138 plasma cell membrane receptor.
CD138/B-B4 - CD138/B-B4 immunoperoxidase
stain using an antibody against CD 138.
CDA - CDA congenital dyserythropoietic anemia.
CDC - CDC Centers for Disease Control.
CDG - CDG Congenital disorders of glycosylation.
CDGS - CDGS carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein
syndrome.
CDH - CDH congenital dislocation of the hip.
CDH - CDH congenital dysplasia of hip.
CDI - CDI clean dry intact.

632

Cdiff - Cdiff C-diff Clostridium difficile.

CDMS - CDMS clinically definite multiple
sclerosis.
cDNA - cDNA complementary DNA (a synthetic
DNA copied from mRNA).
CDO - CDO congenital duodenal obstruction.
CDR - CDR Clinical Dementia Rating.
CDR - CDR complementarity-determining regions.
CDS - CDS cervico-dorsal syndrome.
CDT - CDT carbohydrate-deficient transferrin.
CE - CE carboxylesterases.
CE - CE chloracetate esterase.
CE - CE european conformity.

633

CE angle (radiograph) - CE angle (radiograph)

center-edge angle.
CEA - CEA carcinoembryonic antigen.
CEC - CEC chloroethylclonidine.
CEF - CEF cytoxan plus epirubicin plus 5.
Ceff - Ceff effective compliance; bedside method of
monitoring the effectiveness of PEEP; equal with
VT(tidal volume)/peak air pressure should be greater
than 50 cm3/cmH2O.
CENELEC - CENELEC European Committee for
Electrotechnical Standardization.
CERAD - CERAD Consortium to Establish a
Registry for Alzheimers Disease.
Cervical dil. - Cervical dil. cervical dilation.
CEZ - CEZ cefazolin.
CF - CF Clofibrate.

634

CF - CF compare refer to.

CF - CF complement fixation.
CF - CF cystic fibrosis.
CFAE - CFAE ceftiofur free acid equivalent.
CFC - CFC colony-forming cells.
CFCOT - CFCOT College Francais des Chirurgiens
Orthopedistes et Traumatologues.
CFDI - CFDI colour-flow duplex imaging.
CFIDS - CFIDS Chronic Fatigue and Immune
Dysfunction Syndrome.
CFM - CFM continuous electronic fetal monitoring.
CFNS - CFNS chills fever night sweats.
CFP - CFP call for papers.

635

CFPC - CFPC College of Family Physicians of

Canada.
CFS - CFS Chronic Fatigue (and Immune
Dysfunction) Syndrome.
CFS/ME - CFS/ME chronic fatigue syndrome (often
called myalgic encephalomyelitis especially in the
UK).
CFTR - CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane
regulator.
CFU - CFU colony forming units.
CFU-GEMM - CFU-GEMM colony-forming units
generating granulocytes erythroblasts macrophages
and megakaryiocytes.
CFU-S - CFU-S spleen colony-forming units.
CFUc - CFUc colony-forming unit cells.
cg - cg centigram.

636

CG - CG chorionic gonadotropin.
CgA - CgA chromogranin A.
CGA - CGA compressed gas association.
CGA - CGA Contact Guard Assist (physical
therapy).
CGA - CGA cytosine-guanine-adenine codon for
arginine.
CGC - CGC cytosine-guanine-cytosine codon for
arginine.
CGCGGATC - CGCGGATC Oct motif.
CGD - CGD chronic granulomatous disease.
CGG - CGG cytosine-guanine-guanine codon for
arginine.
CGH - CGH comparative genomic hybridization cytogenetics method.

637

CGL - CGL chronic granulocytic leukemia (previous

name for CML).
CGN - CGN crescentic glomerulonephritis.
CGRP - CGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide.
CGU - CGU cytosine-guanine-uracil codon for
arginine.
cGy - cGy centi Gray (unit of radiation).
CH - CH characteristic.
CH - CH chest.
CH - CH chief.
CH - CH chronic.
CH - CH crown-heel.
ch. br. syn. - ch. br. syn. chronic brain syndrome.
CH50 - CH50 total functional hemolytic

638

complement.
CHA - CHA calcium hydroxyapatite.
CHA - CHA congenital hypoplastic anemia.
cHA - cHA coralline hydroxyapatite.
CHD - CHD congenital dislocation of the hip.
CHD - CHD congenital heart disease
CHD - CHD coronary heart disease.
ChE - ChE cholinesterases.
chemo - chemo chemotherapy.
CHF - CHF congestive heart failure.
CHG - CHG change.
CHI - CHI closed head injury.
CHILD syndrome - CHILD syndrome congenital

639

hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythrodermal and

limb defects.
CHL - CHL classical Hodgkin lymphoma.
ChlVPP - ChlVPP chlorambucil vinblastine
procarbazine and prednisone.
CHOL - CHOL serum cholesterol.
CHR - CHR chronic.
CHR - CHR chronological.
CHS - CHS calvarial hyperostotic syndrome.
CHS - CHS Chediak-Higashi syndrome.
CHS - CHS customized headholder system.
CHS1 - CHS1 Chediak Higashi syndrome gene
located on chromosome 1 (1q42-44).
CHT - CHT classical heart transplantation.

640

CI - CI cardiac index (cardiac output divided by the

patient's body surface area); normal 2.8-4.2
L/min/m2.
CI - CI cardiac insufficiency.
CI - CI cerebral infarction.
CI - CI confidence interval.
CIA - CIA collagen-induced arthritis.
CIBIC-Plus - CIBIC-Plus Clinicians Interview
Based Impression of Change Plus Caregiver Input.
CIC - CIC circulating immune complexes.
CIC - CIC crisis intervention clinic.
CICU - CICU cardiac intensive care unit.
CID - CID carpal instability dissociative.
CID - CID collision-induced dissociation.

641

CIDA - CIDA Canadian International Development

Agency.
CIDP - CIDP chronic inflammatory demyelinating
polyneuropathy.
CIG - CIG cigarette consumption.
cig - cig cigarette.
CIG - CIG cold insoluble globulin.
CIG - CIG cryosurgical iceball gauge.
cIg - cIg cytoplasmic immunoglobulin.
cIgM - cIgM cytoplasmic immunoglobulin M.
CIK - CIK cytokine induced-killer cells.
CIMF - CIMF chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis.
CIMMYT - CIMMYT International Maize and
Wheat Improvement Center.

642

CIN - CIN cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (grades

I II III).
CIND - CIND carpal instability non-dissociative.
CIP - CIP clinical investigation plan.
CIP - CIP International Foot and Ankle Society.
CIRC - CIRC circulation.
CIRC - CIRC circumference.
CIS - CIS carcinoma in situ.
cis-DDP - cis-DDP cis-diamminedichloroplatinum.
CISH - CISH chromosomal in situ hybridization.
CJD - CJD Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
CJF - CJF carotid-jugular fistula.
CK - CK check.

643

CK - CK creatine kinase.
CK - CK cytokeratin.
CK 1-8 - CK 1-8 neutral to basic cytokeratin.
CK 18 - CK 18 cytokeratin found in hepatocyte
renal tubular cell ductular epithelia mesothelia
CK 9-20 - CK 9-20 acidic cytokeratin.
CKD - CKD result checked.
CKI - CKI casein kinase I.
CKMB - CKMB creatine kinase muscle band.
CKS - CKS classic Kaposi sarcoma.
CL - CL capillary lumen.
CL - CL cardiolipin.
CL - CL cell line.

644

cl - cl centiliter.
CL - CL centralis lateralis.
CL - CL chemiluminescence.
CL - CL chest and left arm (lead in
electrocardiography).
Cl - Cl chloride.
Cl - Cl chlorine.
CL - CL cholelithiasis.
CL - CL cholesterol-lecithin.
CL - CL chronic leukemia.
CL - CL cirrhosis of liver.
cl - cl clarified.
Cl - Cl clavicle.

645

CL - CL clavicle.
cl - cl clean.
CL - CL clean.
CL - CL clear liquid.
cl - cl clear.
Cl - Cl clear.
CL - CL clearance.
CL - CL cleft lip.
cl - cl cleft.
cl - cl clinic clinical.
Cl - Cl clinic.
CL - CL clinical laboratory.
CL - CL clomipramine.

646

cl - cl clonus.
CL - CL closed.
Cl - Cl Clostridium.
Cl - Cl closure.
cl - cl clotting.
cl - cl cloudy.
Cl - Cl colistin.
CL - CL complex loading.
CL - CL confidence limit or level.
CL - CL constant domain of L chain.
CL - CL contact lens.
CL - CL corpus luteum.

647

CL - CL corrected (echo long axis) length.

CL - CL cricoid lamina.
CL - CL criterion level.
CL - CL critical list.
CL - CL cycle length.
CL - CL cytotoxic lymphocyte.
CL - CL lung compliance.
CL VOID - CL VOID clean voided specimen
(urine).
CL(P) - CL(P) cleft lip without cleft palate.
CL-ABE - CL-ABE chemiluminescence avidinbiotin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
CL-IVR - CL-IVR cycle length of the
idioventricular rhythm.

648

CL/CP - CL/CP cleft lip/cleft palate.

CL/CP - CL/CP cleft lip/cleft palate.
CL/P cleft lip with or without cleft palate. - CL/P
cleft lip with or without cleft palate.
CLA - CLA cerebellar ataxia.
CLA - CLA Certified Laboratory Assistant.
CLA - CLA cervicolinguoaxial.
CLA - CLA contralateral local anesthesia.
CLA - CLA cutaneous lymphocyte antigen.
CLA - CLA cyclic lysine anhydride.
ClAc - ClAc chloroacetyl.
CLAH - CLAH congenital lipoid adrenal
hyperplasia.
Clam - Clam cervical laminectomy.

649

CLAS - CLAS congenital localized absence of skin.

class - class classif classification.
clav - clav clavicle.
CLB - CLB chlorambucil.
CLB - CLB curvilinear body.
CLBBB - CLBBB complete left bundle branch
block.
CLBP - CLBP chronic low back pain.
CLC - CLC Charcot-Leyden crystal.
CLC - CLC Clerc-Levy-Critesco (syndrome).
CLCD - CLCD cleidocranial dysostosis.
CLCN - CLCN chloride channel.
CLCP - CLCP chymotrypsin-like cationic protein.

650

CLCS - CLCS colchicine sensitivity.

CLD - CLD chloride diarrhea.
CLD - CLD chronic liver disease.
CLD - CLD chronic lung disease.
CLD - CLD congenital limb deficiency.
CLD - CLD crystal ligand field.
CLDH - CLDH choline dehydrogenase.
CLDP - CLDP Commercial Law Development
Program.
Cldy - Cldy cloudy.
CLE - CLE centrilobular emphysema.
CLE - CLE continuous lumbar epidural (anesthesia).
CLED - CLED cystine-lactose-electrolyte-deficient

651

(agar).
CLF - CLF calcification of ligamentum flavum.
CLF - CLF cardiolipin fluorescent (antibody).
CLF - CLF ceroid lipofuscinosis.
CLF - CLF cholesterol-lecithin flocculation.
CLH - CLH chronic lobular hepatitis.
CLH - CLH cleft limb-heart (syndrome).
CLH - CLH corpus luteum hormone.
CLH - CLH cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia.
CLI - CLI complement lysis inhibitor.
CLI - CLI corpus luteum insufficiency.
CLIA - CLIA Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act.
CLIF - CLIF cloning inhibitory factor.

652

CLIF - CLIF Crithidia luciliae immunofluorescence.

clin - clin clinic clinical.
CLINPROT - CLINPROT Clinical Cancer
Protocols.
CLIP - CLIP capitolunate instability pattern.
CLIP - CLIP corticotropin-like intermediate lobe
peptide.
CLL - CLL cholesterol-lowering lipid.
CLL - CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
CLL - CLL cow lung lavage.
CLL/SLL - CLL/SLL chronic lymphocytic
leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma.
CLMA - CLMA Clinical Laboratory Management
Association.

653

CLMF - CLMF cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation

factor.
CLML - CLML Current List of Medical Literature.
CLMV - CLMV cauliflower mosaic virus.
clo - clo "clothing"a unit of thermal insulation.
CLO - CLO cod liver oil.
CLOF - CLOF clofibrate.
CLON - CLON clonidine.
Clon - Clon Clonorchis.
Clostr - Clostr Clostridium.
CLP - CLP chymotrypsin-like protein.
CLP - CLP cleft lip with cleft palate.
ClP - ClP clinical pathology.

654

CLP - CLP paced cycle length.

CLS - CLS caf-au-lait spot.
CLS - CLS Clinical Laboratory Scientist.
CLS - CLS Coffin-Lowry syndrome.
CLS - CLS Cornelia de Lange syndrome.
CLSE - CLSE calf lung surfactant extract.
CLSH - CLSH corpus luteum stimulating hormone.
CLSL - CLSL chronic lymphosarcoma (cell)
leukemia.
CLSM - CLSM confocal laser scanning microscopy.
CLT - CLT Certified Laboratory Technician.
CLT - CLT chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis.
CLT - CLT Clinical Laboratory Technician.

655

CLT - CLT clot lysis time.

CLT - CLT clotting time.
CLT - CLT lung-thorax compliance.
CLT(NCA) - CLT(NCA) Laboratory Technician
Certified by the National Certification Agency for
Medical Laboratory Personnel.
CLTB - CLTB total body clearance.
CLU - CLU clusterin.
CLV - CLV cassava latent virus.
CLV - CLV constant linear velocity.
CLZ - CLZ clozapine.
CM - CM California mastitis (test).
CM - CM calmodulin
CM - CM capreomycin

656

CM - CM CarboMedics (heart valves).

CM - CM carboxymethyl
CM - CM cardiac murmur
CM - CM cardiac muscle
CM - CM cardiomyopathy
CM - CM carpometacarpal
CM - CM castrated male
CM - CM Caucasian male
CM - CM cause of death (form Latin causa mortis)
CM - CM cavernous malformation
CM - CM cell membrane
CM - CM center of mass

657

cM - cM centi -morgan.
cm - cm centimeter - 0.01 meters.
CM - CM centrum medianum.
CM - CM cerebral malaria
CM - CM cerebral mantle
CM - CM cervical mucosa or mucus
CM - CM Chick-Martin (coefficient)
CM - CM chloroquinemepacrine
CM - CM chondromalacia
CM - CM chopped meat (medium)
CM - CM circular muscle
CM - CM circulating monocyte
CM - CM circumferential measurement

658

CM - CM clindamycin
CM - CM clinical medicine
CM - CM clinical modification
CM - CM coccidioidal meningitis
CM - CM cochlear microphonic
CM - CM codling moth.
CM - CM combined modality
CM - CM common migraine
CM - CM complete medium
CM - CM complications
CM - CM condition median
CM - CM conditioned medium

659

CM - CM congenital malformation
CM - CM congestive myocardiopathy
CM - CM continuous murmur
CM - CM contrast medium
CM - CM copulatory mechanism
CM - CM costal margin
CM - CM cows milk
Cm - Cm curium.
CM - CM cytometry
CM - CM cytoplasmic membrane
CM - CM Master of Surgery (from Latin Chirurgiae
Magister)
Cm - Cm maximum clearance.

660

Cm - Cm minimal concentration.
CM - CM narrow-diameter endosseous screw
implant (form French crete manche).
cm2 - cm2 square centimeter.
cm3 - cm3 cubic centimeter.
CMA - CMA Canadian Medical Association.
CMA - CMA Certified Medical Assistant.
CMA - CMA chronic metabolic acidosis.
CMA - CMA cows milk allergy.
CMA - CMA cultured macrophages.
CMAP - CMAP compound muscle (or motor) action
potential.
CMAR - CMAR cell matrix adhesion regulator.
Cmax - Cmax Cmax maximum concentration.

661

CMB - CMB carbolic methylene blue.

CMB - CMB Central Midwives Board.
CMB - CMB chloromercuribenzoate.
CMBES - CMBES Canadian Medical and
Biological Engineering Society.
CMC - CMC carboxymethylcellulose.
CMC - CMC care management continuity.
CMC - CMC carpometacarpal.
CMC - CMC cell-mediated cytolysis or cytotoxicity.
CMC - CMC chloramphenicol.
CMC - CMC chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.
CMC - CMC critical micellar concentration.
CMCC - CMCC chronic mucocutaneous

662

candidiasis.
CMCJ - CMCJ carpometacarpal joint.
CMCt - CMCt care management continuity across
settings.
CMD - CMD campomelic dysplasia.
CMD - CMD camptomelic dwarfism.
CMD - CMD cartilage matrix deficiency.
CMD - CMD chief medical director.
CMD - CMD childhood muscular dystrophy.
CMD - CMD chronic myeloproliferative disease.
CMD - CMD comparative mean dose.
CMD - CMD congenital muscular dystrophy.
CMD - CMD count median diameter.

663

cmDNA - cmDNA cytoplasmic membraneassociated deoxyribonucleic acid.

CME - CME continuing medical education
(American Medical Association On-Line CME
Locator).
CMET - CMET central mucoepidermoid tumor of
the jaws.
CMF - CMF cyclophosphamide methotrexate and 5fluorouracil.
CMF - CMF cytoxan methotrexate and 5fluorouracil.
CMF/VP - CMF/VP cyclophosphamide
methotrexate 5-fluorouracil vincristine
CMH - CMH Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test.
CMHC - CMHC community mental health centers.
CMI - CMI combined mechanical injury.

664

CML - CML chronic myelogenous leukemia.

CMML - CMML chronic myelomonocytic
leukemia.
CMO - CMO centric relation occlusion.
CMO - CMO Chief Medical Officer (UK).
CMP - CMP cardiomyopathy.
CMQ - CMQ Collge des mdecins du Qubec.
CMR - CMR clinical materials requisition.
CMS - CMS circulation motion sensation.
CMT - CMT Charcot-Marie-Tooth (International).
CMT - CMT combined modality therapy.
CMT1A - CMT1A Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
type 1A.
CMV - CMV cisplatin-methotrexate-vinblastine.

665

CMV - CMV control medical ventilation.

CMV - CMV cytomegalovirus.
CMVIG - CMVIG cytomegalo virus immune
globulin.
CN - CN cranial nerve.
CN (2-12) - CN (2-12) cranial nerves (2 to 12).
CNB - CNB cannabinoids.
CNL - CNL chronic neutrophilic leukemia.
CNL - CNL constant neutral loss (scanning).
CNPA - CNPA chronic necrotizing pulmonary
aspergillosis. and respiratory epithelia.
CNR - CNR contrast-to-noise ratio.
CNS - CNS central nervous system.

666

CNTF - CNTF ciliary neurotrophic factor.

cNTS - cNTS caudal region of nucleus tractus
solitarius.
CNU-TNM - CNU-TNM Comite Nacional
Uruguayo TNM.
CNV - CNV cranial nerve number 5.
CNX - CNX cranial nerve number 10.
CO - CO carbon monoxide.
CO - CO cardiac output.
CO - CO check out.
CO - CO childhood-onset.
Co - Co cobalt.
CO-GHD - CO-GHD childhood-onset growth
hormone deficiency.

667

COA - COA California Orthopaedic Association.

COA - COA Canadian Orthopaedic Association
(Canadian Medical Association Affiliates).
COA - COA condition on admission.
COAD - COAD chronic obstructive airways disease.
COAG - COAG coagulation.
COD - COD cause of death.
COD - COD condition on discharge.
COGME - COGME Council on Graduate Medical
Education.
COLD - COLD chronic obstructive lung disease.
COMP - COMP compound.
COMSS - COMSS Council of Musculoskeletal
Specialty Societies (also: AAOS Specialty
Societies).

668

COMT - COMT catechol-O-methyltransferase.

Con A - Con A concavalin A.
Cong. fail. - Cong. fail. congestive failure.
CONs - CONs normal controls.
Cons. - Cons. consultant.
COOMR - COOMR Center for Orthopaedic
Oncology and Musculoskeletal Research.
COP - COP center of pressure.
COPA - COPA Certified Orthotic and Prosthetic
Advocates.
COPD - COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease.
COPE - COPE chronic obstructive pulmonary
emphysema.

669

COPE Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences

(scale). - COPE Calendar of Premenstrual
Experiences (scale).
COR - COR Center for Orthopaedic Research.
CORF - CORF Carolina Orthopaedic Research
Foundation.
CORR - CORR Clinical Orthopaedics and Related
Research (Journal).
COS - COS Canadian Oncology Society.
COS - COS Clinical Orthopaedic Society (AAOS
Related Organizations).
COS - COS Colorado Orthopaedic Society.
COSTA test - COSTA test compost stabilization
test.
COVD - COVD College of Optometrists in Vision
Development.

670

COVD - COVD College of Optometrists in Vision

Development.
COX - COX cytochrome c oxidase.
COX-II - COX-II cyclooxygenase-II.
CP - CP capsid protein.
CP - CP cerebral palsy.
CP - CP chest pain.
CP - CP coat protein.
CP2D-A - CP2D-A citrate-phosphate-doubledextrose adenine.
CPAP - CPAP continuous positive airway pressure.
CPB - CPB cardiopulmonary bypass.
CPB - CPB competitive protein binding.
CPC - CPC clinicopathological correlation.

671

CPD - CPD cephalopelvic disproportion.

CPD - CPD chronic peritoneal dialysis.
CPD - CPD citrate-phosphate-dextrose.
CPE - CPE chronic pulmonary emphysema.
CPE - CPE complete physical examination.
CPE - CPE cytopathic effect.
CPHL - CPHL Central Public Health Laboratory.
CPK - CPK creatine phosphokinase.
CPM - CPM central pontine myelinolysis.
CPM - CPM clinical project manager.
CPM - CPM continuous passive motion machine
(center for orthopaedics and sports medicine).
CPM - CPM counts per minute.

672

CPM - CPM cyclophosphamide.

CPMA - CPMA California Podiatric Medical
Association.
CPMS - CPMS chronic progressive multiple
sclerosis.
CPPD - CPPD calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate.
CPR - CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
CPR - CPR checks with previous results.
CPR - CPR Contraceptive Prevalence Rate.
CPR - CPR C-reactive protein.
CPS - CPS Children's Protective Services.
CPT - CPT Current Procedural Terminology.
CPV-2 - CPV-2 parvovirus-2.

673

CPX - CPX complete physical examination.

CPZ - CPZ cefoperazone.
CPZ - CPZ Chlorpromazine (Thorazine).
CR - CR chest radiogram.
CR - CR clinical records.
CR - CR closed reduction.
CR - CR complete remission/complete response.
CR - CR conditioned reflex.
CR - CR crown-rump.
CR (1 - CR (12 and 3) leukocyte complement
receptors.
CR&C - CR&C closed reduction and cast.
CRA - CRA Clinical Research Associate.

674

Crani - Crani cranial (toward the head or proximal).

Crani - Crani cranial (with reference to the cranium).
CRC - CRC Cancer Research Campaign (UK).
CRC - CRC colorectal carcinoma.
CreA - CreA (the transcriptional repressor
mediating) carbon catabolite repression in
Aspergillus nidulans.
Crea - Crea creatinine.
CREST - CREST calcinosis Raynaud's phenomenon
esophageal dysmotility sclerodactyly
CRF - CRF case report form.
CRF - CRF case report forms.
CRF - CRF chronic renal failure.
CRF - CRF corticotropin-releasing factor or
hormone.

675

CRI - CRI chronic renal insufficiency.

CRIS - CRIS controlled-release infusion system.
CRIT - CRIT critical hematocrit.
CRLs - CRLs cervical root lesions.
CRNA - CRNA certified registered nurse
anesthetist.
CRO - CRO cathode ray oscilloscope.
CRO - CRO clinical research organizations.
CRO - CRO Contract Research Organization.
CROM - CROM cervical range of motion.
CROM - CROM cervical range of motion.
CROME - CROME congenital cataracts-epileptic
fits-mental retardation (syndrome).

676

CROS - CROS contralateral routing of signals

(hearing aid).
CRP - CRP chronic relapsing pancreatitis.
CRP - CRP corneal-retinal potential.
CRP - CRP coronary rehabilitation program.
CRP - CRP C-reactive protein.
CrP - CrP creatine phosphate.
CRP - CRP cross-reacting protein.
CRP - CRP cyclic AMP receptor protein.
CRPA - CRPA C-reactive protein antiserum.
CRPD - CRPD chronic restrictive pulmonary
disease.
CRPF - CRPF chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium
falciparum.

677

CRPF - CRPF closed reduction and percutaneous

fixation.
CRPF - CRPF contralateral renal plasma flow.
CRPS - CRPS complex regional pain syndrome
(type I and II).
CRRN - CRRN certified rehabilitation registered
nurse.
CrRT - CrRT cranial radiotherapy.
CRS - CRS Carroll rating scale for depression.
CRS - CRS catheter-related sepsis.
CRS - CRS caudal regression syndrome.
CRS - CRS cervical spine radiography.
CRS - CRS Chinese restaurant syndrome.
CRS - CRS colon and rectum surgery.

678

CRS - CRS compliance of the respiratory system.

CRS - CRS congenital rubella syndrome.
CRS - CRS craniosynostosis.
CRS - CRS cryptidin-related sequence.
CRSM - CRSM cherry red spot myoclonus.
CRSP - CRSP comprehensive renal scintillation
procedure.
CRST - CRST calcinosis Raynaud phenomenon
sclerodactyly telangiectasia (syndrome).
CRT - CRT cadaveric renal transplant.
CRT - CRT capillary refill time.
CRT - CRT cardiac resuscitation team.
CRT - CRT cathode-ray tube.
CRT - CRT Certified Record Techniques.

679

CRT - CRT certified.

CRT - CRT choice reaction time.
CRT - CRT chromium release test.
CRT - CRT complex reaction time.
CRT - CRT computerized renal tomography.
CRT - CRT copper reduction test.
CRT - CRT corrected retention time.
CRT - CRT corrected.
CRT - CRT cortisone resistant thymocyte.
CRT - CRT cranial radiation therapy.
crt - crt hematocrit.
CRTM - CRTM cartilage matrix protein.

680

CRTP - CRTP Consciousness Research and

Training Project.
CRTT - CRTT Certified Respiratory Therapy
Technician.
CRU - CRU cardiac rehabilitation unit.
CRU - CRU clinical research unit.
CRV - CRV central retinal vein.
CRVF - CRVF congestive right ventricular failure.
CRVO - CRVO central retinal vein occlusion.
CRYG - CRYG gamma crystallin gene.
CRYM - CRYM crystallin MU.
cryo - cryo cryogenic.
cryo - cryo cryoglobulin.
cryo - cryo cryoprecipitate.

681

cryo - cryo cryosurgery.

cryo - cryo cryotherapy.
Cryoppt - Cryoppt cryoprecipitate.
crys - crys cryst crystal crystaline.
CS - CS calf serum.
CS - CS campomelic syndrome.
CS - CS carcinoid syndrome.
CS - CS cardiogenic shock.
CS - CS caries-susceptible.
CS - CS carotid sheath.
CS - CS carotid sinus.
Cs - Cs case.

682

CS - CS cat scratch.
CS - CS celiac sprue.
Cs - Cs cell surface.
cS - cS centistoke.
CS - CS central service.
CS - CS central supply.
CS - CS cerebral scintigraphy.
CS - CS cerebrospinal.
CS - CS cervical spine.
CS - CS cervical stimulation.
CS - CS cesarean section.
Cs - Cs cesium.
CS - CS chest strap.

683

CS - CS chief of staff.
CS - CS cholesterol stone.
CS - CS chondroitin sulfate.
CS - CS chorionic somatomammotropin.
cs - cs chromosome.
CS - CS chronic schizophrenia.
CS - CS cigarette smoker.
CS - CS citrate synthase.
CS - CS climacteric syndrome.
CS - CS clinic scheduling.
CS - CS clinical laboratory scientist.
CS - CS clinical stage.

684

CS - CS clinical status.
CS - CS Cockayne syndrome.
CS - CS complete stroke.
CS - CS compression syndrome.
CS - CS concentrated strength.
CS - CS conditioned stimulus.
CS - CS congenital syphilis.
CS - CS conjunctival secretion.
CS - CS conscious sedation.
CS - CS conscious consciousness.
cs - cs consciousness.
CS - CS conservative surgery.
CS - CS constant spring.

685

CS - CS contact sensitivity.
CS - CS continue same.
CS - CS contrast sensitivity (test).
CS - CS control serum.
CS - CS convalescence convalescent.
CS - CS coronary sclerosis.
CS - CS coronary sinus.
CS - CS corpus striatum.
CS - CS corticoid-sensitive.
CS - CS corticosteroid.
CS - CS crush syndrome.
CS - CS c-section cesarean section.

686

CS - CS current smoker.
CS - CS current strength.
CS - CS Cushing syndrome.
CS - CS cycloserine.
CS - CS cyclosporine.
Cs - Cs cyclosporine.
CS - CS IV clinical stage 4.
CS-F - CS-F colony-stimulating factor.
CSA - CSA Canadian Standards Association.
CSA - CSA canavaninosuccinic acid.
CSA - CSA carbonyl salicylamide.
CSA - CSA cell surface antigen.
CSA - CSA chemical shift anisotropy.

687

CSA - CSA chondroitin sulfate A. and prednisone.

CSA - CSA chorionic somatomammotropin A.
CSA - CSA colony-stimulating activity.
CSA - CSA compressed spectral assay.
CSA - CSA computerized spectral analysis.
CSA - CSA Controlled Substances Act.
CSA - CSA cross section area.
CSA - CSA cyclosporine A.
CsA - CsA cyclosporine A.
CSAA - CSAA Child Study Association of America.
CSAD - CSAD corporate services administration
department.
CSAT - CSAT center for substance abuse treatment.

688

CSAVP - CSAVP cerebral subarachnoid venous

pressure.
CSB - CSB Canadian Society for Biomechanics
(Socit Canadienne de Biomcanique).
csb - csb chromosome break.
CSB - CSB congenital short bowel.
CSB - CSB contaminated small bowel.
CSB - CSB craniosynostosis Boston type.
CSBF - CSBF coronary sinus blood flow.
CSBS - CSBS contaminated small bowel syndrome.
CSC - CSC blow on blow (administration of small
amounts of drugs at short intervals) (Fr.coup sur
coup).
CSC - CSC collagen sponge contraceptive.

689

CSC - CSC corticostriatocerebellar.

CSC - CSC cryogenic storage container.
CSCC - CSCC cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
CSCD - CSCD Center for Sickle Cell Disease.
CSCI - CSCI corticosterone side-chain isomerase.
CSCR - CSCR Central Society for Clinical
Research.
CSCV - CSCV critical serum chemistry value.
CSD - CSD carotid sinus denervation.
CSD - CSD cat scratch disease.
CSD - CSD combined system disease.
CSD - CSD conditionally streptomycin dependent.
CSD - CSD conduction system disease.

690

CSD - CSD cortical spreading depression.

CSD - CSD craniospinal defect.
CSD - CSD critical stimulus duration.
CSDB - CSDB cat scratch disease bacillus.
CSDMS - CSDMS Canadian Society of Diagnostic
Medical Sonographers.
CSE - CSE clinical-symptom self-evaluation
(questionnaire).
CSE - CSE cone-shaped epiphysis.
CSE - CSE conventional spin-echo.
CSE - CSE cross-sectional echocardiography.
CSEP - CSEP cortical somatosensory evoked
potential.
CSER - CSER cortical somatosensory evoked
response.

691

CSF - CSF cancer family syndrome.

CSF - CSF cerebrospinal fluid.
CSF - CSF classical swine fever.
CSF - CSF cold stability factor.
CSF - CSF colony-stimulating factor.
CSF - CSF coronary sinus flow.
CSF-WR - CSF-WR cerebrospinal fluidWassermann reaction.
CSFH - CSFH cerebrospinal fluid hypotension.
CSFP - CSFP cerebrospinal fluid pressure.
CSFR - CSFR colony-stimulating factor receptor.
CSFV - CSFV cerebrospinal fluid volume.
CSG - CSG cholecystography cholecystogram.

692

csg - csg chromosome gap.

CSGBI - CSGBI Cardiac Society of Great Britain
and Ireland.
CSGBM - CSGBM collagenase soluble glomerular
basement membrane.
CSH - CSH carotid sinus hypersensitivity.
CSH - CSH chronic subdural hematoma.
CSH - CSH combat support (army) hospital.
CSH - CSH cortical stromal hyperplasia.
CSHA - CSHA Canadian Study of Health and
Aging.
CSHE - CSHE California Society for Hospital
Engineering.
CSHRH - CSHRH congenital self-healing
reticulohistiocytosis.

693

CSII - CSII continuous subcutaneous insulin

infusion.
CSK - CSK chronic superficial keratitis.
CSM - CSM clinical supply management.
CSMSD - CSMSD Czech Society for Metabolic
Skeletal Diseases (EFFO Member Society).
CSOS - CSOS Chinese Speaking Orthopaedic
Society.
CSOT - CSOT Canadian Society of Orthopaedic
Technologists.
CSP - CSP cervical spine.
CSP - CSP cyclosporine.
CSR - CSR central supply room.
CSR - CSR cervical spine radiography.

694

CSRS - CSRS Cervical Spine Research Society

(also: AAOS Specialty Societies).
CSRT - CSRT corrected sinus recovery time.
CSS - CSS Churg-Strauss syndrome.
Cst - Cst corticosterone.
CSV - CSV Cordis Standard Valves.
CSW - CSW Certified Social Worker.
CSWs - CSWs Children's Social Workers.
CT - CT carpal tunnel.
CT - CT cerebral thrombosis.
CT - CT cervical traction.
CT - CT cervical-thoracic.
CT - CT chemotherapy.

695

CT - CT clinical trial.
CT - CT computerized tomography.
CT - CT cor triatriatum.
CT - CT cytotrophoblast.
ct. - ct. count.
CTA - CTA clear to auscultation (about lungs).
CTAB - CTAB clear to auscultation bilaterally
(about lungs).
CTACK - CTACK cutaneous T-cell attracting
chemokine.
CTB - CTB cholera toxin subunit B.
CTB - CTB confined to bed
CTC - CTC common toxicity criteria.
CTD - CTD connective tissue disease.

696

CTE - CTE coefficient of thermal expansion.

CTEV - CTEV congenital talipes equinovarus.
CTF - CTF central tegmental field.
CTL - CTL cervical thoracic lumbar.
CTL - CTL cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
CTLA - CTLA cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated
antigen-4 (CD152).
CTNB - CTNB CT-guided needle biopsy.
CTO - CTO clinical trials office.
CTR - CTR carpal tunnel release.
CTR - CTR coated tube radioimmunoassay.
CTS - CTS carpal tunnel syndrome (carpal tunnel
release: sample operative report).

697

CTSP - CTSP called to see patient.

CTX - CTX clinical trials exemption.
CU - CU cause unknown.
CU - CU clinical unit.
cu - cu cubic.
CUA - CUA cytosine-uracil-adenine codon for
leucine.
CUC - CUC cytosine-uracil-cytosine codon for
leucine. and telangiectasis.
CUD - CUD cause undetermined.
CUG - CUG cytosine-uracil-guanine codon for
leucine.
CUU - CUU cytosine-uracil-uracil codon for
leucine.
CV - CV cardiac volume.

698

CV - CV cardiovascular.
CV - CV cervical vertebra.
CV - CV color vision.
CV - CV cresyl violet (dye used in Gram staining).
CVA - CVA cerebrovascular accident (stroke).
CVA - CVA costovertebral angle.
CVC - CVC central venous catheters.
CVD - CVD cardiovascular disease.
CVD - CVD cerebrovascular disease
CVG - CVG contrast ventriculography.
CVI - CVI cerebrovascular insufficiency.
CVMP - CVMP Committee for Veterinary
Medicinal Product.

699

CVP - CVP central venous pressure; normal range: 0

to 9 cm of water.
CVP - CVP cytoxan vincristine prednisone
CVS - CVS cardiovascular status.
CVS - CVS cardiovascular system.
CVS - CVS chorionic villous sampling.
CVVH - CVVH continuous veno-venous
haemofiltration.
CVVHD - CVVHD continuous veno-venous
hemodialysis.
CW - CW chest wall.
CW - CW crutch walking.
CWHTO - CWHTO closing wedge high tibial
osteotomy.

700

CWI - CWI crutch walking instructions.

CWP - CWP cell wall protein.
CWP - CWP childbirth without pain.
CWP - CWP coal workers pneumoconiosis.
CX - CX cervix.
CX - CX chest x-ray.
CX - CX consciousness
Cx - Cx cultures.
CXR - CXR chest X-ray.
Cys - Cys cysteine.
cysto - cysto cystoscopic exam.
d - d /d day per day
D - D aspartic acid.

701

D - D day.
D - D diopter (lens strength)
D&C - D&C dilatation and curettage.
D&E - D&E dilatation and evacuation.
D&I - D&I dry and intact (wound dressings).
D&V - D&V diarrhea and vomiting.
D-LST - D-LST drug lymphocyte stimulation test.
D-spine - D-spine dorsal spine (thoracic spine).
D/A - D/A date of accident.
D/A - D/A date of admission.
D/BMD - D/BMD Duchenne and Becker muscular
dystrophies.
D/C - D/C diarrhea/constipation.

702

D/C - D/C discharge.

D/C - D/C discontinue.
D/DW - D/DW dextrose in distilled water
D/H - D/H drug history.
D/NS - D/NS dextrose in normal saline
D/W - D/W dextrose in water.
D/W - D/W discussed with.
D1 D12 - D1 D12 dorsal vertebrae (thoracic
vertebrae).
D1OW - D1OW 10% aqueous dextrose solution.
D5 - D5 anti-microphtalmia transcription factor
antibody (for diagnosis of clear cell
sarcoma/malignant melanoma of soft parts).
D5%DW - D5%DWdextrose 5% in distilled water

703

D5%NS - D5%NS dextrose 5% in normal saline

D5LR - D5LR dextrose 5% with lactated ringers
D5W - D5W 5% dextrose in water.
DA - DA degenerative arthritis.
DA - DA inbred strains of rats [DA(RT1a/AgB4)].
DAB - DAB diaminobenzidine (chromogen for
peroxidase-based detection systems).
DAB - DAB dorsal abductors.
Dabs - Dabs absorbed radiation dose.
Dabs - Dabs degassed by O2 absorption (lungs).
DABS - DABS Derogatis Affects Balance Sheet.
DABS - DABS diazobenzene sulfonate.
DABS-AA - DABS-AA

704

dimethylaminoazobenzenesulfonyl-amino acid.
DABS-Cl - DABS-Cl
dimethylaminoazobenzenesulfonyl chloride.
DABS-L-Met-dl-(O) - DABS-L-Met-dl-(O) 4dimethylaminoazobenzene-4'-sulfonyl-Lmethionine-dl-sulfoxide.
DAF - DAF decay-accelerating factor (CD55) regulates C3.
DAG - DAG diacylglycerol.
DAISY - DAISY the dairy information system
(UK).
DAN - DAN24-diaminonaphthalene.
DAN - DAN danazol.
DAN - DAN diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
Dan-MONICA - Dan-MONICA Danish
MONItoring trends in CArdiovascular diseases

705

study.
DAN-PSS - DAN-PSS Danish Prostate Symptom
Score.
DAO - DAO dog aorta.
DAP - DAP Draw a Person Test.
DAP - DAP dystrophin associated protein.
DAP-Kinase - DAP-Kinase death-associated protein
kinase.
DAPC - DAPC dystrophin-associated protein
complex.
DAPK - DAPK death-associated protein kinase.
DAPT - DAPT diphtheria acellular pertussis and
tetanus toxoids.
DAR - DAR double-antibody radioimmunoassay.
DAT - DAT dementia of the Alzheimer's type.

706

DAT - DAT diet as tolerated.

DAT - DAT direct antibody testing.
DATT - DATT Defense Attach.
DAV - DAV dapple apple viroid.
DB - DB date of birth.
db - db decibel.
DB - DB disability.
DBI - DBI diazepam binding inhibitor.
DBM - DBM demineralized bone matrix.
DBP - DBP demineralized bone powder.
DBP - DBP diastolic blood pressure.
DBP - DBP dibutyl phthalate.

707

DBPCFC - DBPCFC double-blind placebo

controlled food challenge.
DBSC - DBSC double-breath single cycle.
DBW - DBW deficit birthweight.
DBW - DBW desirable body weight.
DBW - DBW diabetic black women.
DBW - DBW dosing body weight.
DBW - DBW dry body weight.
DC - DC dendritic cells.
DC - DC direct current.
DC - DC disc discharged discontinue.
dc - dc discontinue.
DC - DC doctor of chiropractic.

708

DC&B - DC&B dilation curettage and biopsy.

DCA - DCA directional coronary atherectomy (for
coronary ostial lesions).
DCBE - DCBE double-contrast barium enema.
DCC - DCC dextran-coated charcoal.
DCC - DCC direct current contershock.
DCGF - DCGF dry corn gluten feed.
DCH - DCH23-dicyanohydroquinone.
DCH - DCH Day-case haemorrhoidectomy.
DCH - DCH deep cerebral hemorrhages.
DCH - DCH delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity.
DCH - DCH diffuse chorioamnionic hemosiderosis.
DCH - DCH diffuse choroidal hemangiomas.

709

DCh - DCh dorsochiasmatic area.

DCH - DCH double-crush hypothesis.
DCIS - DCIS ductal carcinoma in situ - type of
breast cancer.
DCM - DCM dilated cardiomyopathy.
DCP - DCP des-g-carboxy prothrombin specific for
HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma).
DCS - DCS decompression sickness.
DCT - DCT distal convoluted tubule.
DD - DD discharge diagnosis.
DD - DD dry dressing.
DDAVP - DDAVP desmopressin acetate.
DDAVP - DDAVP desmopressin test for urine
osmolality.

710

ddC - ddC zalcitabine.

DDD - DDD degenerative disk disease.
DDH - DDH developmental dysplasia of the hip
(case report).
ddI - ddI didanosine.
DDP - DDP diamminedichloroplatinum.
DDS - DDS Doctor of Dental Surgery.
DDT - DDT chlorphenotane.
DDx - DDx differential diagnosis.
DE - DE delayed excitation.
DEA - DEA diethylamine.
DEA - DEA Drug Enforcement Agency.
DEAE - DEAE diethylaminoethyl.

711

DEC - DEC deceased; decrease

DEF - DEF defecation.
DEF - DEF deferred.
DEF - DEF deficient.
DEG - DEG degeneration.
Derm - Derm dermatology
DES - DES describe.
DES - DES desflurane.
DES - DES diethylstilbestrol.
DET - DET determine
DEV - DEV deviation.
DEXA - DEXA dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
(accuDEXA bone densitometer by Schick
Technologies).

712

DF - DF dorsiflexion.
DFA - DFA direct fluorescent antibody test.
DFI - DFI disease free interval.
DFID - DFID British Department of International
Development (Formerly ODA).
DFMO - DFMO DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine.
DFS - DFS disease free survival (time without
disease prior to relapse or last follow-up).
DFSP - DFSP dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
DFX - DFX desferrioxamine.
DGC - DGC differentiated type gastric carcinoma.
DGC - DGC dystrophin-glycoprotein complex.
DGCR - DGCR DiGeorge chromosomal region.

713

DGGE - DGGE denaturing gradient gel

electrophoresis.
DGGE - DGGE denaturing gradient gel
electrophoresis.
DGI - DGI disseminated gonococcal infection.
DGM - DGM duodenal gastric metaplasia.
DGR - DGR duodenogastric reflux.
DGS - DGS DiGeorge syndrome.
DH - DH dermatitis herpetiformis.
DHA - DHA docosahexanoic acid.
DHEA - DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone.
DHEA-ST - DHEA-ST dehydroepiandrosterone
sulfotransferases.
DHEAS - DHEAS dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.

714

DHF - DHF dorsi-hyperflexion.

DHHS - DHHS Department of Health and Human
Services.
DHL - DHL diffuse histocytic leukemia.
DHS - DHS dynamic hip screw.
DI - DI date of injury.
DI - DI diabetes insipidus.
diag - diag diagnosis diagnostic.
DIC - DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Dict. - Dict. dictation.
DIF - DIF direct immunofluorescence.
DIFF - DIFF diff differential blood count.
DIL - DIL dilated.

715

DIL - DIL dilute.

DIM - DIM diminished.
Dind - Dind indicative radiation dose.
DIP - DIP desquamative interstitial penumonitis.
DIP - DIP distal interphalangeal joints.
DIP - DIP distal interphalangeal.
DIPJ - DIPJ distal interphalangeal joint.
DIPP - DIPP diisopropyl phosphate.
dIPSPs - dIPSPs depolarizing inhibitory
postsynaptic potentials.
DIS - DIS disabled.
DIS - DIS disease.
DISH - DISH diffuse idiopathic skeletal
hyperostosis.

716

DISI - DISI dorsal intercalate segment instability.

DISL - DISL dislocate; dislocation.
DISP - DISP disposition.
DIST - DIST distal.
DIST - DIST distended.
DIT - DIT diiodotyrosine.
DIW - DIW dextrose in water.
DJD - DJD degenerative joint disease.
DKA - DKA diabetic ketoacidosis.
DKA - DKA did not keep appointment.
DKB - DKB deep knee bends.
dl - dl deciliter - 0.01 liters (100 ml).

717

DL - DL dual lumen.
DLA - DLA dorsolateral area.
DLC - DLC diamond-like carbon (coatings).
DLCL - DLCL diffuse large cell lymphoma.
DLCO - DLCO diffusing capacity of the lung for
carbon monoxide.
DLDH - DLDH dementia lacking distinctive
histopathology.
DLE - DLE discoid lupus erythematosus.
DLI - DLI donor lymphocyte infusion.
DLO - DLO d-limonene 12-epoxide.
DLO - DLO dorsolateral outflow.
DLO - DLO octopamine-IR.
DLS - DLS date last seen.

718

DLT - DLT dose limiting toxicity - determined by

phase 1 studies.
DM - DM diabetes mellitus.
DM - DM diastolic murmur.
DM1 - DM1 myotonic dystrophy gene.
DM2 - DM2 myotonic dystrophy gene 2 (linked to
chromosome 3q).
DMA - DMA dog mesenteric artery.
DMARD - DMARD disease modifying
antirheumatic drugs.
DMC - DMC Data Monitoring Committee.
DMD - DMD 3-(s)-[(dodecyloxycarbonyl)methyl]14-dioxane-25-diones.
DMD - DMD daily maintenance dose.

719

DMD - DMD delayed mental development.

DMD - DMD depression and manic depression.
DMD - DMD desmethyldiltiazem.
DMD - DMD desmethyldoxepin.
DMD - DMD diastolic myocardial dysfunction.
DMD - DMD dietary management of diarrhea.
DMD - DMD differential metabolic display.
DMD - DMD differentially methylated domain.
DMD - DMD digitoxigenin monodigitoxoside.
DMD - DMD dimethadione.
DMD - DMD dimethyldioxirane.
DMD - DMD discontinuous molecular dynamics.
DMD - DMD disease modifying drug

720

DMD - DMD disseminated malignant disease.

DMD - DMD disseminated mycobacterial disease.
DMD - DMD Doctor of Dental Medicine.
DMD - DMD dorsal medullary depressor area.
DMD - DMD Drug Misuse Databases.
DMD - DMD drusen-related macular degeneration.
DMD - DMD dry matter digestibility.
DMD - DMD Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
DMD - DMD Dynia-Majan-Drdlicka factor
DMD - DMD Dystonia Musculorum Deformans
DMD - DMD dystrophin.
DMG - DMG dimethylglycine.

721

DMI - DMI Desipramine (Norpramin).

DMI - DMI dry matter intake.
DMN - DMN dorsal motor nucleus.
DMP - DMP data management plan.
DMPK - DMPK dystrophia myotonica-protein
kinase (gene on chromosome 19q).
DMR - DMR direct myocardial revascularization.
DMS or MSM - DMS or MSM dimethylsulfone or
methylsulfonylmethane (CH3SO2CH3).
DMSO - DMSO dimethyl sulfamethoxazole
(cryoprotective used to store cells from patients
undergoing autologous transplantation).
DMSO - DMSO dimethylsulfoxyde.
DMT1 - DMT1 divalent metal transporter 1.
DMV - DMV dog mesenteric vein.

722

DMV - DMV dorsal metatarsal veins.

DN - DN double negative.
DNA - DNA deoxyribonucleic acid.
DNA - DNA did not attend (clinic).
DNC - DNC dominant-negative complementation.
DND - DND died a natural death.
DNI - DNI do not intubate.
DNI/DNR - DNI/DNR do not intubate do not
resuscitate.
DNKA - DNKA did not keep appointment
dNM - dNM 1-deoxynojirimycin.
dnm - dnm daunosamine.
DNM - DNM delayed nonmatching-to-sample.

723

DNM - DNM descending necrotizing mediastinitis.

DNM - DNM desmoplastic neurotropic melanoma.
DNM - DNM dominant negative mutant.
DNR - DNR daunorubicin.
DNR - DNR do not resuscitate.
DNR - DNR dorsal nerve root.
DNS - DNS did not show for appointment.
DO - DO doctor of osteopathy.
DO - DO dorsal outflow.
DOA - DOA day of admission.
DOA - DOA dead on arrival.
DOB - DOB date of birth.

724

DOC - DOC deoxycholate.

DOC - DOC deoxycorticosterone.
DOC - DOC died of other causes.
DOD - DOD date of death.
DOD/OSD - DOD/OSD Department of
Defense/Office of the Secretary of Defense.
DOE - DOE date of examination.
DOE - DOE Department of Energy.
DOE - DOE dyspnea on exertion.
DOES - DOES disorder of excessive somnolence
(narcolepsy).
DOI - DOI date of injury.
DOJ - DOJ Department of Justice.
DON - DON demyelinating optic neuritis.

725

DOS - DOS date of surgery.

DOS - DOS Department of State.
DOT - DOT date of transfer.
DOT - DOT Department of Transportation.
DP - DP deep pulse.
DP - DP diastolic pressure.
DP - DP distal pulses.
DP - DP dorsalis pedis pulse.
DP - DP dorsalis pedis.
DPC - DPC desaturated phosphatidylcholine.
DPC - DPC desaturated phosphatidylcholine.
DPC - DPC diethypyrocarbonate.

726

DPC - DPC diethypyrocarbonate.

DPC - DPC direct patient care.
DPC - DPC direct patient care.
DPC - DPC disseminated peritoneal cancer.
DPC - DPC distal palmar crease.
DPC - DPC distal palmar crease.
DPC - DPCdelayed primary closure.
DPC - DPCdelayed primary closure.
DPD - DPD diffuse pulmonary disease.
dpdt - dpdt time derivative of left ventricular
pressure.
DPDT-SP - DPDT-SP D-Pro2-D-Trp79-SP.
DPGN - DPGN diffuse proliferative
glomerulonephritis.

727

DPH - DPH diphenylhydantoin.

DPKO - DPKO Department of Peacekeeping
Operations.
DPL - DPL diagnostic peritoneal lavage.
DPM - DPM dipyridamole.
DPM - DPM direct photometric method.
DPM - DPM disintegrations per minute.
DPM - DPM Doctor of Podiatric Medicine.
DPM - DPM dog pancreas microsomal membranes.
DPPC - DPPC dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine.
DPT - DPT diphtheria pertussis tetanus
immunization.
DPTA - DPTA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid.

728

DPV - DPV diameter of portal vein.

DR - DR delivery room.
DR - DR diabetic retinopathy.
DR - DR diagnostic radiology.
DR - DR dorsal root.
dr - dr dram.
DR - DR dressing.
DR - DR HLA DR antigen.
DRE - DRE digital rectal examination.
DREZ - DREZ dorsal root entry zone.
DRG - DRG diagnosis-related groups.
DRG - DRG dorsal root ganglion.
DRG/PPS - DRG/PPS diagnosis-related-

729

group/prospective-payment system.
DRN - DRN disaster relief nurse.
Drng - Drng drainage.
Drsg - Drsg dressing.
DRSP - DRSP drospirenone.
DRT - DRT daily rumination time.
DRT - DRT delay-reduction theory.
DRT - DRT Developmentally Regulated EPHrelated Tyrosine kinase gene.
DRT - DRT deviation ratio topography.
DRT - DRT device readiness test.
DRT - DRT device-related thrombosis.
DRT - DRT dexamethasone-resistant thymocytes.

730

DRT - DRT Diagnostic-Rhyme Test.

DRT - DRT dichotic rhyme task.
DRT - DRT Diet Readiness Test.
DRT - DRT diffraction Radon transform.
DRT - DRT diffuse rhythmic theta (waves).
drt - drt diffusional response time.
DRT - DRT digestion-related thermogenesis.
DRT - DRT discriminative reaction time.
DRT - DRT discriminative response task.
DRT - DRT disjunctive reaction time.
DRT - DRT DNA-damage-repair/toleration
activities.
DRT - DRT dopamine replacement therapy.

731

DRt - DRt dorsal reticular nucleus.

DRT - DRT dorsal root terminals.
DRT - DRT dorsal roots.
DRT - DRT Drug resistant typhoid fever.
DRT - DRT dynamic regional thresholding.
dRT-PCR - dRT-PCR differential RT-PCR.
DRUDP - DRUDP Division of Reproductive and
Urologic Drug Products.
DRUJ - DRUJ distal radioulnar joint.
DRUL - DRUL distal radioulnar ligaments.
DS - DS diagnostic sensitivity.
DS - DS Durie-Salmon stage.
DSA - DSA defibrillation systems analyser.

732

DSA - DSA digital substraction angiography.

DSA - DSA digital subtraction angiography.
DSC - DSC differential scanning calorimetry.
DSCA - DSCA Defense Security Cooperation
Agency.
DSD - DSD discharge summary dictated.
DSD - DSD dry sterile dressing.
DSE - DSE disposable smoke evacuator.
DSG - DSG dressing.
DSG - DSG dry sterile gauze.
DSH - DSH domestic shorthaired cat.
DSHEA - DSHEA Dietary Supplement Health and
Education Act.
DSK-TNM - DSK-TNM Deutschsprachiges TNM-

733

Komitee.
DSM - DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual.
DSP - DSP decreased sensory perception.
DSR - DSR Dahl salt-resistant rats.
DSs - DSs Dahl salt-sensitive.
DSS - DSS decision support system.
DSS - DSS Dejerine-Sottas Syndrome.
DSS - DSS dengue shock syndrome.
DSS - DSS Department of Social Services.
DSS - DSS dextrane sulfate sodium.
DSS - DSS digit symbol subtest.
DSS - DSS distal splenorenal shunt.
DSS - DSS disuccinimidyl suberate.

734

DSS - DSS double simultaneous stimulation.

DSSD - DSSD drug safety and surveillance
management.
DST - DST dexamethasone suppression test.
DST - DST distal straight tubule.
DSV - DSV Deep Submergence Vehicle.
DSV - DSV dense-cored vesicles.
DSV - DSV desulfoviridin.
DSV - DSV diameter of splenic vein.
DSV - DSV diastolic septal velocity.
DSV - DSV diethylamine shift value.
DSV - DSV diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary
thyroid carcinomas.

735

DSV - DSV digital subtraction venacavography.

DSV - DSV digital subtraction venography.
DSV - DSV Digitaria streak virus.
DSV - DSV DNA sequence variations.
DSV - DSV dog saphenous vein.
DSV - DSV Drosophila S virus.
DSV - DSV Dual Switch Valves.
DSV - DSV dithranol-2% salicylic acid-white soft
vaseline.
DT - DT date and time.
DT - DT date of treatment.
DT - DT delirium tremens.
DT - DT due to.

736

DT - DT duration tetany.
DTP - DTP diphtheria and tetanus toxoids with
pertussis (killed whole organism).
DTP - DTP distal tingling on percussion (over the
site of a nerve a.k.a. Tinel's sign or Hoffman-Tinel
sign).
DTP - DTP distal tingling on percussion (Tinel's
sign)
DTR - DTR deep tendon reflex/es.
DTS - DTS diametral tensile strength.
DTSSP - DTSSP33'-dithiobis(succinimidyl
propionate).
DTZ - DTZ diltiazem.
DU - DU diagnosis undetermined.
DU - DU duodenal ulcer.

737

DU-24 - DU-24 avian cell line.

DUB - DUB dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
Dus - Dus differential upstream sequence.
DUS - DUS distinctness uniformity and stability
(test for crops in UK).
DUS - DUS divergent unilateral strabismus.
DUS - DUS Doppler ultrasound.
DUs - DUs drug users.
DUs - DUs duodenal ulcers.
DUS - DUS Dusseldorf.
dus - dus unknown gene tentatively designated "dus"
for dut suppressor.
DUS-3 - DUS-3 avian rho0 cell line.
dv - dv double vibrations.

738

DV&D - DV&D Diploma in Venereology and

Dermatology.
DVA - DVA developmental venous anomaly.
DVA - DVA distance visual acuity.
DVA - DVA duration of voluntary apnea.
DVA - DVA vindesine.
DVB - DVB divinylbenzene.
DVC - DVC divanillylcyclohexane.
DVCC - DVCC Disease Vector Control Center.
DVD - DVD dissociated vertical deviation.
dVDAVP - dVDAVP 1 -deamine-4-valine-Darginine vasopressin.
DVE - DVE duck virus enteritis.

739

DVH - DVH Diploma in Veterinary Hygiene.

DVH - DVH Division for the Visually Handicapped.
DVH - DVH dose volume histogram.
DVI - DVI AV sequential (pacemaker).
DVI - DVI deep venous insufficiency.
DVI - DVI diastolic velocity integral.
DVI - DVI digital vascular imaging.
DVI - DVI Doppler velocity index.
DVIS - DVIS digital vascular imaging system.
DVIU - DVIU direct-vision internal urethrotomy.
DVL - DVL deep vastus lateralis.
DVM - DVM digital voltmeter.
DVM - DVM Doctor of Veterinary Medicine.

740

DVMS - DVMS Doctor of Veterinary Medicine and

Surgery.
DVN - DVN dorsal vagal nucleus.
DVP - DVP daunorubicin vincristine and
prednisolone.
DVP - DVP deep vascular plexus.
DVP - DVP defective viral particles.
DVP - DVP diastolic peak velocity prosthetic flow.
DVP - DVP diastolic ventricular pressure.
DVP - DVP digital video plotter.
DVP - DVP direct venipuncture.
DVP - DVP distal vein patch.
DVP - DVP distributed volume pair.

741

DVP - DVP divalproex sodium.

DVP - DVP divinylporphyrin.
DVP - DVP domestic violence programs.
DVP - DVP Doppler velocity profile.
DVP - DVP dorsal vein of the penis.
DVP - DVP draining vein pressure.
DVP - DVP ventriculo-peritonial derivations.
DVR - DVR digital vascular reactivity.
DVR - DVR Doctor of Veterinary Radiology.
DVR - DVR double valve replacement.
DVR - DVR double ventricular response.
DVS - DVS Doctor of Veterinary Science.
DVS - DVS Doctor of Veterinary Surgery.

742

DVSc - DVSc Doctor of Veterinary Science.

DVT - DVT deep venous thrombosis.
DW - DW daily weight.
DW - DW deionized water.
DW - DW dextrose in water.
DW - DW distilled water.
DW - DW doing well.
DW - DW dry weight.
dw - dw dwarf (mouse).
DWA - DWA died from wounds by the action of the
enemy.
DWD - DWD died with disease.
DWDL - DWDL diffuse well-differentiated

743

lymphocytic lymphoma.
DWI - DWI driving while impaired; driving while
intoxicated.
DWM - DWM Dandy-Walker malformation.
DWR - DWR delayed word recall.
DWS - DWS Dandy-Walker syndrome.
DWS - DWS disaster warning system.
DWT - DWT dichotic word test.
DWT - DWT discrete wave transform.
dwt - dwt pennyweight.
DWW - DWW diabetic white women.
DX - DX dextran.
DX - DX dicloxacillin.

744

DX - DX discharged.
DX - DX disease.
Dx - Dx dx diagnosis.
DXA - DXA dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.
DXD - DXD discontinued.
DXM - DXM dexamethasone.
DXM - DXM dextromethorphan.
DXP - DXP digital x-ray prototype.
DxPLAIN - DxPLAIN Massachusetts General
Hospitals expert diagnostic system.
DXPNET - DXPNET Digital X-Ray Prototype
Network.
DXR - DXR deep x-ray.
DXR - DXR doxorubicin.

745

DXRT - DXRT deep x-ray therapy.

DXT - DXT deep x-ray therapy.
DXT - DXT dextrose.
dXTP - dXTP deoxyxanthine triphosphate.
DY - DY dense parenchyma.
Dy - Dy dysprosium.
dy - dy dystrophia muscularis (mouse).
dyn - dyn dynamic; dynamometer; dyne.
DYS - DYS dysautonomia.
dysp - dysp dyspnea.
DZ - DZ diazepam.
dz - dz disease.

746

DZ - DZ dizygotic.
DZ - DZ dizziness.
dz - dz dozen.
dZ - dZ impedance change.
DZM - DZM dorsal zone of membranelle.
DZP - DZP diazeparn.
E - E air dose.
e - e base of natural logarithms approximately
2.7182818285; egg transfer; ejection; electric
charge; electron; elementary charge; exchange.
E - E cortisone (compound E).
E - E each.
E - E eating.
E - E edema.

747

E - E elastance.
E - E electric charge.
E - E electric field vector.
E - E electrode potential.
E - E electromotive force.
E - E electron.
E - E embyro.
E - E emmetropia.
E - E encephalitis.
E - E endangered (animal).
E - E endogenous.
E - E endoplasm.

748

E - E enema.
E - E energy.
E - E Entamoeba.
E - E enterococcus.
E - E enzyme.
E - E eosinophil.
E - E epicondyle.
E - E epinephrine.
E - E error.
E - E erythrocyte.
E - E erythroid.
E - E erythromycin.
E - E Escherichia.

749

E - E esophagus.
E - E ester.
E - E estradiol.
E - E ethanol.
E - E ethyl.
E - E examination.
E - E exhalation.
E - E expectancy (wave).
E - E expected frequency in a cell of a contingency
table.
E - E experiment experimenter.
E - E expiration.
E - E expired air.

750

E - E exposure.
E - E extract extracted extraction.
E - E extraction fraction.
E - E extralymphatic.
E - E eye.
E - E glutamic acid.
E - E internal energy.
E - E involvement of a single extranodal site (in
Hodgkin lymphoma).
E - E kinetic energy.
E - E mathematical expectation.
e - e negative electron.
E - E redox potential.

751

E - E stereodescriptor to indicate the configuration at

a double bond (Ger. entgegen opposite).
E - E unit (Ger. Einheit)..
E 4E - E 4E four-plus edema.
E coli - E coli Escherichia coli.
E&A - E&A evaluate and advise.
E* - E* lesion on the erythrocyte cell membrane at
the site of complement fixation.
e+ - e+ positron.
E-ADD - E-ADD epileptic attentional deficit
disorder.
E/A - E/A emergency admission.
E/G ratio - E/G ratio ratio of erythroid to
granulocytic precursors.

752

E0 - E0 electric affinity.
E0 - E0 standard electrode potential.
E1 - E1 estrone.
E2 - E2 17-estradiol.
E3 - E3 estriol.
E4 - E4 estetrol.
ea - ea each.
EA - EA early antigen (in EBV-IM).
EA - EA educational age.
EA - EA egg albumin.
EA - EA electric affinity.
EA - EA electrical activity.
EA - EA electroacupuncture.

753

EA - EA electroanes thesia.
EA - EA electropbysiological abnormality.
EA - EA embryonic antibody.
EA - EA endocardio graphic amplifier.
EA - EA Endometriosis Association.
EA - EA endurance athletes.
EA - EA enteral alimentation.
EA - EA entero anastomosis.
EA - EA enzymatically active.
EA - EA epiandrosterone.
EA - EA erythrocyte antibody.
EA - EA erythrocyte antiserum.

754

EA - EA esophageal atresia.
EA - EA estivo-autumnal.
EA - EA ethacrynic acid..
Ea - Ea kinetic energy of alpha particles.
EA-D - EA-D early antigen diffuse.
EAA - EAA electroacupuncture analgesia.
EAA - EAA Epilepsy Association of America.
EAA - EAA essential amino acid.
EAA - EAA ex trinsic allergic alveolitis.
EAA - EAA excitatory amino acid.
EAAC - EAAC excitatory amino acid carrier.
EAB - EAB elective abortion; Ethics Advisory
Board.

755

EABV - EABV effective arterial blood volume.

EAC - EAC Ehrlich ascites carcinoma.
EAC - EAC electroacupuncture.
EAC - EAC epithelioma adenoides cysticum.
EAC - EAC erythema annulare centrifugum.
EAC - EAC erythrocyte antibody complement.
EAC - EAC external auditory canal.
EACA - EACA epsilon-aminocaproic acid.
EACD - EACD eczematous allergic contact
dermatitis.
EACH - EACH essential access community hospital.
EACR - EACR European Association for Cancer
Research.
EACs - EACs endocrine-active chemicals.

756

EAD - EAD early afterdepolarization; extracranial

arterial disease.
EADS - EADS early amnion deficit spectrum or
syndrome.
EAE - EAE experimental allergic encephalomyelitis;
experimental autoimmune encephalitis.
EAHP - EAHP European Association for
Hematopathology.
EAN - EAN experimental allergic (autoimmune)
neuritis).
EANO - EANO European Association for
NeuroOncology.
EAS - EAS emergent abdominal sonography.
EB - EB epidermolysis bulosa.
EBA - EBA epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.

757

EBCT - EBCT electron-beam computed

tomography.
EBER - EBER early EBV mRNA.
EBL - EBL enzootic bovine leucosis.
EBL - EBL estimated blood loss.
EBM - EBM evidence-based medicine.
EBMT - EBMT European Group for Blood and
Marrow Transplantation.
EBN - EBN Endemic Balkan nephropathy.
EBNA - EBNA Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen.
EBV - EBV Epstein-Barr virus.
EBV-IM - EBV-IM Epstein-BArr virus infectious
mononucleosis.
EC - EC Enzyme Commission of the International
Union of Biochemistry.

758

ECA - ECA Echocontrast agents.

ECA - ECA ecternal/extracranial carotid artery.
ECA - ECA electrical control activity.
ECA - ECA endometrial cryoablation.
ECA - ECA enterobacterial common antigen.
ECA - ECA Epidemiological Catchment Area.
Eca - Eca Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (a
phytopathogen).
ECA - ECA external carotid artery.
ECA - ECA extra-cardiac structural or karyotypic
anomalies.
Eca 109 - Eca 109 human esophageal epithelial
cancer cell line.
ECBO virus - ECBO virus enteric cytopathogenic

759

bovine orphan virus.

ECC - ECC early childhood caries.
ECC - ECC endocervical cell collector.
ECC - ECC extracorporeal circulation.
ECCE - ECCE extracapsular cataract extraction.
ECF - ECF extended care facility.
ECF - ECF extracellular fluid.
ECFV - ECFV extracellular fluid volume.
ECG - ECG electrocardiogram (also EKG).
ECH - ECH enoyl CoA hydratase.
ECHO - ECHO echocardiogram.
ECM - ECM extracellular matrix.
ECMO - ECMO extracorporeal membrane

760

oxygenation.
ECOMOG - ECOMOG Economic Community of
West African Monitoring Group.
EcoRI - EcoRI restriction enzyme from Escherichia
coli RY 13.
ECOWAS - ECOWAS Economic Community of
West African States.
ECRB - ECRB extensor carpi radialis brevis.
ECRL - ECRL extensor carpi radialis longus.
ECT - ECT electroconvulsive therapy.
ECTR - ECTR endoscopic carpal tunnel release.
ECU - ECU extensor carpi ulnaris.
ECWSs - ECWSs endoluminal colonic wall stents.
ED - ED edema.

761

ED - ED emergency department.
ED - ED extradomain (the type III unit of
fibronectin).
EDA - EDA Excess Defense Articles.
EDAC - EDAC early detection of alcohol
consumption.
EDC - EDC estimated or expected date of
confinement.
EDC - EDC extensor digitorum communis.
EDDI - EDDI Education for Development and
Democracy Initiative.
EDI - EDI electronic data interchange.
EDIR - EDIR emergency drug identification record.
EDL - EDL extensor digitorum longus.
EDM - EDM extensor digitis minimi.

762

EDMR - EDMR electrically detected magnetic

resonance.
EDRF - EDRF endothelium-derived relaxing factor.
EDS - EDS Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
EDS - EDS external defibrillation system.
EDSTAC - EDSTAC Endocrine-Disrupter
Screening and Testing Advisory Committee.
EDTA - EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
EDV - EDV end diastolic velocity.
EDX - EDX electrodiagnostic.
EE - EE energy expenditure.
EE - EE ethinyl estradiol.
EEG - EEG electroencephalogram.

763

EENT - EENT ear eye nose and throat.

EES - EES Ethicon Endo-Surgery.
EEXOT - EEXOT Hellenic Orthopaedic
Association.
EF - EF (peptide) elongation factor.
EF - EF ectopic focus.
EF - EF edema factor.
EF - EF ejection fraction.
EF - EF elastic fibril.
EF - EF electric field.
EF - EF elongation factor.
EF - EF embryo fibroblast.
EF - EF embryo-fetal.

764

EF - EF emergency facility.
EF - EF encephalitogenic factor..
EF - EF endothoracic fascia.
EF - EF endurance factor.
EF - EF eosinophilic fasciitis.
EF - EF epithelial focus.
EF - EF equivalent focus.
EF - EF erythroblastosis fetalis.
EF - EF erythrocyte fragmentation.
EF - EF exposure factor.
EF - EF extended field.
EF - EF extrafine.
EF - EF extrinisic factor.

765

EF-2 - EF-2 initiation factor in the translational step

of viral replication.
EF-G - EF-G elongation factor G.
EFA - EFA essential fatty acids.
EFFAS - EFFAS European Foot and Ankle National
Societies.
EFFO - EFFO European Foundation for
Osteoporosis and Bone Disease.
EFORT - EFORT European Federation of National
Associations of Orthopaedics and Traumatology.
EFS - EFS event free survival - time from diagnosis
to defined events (e.g. relapse or death).
EGA - EGA error grid analysis.
EGA - EGA estimated gestational age.
EGCs - EGCs early gastric carcinomas.

766

EGD - EGD esophagogastroduodenoscopy.

EGDS - EGDS esophagogastric devascularization
with splenectomy.
EGE - EGE eosinophilic gastroenteritis.
EGF - EGF epidermal growth factor.
EGFP - EGFP enhanced green fluorescent protein.
EGS - EGS ethylene glycol bis succinimidyl
succinate.
EHBA - EHBA extrahepatic biliary atresia.
EHBP - EHBP extrahepatic biliary passages.
EHEC - EHEC enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli.
EHL - EHL extensor hallucis longus.
EHS - EHS European Hip Society.

767

EIC - EIC endometrial intraepithelial carcinogenesis.

EIC - EIC extensive intraductal component.
EICESS - EICESS European Intergroup Ewing's
Sarcoma Study.
EIN3 - EIN3 ethylene-insensitive3 (is a transcription
factor that works in the ethylene signaling pathway
in Arabidopsis).
EJ - EJ elbow jerk.
EJC - EJC European Journal of Cancer.
EJHS - EJHS Electronic Journal of Hand Surgery.
EJO - EJO Electronic Journal of Orthopaedics.
EJS - EJS Electronic Journal of Surgery and
Specialistic Medicine.
EKG - EKG electrocardiogram (also ECG).
EL - EL elbow.

768

EL - EL endoscopic ligation.
ELAM-1 - ELAM-1 E-selectin adhesion molecule
(on endothelial cells).
ELISA - ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay.
Elix - Elix elixir.
ELOS - ELOS estimated lenght of stay.
EM - EM electron microscope emmetropia.
EMB - EMB eosin methylene blue agar.
EMC - EMC electromagnetic compatibility.
EMCAP - EMCAP World Bank's Economic
Management Capacity Project.
EMDR - EMDR Eye Movement Desensitization and
Reprocessing.

769

EMEA - EMEA European Agency for the

Evaluation of Medicinal Products.
EMG - EMG electromyogram electromyography.
EMH - EMH extramedullary hematopoiesis.
EMM - EMM epithelial malignant mesotheliomas.
EMP - EMP Embden-Meyerhof pathway.
EMR - EMR Electronic Medical Records.
EMS - EMS electrical muscle stimulation.
EMS - EMS emergency medical service.
EMST - EMST Emergency Management of Severe
Trauma.
EMT - EMT emergency medical technician.
EMTALA - EMTALA Emergency Medical
Treatment and Active Labor Act.

770

EMUO - EMUO early morning urine osmolality

(evaluating urine concentration).
End - End endothelial cells.
ENG - ENG electronystagmography.
ENI - ENI Bureau for Europe and the New
Independent States .
ENSG - ENSG European Neuroblastoma Study
Group.
ENT - ENT ear nose and throat.
EOA - EOA Eastern Orthopaedic Association.
EOA - EOA Egyptian Orthopaedic Association.
EOI - EOI European Osteosarcoma Intergroup.
EOM - EOM extraocular movements.
EOMI - EOMI extraocular movements intact.

771

EORS - EORS European Orthopaedics Research

Society.
EORTC - EORTC European Organisation for
Research and Treatment of Cancer.
Eos - Eos eosin eosinophil.
EP - EP ectopic pregnancy.
EP - EP emergency physician.
EP - EP endogenous pyrogens.
EP - EP European Pharmacopoeia.
EPA - EPA Environmental Protection Agency;
controls the use of pesticides and monitors water
pollution in general.
EPB - EPB extensor pollicis brevis.
EPC - EPC egg phosphatidylcholine.
EPDM - EPDM ethylene propylene diene rubber.

772

EPEC - EPEC enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.

EPI - EPI epinephrine.
Epi - Epi epithelial cells.
EPL - EPL extensor pollicis longus.
EPOC - EPOC excess post-exercise oxygen
consumption.
EPOS - EPOS European Pediatric Orthopaedic
Society.
EPS - EPS exophtalmos-producing substance.
EPS - EPS extrapyramidal symptoms.
EPSD - EPSD Early Periodic Screening Detection.
EPSP - EPSP excitatory postsynaptic potential.
EPSPS - EPSPS 5-enolpyruvylshikamate-3phosphate synthetase.

773

EPU - EPU epidermal proliferative unit.

EPV - EPV Epstein-Barr virus.
ER - ER emergency room.
ER - ER endoplasmic reticulum.
ER - ER external rotation.
ER/PR - ER/PR estrogen/progesterone.
ERA - ERA electrical response activity.
ERA - ERA estradiol receptor assay.
ERA - ERA evoked response audiometry.
ERAD - ERAD endoplasmic-reticulum-associated
degradation.
ERCP - ERCP endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography.

774

ERE - ERE external rotation in extension.

ERF - ERF external rotation in flexion.
ERP - ERP effective refractory period.
ERT - ERT empathy response task.
ERT - ERT endurance run test.
ERT - ERT enzyme replacement therapy.
ERT - ERT estrogen replacement therapy.
ERT - ERT external radiation therapy.
Ery - Ery erythrocytes.
ES - ES electrical stimulation.
ES - ES endoscopic sclerotherapy.
ES - ES enzymatic spectrometric method.
ES - ES enzyme-substrate complex.

775

ESAF - ESAF Enhanced Structural Adjustment

Facility.
ESB - ESB European Society of Biomechanics.
ESD - ESD esterase D.
ESD Dus 2 - ESD Dus 2 a new rare allele for
esterase D (ESD) described in a family from
Dusseldorf.
ESDS - ESDS European Spinal Deformities Society.
ESF - ESF Economic Support Fund.
ESF - ESF European Science Foundation.
ESFAS - ESFAS European Society of Foot and
Ankle Surgeons.
ESI - ESI electrospray ionization.
ESI - ESI epidural steroid injection.

776

ESI - ESI European Surgical Institute.

ESO - ESO European School of Oncology
EspA - EspA E. coli secreted protein A.
EspB - EspB E. coli secreted protein B.
EspD - EspD E. coli secreted protein D.
ESPD - ESPD electrosensitive protective device.
ESPD - ESPD endogenous digoxin-like substance.
ESPGHAN - ESPGHAN European Society of
Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and
Nutrition.
ESR - ESR electron spin resonance.
ESR - ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
ESRD - ESRD end stage renal disease.
ESRF - ESRF end stage renal failure.

777

ESS - ESS endometrial stromal sarcoma.

ESS - ESS European Spine Society.
ESSKA - ESSKA European Society for Sports
Medicine Knee Surgery and Arthroscopy.
EST - EST electroshock therapy.
EST - EST estrogen sulfotransferases.
EST - EST expressed sequence tag.
ESTRO - ESTRO European Society for Therapeutic
Radiation and Oncology.
ESWL - ESWL extracorporeal shock wave
lithotripsy.
et - et and.
ET - ET ejection time.
ET - ET esotropia.

778

ET - ET essential thrombocythemia.
ET - ET eustachian tube(s).
ET - ET exercise training.
ET-1 - ET-1 endothelin-1.
ETA - ETA estimated time of arrival.
ETCO2 - ETCO2 end tidal CO2.
ETD - ETD estimated time of departure.
ETF - ETF eustachian tube function.
ETI - ETI endotracheal intubation.
Etio - Etio etiology.
etiol. - etiol. etiology
EtO - EtO ethylene oxyde.

779

ETOH - ETOH ethanol - alcohol

ETS - ETS environmental tobacco smoke.
ETT - ETT endotracheal tube.
ETT - ETT exercise tolerance test.
ETX - ETX ethosuximide.
EU - EU European Union.
EU-NRLs - EU-NRLs European Union National
Reference Laboratories.
EUA - EUA examination under anesthesia.
EUP - EUP eupneic.
EUS - EUS endoscopic ultrasound.
EVA - EVA economic value added.
EVA - EVA electric vacuum aspiration.

780

EVA - EVA ethylene-vinylacetate.

EVAL - EVAL ethylene-vinyl alcohol.
eval. - eval. evaluation.
EVH - EVH enabled/VASP homology.
EVH - EVH endoscopic vein harvest.
EVH - EVH esophageal variceal hemorrhage.
EVH - EVH eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation.
EX - EX exacerbate; examination; excision.
EX - EX exercise.
EX - EX extension.
Exam - Exam examination.
EXC - EXC excellent; except; exchange; excision.
EXP - EXP expand; explain.

781

ExT - ExT exfoliating toxin.

EXT - EXT extend; external; extremity
ext - ext external.
aF - F female.
F - F phenylalanine.
F & E - F & E flexion & extension.
F(hor) - F(hor) horizontal ground reaction force.
F-actin - F-actin filamentous actin.
F-BKP - F-BKP femoral-below-knee-popliteal
bypasses.
f.b. - f.b. foreign body
F.H. - F.H. family history.
F/H - F/H family history.

782

F/I - F/I fever due to infection.

F/U - F/U follow-up.
F7 - F7 factor VII gene on chromosome 13q34-qter.
FA - FA failed appointment.
FA - FA Fanconi's anemia.
FA - FA fluorapatite.
FA - FA forearm.
FAA - FAA Federal Aviation Agency .
FAAN - FAAN Federal Airport Authority of
Nigeria.
FAAP - FAAP F-actin image analysis program.
FAAP - FAAP Fellow of the American Academy of
Pediatrics.

783

FAAP - FAAP free amino acid pool.

FAAP - FAAP functional activity of plasminogen
activators in plasma.
FAAP - FAAP N-formylaminoantipyrine.
Faap(s) - Faap(s) fatty acid activation protein(s).
FAAU - FAAU functional activity of plasminogen
activators in urine.
FAB - FAB French American and British
classification scheme for leukemia.
FABERE - FABERE flexion abduction external
rotation and extension.
FABP - FABP fatty acid binding protein.
FACC - FACC Fellow of the American College of
Cardiology.
FACES-II - FACES-II Family Adaptability and
Cohesion Evaluation Scales Version II.

784

FACFAS - FACFAS Fellow of the American

College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.
FACOG - FACOG Fellow Of The American
College Of Obstetrics And Gynecology.
FACOI - FACOI Fellow of the American College of
Osteopathic Internists.
FACP - FACP Fellow of the American College Of
Physicians.
FACS - FACS Fellow of the American College Of
Surgeons.
FACS - FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorter.
FACU - FACU Federal Agricultural Coordinating
Unit.
FAD - FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide.
FADIR - FADIR flexion adduction and internal
rotation.

785

FADIRE - FADIRE flexion adduction internal

rotation and extension.
FAI - FAI Foot and Ankle International (Journal).
FALT - FALT follicle-associated lymphoid tissue.
FAMS - FAMS functional assessment of multiple
sclerosis.
FANA - FANA fluorescent antinuclear antibody test
(see also ANA).
FAO - FAO United Nations Food and Agricultural
Organization.
FAOP - FAOP Florida Association of Orthotists and
Prosthetists.
FAP - FAP familial adenomatous polyposis.
FAQ - FAQ frequently asked questions.
FAS/ITP - FAS/ITP Foreign Agriculture

786

Service/International Trade Policy.

FASIG - FASIG Foot and Ankle Special Interest
Group.
FAWC - FAWC Farm Animal Welfare Concil (UK).
FB - FB Fb fingerbreadth.
FB - FB foreign body.
FBC - FBC full blood count.
FBD - FBD Familial British dementia.
FBD - FBD feather and beak disease (a bird
disease).
FBD - FBD fibrin binding domain.
FBD - FBD fibrocystic breast disease
FBD - FBD Flow-BOLD (blood oxygenation leveldependent) -Dependence.

787

FBD - FBD food-borne diseases.

FBD - FBD forearm bone density.
FBD - FBD functional bowel disorder/distress.
FBD - FBD functional breathing disorder.
FBI - FBI Federal Bureau of Investigations.
FBP - FBP filtered back-projection.
FBS - FBS fasting blood sugar.
FBS - FBS Finnish Bone Society (EFFO Member
Society).
FC - FC finger counting.
FCA - FCA fracture complete angulated.
FCAPM - FCAPM formal college approved
postgraduate meeting.
FCC - FCC Federal Communications Commission.

788

FCC - FCC fracture complete comminuted; fracture

compound
FCCC - FCCC fracture complete comminuted
compound.
FCCP - FCCP Fellow of the American College Of
Chest Physicians.
FCD - FCD fracture complete deviated.
FCE - FCE food conversion efficiency.
FCI - FCI flow cytometric immunophenotyping.
FCM - FCM flow cytometry.
FCMC - FCMC family-centered maternity care.
FCOVD - FCOVD Fellow of the College of
Optometrists in Vision Development.
FCR - FCR flexor carpi radialis.

789

FCS - FCS fetal calf serum.

FCT - FCT Federal Capitol Territory.
FCU - FCU flexor carpi ulnaris.
FD - FD familial dysautonomia.
Fd-MIV - Fd-MIV Friend derived murine
immunosuppressive virus.
FDA - FDA Food and Drug Administration (US).
FDA-BAM - FDA-BAM Food & Drug
Administration-Bacteriological Analytical Manual.
FDC - FDC follicular dendritic cells.
FDI - FDI first dorsal interosseus (muscle of the
hand).
FDIM - FDIM fluorescence digital imaging
microscopy.
FDIO - FDIO first dorsal interosseous (muscle).

790

FDMA - FDMA first dorsal metacarpal artery.

FDP - FDP fibrin degradation products.
FDP - FDP flexor digitorum profundus.
FDP - FDP fructose-16-diphosphate.
FDS - FDS flexor digitorum superficialis.
FDV - FDV Four dimensional visualization.
Fe - Fe iron.
FEA - FEA focal epileptic activity.
FEB - FEB fever.
FECG - FECG fetal electrocardiogram.
FECS - FECS Federation of European Cancer
Societies.
FEF - FEF forced expiratory flow.

791

FEKG - FEKG fetal electrocardiogram.

FEL - FEL familial erythrophagocytic
lymphohistiocytosis.
FeLV - FeLV feline leukemia virus.
FeNa - FeNa fractional excretion of sodium: (UNa x
PCr/PNa x UCr) x 100; <1 in prerenal azotemia and
1 in intrinsic renal azotemia.
FEP - FEP free erythrocyte protoporphyrin.
FER - FER flexion extension rotation.
FERC - FERC Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission.
FES - FES functional electric stimulation (Cleveland
FES Center).
FES - FES functional electrical stimulation.
FES - FES functional endoscopic sinus.

792

FES-LCE - FES-LCE functional electrical

stimulation (FES)-induced leg cycle ergometer
(LCE).
FESSH - FESSH Federation of the European
Societies for Surgery of the Hand.
FEV - FEV forced expiratory volume.
FEV1 - FEV1 forced expiratory volume in one
second.
FF - FF forward flexion.
Ff - Ff free fraction.
FFA - FFA for further appointment.
FFD - FFD free from disability.
FFM - FFM Five-Factor Model of personality.
FFROM - FFROM full free range of motion.

793

FFS - FFS failure-free survival.

FFS - FFS fee-for-service.
FFS - FFS Five-Factors Score (a prognostic scoring
systems).
FFT - FFT forward flexion: fingertips to toes.
FGF - FGF fibroblast growth factor.
FH - FH family history.
FH - FH follicular hyperplasia.
FHLH - FHLH familial histiocytic
lymphohistiocytosis.
FHR - FHR fetal heart rate.
FHS - FHS fetal heart sounds.
FHT - FHT fetal heart tones.
Fib - Fib fibroblasts.

794

FID - FID flame ionization detectors

(chromatography).
FIGO - FIGO International Federation of
Gynecology and Obstetrics (Federation
Internationale de Gynecologie et dObstetrique).
FIMS - FIMS Federation Internationale de Medecine
Sportive (International Federation of Sports
Medicine).
FIN - FIN finasteride.
FINCEN - FINCEN Financial Center.
FiO2 - FiO2 fraction of inspired oxygen.
FISH - FISH fluorescence in situ hybridization.
FIT - FIT Fracture Intervention Trial.
FITC - FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate.
FIX - FIX fixed arm support.

795

FJRM - FJRM full joint range of motion.

FL - FL flank.
FL - FL flexion.
FL - FL fluid.
FL - FL follicular lymphoma.
FL - FL fully lactating.
FL-LC - FL-LC follicular lymphoma large cell.
FL-M - FL-M follicular lymphoma mixed small
cleaved and large.
FL-SC - FL-SC follicular lymphoma small cleaved.
FLD - FLD frontal lobe dementia.
Flex - Flex flexion.
FLEX - FLEX flexion.

796

Fli1 - Fli1 Friend leukemia integration 1 gene.

FLX - FLX flexion
FMD - FMD family medical doctor.
FMD - FMD foot and mounth disease.
FMF - FMF Foreign Military Funding.
FMH - FMH fetal-maternal hemorrhage.
FMR-1 - FMR-1 fragile X mental retardation 1 gene.
FMRP - FMRP fragile X mental retardation
protein(s).
FMS - FMS fibromyalgia syndrome.
FMSI - FMSI Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana
(Federation of Italian Sports Medicine)
(ItalianMedSport).
FN - FN fibronectin.

797

FNA - FNA fine needle aspiration.

FNAB - FNAB fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
FNH - FNH focal nodular hyperplasia.
FNP - FNP family nurse practitioner
FO - FO fecal output.
FOBT - FOBT fecal occult blood testing.
FOC - FOC flight of colors test.
FOP - FOP fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.
FORE - FORE Foundation for Osteoporosis
Research and Education.
FOS - FOS Finnish Osteoporosis Society (EFFO
Member Society).
FOS - FOS full of stool/constipated.

798

FOSA - FOSA Federation of Spine Associations

(AAOS Specialty Societies).
FOSIT - FOSIT Fosamax International Trial.
FP - FP fluticasone propionate.
FPA - FPA fibrinopeptide A.
FPB - FPB fibrinopeptide B.
FPB - FPB flexor pollicis brevis.
FPD - FPD fibrin(ogen) degradation products.
FPIA - FPIA fluorescence polarization
immunoassay.
FPL - FPL flexor pollicis longus.
FPL - FPL functional profile length.
FPM - FPM full passive movements.
FPMA - FPMA Florida Podiatric Medical

799

Association.
FPT - FPT farnesyl protein transferase.
FR - FR fracture.
FR - FR frequency of respiration.
FR - FR full range.
FRBB - FRBB fracture of both bones.
FRC - FRC fibroblastic reticulum cells.
FRC - FRC functional residual capacity.
FRCP - FRCP Fellow of the Royal College of
Physicians.
FRCP(C) - FRCP(C) Fellow of the Royal College of
Physicians of Canada.
FRCSI - FRCSI Fellow of the Royal College of
Surgeons in Ireland.

800

FRJM - FRJM full range of joint movement.

FROM - FROM full range of motion full range of
movement.
FS - FS frozen section.
FSB - FSB Formosan Society of Biomechanics.
FSC - FSC forward angle light scatter (flow
cytometry term).
FSC - FSC fracture simple comminuted.
FSCAI - FSCAI Fellow of the Society for Cardiac
Angiography and Interventions.
FSCC - FSCC fracture simple complete
comminuted.
FSCCL - FSCCL follicular small cleaved cell
lymphomas.
FSCPC - FSCPC fast-setting calcium phosphate
cement.

801

FSD - FSD functional sensory deficit.

FSE - FSE fast-spin-echo.
FSGS - FSGS focal and segmental
glomerulosclerosis.
FSH - FSH follicle stimulating hormone.
FSN - FSN Foreign Service National.
FSOs - FSOs family members and significant others.
FSS - FSS frozen shoulder syndrome.
ft - ft Foot feet (measure).
FT - FT low-molecular polypeptide factors of
thymus.
FT-IR - FT-IR Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopy.
FT4 - FT4 free thyroxin.

802

FT4I - FT4I free thyroxin (T4) index.

FTA-ABS - FTA-ABS fluorescent treponemal
antibody absorption test.
FTD - FTD frontotemporal dementia.
FTI - FTI farnesyl transferase inhibitor.
FTI - FTI free thyroxin index.
FTIR - FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared.
FTKA - FTKA failed to keep appointment.
FTND - FTND full term normal delivery.
FTNM - FTNM The French TNM Group.
FTR - FTR fast-twitch red (skeletal muscle).
FTSG - FTSG full thickness skin graft.
FTT - FTT failure to thrive.

803

FTW - FTW fast-twitch white (skeletal muscle).

FTW - FTW fat weight.
FTW - FTW first time wheezing.
FTY - FTY fat yield.
FU - FU follow-up.
FU(5-) - FU(5-) 5-fluorouracil (treatment regimen).
FUBAR - FUBAR Fowled Up Beyond All
Recognition.
FUO - FUO fever of undetermined (or unknown)
origin.
FVC - FVC forced vital capacity.
FVII - FVII factor VII.
FVIIa - FVIIa activated factor VII.

804

FVIIAg - FVIIAg factor VII antigen.

FVIIc - FVIIc factor VII coagulant activity.
FWB - FWB full weight bearing.
FX - FX Fx fracture.
FXBB - FXBB fracture of both bones.
FXS - FXS fragile X syndrome.
FY - FY fiscal year.
FYI - FYI for your information.
G - G glycine.
g - g gm gram.
G - G gravida.
G - G guanine.
G - G histopathological grading.

805

G&O - G&O gas and oxygen.

G-1-P - G-1-P glucose-1-phosphate.
G-CSF - G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating
factor promotes production of white blood cells.
G-DAP - G-DAP Geriatric Draw-A-Person
G-M - G-M Geiger-Muller (counter).
g-m - g-m gram-meter.
g-mol - g-mol gram-molecule.
G-type - G-type gastric type.
G/M - G/M granulocyte/macrophage.
g/ml - g/ml grams per milliliter.
G/P - G/P gravida/para.
G3P - G3P G-3-P glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

806

G3P - G3P glycerol-3-phosphate.

G3PD - G3PD glucose-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
G6P - G6P G-6-P glucose-6-phosphate.
G6Pase - G6Pase G-6-Pase glucose-6-phosphatase.
G6PD - G6PD G-6-PD glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase.
GA - GA gastric analysis; general appearance.
GA - GA general anaesthetic/anesthesia.
GA - GA gestational age.
GA - GA granulocyte agglutination assay.
GA/BW - GA/BW 16 gestational age/birthweight
categories.
GAA - GAA guanine-adenine-adenine codon for
glutamic acid.

807

GAC - GAC guanine-adenine-cytosine codon for

aspartic acid.
GAD - GAD generalized anxiety disorder.
GAF score - GAF score global assessment of
functioning.
GAG - GAG guanine-adenine-guanine codon for
glutamic acid.
Gal - Gal gallon.
GALOP (syndrome) - GALOP (syndrome) Gait
disorder Autoantibody Late-age Onset
GAMC - GAMC General Assistance Medical Care.
GAP-43 - GAP-43 growth-associated protein-43.
gastroc - gastroc Gastrocnemius.
GAU - GAU guanine-adenine-uracil codon for
aspartic acid.

808

GB - GB gallbladder.
GBD - GBD gallbladder disease.
GBEF - GBEF gallbladder ejection fraction.
GBM - GBM glomerular basement membrane.
GBS - GBS gallbladder series.
GBS - GBS Guillian-Barre syndrome.
GC - GC gas chromatography.
GC - GC general condition.
GC - GC germinal center.
GC - GC gonococcal; gonococcus.
GC/MS - GC/MS gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry.
GCA - GCA giant cell arteritis.

809

GCA - GCA guanine-cytosine-adenine codon for

alanine.
GCC - GCC guanine-cytosine-cytosine codon for
alanine.
GCDFP-15 - GCDFP-15 gross cystic disease fluid
protein 15.
GCG - GCG guanine-cytosine-guanine codon for
alanine.
GCNST - GCNST granular cell nerve sheath tumor.
GCP - GCP Good Clinical Practice (guidelines).
GCRP - GCRP good clinical research practice.
GCS - GCS Glasgow Coma Scale.
GCT - GCT germ cell tumor.
GCU - GCU guanine-cytosine-uracil codon for
alanine.

810

GD - GD gastroparesis diabeticorum.
GDM - GDM gestational diabetes mellitus.
GDP - GDP Gross Domestic Product.
GE - GE gastroenteritis.
GE - GE gastroesophageal.
GE - GE gradient echo (MRI).
Ged - Ged end-diastolic conductances.
GED - GED gas electron diffraction.
GED - GED gastric emptying duration.
GED - GED gastric epithelial dysplasia.
GED - GED general emergency department.
GED - GED general equivalency diploma.
GED - GED generalised exfoliative dermatitis.

811

GED - GED generalized epileptiform discharges.

GED - GED Gln-enriched diet.
GED - GED glutamic acid diethyl ester.
GED - GED Graves' eye disease.
GED - GED GTPase effector domain.
GED - GED guanidinoethyldisulphide.
Ged - Ged left ventricle centers of gravity at enddiastole.
GED-ELISA - GED-ELISA gel electrophoresisderived enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
GEDs - GEDs Glycosphingolipid-enriched domains.
GERD - GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Ges - Ges end-systolic conductances.

812

GFAP - GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein.

GFP - GFP green fluorescent protein.
GFR - GFR glomerular filtration rate.
GFW - GFW Guizhi-Fuling-Wan (prescription of
Traditional Chinese Medicine for liver disease).
GG - GG gamma globulin.
GGA - GGA guanine-guanine-adenine codon for
glycine.
GGC - GGC guanine-guanine-cytosine codon for
glycine.
GGF - GGF glial growth factor.
GGF - GGF grifolafrondosa.
GGG - GGG guanine-guanine-guanine codon for
glycine.
GGT - GGT gamma-glutamyltransferase.

813

GGT - GGT gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase.

GGU - GGU guanine-guanine-uracil codon for
glycine.
GH - GH general health.
GH - GH growth hormone (somatotropin).
GHBP - GHBP growth hormone binding protein.
comminuted.
GHD - GHD growth hormone deficiency.
GHRF - GHRF growth hormone releasing factor.
GHSG - GHSG German Hodgkin Lymphoma Study
Group.
GHT - GHT geniculo-hypothalamic tract.
GHT - GHT growth hormone therapy.
GI - GI [gaster (Greek)] gastrointestinal.

814

GI - GI gonion.
GIC - GIC glass ionomer cement.
GICD - GICD Groupe Internationale Cotrel
Dubousset.
GIF - GIF granulocyte immunofluorescence assay.
GIH - GIH gastrointestinal hormone.
GIN - GIN glucose/nitrogen ratio.
GINS - GINS glucose in normal saline (solution).
GIP - GIP gastric inhibitory peptide.
GIP - GIP giant cell interstitial pneumonia.
GIP - GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide.
GIP - GIP gonorrheal invasive peritonitis.
GIS - GIS Global Information System.

815

GLC - GLC gas-liquid chromatography.

Gln - Gln glutamine.
GLP - GLP good laboratory practice.
Glu - Glu glucose.
Glu - Glu glutamic acid.
GLU - GLU glutamic acid.
gluc - gluc glucose.
GLUC - GLUC glucosidase.
GLUD - GLUD glutamate dehydrogenase.
GLUDP - GLUDP glutamate dehydrogenase
pseudogene.
GLUL - GLUL glutamate (ammonia) ligase.
GLUR - GLUR glutamate receptor.

816

GLUT - GLUT glucose transporter.

GLV - GLV gibbon ape leukemia virus.
GLV - GLV Gross leukemia virus.
GLVR - GLVR gibbon ape leukemia virus receptor.
GLY - GLY gly glycine.
Gly - Gly glycine
glyc - glyc glyceride.
Gm - Gm an allotype marker on the heavy chains of
immunoglobins.
gm - gm cal gram calorie.
GM - GM gastric mucosa.
GM - GM Geiger-Muller (counter).
GM - GM general medicine.

817

GM - GM genetic manipulation.
GM - GM geometric mean.
GM - GM giant melanosome.
gm - gm GM gram.
GM - GM gram.
gm - gm gram.
GM - GM grand mal (epilepsy).
GM - GM grand multiparity.
GM - GM grandmother.
GM - GM granulocyte-macrophage.
GM - GM gray matter.
GM - GM gross motor.

818

GM - GM growth medium.
GM&S - GM&S general medicine and surgery.
GM+ - GM+ gram-positive.
GM- - GM- gram-negative.
GM-CFU - GM-CFU granulocyte~macrophage
colony forming unit.
GM-CSF - GM-CSF granulocyte and macrophage
colony stimulating factor.
gm-m - gm-m gram-meter.
gm. neg. - gm. neg. gram negative.
gm/cc - gm/cc grams per cubic centimeter.
gm/l - gm/l grams per liter.
GMA - GMA glyceral methacrylate.
GMA - GMA gross motor activity.

819

GMB - GMB gastric mucosal barrier.

GMB - GMB granulomembranous body.
GMBF - GMBF gastric mucosa blood flow.
GMC - GMC general medical clinic.
GMC - GMC general medical council.
GMC - GMC giant migratory contraction.
GMC - GMC grivet monkey cell.
GMCD - GMCD grand mal convulsive disorder.
GMD - GMD geometric mean diameter.
GMD - GMD glycopeptide moiety modified
derivative.
GME - GME graduate medical education.
GMENAC - GMENAC Graduate Medical Education

820

National Advisory Committee.

GMH - GMH germinal matrix hemorrhage.
GMK - GMK green monkey kidney (cells).
GML - GML gut mucosa lymphocyte.
GMN - GMN gradient moment nulling.
GMP - GMP glucose monophosphate.
GMP - GMP good manufacturing practice.
GMP - GMP granule membrane protein.
GMP - GMP guanosine monophosphate.
GMPR - GMPR guanine monophosphate reductase.
GMPs - GMPs GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylases.
GMR - GMR gallops murmurs rubs.
GMR - GMR gradient motion rephasing.

821

GMRH - GMRH germinal matrix related

hemorrhage.
GMRI - GMRI gated magnetic resonance imaging.
GMS - GMS General Medical Service.
GMS - GMS geriatric mental state.
GMS - GMS Gilbert-Meulengracht syndrome.
GMS - GMS glyceryl monostearate.
GMS - GMS Gomori methenamine silver stain.
GMS - GMS goniodysgenesis-menta1 retardationshort stature (syndrome).
GMSC - GMSC General Medical Services
Committee.
GMT - GMT geometric mean titer.
GMT - GMT gingival margin trimmer.

822

GMV - GMV gram molecular volume.

GMW - GMW gram molecular weight.
GN - GN gaze nystagmus.
GN - GN glomerulonephritis.
GN - GN glucose nitrogen (ratio).
Gn - Gn gnathion.
GN - GN gnotobiote.
Gn - Gn gonadotropin.
GN - GN graduate nurse.
GN - GN gram-negative.
GN - GN guanine nucleotide.
GNA - GNA general nursing assistance.

823

GNAT - GNAT guanine nucleotide-binding protein

alpha-transducing.
GNAZ - GNAZ guanosine nucleotide-binding alpha
Z polypeptide.
GNB - GNB ganglioneuroblastoma.
GNB - GNB gram-negative bacillus.
GNB - GNB guanine nucleotide-binding (protein).
GNBM - GNBM gram-negative bacillary
meningitis.
GNBT - GNBT guanine nucleotide-binding protein
beta transducing.
GNC - GNC general nursing care.
GNC - GNC General Nursing Council.
GNC - GNC geriatric nurse clinician.
GND - GND Gram-negative diplococci.

824

GNID - GNID gram-negative intracellular

diplococci.
GNP - GNP geriatric nurse practitioner.
GNP - GNP gerontologic nurse practitioner.
GNP - GNP Gross National Product .
GNR - GNR gram-negative rods.
GnRF - GnRF gonadotropin-releasing factor.
GnRH - GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
GnRHR - GnRHR gonadotropin-releasing hormone
receptor.
GNTP - GNTP Graduate Nurse Transition Program.
GO - GO gastro-(o)esophageal.
GO - GO geroderma osteodysplastica.

825

GO - GO glucose oxidase.
Go - Go gonion.
GO - GO gonorrhea.
GOA - GOA generalized osteoarthritis.
GOAT - GOAT Galveston Orientation and Amnesia
Test.
GOBAB - GOBAB gamma-hydroxy-betaaminobutyric acid.
GOE - GOE gas oxygen and ether.
GOG - GOG Gynecologic Oncology Group.
GOH - GOH gemderma osteodysplastica hereditaria.
GOK - GOK God only knows (the diagnosis).
GOMER - GOMER Get Out of My Examination
Room.

826

GOMER - GOMER Grand Old Man of the

Emergency Room.
GON - GON gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum.
GON - GON Government of Nigeria.
GOND - GOND glaucomatous optic nerve damage.
GOQ - GOQ glucose oxidation quotient.
GOR - GOR gastroesophageal reflux.
GOR - GOR general operating room.
GOS - GOS Glasgow outcome score.
GOT - GOT aspartate aminotransferase.
GOT - GOT glucose oxidase test.
GOT - GOT glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase.
GOT - GOT goal of treatment.

827

GOTM - GOTM glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase

mitochondrial.
GOX - GOX glyphosate oxydoreductase.
GP - GP gangliocytic paraganglioma.
GP - GP gastric pneumatosis.
GP - GP gastroplasty.
gp - gp gene product.
GP - GP general paralysis general paresis.
GP - GP general physic.
GP - GP general practice general practitioner.
GP - GP genetic prediabetes.
GP - GP geometric progression.
GP - GP globus pallidus.

828

GP - GP glucose phosphate.
GP - GP glutathione peroxidase.
GP - GP glycerophosphate.
GP - GP glycogen phosphorylase.
GP - GP glycopeptide.
GP - GP glycophorin.
GP - GP glycoprotein.
GP - GP Goodpasture syndrome.
GP - GP gram positive.
GP - GP gross product.
GP - GP group.
GP - GP guinea pig.
GP - GP gutta percha.

829

Gp - Gp parallel conductance.
gp46 - gp46 viral protein specific to HIV virus.
GPA - GPA Goodpasture antigen.
GPA - GPA grade point average.
GPA - GPA Group Practice Association.
GPA - GPA growth-promoting activity.
GPA - GPA guinea pig albumin.
Gpa - Gpa the phosphorylated high-activity form of
glycogen phosphorylase (GP).
GPA(?-) - GPA(?-) alpha-D-glucose pentaacetate.
GPA(3-) - GPA(3-) 3-guanidinopropionic acid.
GPAIS - GPAIS guinea pig anti-insulin serum.
GPB - GPB glossopharyngeal breathing.

830

GPB - GPB glycophorin B.

GPb - GPb the dephosphorylated low-activity form
of glycogen phosphorylase (GP).
GPC - GPC gastric parietal cell.
GPC - GPC gel permeation chromatography.
GPC - GPC giant papillary conjunctivitis.
GPC - GPC glycophorin C.
GPC - GPC granular progenitor cell.
GPC - GPC guinea pig complement.
GPCI - GPCI geographic practice cost index.
GPD - GPD glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
GPD - GPD glycerol-phosphate dehydrogenase.
GPI - GPI glycophosphatidilinositol (anchor surface

831

protein deficient in PNH).

GPI - GPI glycosylphosphatidylinositol.
GPOH - GPOH Gesellschaft fur Padiatrische
Onkologie und Hamatologie (German Paed. Onc
Group).
GPP - GPP good pharmacy practices.
GPR - GPR good partial remission.
GPT - GPT glutamic pyruvic transaminase.
Polyneuropathy.
GPx - GPx glucathione peroxydase.
GR - GR gastric resection; great greater; gross
grossly; group.
GR - GR glutathione reductase.
gr - gr grain.
Gra - Gra granulocytes.

832

GRAIL - GRAIL Gene Recognition and Analysis

Internet Link.
GRAV - GRAV Grav. gravida a pregnant woman.
GRE - GRE gradient echo.
GRH - GRH growth hormone-releasing hormone
(somatocrinin).
GRID - GRID gay-related immunodeficiency.
GRM - GRM gallop rub murmur.
GS - GS glycogen synthase.
GSC - GSC gas-solid chromatography.
GSH - GSH reduced glutathione.
GSM - GSM grams per square meter.
GSS - GSS Gerstmann-Str?ussler syndrome.

833

GSS - GSS glucose-saline solution.

GSS - GSS Gruppo di Studio della Scoliosi e delle
Patologie Vertebrali.
GSSG - GSSG oxidized glutathione.
GST-P - GST-P glutathione S-transferase P form.
GSW - GSW gun shot wound.
GT - GT gait training.
gt - gt gtt drop drops.
GTD - GTD gestational trophoblastic disease.
GTT - GTT glucose tolerance test.
Gtts - Gtts drops per minute.
GU - GU (genitalis) genitourinary.
GU - GU gastric ulcer.

834

GUA - GUA guanine-uracil-adenine codon for

valine.
GUC - GUC guanine-uracil-cytosine codon for
valine.
GUG - GUG guanine-uracil-guanine codon for
valine.
Guppying - Guppying the complete exterior and
interior alteration that most World War II boats
experienced after the war.
GUU - GUU guanine-uracil-uracil codon for valine.
GvHD - GvHD graft versus host disease.
GVHR - GVHR graft vs. host reaction.
GW - GW gigaohm (one billion ohms).
GXT - GXT graded exercise test.
Gy - Gy grays (units of radiation).

835

GYN - GYN gyn gynecology.

H - H histidine.
h - h hour.
H - H hypodermic hydrogen.
H-H
H&E - H&E hematoxylin and eosin stain.
H&E - H&E hemorrhage and exudate
H&H - H&H hematocrit and hemoglobin.
H&P - H&P history and physical (examination).
H-J - H-J hepatojugular.
H. flu - H. flu Haemophilus influenzae.
h.p.f. - h.p.f. high power field.

836

H/O - H/O h/o history of.

H2S - H2S hydrogen sulfide.
HA - HA headache.
HA - HA high anxiety.
HA - HA hospital admission.
HA - HA hydroxylapatite.
HA/Al - HA/Al hydroxyapatite coated porous
alumni (ceramic).
HAA - HAA hepatitis associated antibodies.
HAART - HAART highly active antiretroviral
therapy.
HAC - HAC hydroxylapatite ceramic.
HACCP - HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical
Control Point.

837

HAD - HAD high-alcohol-drinking.

HADD - HADD highest average daily dose.
HADS - HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression
Scale.
HaeIII - HaeIII restriction enzyme from
Haemophilus aegyptius.
HAL - HAL hypocellular acute leukemia.
HAM - HAM human alveolar macrophage.
HASCVD - HASCVD hypertensive arteriosclerotic
cardiovascular disease
HAT - HAT Halsted aphasia test.
HAT - HAT harmonic attenuation table.
HAT - HAT head arm trunk.
HAT - HAT heparin-assosiated thrombocytopenia.

838

HAT - HAT hepatic artery thrombosis.

HAT - HAT heterophil antibody titer.
HAT - HAT high albumin transport.
HAT - HAT histone acetyltransferase.
HAT - HAT hospital arrival time.
HAT - HAT hypoxanthine aminopterin and
thymidine.
HAT - HAT hypoxanthine azaserine and thymidine.
Hb - Hb hemoglobin.
HbA1c - HbA1c hemoglobin A1c - used for
monitoring blood glucose.
HBD - HBD has been drinking.
HBD - HBD hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.
HBF - HBF hepatic blood flow.

839

HBIG - HBIG hepatitis B immune globuline.

Hbp - Hbp high blood pressure.
HBPV - HBPV Hemophillus influenzae type B
polysaccharide vaccine.
HBSAG - HBSAG hepatitis B surface antigen.
HBSE - HBSE Human Behavior & Social
Environment.
HBV - HBV hepatitis B virus.
HC - HC Hassals corpuscles.
HCA - HCA hepatic cell adenomas.
HCA - HCA Murex Hybrid Capture CMV DNA
assay.
HCC - HCC hepatocellular carcinoma.
HCFA - HCFA Health Care Financing

840

Administration (US).
HCG - HCG human chorionic gonadotropin.
HCGs - HCGs hyperchromatic crowded groups.
HCII - HCII Heparin cofactor II.
HCL - HCL hairy cell leukemia.
HCl - HCl hydrochloric acid hydrochloride.
HCM - HCM health care maintenance.
HCM - HCM hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
HCO3 - HCO3 bicarbonate.
HCPS - HCPS hantavirus cardiopulmonary
syndrome.
HCT - HCT Hct hct ht hematocrit (also packed cell
volume
HCT - HCT helical computed tomographic.

841

HCTZ - HCTZ hydrochlorothiazide.

HCV - HCV hepatitis C virus.
HCV - HCV hog cholera virus.
HCVD - HCVD hypertensive cardiovascular
disease.
HD - HD hearing distance.
HD - HD heart disease.
HD - HD helper-dependent (e.g. adenoviral vectors).
HD - HD hemodialysis.
HD - HD herniated disks.
HD - HD high dose.
HD - HD Hodgkin's disease (lymphoma).
HD - HD hospital day.

842

HDC - HDC high-dose chemotherapy.

HDC - HDC high dose chemotherapy (often used as
HDC/BMT) /PSCT or /PSCR used with HDC,
means with peripheral stem cell transplant or rescue.
HDCT - HDCT high-dose chemotherapy.
HDCV - HDCV human diploid cell vaccine.
HDF - HDF human diploid fibroblast.
HDL - HDL high density lipoprotein.
HDN - HDN hemolytic disease of the newborn.
HDPE - HDPE high-density polyethylene.
HDS - HDS herniated disc syndrome.
HE - HE Hektoen enteric agar.
HE - HE hereditary eliptocytosis.

843

HEADS - HEADS home education & employment

activities drugs
HEC - HEC Hemorrhagic Escherichia Coli.
HECOS - HECOS Health and Economic
Consequences of Smoking.
HEDIC - HEDIC Healthcare Electronic Data
Interchange Corporation.
HEENT - HEENT head ears eyes nose
HELLP - HELLP hemolysis elevated liver enzymes
low platelets syndrome.
HEMA - HEMA 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate.
HEMA-MMA - HEMA-MMA hydroxyethyl
methacrylate-methyl methacrylate.
HEP - HEP home exercise program.
HEPA - HEPA high-efficiency particulate
air/adsorption.

844

HER2 - HER2 human EGF-like receptor no. 2; short

for HER2ECD (extra cellular domain) (also called
Her2/neu).
HETEs - HETEs
HydroxyEicosaTetraEnoic acids.
HEV(s) - HEV(s) high endothelial venule(s).
HF - HF hay fever.
HF - HF heart failure.
HFC - HFC high frequency cells.
HFOV - HFOV high-frequency oscillatory
ventilation.
HFRT - HFRT hyperfractionated radiotherapy.
HFV - HFV hippocampal formation volume.
HG - HG herpes gestationis.

845

HG - HG Hog Cholera.
Hg - Hg Mercury.
hgb - hgb Hb HGB hemoglobin.
HGE - HGE human granulocytic ehrlichiosis.
HGH - HGH human growth hormone.
HGM - HGM human gastric mucin.
HGPRT - HGPRT hypoxanthine guanine
phosphoribosyl transferase.
HGSIL - HGSIL high-grade squamous
intraepithelial lesion.
HH - HH hard of hearing.
HH - HH hiatal hernia.
Hha - Hha Halobacterium halobium.
HHC - HHC hereditary hemochromatosis.

846

HHNK - hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic. HHNK - hyperglycemic hyperosmolar non-ketotic.

HHV - HHV human herpes virus.
HHV-8 - HHV-8 human herpes virus 8.
HI - HI hemagglutination inhibition.
Hi - Hi hemiglobin (methemoglobin).
HIAA (5-) - HIAA (5-) 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid.
HIB - HIB Haemophilus influenzae type B.
Hib - Hib Hemophillus influenzae type B conjugate
vaccine.
HIBCC - HIBCC Health Industry Bar Code Council.
HiCN - HiCN hemiglobincyanide.
HIDA - HIDA Health Industry Distributors
Association.

847

HIDA - HIDA hepatic iminodiacetic acid (imaging

or scanning).
HIDA - HIDA tetrahydroindazolone carboxylic acid.
HIER - HIER heat induced epitope retrieval.
HIFU - HIFU high intensity focused ultrasound.
HIM - HIM Health Information Management.
HIMA - HIMA Health Industry Manufacturers
Association.
HindIII - HindIII restriction enzyme from
Haemophilus influenzae Rd.
HIPAA - HIPAA Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act.
HIPSOC - HIPSOC Hip Society (also: AAOS
Related Organizations).
His - His histidine.

848

HIT - HIT heparin induced thrombocytopenia.

HIT - HIT Holtzman Inkblot Technique.
HIV - HIV human immunodeficiency virus.
HIV/AIDS - HIV/AIDS Human Immuno-Deficiency
Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
HJR - HJR hepatojugular reflux.
HK - HK high molecular weight kininogen.
HKAFO - HKAFO hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis.
HKCOS - HKCOS Hong Kong College of
Orthopaedic Surgeons.
HKOA - HKOA Hong Kong Orthopaedic
Association.
HL - HL hearing loss.
HL - HL heart and lungs.

849

HL-A - HL-A Human Leukocyte Associated

antigens (HL-A matching for BMT).
HLA - HLA heart lungs abdomen.
HLA - HLA human leukocyte antigen.
HLA-DR - HLA-DR D-related human leukocyte
antigen.
HLFs - HLFs human lung fibroblasts.
HLH - HLH histiocytic lymphohistiocytosis.
HLK - HLK heart liver kidney.
HLV - HLV herpes like virus.
HM - HM hand motion.
HM - HM heart murmur.
HMD - HMD hyaline membrane disease.

850

HME - HME heat and humidity exchanger.

HMGI - HMGI high mobility group I.
HMGR - HMGR 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase.
HMO - HMO health maintenance organization.
HMP - HMP hexose monophosphate (oxidative
shunt).
HMP - HMP hot moist packs.
HMPAO - HMPAO hexamethyl propyleneamine
oxime.
HMSN - HMSN hereditary motor and sensory
neuropathies.
HMWK - HMWK high-molecular weight kininogen.
HNP - HNP herniated nucleus pulposus.
HNPP - HNPP hereditary neuropathy with liability

851

to pressure palsies.
HNV - HNV has not voided.
HO - HO heterotopic ossification.
HO - HO history of.
HO - HO house officer.
HOA - HOA hypertrophic osteoarthropathy.
HOB - HOB head of bed.
HOCM - HOCM hypertrophic obstructive
cardiomyopathy.
HoFH - HoFH homozygous familial
hypercholesterolaemia.
HOH - HOH hard of hearing.
HOMC - HOMC hypertrophic obstructive
cardiomyopathy.

852

HON - HON Health On the Net Foundation.

HONC - HONC hyperosmolar nonketotic coma.
Hop - Hop H. pylori outer membrane protein.
HOR - HOR Health outcomes research.
HOR - HOR high outlet resistance.
HOR - HOR higher-order repeat.
HOR - HOR homing receptor.
HOR - HOR homologue of rap.
HOR - HOR hordein genes.
HOR - HOR horizontal movable arm support.
hor - hor horizontal.
hOR - hOR human oestrogen receptor.
hOR - hOR human oxidoreductase.

853

HOR - HOR hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase.

HOR - HOR hyperosmolarity-responsive.
HOR - HOR rehydrated Hemoccult.
Hor v 9 - Hor v 9 group IX pollen allergen from
barley (Hordeum vulgare).
Hor-1 - Hor-1 fucan sulfate isolated from the hot
water extract of an edible brown alga Sargassum
horneri.
HOS - HOS Hawaii Orthopaedic Society.
HOS - HOS Hemoccult sensa.
HP - HP haptoglobin.
HP - HP hemipelvectomy.
HP - HP hot pack.
HP - HP hot-plate.

854

HPA - HPA hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical.

HPC - HPC hematopoietic progenitor cells.
HPC-PEP - HPC-PEP peplomycin emulsion in
hydroxypropylcellulosum.
HPE - HPE history and physical examination.
HPETE - HPETE hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid.
HPF - HPF high power field.
HPFH - HPFH hereditary persistence of fetal
hemoglobin.
HPI - HPI history of present illness.
HPL - HPL Human Performance Laboratory.
hPL - hPL human placental lactogen.
HPLC - HPLC high pressure (or performance) liquid
chromatography.

855

HPMC - HPMC hydroxypropyl methylcellulose.

HPNS - HPNS high pressure neurologic syndrome.
HPP - HPP hereditary pyropoikilocytosis.
HPSA - HPSA health professional shortage area.
HPT - HPT hyperparathyroidism.
HPTR - HPTR hypoxanthine
phosphoribosyltransferase.
HPV - HPV Human Papilloma Virus.
HQoL - HQoL health-related quality of life.
HR - HR heart rate.
HR - HR high risk.
HR - HR hospital record.
Hr - Hr hour.

856

HRDO - HRDO Human Resources Development

Office.
HRF - HRF homologous restriction factor (regulates
C9).
HRIG - HRIG human rabies immunoglobin.
HRMS - HRMS Human Resources Management
Systems.
HRP - HRP horseradish peroxidase.
HRQOL - HRQOL health-related quality of life.
HRRR - HRRR heart regular rate and rhythm.
HRS - HRS Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells.
HRT - HRT hormone replacement therapy.
hs - hs h.s. hora somni - hours of sleep at bedtime.
HS - HS heart sounds.

857

HS - HS hereditary spherocytosis.
Hs - Hs hora somni.
HS purpura - HS purpura Henoch-Schnlein
purpura.
hs-CRP - hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive
protein.
HS-GC - HS-GC head space gas chromatography.
HSA - HSA human serum albumine.
HSDA test - HSDA test high solids anaerobic
digestion test.
HSEL - HSEL Hemeselect.
HSG - HSG hysterosalpingography.
HSIL - HSIL high squamous intraepithelial lesion.
HSP - HSP Henoch-Schnlein purpura.

858

HSS - HSS Hospital for Special Surgery.

HSV - HSV herpes simplex virus.
HT - HT heart.
ht - ht height.
HT - HT hospital treatment.
HT - HT hypertension.
HT - HT hyperthyroidism.
HTLV-I - HTLV-I human T-cell lymphotropic virus
types I.
HTMT - HTMT heptane carboxamide (an H1
receptor antagonist).
HTN - HTN hypertension.
HTS - HTS high throughput screening.

859

HUS - HUS hemolytic uremic syndrome.

HUVEC - HUVEC human umbilical vein
endothelial cells.
HV - HV half-value.
HV - HV healthy volunteers.
HV - HV hepatic vein.
HV - HV herpes virus.
HV - HV home visit.
HV - HV hospital visit.
HV - HV hyperventilation.
HVA - HVA homovanillic acid.
HVD - HVD hypertensive vascular disease.
HVL - HVL half-value layer.

860

HVO - HVO Health Volunteers Overseas.

HW - HW healing well.
HW - HW hemodynamically weighted.
HWI - HWI hazardous waste incinerator.
HWI - HWI Hazardous Waste Index.
HWI - HWI head-out water immersion.
HWI - HWI Heart weight index.
HWI - HWI Heart work index.
HWI - HWI heartworm infection.
HWI - HWI height-width index.
HWI - HWI hemodynamically weighted imaging.
HWI - HWI Hepatic weight index.
HWI - HWI high water intake.

861

HWI - HWI hip-waist index.

HWI - HWI hot-water irrigation (was introduced as
a treatment of epistaxis more than 100 years ago).
HWL - HWL healthy way of life.
HWL - HWL Heat-Withdrawal Latency.
HWL - HWL height-width-length.
HWL - HWL hindpaw withdrawal latency.
HWL - HWL hybrid white leghorn.
HWL-12 - HWL-12 2-phenyl-3-(35dimorpholinomethyl-4-hydroxy)-benzoylindole.
HWP - HWP hot wet pack.
HWT - HWT H-wave therapy.
Hx - Hx history.

862

HY - HY Hoehn and Yahr (scale).

HYP - HYP hyperpneic.
hyp. - hyp. hypodermic.
hypo - hypo hypodermically.
Hz - Hz Hertz (cycles per second).
HZT - HZT high zone tolerance.
HZV - HZV herpes zoster virus.
I - I isoleucine.
I-I
I&D - I&D incision and drainage
I&E - I&E internal and external.
I&O - I&O intake and output (as for fluids).

863

I-type - I-type intestinal type.

I.M. - I.M. intramuscular
I.Q. - I.Q. intelligence quotient
I.V. - I.V. IV intravenous
IA - IA incurred accidentally.
IA - IA intra-arterial.
IA - IA invasive aspergillosis.
IABP - IABP intra-aortic balloon pump
IAC - IAC infinite amplitude clipping.
IAC - IAC internal acoustic canal.
IACR - IACR International Agency on Cancer
Research.
IADH - IADH inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic
hormone.

864

IADHS - IADHS inappropriate secretion of

antidiuretic hormone syndrome.
IAHL - IAHL infection-associated hemophagocytic
lymphohistiocytosis.
IAHS - IAHS infection-associated hemophagocytic
syndrome.
IAP - IAP inhibitor of apoptosis.
IAPM - IAPM International Association of Medical
Prosthesis Manufacturers.
IARC - IARC International Agency for Research on
Cancer.
IAS - IAS Indian Arthroscopy Society.
IASLC - IASLC International Association for the
Study of Lung Cancer.
IASP - IASP International Association for the Study
of Pain.

865

IATMR - IATMR tetramethylrhodamineiodoacetamide.

IBC - IBC idiopathic bone cavity.
IBC - IBC idiotype binding capacity.
IBC - IBC immunoglobulin bearing cells.
IBC - IBC incidence of bacteria-carrier.
IBC - IBC indirect bilirubin concentrations.
IBC - IBC inflammatory breast cancer.
IBC - IBC Injury Behavior Checklist.
IBC - IBC Inoue balloon catheter.
IBC - IBC Institutional Biosafety Committee.
IBC - IBC insulin binding capacity.
IBC - IBC integrated backscatter coefficient.

866

IBC - IBC Integrated Broadband Communication.

IBC - IBC International BioClinical.
IBC - IBC International Bioethics Committee (of
UNESCO)
IBC - IBC International Biophysics Corporation.
IBC - IBC International Business Communications.
see PCV).
IBC - IBC interval breast cancer (breast cancer
diagnosed within 1 year of a negative annual
screening examination)
IBC - IBC intraductile breast cancer.
IBC - IBC invasive bladder cancer.
IBC - IBC invasive breast cancers.
IBC - IBC iodine binding capacity.

867

IBC - IBC ionophore of bivalent cations.

IBC - IBC iron binding capacity.
IBC - IBC isobutyl cyanoacrylate.
IBC - IBC isobutylchloroformate.
IBD - IBD inflammatory bowel disease.
IBE - IBE individual bioequivalence.
IBG - IBG iliac bone graft.
IBIDS syndrome - IBIDS syndrome ichthyosis
brittle hair impaired intelligence decreased fertility
IBMTR - IBMTR International Bone Marrow
Transplant Registry.
IBP - IBP Ibuprofen.
IBS - IBS irritable bowel syndrome.
IBSE - IBSE International Federated Body on

868

Scoliosis Etiology.
IBW - IBW ideal body weight.
IC - IC between meals.
IC - IC inspiratory capacity.
IC - IC intensive care.
IC - IC intracerebral.
ICA - ICA immunohistochemical assay.
ICA - ICA internal carotid artery.
ICAM - ICAM intercellular adhesion molecules. and
sexuality (special history taking technique for
adolescents).
ICAM-1 - ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1
(endothelial cell adhesion molecule).
ICAO - ICAO International Civil Aviation
Organization.

869

ICARE - ICARE International Cancer Alliance for

Research and Education (ICARE).
ICASS - ICASS Internal Cooperative Agreement
Support and Services. and throat.
ICBG - ICBG iliac crest bone graft.
ICC - ICC inferior colliculus.
ICC - ICC intensive coronary care.
ICCG - ICCG International Collaborative Cancer
Group
ICCPO - ICCPO Icelandic Childhood Cancer Parent
Organisation.
ICCPO - ICCPO International Confederation of
Childhood Cancer Parent Organizations
ICCU - ICCU intensive coronary care unit.
ICD - ICD implantable-cardioverter defibrillator.

870

ICD - ICD International Statistical Classification of

Disease published by WHO.
ICD - ICD isocitrate dehydrogenase.
ICD-10 - ICD-10 International Classification of
Diseases 10th Revision maintained by WHO.
ICD-9 - ICD-9 International Classification of
Diseases 9th Revision online sponsor: UCD Medical
Informatics.
ICD-9-CM - ICD-9-CM International Classification
of Diseases 9th Revision clinical modification.
ICD-O - ICD-O International Classification of
Diseases for Oncology (coding system).
ICD-O M - ICD-O M morphologic rubric of ICD-O.
ICD-O T - ICD-O T topographic rubric of ICD-O.
ICDA - ICDA international classification of diseases
adapted.

871

ICEID 2000 - ICEID 2000 The International

Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases 2000.
ICER - ICER incremental cost-effectiveness ratio.
ICF - ICF informed consent form.
ICF - ICF intensive care facility.
ICF - ICF intermediate care facility.
ICF - ICF intracellular fluid.
ICFX - ICFX intracapsular fracture.
ICH - ICH human infantile cortical hyperostosis.
ICH - ICH International Conference on
Harmonization (GCP).
ICM - ICM intercostal margin.
ICN - ICN intensive care nursery.

872

ICOE - ICOE International Center for Orthopaedic

Education (US).
ICP - ICP intracranial pressure.
ICPA - ICPA International Chiropractic Pediatric
Association.
ICRF - ICRF Imperial Cancer Research Fund (UK).
ICRS - ICRS International Cartilage Repair Society.
ICS - ICS intercostal space.
ICS - ICS International Continence Society.
ICSF - ICSF International College of Surgery of the
Foot.
ICSI - ICSI Intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
ICSI - ICSI intracytoplasmic sperm injection.
ICT - ICT intermittent cervical traction.

873

ICU - ICU intensive care unit.

ID - ID during the day.
ID - ID identification.
ID - ID ill defined.
ID - ID ineffective dose.
ID - ID infectious disease.
ID - ID internal diameter.
ID - ID intradermal.
IDA - IDA iron deficiency anemia.
IDC - IDC infiltrating ductal carcinoma.
IDC - IDC interdigitating cells.
IDD - IDD insulin dependent diabetes.
IDD - IDD internal disc disruption.

874

IDDM - IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

type I.
IDET - IDET intradiscal electrothermal therapy.
IDK - IDK internal derangement of the knee.
IDU - IDU injection drug users.
IDW - IDW ideal body weight.
IE - IE inner ear.
IEC - IEC independant ethics committee.
IEC - IEC Information Education and
Communication.
IEEE - IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers.
IESS - IESS Intergroup Ewing's Sarcoma Study
(USA).

875

IFA - IFA indirect immunofluorescent IgG antibody.

IFC - IFC International Finance Corporation.
IFE - IFE immunofixation electrophoresis.
IFEB - IFEB International Federation of Eye Banks.
IFG - IFG impaired fasting glucose.
IFMBE - IFMBE International Federation for
Medical and Biological Engineering.
IFN - IFN interferon.
IFOSA - IFOSA International Federation of Spine
Associations.
IFPOS - IFPOS International Federation of Pediatric
Orthopaedic Societies.
IFR - IFR inspiratory flow rate.
IFSC - IFSC International Federation of Surgical
Colleges (WHO non-governmental organizations).

876

IFSSH - IFSSH International Federation of Societies

for Surgery of the Hand.
IG - IG immature granulocyte.
IgA - IgA immunoglobulin A.
IgD - IgD immunoglobulin D.
IgE - IgE immunoglobulin E.
IGF - IGF insulin-like growth factor (somatomedin).
IGF - IGF insulin-like growth factor.
IGFBP - IGFBP insulin-like growth factor binding
protein.
IGFBP-5 - IGFBP-5 insulin-like growth factorbinding protein-5.
IgG - IgG immunoglobulin G.
IGHD IB - IGHD IB isolated growth hormone

877

deficiency type IB.

IgM - IgM immunoglobulin M.
IgSF - IgSF Ig superfamily.
IGT - IGT impaired glucose tolerance.
IGV - IGV immunoglobulin variable region gene.
IH - IH infectious hepatitis
IH - IH interval history.
IHA - IHA inhibition of hemagglutination.
IHC - IHC immunohistochemistry.
IHC - IHC Internet Healthcare Coalition.
IHD - IHD ischemic heart disease.
IHR - IHR intrinsic heart rate.
IHS - IHS International Hip Society.

878

IHSS - IHSS idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic

stenosis.
IHT - IHT internittent hypoxic training.
IID - IID insulin dependent diabetes.
IIF - IIF indirect immunofluorescence.
IIS - IIS Intergalactic Institute of Shoulderology.
IITS - IITS International Intradiscal Therapy
Society.
IL - IL ilio-lumbar.
IL - IL interleukine.
IL2 - IL2 Interleukin2.
ILC - ILC interstitial laser coagulation.
Ile - Ile isoleucine.

879

ILL - ILL intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma.

ILO - ILO International Labor Office.
ILP - ILP isolated limb perfusion.
ILSG - ILSG International Lymphoma Study Group.
IM - IM infectious mononucleosis.
IM - IM internal medicine.
IM - IM intramedullary.
IM - IM intramuscular.
Im-DCH-beta-Gal - Im-DCH-beta-Gal O-[4-(1imidazolyl)butyl]-23-dicyano-14-hydroquinonyl
beta-D-galactopyranoside.
IM-like - IM-like infectious mononucleosis-like.
IM-ROD - IM-ROD intramedullary rod.
IMBC - IMBC indirect maximum breathing

880

capacity.
IME - IME independent medical examiner.
IMF - IMF International Monetary Fund.
IMF - IMF International Myeloma Foundation.
IMHO - IMHO in my humble opinion.
IMI - IMI Imipramine (Tofranil).
IMI - IMI intramuscular injection.
IML - IML intracranial mass lesion.
IMLAS - IMLAS International Musculoskeletal
Laser Society.
IMM - IMM immediate.
IMM - IMM immobilize.
IMM - IMM immunize.

881

IMMC - IMMC interdigestive migratory motor

complex.
IMO - IMO in my opinion.
IMP - IMP immuno magnetic particles.
Imp - Imp impression.
IMP - IMP improved.
IMP - IMP inosine 5'-monophosphate.
IMPOX - IMPOX immunoperoxidase.
IMRI - IMRI Interventional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging.
IMRT - IMRT intensity-modulated radiotherapy.
IMS - IMS immunomagnetic separation.
INC - INC incomplete.
INC - INC inconclusive.

882

INC - INC increase.

INCB - INCB International Narcotics Control Board
of United Nations.
IND - IND independent.
IND - IND Indomethacin.
IND - IND investigational new drug (see FDA).
INF - INF infant.
INF - INF infarction.
INF - INF infected.
INF - INF inferior.
Inf. - Inf. infusion.
INFA - INFA International Neurofibromatosis
Association.

883

INH - INH isoniazid.

INJ - INJ inject; injection.
INJ - INJ injury.
INK - INK injury not known.
INL - INL International Narcotics and Law
Enforcement Affairs Bureau (DOS).
iNO - iNO inhaled nitric oxide.
INR - INR intermittent.
INR - INR International Normalized Ratio (standard
of care for the management of anticoagulation).
INR - INR interval.
INS - INS Immigration and Naturalization Service.
INS - INS insulin.
INS - INS insurance.

884

InsP(3) - InsP(3) inositol 145-trisphosphate.

INSS - INSS International Neuroblastoma Staging
System.
int - int internal.
Int. - Int. internal.
Intra - Intra inside (e.g. intracavitary); during (e.g.
intraoperative = during surgery).
IO - IO inferior oblique.
IO - IO intestinal obstruction.
IOA - IOA Indian Orthopaedic Association.
IOFB - IOFB intraocular foreign body.
IOL - IOL intraocular lens.
IOM - IOM interosseous membrane.

885

IOP - IOP intraocular pressure.

IORT - IORT intraoperative radiotherapy.
IOU - IOU intensive therapy observation unit.
IP - IP interphalangeal.
IP - IP intra-peritoneal.
IP3 - #NAME?
IPA - IPA 5-(N-methyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride.
IPA - IPA idiopathic premature adrenarche.
IPA - IPA iInvasive pulmonary aspergillosis.
IPA - IPA immunoprecipitation assay.
IPA - IPA Independent Practice Associations.
IPA - IPA indices of platelet activation.
IPA - IPA Indol-3-pyruvic acid.

886

IPA - IPA Indole-3-propionic acid.

IPA - IPA inferior phrenic artery.
IPA - IPA infiltrating pancreatic ductal
adenocarcinoma.
IPA - IPA Information Processing Ability.
IPA - IPA inherited paternal HLA antigens.
IPA - IPA integrated pulse amperometry.
IPA - IPA interference pattern analysis.
IPA - IPA International Paediatric Association.
IPA - IPA International Pharmaceutical Abstracts.
IPA - IPA intimate partner abuse.
IPA - IPA intralobar pulmonary arteries.
IPA - IPA intraperitoneal.

887

IPA - IPA intrapulmonary arteries.

Ipa - Ipa invasion plasmid antigens proteins.
IPA - IPA iodo-l-phenylalanine.
IPA - IPA ipamorelin.
IPA - IPA irrigation pipe-associated.
IPA - IPA isopropyl alcohol.
IPA - IPA isopropylamine.
IPA - IPA Isopropylantipyrine.
Ipa - Ipa pasiniazid.
IPA-EST - IPA-EST indophenyl acetate esterase.
IPC - IPC in-process control.
IPC(foot) - IPC(foot) intermittent pneumatic foot
compression.

888

IPE - IPE iris pigment epithelium.

IPHC - IPHC International Prostate Health Council.
IPHC - IPHC intraperitoneal hyperthermic perfusion
chemotherapy.
IPHC - IPHC isoproterenol hydrochloride.
IPI - IPI international prognostic index.
IPK - IPK isolated perfused rat kidney.
IPOP - IPOP immediate postsurgical prosthetics.
IPPA - IPPA inspection palpation percussion
auscultation.
IPPB - IPPB intermittent positive pressure breathing.
IPPO - IPPO intermittent positive-pressure inflation
with oxygen.
IPPR - IPPR intermittent positive pressure

889

respiration.
IPPS - IPPS Independent Power Producers.
IPPV - IPPV intermittent positive pressure
ventilation.
IPRAF - IPRAF International Plastic Reconstructive
and Aesthetic Foundation.
IPRAS - IPRAS International Confederation for
Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery.
IPSID - IPSID immunoproliferative small intestinal
disease.
IPSM - IPSM Institute for Preventative Sports
Medicine.
IPSP - IPSP inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
IPSP - IPSP The Italian Prognostic System Project.
IPSS - IPSS International Prostate Symptom Score.

890

IPTG - IPTG isoproylthiogalactoside.

IPV - IPV inactivated poliovirus vaccine.
IPX - IPX immunoperoxidase.
IPx - IPx impaired glucose tolerance.
IPx - IPx phosphoinositide.
IQ - IQ intelligence quotient.
IQC - IQC instrument quality control.
IR - IR immunoreactive.
IR - IR infrared.
IR - IR internal rotation.
IR - IR intracellular receptor.
Ir - Ir iridium.
IRB - IRB institutional review board.

891

IRBBB - IRBBB incomplete right bundle-branch

block.
IRE - IRE internal rotation in extension.
IRF - IRF internal rotation in flexion.
IRI - IRI immunoreactive insulin.
IRMA - IRMA intraretinal microvascular
abnormalities.
IRrs - IRrs Inspiratory Rrs.
IRS - IRS Internal Revenue Service.
IRSSD - IRSSD International Research Society for
Spinal Deformities.
IS - IS in situ.
IS - IS intercostal space.
ISA - ISA intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.

892

ISAC - ISAC International Society for Analytical

Cytology.
ISAG - ISAG International Society for Animal
Genetics.
ISAK - ISAK International Society for the
Advancement of Kinathropometry.
ISAKOS - ISAKOS International Society of
Arthroscopy Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports
Medicine (also: AAOS Specialty Societies).
ISAZ - ISAZ International Society for
Anthrozoology.
ISB - ISB International Society of Biomechanics.
ISBS - ISBS International Society of Biomechanics
in Sports.
ISC - ISC instrument standardization and
calibration.

893

ISCAS - ISCAS International Society for Computer

Aided Surgery.
ISDRF - ISDRF International Spinal Development
& Research Foundation.
ISEP - ISEP International Society of Educators in
Physiotherapy.
ISG - ISG immune serum globulin.
ISG - ISG International Shoulder Group.
ISH - ISH in situ hybridization.
ISH - ISH isolated systolic hypertension. short
stature.
ISHLT - ISHLT the International Society for Heart
and Lung Transplantation.
ISI - ISI international sensitivity index.
ISIS - ISIS International Spinal Injection Society.

894

ISL - ISL interscapular line.

ISM - ISM indolent systemic mastocytosis.
ISMISS - ISMISS International Society for Minimal
Intervention in Spinal Surgery.
ISO - ISO isoflurane.
ISOST - ISOST Internet Society of Orthopaedic
Surgery and Traumatology.
ISP - ISP intraocular silicone prosthesis.
ISPO - ISPO International Society for Prosthetics
and Orthotics.
ISR - ISR induced systemic resistance.
ISS - ISS Integrated Summary of Safety.
ISS - ISS International Society of Surgery.
ISSC - ISSC investigative site support center.

895

ISSI - ISSI Interview Schedule of Social Integration.

IST - IST insulin shock therapy.
IT - IT idiopathic thrombocythemia.
IT - IT individual therapy.
IT - IT inhalation therapy.
IT - IT intensive therapy.
IT - IT intermediate trophoblast.
IT15 - IT15-interesting transcript 15 in Hungtington
disease
ITB - ITB iliotibial band.
ITC - ITC interagency testing committee.
ITP - ITP idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.
ITP - ITP ion transport peptide.

896

ITs - ITs immunotoxins.

ITT - ITT internal tibial torsion.
ITT - ITT interstitial tumor therapy.
ITU - ITU Intensive Therapy Unit.
IU - IU immunizing unit international units.
IU - IU intrauterine.
IUCD - IUCD intra-uterine contraceptive device.
IUD - IUD intrauterine device.
IUGR - IUGR intrauterine growth retardation.
IUP - IUP intrauterine pregnancy.
IUT - IUT intrauterine transfusion.
IV - IV in vitro.
IV - IV in vivo.

897

IV - IV intervertebral.
IV - IV intravascular.
Iv - Iv intravenous intravenous line.
IV - IV intravenous.
IV-QAR - IV-QAR in vitro quantitative
autoradiography.
IVC - IVC inferior vena cava.
IVC - IVC intravenous cholangiography.
IVC - IVC isovolumic contraction.
IVCD - IVCD intraventricular conduction defect.
IVD - IVD intervertebral disc.
IVDA - IVDA intravenous drug addict.
IVDU - IVDU intravenous drug use/user.

898

IVEC - IVEC in vitro expression cloning.

IVF - IVF in vitro fertilization.
IVH - IVH intrafascial vaginal hysterectomy.
IVH - IVH intravenous hyperalimentation.
IVH - IVH intraventricular hemorrhage.
IVI - IVI intravenous injection.
IVIG - IVIG intravenous immunoglobulin.
IVJC - IVJC intervertebral joint complex.
IVP - IVP intravenous pyelogram.
ivpb - ivpb intravenous piggyback infusion.
IVR - IVR idioventricular rhythm.
IVR - IVR iliac vascular resistance.

899

IVR - IVR immersive virtual reality.

IVR - IVR in vitro released.
IVR - IVR in vivo recovery.
IVR - IVR inhibitor of virus replication.
IVR - IVR interactive voice response.
IVR - IVR intermediate view reprojection.
IVR - IVR intervascular ridging.
IVR - IVR interventional radiology.
IVR - IVR interventional vascular radiology.
IVR - IVR intestinal vascular resistance.
IVR - IVR intramolecular vibrational energy
redistribution.
IVR - IVR intrarenal vascular resistance.

900

IVR - IVR intravaginal ring.

IVR - IVR intravenous regimen.
IVR - IVR intraventricular reentry.
IVR - IVR inverted repeats.
IVR - IVR in-vitro-retinae.
IVR - IVR isovolumetric regulation.
IVR - IVR isovolumic relaxation.
IVR - IVR ivermectin.
IVR-OD - IVR-OD inverted repeat outer domain.
IVRA - IVRA intravenous regional anesthesia.
IVSD - IVSD interventricular septal defect.
IVU - IVU intravenous urography.
IVUS - IVUS intravascular ultrasonography.

901

IvVD - IvVD intravenous administration of high and

intermittent doses of calcitriol.
IW - IW infarction weight.
IWMF - IWMF International Waldenstrom's
Macroglubulinemia Foundation.
JAAD - JAAD Journal of the American Academy of
Dermatology.
JAAOS - JAAOS Journal of the American Academy
of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
JAB - JAB Journal of Applied Biomechanics.
JACS - JACS Journal of the American College of
Surgeons.
Jak(s) - Jak(s) Janus kinase(s).
JAMA - JAMA Journal of the American Medical
Association.

902

JAOA - JAOA Journal of the American Osteopathic

Association.
JBJS - JBJS Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
(UK).
JBJS - JBJS Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (US).
JBMR - JBMR Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal
Rehabilitation.
JCAHO - JCAHO Joint Commission on
Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations.
JCD - JCD Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease.
JCO - JCO Journal of Clinical Oncology.
JCOA - JCOA Japanese Clinical Orthopedic
Association (Japanese only).
JCT - JCT junction.
JHS - JHS Journal of Hand Surgery (US).

903

JJ - JJ jaw jerk.
JJC - JJC The Japanese Joint Committee.
JNC - JNC Joint National Committee.
JND - JND just noticeable difference.
JNMS - JNMS Journal of Musculoskeletal System.
JOA - JOA Japanese Orthopaedic Association
(UMIN: Japanese only).
JOCD - JOCD juvenile osteochrondritis dissecans.
JOS - JOS Internet Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery
and related subjects.
JOSPT - JOSPT Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports
Physical Therapy.
JOT - JOT Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma.
JPO - JPO Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics.

904

JRA - JRA juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

JSCAS - JSCAS Japan Society for Computer Aided
Surgery (only Japanese).
JSN - JSN joint space narrowing.
JSOA - JSOA Journal of the Southern Orthopaedic
Association.
JSR - JSR Journal of Sport Rehabilitation.
JSS - JSS Junior Secondary School.
JT - JT joint.
JUV - JUV juvenile.
JV - JV jugular vein.
JV - JV jugulovenous.
JVD - JVD jugular-venous distension.
JVP - JVP jugular venous pressure; jugular venous

905

pulse.
K - K potassium.
K-K
K-wire - K-wire Kirschner wire.
KA - KA ketoacidosis.
KASS - KASS Kaneda anterior spinal/scoliosis
system.
kb - kb kilobases (1kb = 1000 nucleic acid bases).
KB - KB knee bearing amputation.
kcal - kcal kilocalorie (food calorie).
KCl - KCl potassium chloride.
KCS - KCS keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
KD - KD knee disarticulation.

906

KEE - KEE Klebsiella spp. E.coli and Enterobacter

soo. the lactose fermentation bacteria that are most
commonly isloated from urine.
KFD - KFD Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease.
KFH - KFH Kaiser Foundation Hospital.
KFH - KFH killifish.
KFH - KFH King Fahad Hospital Riyadh Saudi
Arabia.
KFT - KFT kidney function test.
kg - kg kilogram.
KGS(17-) - KGS(17-) 17-ketogenic steroids.
KI - KI Karolinska Institut (Musculoskeletal
Diseases).
KI - KI potassium iodide.
Ki-67 - Ki-67 proliferation index.

907

KIA - KIA Kliger iron agar.

KID syndrome - KID syndrome keratitis ichthyosis
and deafness.
KJ - KJ knee-jerk.
KK - KK knee kick.
KLS - KLS kidney liver spleen.
KO - KO keep open.
KOH - KOH potasium hydroxide.
KR - KR keratinocytes.
KS - KS Knee Society (AAOS Specialty Societies).
KS(17-) - KS(17-) 17-ketosteroids.
KUB - KUB kidneys ureters and bladder.
KVO - KVO keep veins open.

908

L - L Lactobacillus.
L - L lambda.
L - L latex.
L - L Latin.
L - L left.
L - L Legionella.
L - L Leishmania.
L - L length.
L - L lente insulin.
L - L lethal.
L - L leucine.
L - L levo-.

909

L - L lidocaine.
L - L ligament.
L - L light.
L - L lingual.
L - L Listeria.
L - L liter.
L - L liver.
L - L low.
L - L lower.
L - L lumbar.
L - L luminance.
L - L lymph.
L - L lymphatic invasion.

910

L - L lymphocyte.
L - L outer membrane layer of cell wall of gramnegative bacteria (layer).
L - L pound.
L - L syphilis (Latin lues).
L&A - L&A light and accommodation.
L&D - L&D labor and delivery.
L&H - L&H lungs and heart.
L&S - L&S liver and spleen.
L&W - L&W living and well.
L/S - L/S lecithin/shingomyelin ratio.
L1 - L5 - L1 - L5 Lumbar vertebrae 1 - 5 (spine e.g.
L1 = 1st lumbar vertebra).

911

LA - LA left atrium.
LA - LA linoleic acid.
LA - LA local anesthesia.
Lac - Lac laceration.
LAC - LAC long arm cast.
LAD - LAD left anterior descending (coronary
artery).
LAD - LAD left axis deviation.
LAD - LAD leukocyte adhesion deficiency.
LAD - LAD ligament augmentation device.
LAD - LAD linoleic acid-deficient.
LAD - LAD low-alcohol-drinking.
LADD - LADD laparoscopic appendectomy and
duodenocolonic dissociation.

912

Ladd's - Ladd's syndrome intestinal obstruction from

peritoneal bands.
LADDs - LADDs lifetime average daily doses.
LADDs - LADDs liquid automatic dishwashing
detergents.
LAE - LAE long above elbow (cast).
LAH - LAH left atrial hypertrophy.
LAM - LAM laminectomy.
LAM-1 - LAM-1 L-selectin adhesion molecule (on
leukocytes).
LANC - LANC long arm navicular cast.
LAP - LAP left atrial pressure.
LAP - LAP leukocyte alkaline phosphatase.
lap chole - lap chole laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

913

lap. - lap. laparotomy.

LAR - LAR linoleic acid-rich.
LASIK - LASIK laser in-situ keratomileusis.
LAT - LAT lateral (view in x-rays).
lat. - lat. lateral.
lat. flap - lat. flap latissimus dorsi flap
reconstruction.
LATS - LATS long-acting thyroid stimulator.
LB - LB large bowel.
LB - LB Lewy body.
LB - LB Lyme borreliosis.
lb. - lb. pound.
LBB - LBB low back bending.

914

LBBB - LBBB left bundle branch block.

LBCD - LBCD left border of cardiac dullness
LBD - LBD Lewy body dementia.
LBL - LBL lecture-based learning.
LBL - LBL lymphoblastic lymphoma.
LBM - LBM lean body mass.
LBO - LBO large bowel obstruction.
LBO - LBO lower body obesity.
LBP - LBP low back pain.
LBP - LBP low blood pressure.
LBT - LBT low back tenderness.
LC - LC Langerhans' cells.

915

LC - LC lymphocyte corona.
LC50 - LC50 lethal concentration 50%.
LCA - LCA lateral costal artery (branch of internal
mammary artery).
LCA - LCA left coronary artery.
LCA - LCA leukocyte common antigen.
LCDCP - LCDCP limited/low-contact dynamic
compression plate.
LCE - LCE leg cycle ergometer.
LCEA - LCEA latency corrected ensemble average.
LCEA - LCEA lung carcinoma expressed antigens.
LCH - LCH Langerhans cell histiocytocis.
LCIS - LCIS lobular carcinoma in situ (breast
carcinoma).

916

LCL - LCL lateral collateral ligament.

LCM - LCM left costal margin.
LCNEC - LCNEC large cell neuroendocrine
carcinoma.
LCSW - LCSW licensed clinical social worker.
LCTA - LCTA lungs clear to auscultation.
LD - LD luminance-defined.
LD100 - LD100 lethal dose 100 %.
LDF - LDF laser Doppler flowmetry.
LDGS - LDGS life-death growth standard.
LDH - LDH lactic dehydrogenase.
LDL - LDL low density lipoprotein.
LDL cholesterol - LDL cholesterol low-density
lipoprotein cholesterol.

917

LDM - LDM lipoatrophic diabetes mellitus.

LDP - LDP lumbo-dorsal pain.
LDRP - LDRP Labor Delivery Recovery
Postpartum.
LDW - LDW low-dose warfarin.
LE - LE left eye.
LE - LE lower extremity.
LE - LE lupus erythematosis.
LEE - LEE locus of enterocyte effacement.
LEL - LEL lowest effect level.
LES - LES lower esophageal sphincter.
LF - LF left foot; linear fracture; low frequency.
LFA - LFA left forearm.

918

LFA - LFA lymphocyte function-associated antigen.

LFA-1 - LFA-1 lymphocyte function-associated
antigen 1.
LFB - LFB Luxol fast blue.
LFLA - LFLA antilactoferrin latex bead
agglutination test.
LFT - LFT liver function tests.
lg - lg large.
LG-ABN - LG-ABN licking/grooming and archedback nursing.
LGA - LGA large-for-gestational age.
LGB - LGB lateral geniculate body.
LGI - LGI (see GI) lower gastro-intestinal tract.
LGV - LGV lymphogranuloma venereum.

919

LH - LH luteotropic hormone.
LHG - LHG left hand grip.
LHRH - LHRH luteinizing hormone-releasing
hormone.
LHS - LHS left hand side.
LIc - LIc lacunar ictus.
LIC - LIC left iliac crest.
LIMA - LIMA left internal mammary artery.
LIP - LIP lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis.
LIQ - LIQ left inner quadrant.
LIR - LIR left iliac region.
LIS - LIS laboratory information system.
LK - LK left kidney.

920

LKS - LKS liver kidney spleen.

LL - LL left lateral.
LL - LL left leg.
LL - LL left lower.
LL - LL left lung.
LLB - LLB left lateral bending; long leg brace.
LLC - LLC long leg cast.
LLCC - LLCC long leg cylinder cast.
LLD - LLD leg length discrepancy.
LLE - LLE left lower extremity.
LLF - LLF left lateral flexion; left little finger.
LLL - LLL left lower leg; left lower lid.

921

LLL - LLL lower left lobe (lung).

LLN - LLN lower limit of normal.
LLQ - LLQ lower left quadrant (abdomen).
LLR - LLR left lumbar region.
LLS - LLS long leg splint.
LLWC - LLWC long leg walking cast.
LLX - LLX left lower extremity.
LM - LM lentigo maligna.
LMD - LMD left midline deviation; local medical
doctor
LMM - LMM lentigo maligna melanoma.
LMN - LMN lower motor neuron (signs).
LMO - LMO local medical officer.

922

LMP - LMP last menstrual period.

LMWH - LMWH low molecular weight heparin.
LN - LN lupus nephritis.
LN - LN lymph node.
LOA - LOA left occipitoanterior.
lob - lob lobular.
LOC - LOC level of care.
LOC - LOC level of consciousness (in Glasgow
Coma Scale).
LOC - LOC loss of consciousness.
LOD - LOD limit of detection.
LOD - LOD loss on drying.
LOH - LOH loss of heterozygosity.

923

LOM - LOM left otitis media; limitation of

movement; loss of movement.
LOQ - LOQ left outer quadrant.
LOQ - LOQ limit of quantification.
LOS - LOS length of stay.
LOS - LOS lipooligosaccaride (endotoxin virulence
factor of N. gonorrhoeae).
LOS - LOS loss of sight.
LOT - LOT left occiput transverse.
LOT - LOT ligament of Treitz.
LP - LP light perception.
LP - LP lumbar puncture.
LPA - LPA left pulmonary artery.
lpcAB - lpcAB lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core AB

924

cluster genes.
lpcC - lpcC lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core C gene.
LPCC - LPCC liver primary cell cultures.
LPD - LPD luteal phase defect.
lpf - lpf low power field.
LPL - LPL lipoprotein lipase.
LPLK - LPLK lichen planus-like keratosis.
LPN - LPN licensed practical nurse.
LPS - LPS lipopolysaccharides.
LQ - LQ lower quadrant.
LQTS - LQTS long QT syndrome.
LR - LR lactated Ringer's solution.
LREC - LREC Local Research Ethics Committee

925

(UK).
LRF - LRF Leukaemia Research Fund (UK).
LRFA - LRFA Lymphoma Research Foundation of
America.
LRQ - LRQ lower right quadrant.
LRT - LRT lower respiratory tract.
LRTI - LRTI ligament reconstruction tendon
interposition (procedure).
LRTI - LRTI lower respiratory tract infection.
LS - LS left side.
LS - LS liver and spleen.
LS - LS lumbar spine.
LS - LS lumbosacral.
LSA - LSA left sacrum anterior.

926

LSD - LSD lysergic acid diethylamide.

LSF - LSF lateral spread of freeze (of a cryosurgical
iceball).
LSIL - LSIL low grade squamous intraepithelial
lesion.
LSK - LSK liver spleen kidney.
LSMFT - LSMFT liposclerosing myxofibrous
tumor.
LSN - LSN lateral spinal nucleus.
LSP - LSP left sacrum posterior.
LSP - LSP lumbar spine.
LSS - LSSlumbar spinal stenosis.
LT - LT lunotriquetral.
Lt. - Lt. left.

927

LTB4 - LTB4 leukotriene B4.

LTC - LTC long term care.
LTCF - LTCF long term care facility.
ltd. - ltd. limited.
LTK - LTK laser thermokeratoplasty.
LTR - LTR long terminal repeats.
LTR - LTR lower trunk rotation.
LTRPC - LTRPC long TRPC.
LUA - LUA left upper arm.
LUE - LUE left upper extremity.
LUL - LUL left upper lobe (lung).
LULA - LULA laparoscopy under local anesthesia.

928

LUOQ - LUOQ left upper outer quadrant.

LUP - LUP specimen lipemic unable to perform.
LUQ - LUQ left upper quadrant (abdomen).
LV - LV left ventricle.
LVAS - LVAS left ventricular assist system.
LVEDP - LVEDP LV end-diastolic pressure.
LVEF - LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction.
LVF - LVF left ventricular failure.
LVH - LVH left ventricular hypertrophy.
LVSEM - LVSEM low-voltage scanning electron
microscopy.
LVSF - LVSF left ventricular shortening fraction.
LW - LW Large White (pig).

929

LX - LX lower extremity.
LYMP - LYMP lymphocyte
LyP - LyP lymphomatoid papulosis.
LYS - LYS life years saved.
Lytes - Lytes electrolytes.
LZT - LZT low zone tolerance.
N - N asparagine.
N - N Nitrogen.
N - N normal (concentration of solution).
N - N regional lymph node metastasis.
N-N
N&M - N&M nerves and muscles.
N&T - N&T nose and throat.

930

N&V - N&V nausea and vomiting.

N-type - N-type null type.
N/A - N/A not applicable.
N/C - N/C nucleocytoplasmic area ratio.
N/T - N/T numbness and tingling.
N/V - N/V nausea and vomiting.
N/V/D/C - N/V/D/C
nausea/vomiting/diarrhea/constipation.
NA - NA no abnormalities.
NA - NA not admitted.
NA - NA not applicable.
NA - NA not available.
Na - Na sodium.

931

Na-HOR - Na-HOR sodium hornan.

NAA - NAA no apparent abnormalities.
NAACCR - NAACCR North American Association
of Central Cancer Registries.
NAAOP - NAAOP National Association for the
Advancement of Orthotics & Prosthetics.
NABCO - NABCO National Alliance of Breast
Cancer Organizations.
NABS - NABS normoactive bowel sounds.
NaC - NaC Na channels.
NAC - NAC N-acetyl-L-cysteine.
NAC - NAC nascent polypeptide associated
complex.
NAC - NAC nitrogen assimilation control protein.

932

NAC - NAC non-amyloid component (of

Alzheimer's disease amyloid) alpha-synuclein.
Nac - Nac nucleus accumbens.
NaCl - NaCl sodium chloride.
NACP - NACP non-amyloid-beta-component
precursor (a.k.a. synuclein).
NAD - NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.
NAD - NAD no active disease.
NAD - NAD no acute disease.
NAD - NAD no acute distress.
NAD - NAD no apparent distress.
NAD - NAD nothing abnormal detected.
NADP - NADP nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide
phosphate.

933

NADW - NADW National Arthritis Data

Workgroup.
NAI - NAI no acute infection.
NANA - NANA N-acetylneuraminic acid.
NAON - NAON National Association of
Orthopaedic Nurses.
NAOT - NAOT National Association of
Orthopaedic Technologists.
NAPRA - NAPRA National Association of
Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities.
NAR - NAR narcotic.
NAR - NAR no action required.
NARD - NARD National Association of Retail
Druggists.
NARD - NARD Netherlands Centre for Monitoring
of Adverse Reactions to Drugs.

934

NARD - NARD no apparent respiratory distress.

NARD - NARD nominal absorbed radiation dose.
NAS - NAS National Academy of Sciences.
NASH - NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
NASPEM - NASPEM North American Society for
Pediatric Exercise Medicine.
NASS - NASS North American Spine Society (also:
AAOS Related Organizations).
NAT - NAT nucleic acid amplification testing.
NATA - NATA National Athletic Trainers
Association.
NaTT - NaTT sodium tetrathionate.
NB - NB nail bed.
NB - NB neuro Behet.

935

NB - NB neuroblastoma.
NB - NB neurometric battery.
NB - NB newborn.
NB - NB nitrous oxide-barbiturate.
NB - NB normoblast.
NB - NB (Lat. nota bene) note well.
NB - NB nutrient broth.
NBI - NBI no bone injury.
NBM - NBM nothing by mouth.
NBP - NBP non-invasive blood pressure.
NBS - NBS normal breath sounds.
NBSS - NBSS The Canadian National Breast
Screening Study.

936

NC - NC no change.
NC - NC no complaint.
NC - NC non-contributory.
NC - NC nuclear cytoplasmic (ratio).
NC/AT - NC/AT normocephalic/atraumatic.
NCBI - NCBI National Center for Biotechnology
Information (US).
NCC - NCC National Competition Council (AU).
NCC - NCC National Consumer Council (UK).
NCC - NCC National Coordinating Center.
NCCF - NCCF National Childhood Cancer
Foundation (USA).
NCCI - NCCI National Consultative Committee on
Immunization.

937

NCCI - NCCI nervi corpori cardiaci interni.

NCCI - NCCI noncardiac cerebral ischemia.
NCCLS - NCCLS National Committee for Clinical
Laboratory Standards.
NCD - NCD not considered disabling.
NCEP - NCEP National Cholesterol Education
Program.
NCHS - NCHS National Center for Health Statistics.
NCI - NCI National Cancer Institute (USA).
NCNS - NCNS no complications no sequelae.
NCO - NCO no complaints offered.
NCPP - NCPP National Collaborative Perinatal
Project.
NCR - NCR no cardiac resuscitation.

938

NCR paper - NCR paper no carbon required paper.

NCRA - NCRA National Cancer Registrars
Association (USA).
NCS - NCS neocarzinostatin.
NCS - NCS nerve conduction studies.
NCV - NCV nerve conduction velocities.
NCV - NCV non-cholera vibrios.
NCV - NCV nuclear coefficient of variance.
ND - ND non distended.
ND - ND nondisabling.
NDA - NDA new drug application.
NDF - NDF neutral detergent fiber.
NDSAC - NDSAC National Drug Scheduling

939

Advisory Committee (Canada).

NE - NE nerve ending.
NE - NE neurologic examination.
NEC - NEC necrotizing enterocolitis.
NEC - NEC Nursing Education Coalition.
NECCR - NECCR North of England Children's
Cancer Research Unit.
NED - NED no effort detected.
NED - NED no evidence of disease.
NEFA - NEFA non-esterified fatty acids.
neg - neg negative.
NEJM - NEJM New England Journal of Medicine.
NEO - NEO neostigmine.

940

NEP - NEP neutral endopeptidase 24.11.

NER - NER no evidence of recurrence.
NERD - NERD no evidence of recurrent disease.
NETA - NETA norethisterone acetate.
Neuro - neurology - Neuro - neurology neurological
NFP - NFP neurofilament protein.
NFR - NFR not for resuscitation.
NFRA - NFRA National Fibromyalgia Research
Association (US).
NFs - NFs neurofilaments.
ng - ng nanogram (millimicron) - 0.000000001
gram.
NG - NG N-G nasogastric.
NGO - NGO Non-Governmental Organization.

941

NGT - NGT nasogastric tube.

NGU - NGU nongonococcal urethritis.
NH - NH natural health.
NH - NH neurologic history.
NH - NH neuropsychiatric hospital.
NH - NH nursing home
NHANES - NHANES II Second National Health
and Nutrition Examination Survey.
NHANES - NHANES National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey.
NHIS - NHIS National Health Interview Survey.
NHL - NHL non Hodgkin's lymphoma.
NHP - NHP natural head position.

942

NHS - NHS National Health Service.

NHSCR - NHSCR National Health Service Central
Registry (UK).
NIA - NIA National Institute on Aging.
NIAMS - NIAMS National Institute of Arthritis and
Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (US).
NICU - NICU neonatal intensive care unit.
NICU - NICU neurointensive care unit.
NIDA - NIDA National Institute on Drug Abuse.
NIDDM - NIDDM non insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus type II.
NIDRR - NIDRR National Institute on Disability
and Rehabilitation Research.
NIF - NIF negative inspiratory force.
NIH - NIH National Institute of Health (US).

943

NII - NII neuronal intranuclear inclusion.

NIL - NIL nothing.
NIMH - NIMH National Institute of Mental Health.
NIP - NIP no infection present; no inflammation
present.
NIPB - NIPB non-invasive blood pressure.
NIR - NIR near infrared.
NIRS - NIRS Near Infrared Spectroscopy.
NIRVANA - NIRVANA NIR Vascular Advanced
North American.
NISMAT - NISMAT Nicholas Institute of Sports
Medicine and Athletic Trauma.
NIV - NIV non-invasive ventilation.
NK - NK natural killer cells (large lymphocytes part

944

of the immune system).

NK - NK not known.
NKA - NKA no known allergies.
NKCA - NKCA National Kidney Cancer
Association (USA).
NKD - NKD no known disease.
NKDA - NKDA no known drug allergies.
NKHS - NKHS non-ketotic hyperosmolar
syndrome.
NL - NL normal limits.
NL - NL normal.
NL/NP - NL/NP non-lactating/non-pregnant.
NL/P - NL/P nonlactating/pregnant.
NLG - NLG natural latex gloves.

945

NLG - NLG nerve conduction velocities.

NLG - NLG Nictitans lacrimal gland.
NLG - NLG noreleagnine.
NLM - NLM National Library of Medicine (part of
NIH).
NLP - NLP no light perception; normal light
perception.
NLPHL - NLPHL nodular lymphocyte predominant
Hodgkin lymphoma.
NLS - NLS nuclear localization signal.
NLT - NLT not lower than.
NM - NM neuromuscular.
NM - NM nodular melanoma.
NM - NM not measured.

946

NM - NM not mentioned.
NMA - NMA neurogenic muscular atrophy.
NMBA - NMBA neuromuscular blocking agent.
NMDA - NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate.
NMdNM - NMdNM N-methyl-1-deoxynojirimycin.
NMDP - NMDP National Marrow Donor Program.
NMJ - NMJ neuromuscular junction.
NMKI - NMKI Nordic Committee for Food
Analysis.
NMR - NMR nuclear magnetic resonance (scan).
NMS - NMS neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
NMSC - NMSC non melanoma skin cancer.
nmSC - nmSC nonmyelinating Schwann cells.

947

NMSC - NMSC nonmyelin-forming Schwann cells.

NMSS - NMSS National Multiple Sclerosis Society.
NMT - NMT not more than.
NMZL - NMZL nodal marginal zone b-cell
lymphoma.
NN - NN neonatal; nerves; nurse notes.
NNFF - NNFF National Neurofibromatosis
Foundation (USA).
NNP - NNP 4-hydroxy-3.5-dinitrophenyl.
NNP - NNP diabetic non-neuropathic.
NNP - NNP neonatal nurse practitioners.
NNP - NNP nerve net pulses.
NNP - NNP N-nitroso-2-nitrophenacetin.

948

NNP - NNP N-nitrosopiperidine.

NNP - NNP N-nitrosopropranolol.
NNP - NNP N-nitrosopyrrolidine.
NNP - NNP non-histone nuclear proteins.
NNP - NNP non-neoplastic pneumopathy.
NNP - NNP nonneoplastic polyps.
NNP - NNP non-pregnant normotensive women.
NNP - NNP normal non-pregnant.
NNP - NNP nose/nasopharynx.
NNP - NNP sodium nitroprusside.
NNP-1 - NNP-1 novel nuclear protein (HGMWapproved symbol D21S2056E).
NNPs - NNPs nerve net pulses.

949

NNR - NNR not necessary to return.

NNT - NNT number needed to treat.
NO - NO nitric oxide.
no - no number.
NO2 - NO2 nitrogen dioxide.
NOAEL - NOAEL no observable adverse effect
level.
NOC - NOC night.
NOD - NOD non-obese diabetic.
NOEL - NOEL no observable effect level.
NOF - NOF National Osteoporosis Foundation.
NOF - NOF neck of femur.
NOHA - NOHA Nominal Ocular Hazard Area.

950

NOK - NOK next of kin.

non-IgSF - non-IgSF non-Ig superfamily.
NONAS - NONAS number of non-aligned proximal
tooth surfaces.
NONMEM - NONMEM nonlinear mixed effect
model.
NOP - NOP no ocular pain; not otherwise provided
for.
NORD - NORD National Organization for Rare
Disorders (USA).
NOS - NOS nitric oxide synthase.
NOS - NOS no organisms seen.
NOS - NOS not on staff;
NOS - NOS not otherwise specified.
NotI - NotI restriction enzyme from Nocardia

951

otitidis-cavarium.
NOV - NOV Nederlandse Orthopaedisch Vereniging
(Dutch Orthopaedic Association).
NP - NP nasopharynx; neuropathology; not palpable.
NP - NP nonpreferring (alcohol).
NP - NP nurse practitioner.
NPBE - NPBE non-protein-bound estradiol.
NPC - NPC nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
NPC - NPC no previous complaint
NPCMD - NPCMD p-nitrophenoxycarbonyl methyl
disulfide.
NPD - NPD no pathologic diagnosis.
NPDL - NPDL nodular poorly differentiated
lymphocytes.

952

NPH - NPH neutral protamine Hagedorn - an

intermediate acting insulin.
NPH - NPH no previous history.
NPI - NPI National Program of Immunization.
NPI-NH - NPI-NH neuropsychiatric
inventory/nursing home.
NPN - NPN nonprotein nitrogen (BUN and
creatinine).
nPNA - nPNA normalized protein nitrogen
appearance rates.
NPO - NPO nil per os - nothing by mouth.
NPO MN - NPO MN nothing by mouth after
midnight.
NPP - NPP National Population Policy.
NPT - NPT normal pressure and temperature.

953

NPV - NPV negative predictive value.

NQMI - NQMI non-Q-wave myocardial infarction.
NQWMI - NQWMI non-Q-wave myocardial
infarction.
NR - NR nerve root.
NR - NR not recommended.
NR - NR not remarkable.
NRBC - NRBC nucleated red blood cells.
NRC - NRC National Research Council.
NRCS - NRCS Natural Resources Conservation
Service.
NRCT - NRCT National Registry of Childhood
Tumors (UK) held by the CCRG at Oxford.
NRI - NRI nerve root involvement or irritation.

954

NRL - NRL natural rubber latex.

NRM - NRM normal range of motion.
NRN - NRN no return necessary.
NROM - NROM normal range of motion.
NRT - NRT nicotine replacement therapy.
NRTI - NRTI nucleoside analogue reverse
transcriptase inhibitors.
NS - NS nephrotic syndrome.
NS - NS nerves; neurosurgery; no show nonspecific.
NS - NS nodular sclerosis (classical Hodgkin
lymphoma).
NS - NS nonserrated cells (type of basal epidermal
cells).
NS - NS normal saline (solution).

955

NS5A. nonstructural protein 5A. - NS5A.

nonstructural protein 5A.
NSA - NSA no significant abnormalities.
NSAD - NSAD no sign of significant disease.
NSAID - NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs.
NSC - NSC neurosecretory cells.
NSC - NSC no significant change.
NSCIA - NSCIA National Spinal Cord Injury
Association.
NSCLC - NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer.
NSD - NSD N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA)
storage disorders.
NSD - NSD Nairobi sheep disease.
NSD - NSD nasal septal deformity.

956

NSD - NSD neurosecretory dysfunction.

NSD - NSD neurosensory deficit.
NSD - NSD night shift dose.
NSD - NSD nigrostriatal degeneration.
NSD - NSD nitrofurazone soluble dressing.
NSD - NSD no significant defect.
NSD - NSD no significant differences.
NSD - NSD no sleep deprivation.
NSD - NSD nominal standard dose.
NSD - NSD non surgical doctors.
NSD - NSD nonsegmental defect.
NSD - NSD non-soap detergent.

957

NSD - NSD non-specific damage.

NSD - NSD non-specific defense.
NSD - NSD nonspecific dermatitis.
NSD - NSD non-specific duodenitis.
NSD - NSD non-sudden death.
NSD - NSD nonsuicidal depressed.
NSD - NSD nonsyndromic prelingual deafness.
NSD - NSD normal sodium dialysate.
NSD - NSD normal spontaneous delivery.
NSD - NSD normal-coordinate structural
decomposition.
NSD - NSD normalized slope descriptors.
NSD - NSD normalized spin density.

958

NSD - NSD normalized standard deviation.

NSD - NSD normal-salt diet.
NSD - NSD normotensive sedentary.
NSD - NSD number of step-down.
NSD 2023 - NSD 2023 gamma-morpholinobutyrophenone (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor).
NSD 3004 - NSD 3004 2-amino-4phenylsulphonylbenzenesulphonamide.
nsd-1 - nsd-1 nonsusceptibility to DNV-1 (a
recessive gene in the silkworm Bombyx mori).
NSD-1015 - NSD-101534-hydroxybenzyl-hydrazine
dihydrochloride.
NSD-1055 - NSD-1055 aromatic L-amino acid
decarboxylase (AADC) inhibitor.
nsd-2 - nsd-2 nonsusceptibility to DNV-2 (a
recessive gene in the silkworm Bombyx mori).

959

NSDD-38 - NSDD-38 National Security Decision

Directive-38.
NSE - NSE neuron-specific enolase - a neural
marker.
NSE - NSE non-specific esterase.
NSF - NSF no significant findings.
NSG - NSG nursing.
NSH - NSH National Health Service (UK).
NSHD - NSHD nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's
disease.
NSHL - NSHL nodular sclerosis classical Hodgkin
lymphoma.
NSI - NSI no sign of infection inflammation.
NSM - NSM neurosecretory material.

960

NSMI - NSMI National Sports Medicine Institute of

the United Kingdom.
NSR - NSR non significant result.
NSR - NSR normal sinus rhythm.
NSS - NSS normal saline solution; normal size and
shape.
NSVD - NSVD normal spontaneous vaginal
delivery.
NSX - NSX N4-acetylsulfisoxazole.
NSx - NSx neonatally splenectomized (animals).
NT - NT naso-tracheal; nerve treatment; normal
temperature; no test not tested.
NT - NT non tender.
NT - NT normal range.
nt - nt nucleotide.

961

NTD - NTD neural tube defect.

NTG - NTG nitroglycerine.
NTLI - NTLI neurotensin-like immunoreactivity.
NTM - NTM nontuberculous mycobacteria.
NTP - NTP National Toxicology Program.
NTP - NTP normal temperature and pressure.
NTS - NTS nucleus tractus solitarius.
NUFIP - NUFIP nuclear FMRP-interacting protein.
NV - NV nausea vomiting.
NV - NV neurovascular.
NVD - NVD nausea vomiting diarrhea.
NVI - NVI iris neovascularization.

962

NWB - NWB non-weight bearing.

NWDA - NWDA National Wholesale Druggists'
Association.
NWOTA - NWOTA North West Orthopaedic
Trainees Association
NXG - NXG necrobiotic xanthogranuloma.
NYD - NYD not yet diagnosed.
NYHA - NYHA New York Heart Association.

O-O
O&E - O&E observation and examination
O&P - O&P ova and parasite
O-R - O-R oxidation-reduction.
O.&A. - O.&A. odontectomy and alveolectomy

963

O/E - O/E on examination.

O: - O: objective.
O2 - O2 oxygen
OA - OA occiput posterior.
OA - OA osteoarthritis.
Op-DDD - Op-DDD mitotane.
OAP - OAP osteoarthropathy.
OARG - OARG Osteoporosis and Arthritis Research
Group.
OARS - OARS Osteoarthritis Research Society.
OATA - OATA Ohio Athletic Trainers Association.
OATS - OATS osteochondral autograft transfer
system.
OB - OB obstetrics.

964

Ob-GYN - Ob-GYN obstetrics and gynecology.

OB/OJ ratio - OB/OJ ratio overbite (OB) and
horizontal overjet (OJ) ratio.
OBJ - OBJ object; objective.
OBL - OBL oblique.
OBP - OBP ova blood and parasites.
OBS - OBS observer.
OBS - OBS obstetrics.
OBS - OBS organic brain syndrome.
OC - OC obsessive/compulsive.
OC - OC on call
OC - OC oral contraceptive; office call.
OCC - OCC occasionally.

965

OCC - OCC occiput.

OCC - OCC occupation.
OCD - OCD obsessive-compulsive disorder.
OCD - OCD osteochrondritis dissecans.
OCE - OCE comprehensive exam.
OCE - OCE observable cholinomimetic effects.
OCE - OCE odd-carbon fatty acid enriched.
oCE - oCE oligomeric carboxylesterases.
OCE - OCE oral conjugated estrogens.
OCE - OCE osteocartilaginous exostoses.
OCEs - OCEs Oct-containing composite elements.
OCF - OCF occipital-frontal circumference.

966

OCG - OCG oral cholecystogram.

OCP - OCP oral contraceptive pills.
OCS - OCS open canalicular system (about
platelets).
OD - OD (oculus dexter) right eye.
OD - OD occupational disease.
OD - OD officer of the day.
OD - OD once daily.
OD - OD optic density.
OD - OD outer diameter.
OD - OD overdose.
ODA - ODA on day of admission.
ODN - ODN oligodeoxynucleotide.

967

ODS - ODS Oswestry Disability Score.

OE - OE on examination; orthopedic examination;
otitis externa
OECI - OECI Organization of European Cancer
Institutes.
OES - OES old English sheepdog.
OFFA - OFFA Orthopaedic Foundation for Animals.
OGE - OGE U.S.Office of Government Ethics.
OGTT - OGTT oral glucose tolerance test.
OH - OH occupational history.
OHCS(17-) - OHCS(17-) 17-hydroxcorticosteroids.
OHS - OHS open heart surgery.
OIA - OIA optical immunoassay.
OIF - OIF Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation.

968

Oint - Oint ointment.

OJ - OJ isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase.
OJ - OJ obstructive jaundice.
OJ - OJ orange juice.
OJ - OJ Orthodontist Judgment.
OJ - OJ overjet (type of maloclusion).
OL - OL open label.
OLSNA - OLSNA Orthopaedic Laser Society of
North America.
OM - OM obtuse marginal artery.
OM - OM occupational medicine.
OM - OM osteopathic manipulation.
OM - OM otitis media.

969

OMCTS - OMCTS octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane.

OMS - OMS osteomyelosclerosis.
ON - ON optic neuritis.
ONC - ONC oncology.
ONDCP - ONDCP Office of National Drug Control
Policy.
ONFH - ONFH osteonecrosis of the femoral head.
OO - OO osteoid osteoma.
OOB - OOB out of bed.
OOH - OOH out of hospital.
OOP - OOP out of plaster.
OP - OP occiput posterior.
OP - OP operation.

970

OP - OP opponens pollicis.
OP - OP out patient.
OPC - OPC oculopalatocerebral (syndrome).
OPC - OPC outpatient clinic.
OPCA - OPCA olivopontocerebellar atrophy.
OPCD - OPCD olivopontocerebellar degeneration.
OPCOS - OPCOS oligomenorrheic polycystic ovary
syndrome.
OPD - OPD obstetric prediabetic.
OPD - OPD optical path difference.
OPD - OPD otopalatodigital (syndrome).
OPD - OPD outpatient department.
OPD - OPD outpatient dispensary.

971

OPD - OPD p-phetiylenediamine.

OpDent - OpDent operative dentistry.
OPDG - OPDG ocular plethysmodynamography.
OPG - OPG ocular pneumoplethysmography.
opg - opg opening.
OPG - OPG orthopantomograin.
OPG - OPG osteoprotegerin.
OPG - OPG oxypolygelatin.
OPH - OPH obliterative pulmonary hypertension;
ophthalmia.
OPH - OPH Oph ophthalmology; ophthalmoscopy
ophthalmoscope.
OPHC - OPHC Office of Prepaid Health Care.

972

OphD - OphD Doctor of Ophthalmology.

Ophth - Ophth ophthalmology.
OPI - OPI obliteration prediction index.
OPI - OPI oculoparalytic illusion; Omnibus
Personality Inventory.
OPI - OPI opiates.
OPI - OPI osteoblastic proliferation index.
OPI - OPI overproduction inhibition.
OPIDN - OPIDN organophosphorus-induced
delayed neuropathy.
OPK - OPK optokinetic.
OPL - OPL other party liability; outer plexiform
layer; ovine placental lactogen.
OPLL - OPLL ossification of posterior longitudinal
ligament.

973

OPM - OPM occult primary malignancy; Office of

Personnel Management; ophthalmoplegic migraine.
OPN - OPN ophthalmic nurse; osteopontin.
OPO - OPO Organ Procurement Organization.
opp - opp opposite.
OPP - OPP opposite.
OPP - OPP osmotic pressure of plasma; oxygen
partial pressure.
OPPA - OPPA vincristine procarbazine prednisone
Adriamycin.
OPPG - OPPG oculopneumoplethysmography.
OPRD - OPRD opiate receptor delta.
OPRK - OPRK opiate receptor kappa.
OPRR - OPRR Office of Protection from Research

974

Risks.
OPRT - OPRT orotate.. pbosphoribosyltransferase.
OPRTase - OPRTase orotate
phosphoribosyltransferase.
OPS - OPS operations; optical position sensor;
osteoporosis-pseudolipoma syndrome; outpatient
service; outpatient surgery.
OPSA - OPSA ovarian papillary serous
adenocarcinoma.
OpScan - OpScan optical scanning.
OPSI - OPSI overwhelming postsplenectomy
infection.
OPSR - OPSR Office of Professional Standards
Review.
opt - opt best (Lat. Optimus); optics optician.
OPT - OPT outpatient treatment.

975

OPT - OPT outpatient; outpatient treatment.

OPTHD - OPTHD optimal hemodialysis.
OPV - OPV oral polio vaccine.
OPV - OPV oral poliovirus vaccine.
OPWL - OPWL opiate withdrawal.
OR - OR (o)estrogen receptor; odds ratio; oil
retention (enema]; open reduction; operating room;
optic radiation; oral rehydration; orosomucoid;
orthopedic; orthopedic research.
OR - OR open reduction.
OR - OR operating room.
Or - Or orbitale.
OR - OR oriented.
OR - OR rate of outflow.

976

OR&F - OR&F open reduction and fixation; open

reading frame.
ORA - ORA opiate receptor agonist.
ORA - ORA Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Association
(AAOS Specialty Societies).
ORALABX - ORALABX oral antibiotics.
ORANS - ORANS Oak Ridge Analytical System.
ORBC - ORBC ox red blood cell.
ORBD-NRC - ORBD-NRC Osteoporosis and
Related Bone Diseases - National Resource Center.
ORC - ORC oculo-reno-cerebellar [syndrome].
Orcb - Orcb orchitis.
ORD - ORD optical rotatory dispersion; oral
radiation death.

977

ORDS - ORDS Office of Research Demonstration

and Statistics.
ORE - ORE oil retention enema.
OREF - OREF Orthopaedic Research and Education
Foundation.
ORF - ORF open reading frame.
ORF - ORF open reading frames.
Org - Org org organic.
Organizations). - Organizations).
ORIF - ORIF open reduction with internal fixation
(sample operative report).
OrJ - OrJ orange juice.
ORJF - ORJF open reduction jaw fracture.
ORL - ORL otorhinolaryngology.

978

ORM - ORM orosomucoid; other regulated material;

oxygen ratio monitor.
ORMC - ORMC oxygen ratio monitor controller.
ORN - ORN operating room nurse; orthopedic
nurse.
Orn - Orn ornithine.
ORNL - ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratoiy.
ORO - ORO oil red 0.
OROS - OROS oral osmotic.
ORP - ORP operating room personnel.
ORP - ORP oxidation-reduction potential.
ORPM - ORPM orthorhythniic pacemaker.
ORS - ORS olfactory reference syndrome.
ORS - ORS oral rehydration solution.

979

ORS - ORS oral surgery oral surgeon.

ORS - ORS Orthopaedic Research Society (also:
AAOS Specialty Societies).
ORS - ORS orthopedic surgeon orthopedic surgery.
ORS - ORS oxygen radical scavengers.
ORS-ROC - ORS-ROC Orthopedic Research
Society Republic of China.
ORSA - ORSA osteoclast resorption stimulating
activity.
ORT - ORT object relations technique; operating
room technician; oral rehydration therapy.
ORT - ORT operating room technician.
orth - orth ortho orthopedics orthopedic.
Ortho - Ortho ORTH orthopedics.

980

ORV - ORV Orthopaedic Research of Virginia.

ORW - ORW Osler-Rendu-Weber (syndrome).
OS - OS (oculus sinister) left eye.
OS - OS bone.
Os - Os occipitosacral.
Os - Os occupational safety.
Os - Os office surgery.
Os - Os Omenn syndrome.
Os - Os opening snap.
Os - Os operating system.
Os - Os oral surgery.
OS - OS oral surgery.
Os - Os organ specific.

981

OS - OS oris mouth or other opening.

Os - Os orthopedic surgeon orthopedic surgery.
Os - Os Osgood-Schlatter [disease].
Os - Os osmium.
OS - OS osteogenic sarcoma (context bone tumors).
Os - Os osteogenic sarcoma.
Os - Os osteosarcoma.
Os - Os osteosclerosis.
Os - Os oubain sensitivity.
Os - Os overall survival.
OS - OS overall survival.
Os - Os oxygen saturation.

982

OS - OS ozone safe.
OSA - OSA obstructive sleep apnea.
OSA - OSA Office of Services to the Aging.
OSA - OSA Optical Society of America.
OSA - OSA ovarian sectional area.
OSAE - OSAE Orthopaedic Special Assessment
Examination (for AAOS members: Medical
Education Section).
OSAS - OSAS obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.
osc - osc oscillation.
OSCAR - OSCAR on-line survey certification and
reporting system.
OSCC - OSCC oral squamous cell carcinoma.
OSCE - OSCE objective structured clinical
examination.

983

OSF - OSF organ system failure; osteoclaststimulating factor; outer spiral fiber; overgrowth
stimulating factor.
OSH - OSH Act Occupational Safety and Health Act
of 1970.
OSHA - OSHA Occupational Safety and Health
Adminstration.
OSI - OSI open systems interconnection [reference
model].
osm - osm osmole; osmosis osmotic.
OSM - OSM ovine submaxillary mucin; oxygen
saturation meter.
Osm/kg - Osm/kg osmoles per kilogram.
Osm/l - Osm/l osmoles per liter.
OSMED - OSMED otospondylometaphyseal
dysplasia.

984

osmol - osmol osmole.

OSR - OSR oilseed rape.
OSRD - OSRD Office of Scientific Research and
Development.
oss - oss osseous.
OSS - OSS over-the-shoulder strap.
OST - OST object sorting test; Office of Science and
Technology.
osteo - osteo osteoarthritis; osteomyelitis;
osteopathy.
OSTOP - OSTOP Osteoporosis Society of British
Columbia.
OSUK - OSUK Ophthalmological Society of the
United Kingdom.
OSV - OSV Orbis Sigma Valves Type I.

985

OT - OT objective test; oblique talus; occlusion

time; occupational therapist occupational therapy;
ocular tension; office therapy; old term (in anatomy).
OT - OT objective test; occupational therapy.
OT - OT occupational therapy old tuberculin.
OT - OT old tuberculin (Koch's old tuberculin) or
Koch's original tuberculin.
OT - OT olfactory threshold; optic tract; orientation
test ; original tuberculin; ornithine transcarbamylase;
orotracheal; orthopedic treatment; otolaryngology;
otology; oxytocin; oxytryptamine.
Ot - Ot otolaryngology.
OTA - OTA occupational therapy assistant.
OTA - OTA Office of Technology Assessment.
OTA - OTA ornithine transaminase.

986

OTA - OTA Orthopaedic Trauma Association

(Newsletter) (also: AAOS Specialty Societies).
OTA - OTA orthotoluidine arsenite.
OTC - OTC over the counter (a drug that can be
obtained without a prescription).
OTM - OTM os tibiale mediale.
Oto - Oto otology.
OTRPC - OTRPC osm TRPC.
OU - OU (oculus uterque) each eye.
OV - OV office visit.
OWL - OWL Orthopaedic Web Links.
OXT - OXT oxytocin. p - p pathological.
P - P periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath (about
spleen).

987

P - P phosphorus pressure pulse para.

P - P product.
P - P proline.
P-P
P&A - P&A percussion and auscultation
P&S - P&S permanent and stationary
P(a-ET)CO2 - P(a-ET)CO2 arterial-end tidal PCO2
difference (should be less than 7 mmHg).
p(with line over it) - p(with line over it) after post.
p-ANCA - p-ANCA perinuclear antineutrophil
cytoplasmic antibodies.
P-PST-1 - P-PST-1 phenol-sulfating form of
sulfotransferases.
P-selectin (GMP140) - P-selectin (GMP140)
adhesion molecule on endothelial cells and platelets.

988

p.r.n. - p.r.n. pro re nata (as needed).

P: - P: plan.
P02 - P02 pressure of oxygen
p24 - p24 viral protein specific to HIV virus.
p53 - p53 a tumor suppressor gene.
PA - PA pernicious anemia.
PA - PA phagocytic activity.
PA - PA physician assistant.
PA - PA polyactive.
PA - PA posteroanterior (view in X-rays).
PA - PA pulmonary artery.
PA(S)P - PA(S)P pulmonary artery (systolic)
pressure.

989

PAB - PAB PBS/bovine serum albumin/azide

buffer.
PAC - PAC porous apatite ceramics.
PAC - PAC premature atrial contraction.
PACAP - PACAP Pituitary adenylate-cyclaseactivating polypeptide.
PaCO2 - PaCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide
in arterial blood.
PaCO2 (kPa) - PaCO2 (kPa) carbon dioxyde partial
pressure in arterial blood.
PACU - PACU post anesthesia care unit.
PAD - PAD palmar adductors.
PAD - PAD peripheral arterial disease.
PAD - PAD peripheral arteriosclerotic disease.

990

PAD - PAD preliminary anatomic diagnosis.

PADP - PADP pulmonary artery diastolic pressure.
PAEDP - PAEDP pulmonary artery end-diastolic
pressure (normal range 4-13 mmHg).
PAF - PAF platelet-activating factor.
PAH - PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
PAHO - PAHO Pan American Health Organization.
PAI - PAI physical activity index.
PAL - PAL posterior axillary line.
PALS - PALS pediatric advanced life support
(training course).
PALS - PALS periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath.
PAM - PAM Potential Acuity Meter.
PAN - PAN polyarteritis nodosa.

991

PAO - PAO periarticular ossification.

PaO2 - PaO2 partial pressure of oxygen in arterial
blood.
PAOD - PAOD peripheral arterial occlusive disease.
PAOP - PAOP pulmonary artery occluded pressure.
PAOP - PAOP pulmonary artery occlusive pressure
(a.k.a.PCWP).
Pap - Pap Papanicolaou smear.
PAP - PAP peroxidase antiperoxidase.
PAP - PAP prostatic acid phosphatase.
PAP - PAP pulmonary artery pressure (normal mean
9-19 mmHg) .
para - para number of pregnancies.
pares. - pares. paresthesias.

992

PARP - PARP poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase.

PARQ - PARQ Parent-Adolescent Relationship
Questionnaire.
PARQ - PARQ Parental Acceptance/Rejection
Questionnaire.
PARQ - PARQ Physical Activity Readiness
Questionnaire.
PARQ - PARQ physical activity recall
questionnaire.
PAS - PAS primosome assembly site.
PASG - PASG pneumatic anti-shock garment.
PASI - PASI psoriasis area and severity index
(scoring of erythema induration scaling and involved
area).
PAT - PAT paroxysmal atrial tachycardia.

993

Path - Path pathology.

PB - PB phenobarbital.
PBB - PBB polybrominated biphenyls (intoxication
cause disorders of immune function).
PBC - PBC primary biliary cirrhosis.
PBD - PBD Pick body dementia.
PBI - PBI protein bound iodine.
PBL - PBL primary brain lymphoma.
PBL - PBL problem-based learning.
PBMC - PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
PBN - PBN phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone.
pBNP - pBNP porcine brain natriuretic peptide.
PBO - PBO placebo.

994

PBOSRF - PBOSRF Palm Beach Orthopaedic and

Spinal Research Foundation.
PBPC - PBPC peripheral blood progenitor cells.
PBPs - PBPs Penicillin-binding Proteins.
PBS - PBS phosphate buffered saline.
PBS - PBS postprandial bood sugar.
PBSC - PBSC peripheral blood stem cell.
PBT - PBT persistent bioaccumulative and toxic.
pc - pc after meals.
PC - PC personal computer.
PC - PC pheochromocytoma.
PC - PC phone call.
PC - PC plasma cells.

995

pc - pc post cenam after meals.

PC - PC posterior cervical.
PC - PC present complaint.
PCA - PCA patient controlled analgesia.
PCB - PCB polychlorinated biphenyls toxic used in
manufacture of electrical transformers.
PCB - PCB production cell bank.
PCBA - PCBA printed circuit board assembled.
PCC - PCC primary cell culture.
PCCE - PCCE pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium.
PCD - PCD percutaneous catheter drainage.
PCD - PCD programmed cell death.
PCF - PCF posterior cervical fusion.

996

PCG - PCG pancreatico-cholangiography.

PCG - PCG paracervical ganglion.
PCG - PCG phonocardiogram.
PCG - PCG preventive care group.
PCG - PCG primate chorionic gonadotropin.
PCG - PCG pubococcygeus.
PCH - PCH paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria.
PCI - PCI parturition to conception interval.
PCI - PCI percutaneous coronary intervention.
PCIOL - PCIOL posterior chamber intraocular lens.
PCKD - PCKD all parameters rechecked.
PCKD - PCKD polycystic kidney disease.

997

PCL - PCL posterior cruciate ligament.

PCL - PCL primary cerebral lymphoma.
PCL - PCL primary cutaneous lymphoma.
PCLI - PCLI bone marrow plasma cell labeling
index.
PCN - PCN penicillin.
PCNA - PCNA proliferating cell nuclear antigen.
PCNSL - PCNSL primary central nervous system
lymphoma.
PCO - PCO polycystic ovaries.
PCO2 - PCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
PCOD - PCOD polycystic ovarian disease.
PCP - PCP phencyclidine.
PCP - PCP Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

998

PCP - PCP primary care physician.

PCR - PCR polymerase chain reaction.
PCT - PCT procalcitonin.
PCT - PCT proximal convoluted tubule.
PCU - PCU Policy Coordination Unit.
PCV - PCV packed cell volume (hematocrit).
PCWP - PCWP pulmonary capillary wedge
pressure; normal range: 5 to 12 mmHg.
PD - PD Paget disease.
PD - PD partial denture.
PD - PD per diem.
PD - PD perinatal death.
PD - PD peritoneal dialysis.

999

PD - PD presenile dementia (Alzheimer).

PD - PD progressive disease.
PD - PD pulmonary disease.
PD50 - PD50 protective dose 50 %.
PDA - PDA patent ductus arteriosus.
PDA - PDA posterior descending artery.
PDAg - PDAg Pennsylvania Department of
Agriculture.
PDAT - PDAT pre-senile dementia of Alzheimer
type.
PDD - PDD pervasive developmental delay.
PDE - PDE phosphodiesterase.
PDGF - PDGF platelet derived growth factor.

1000

PDH - PDH pigment-dispersing hormone.

PDL - PDL periodontal ligament.
PDLL-D - PDLL-D diffuse poorly-differentiated
lymphocytic lymphomas.
PDLL-N - PDLL-N nodular poorly-differentiated
lymphocytic lymphomas.
PDLLA - PDLLA poly DL-lactic acid.
PDMM - PDMM poorly differentiated malignant
mesothelioma.
PDMS - PDMS polydimethylsiloxane.
PDOH - PDOH Pennsylvania Department of Health.
PDPC - PDPC poorly differentiated papillary
carcinomas of papillary thyroid carcinomas.
PDQ - PDQ Parkinson's disease questionnaire.
PDQ - PDQ Physician's Data Query (CancerNet).

1001

PDR - PDR Physician's Desk Reference.

PDS - PDS polydioxanone.
PDS - PDS poly-p-dioxanone or polydioxanone
suture (commercial synthetic absorbable suture).
PDS - PDS Progressive Deterioration Scale.
PDT - PDT photodynamic therapy.
PDTC - PDTC pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate.
PE - PE Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia.
PE - PE Norway's electrical inspection agency.
PE - PE pancreatic extract.
PE - PE paper electrophoresis.
PE - PE partial epilepsy.
PE - PE pelvic examination.

1002

PE - PE penile erection.
PE - PE pericardial effusion.
PE - PE peritoneal exudate.
PE - PE personal edition.
PE - PE pharyngoesophageal.
PE - PE phase encoded.
PE - PE phenylephrine.
PE - PE phenylethylamine.
PE - PE phenytoin equivalent.
PE - PE phosphatidylethanolamine.
PE - PE photographic effect.
PE - PE phycoerythrin (fluorescent dye used in flow
cytometry).

1003

PE - PE physical education.
PE - PE physical engineering.
PE - PE physical examination.
PE - PE physical exercise.
PE - PE physician extender.
PE - PE physiological ecology.
PE - PE pigmented epithelium.
PE - PE pilocarpine epinephrine.
PE - PE placental extract.
PE - PE plant engineering.
PE - PE plasma exchange.
PE - PE plating efficiencies.

1004

PE - PE platinum etoposide.
PE - PE pleural effusion.
PE - PE point of entry.
PE - PE polyethylene.
PE - PE post-exponential (growth).
PE - PE potential energy.
PE - PE powdered extract.
PE - PE preeclampsia.
PE - PE preexcitation.
PE - PE present evaluation.
PE - PE pressure equalization.
Pe - Pe pressure on expiration.
PE - PE presumptive eligibility.

1005

PE - PE prior to exposure.
PE - PE probable error.
PE - PE professional engineer.
PE - PE program evaluation.
PE - PE proportional error.
PE - PE pseudoexfoliation.
PE - PE Pseudomonas exotoxin.
PE - PE pulmonary edema.
PE - PE pulmonary embolus/embolism.
PE - PE pyrogenic exotoxin.
PE tube - PE tube pressure equalization tubes.
PEA - PEA pelvic examination under anesthesia.

1006

PEA - PEA phenylethyl alcohol.

PEA - PEA phenylethylamine.
PEA - PEA polysaccharide egg antigen.
PEA - PEA pulseless electrical activity (cardiac)
PEAC - PEAC Pharmaceutical Education Advisory
Committee.
PEAP - PEAP positive end airway pressure.
PEAR - PEAR phase encoded artifact reduction.
PEARL - PEARL pupils equal and reactive to light.
PEARL Personnel Expertise and Resource Listing. PEARL Personnel Expertise and Resource Listing.
PEB - PEB cisplatin etoposide and bleomycin.
PEC - PEC peritoneal exudate cells.
PEC - PEC Petri Enteropathogen Count (plate).

1007

PECAM-1 - PECAM-1 platelet endothelial cell

adhesion molecule (CD-31).
Peds - Peds Pediatrics.
PEEK - PEEK polyetheretherketone.
PEEP - PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure.
PEFR - PEFR peak expiratory flow rate.
PEG - PEG percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.
PEG - PEG pneumoencephalogram.
PEG-PE - PEG-PE poly(ethylene glycol)-modified
phosphatidylethanolamine.
PEL - PEL permissible exposure limit.
PEL - PEL primary effusion lymphoma.
PEM - PEM protein-energy malnutrition.

1008

PEN - PEN parenteral nutrition.

PEP - PEP phosphoenol-pyruvate.
PEP - PEP postexposure prophylaxis.
PEP - PEP primer-extension preamplification.
PEP A - PEP A peptidase A isozyme.
PEP B - PEP B peptidase B isozyme.
PEP C - PEP C peptidase C isozyme.
PEP D - PEP D peptidase D isozyme.
pep M24 - pep M24 pepsin extract of type-24 M
protein.
PEP S - PEP S peptidase S isozyme.
PEP/ET - PEP/ET preejection to ejection time.
PEPEC - PEPEC pig enteropathogenic E.coli.

1009

PEPP - PEPP Payment Error Prevention Program.

per - per by.
PER OS - PER OS by mouth
per/os - per/os by mouth.
PerCP - PerCP peridinin chlorophyll A protein
(fluorescent dye used in flow cytometry).
Peri - Peri around or about (e.g. perirenal = around
the kidney).
Peri - Peri perineal.
PERLA - PERLA pupils equal reactive to light &
accommodation.
PERRL - PERRL pupils equally round and reactive
to light.
PERRLA - PERRLA pupils equally round and
reactive to light and accommodation.

1010

PES - PES prenatal environmental stress.

PET - PET positron emission tomography.
PET - PET psychosocially enhanced treatment
program.
PETE - PETE polytetrafluoroethylene.
PF - PF Purkinje fibers.
PF4 - PF4 platelet factor 4.
PFCx - PFCx prefrontal cortex.
PFFD - PFFD proximal femoral focal deficiency
(virtual support group).
PFJ - PFJ patellofemoral joint.
PFO - PFO patent foramen ovale.
PFOLA - PFOLA Prescription Foot Orthotic
Laboratory Association.

1011

PFPS - PFPS patellofemoral pain syndrom.

PFS - PFS progression free survival.
PFT - PFT pulmonary function tests.
PG - PG phosphate yeast glucose (a broth used in
microbiology).
pg - pg picogram - 0.000000000001 gram.
PG - PG proteoglycan.
PG - PG pseudogout (chondrocalcinosis).
PGA - PGA polyglycolic acid.
PGC - PGC pregastricin; primordial germ cell.
PGD - PGD6- 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase.
PGD2 - PGD2 endoperoxide-D-isomerase.
PGE - PGE prostaglandin E.

1012

PGE1 - PGE1 Prostaglandin E1.

PGE2 - PGE2 endoperoxide-E-isomerase.
PGF - PGF paternal grandfather.
PGF2 - PGF2 endoperoxide-F-isomerase.
PGH - PGH pituitary growth hormone.
PGI2 - PGI2 prostacyclin.
PGL - PGL persistent generalized lymphadenopathy.
PGP - PGP progressive general paralysis.
PGR - PGR progesterone receptor.
pH - pH hydrogen-ion concentration - acid / alkaline
PH - PH past history.
PH - PH plasmactytic hyperplasia.
Ph1 - Ph1 Philadelphia chromosome.

1013

PHA - PHA phytohemagglutinin.

PhD - PhD Doctor in Philosophy.
Phe - Phe phenylalanine.
PHI - PHI peptide histidine isoleucine.
PHM - PHM peptide histidine methionine.
PHN - PHN (phenyl)hydroxy-naftopidil.
PHN - PHN headphone.
pHn - pHn nutrient pH.
PHN - PHN papillary Hurthle cell neoplasms.
PHN - PHN paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus.
PHN - PHN passive Heymann nephritis.
PHN - PHN pelvic hematoma necessitans.

1014

PHN - PHN perihypoglossal nucleus.

PHN - PHN periventricularis hypothalami.
pHn - pHn pH values measured by NMR.
PHN - PHN phenacetin.
PHN - PHN phenanthrene.
Phn - Phn phenazinium.
PHN - PHN phentolamine.
PHN - PHN phenylephrine.
PHN - PHN phenylisothiocyanate.
PhN - PhN phenylnitrene.
pHn - pHn photoreceptors.
PhN - PhN phrenic nerve.
PHN - PHN p-hydroxynefazodone.

1015

PHN - PHN p-hydroxynorephedrine.

PHn - PHn pleckstrin homology.
PHN - PHN poly-3-hydroxynonanoate.
PHN - PHN portal hypertension.
PHN - PHN post-herpetic neuralgia.
PHN - PHN preferred Health Network.
PHN - PHN Public Health Nursing.
PHN - PHN Public Health Nutrition.
PHN - PHN pulmonary hypertension.
PhN - PhN pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve.
PHNs - PHNs public health nurses.
Photo DSC - Photo DSC photo differential scanning
calorimeter.

1016

PHPT - PHPT primary hyperparathyroidism.

PHPV - PHPV poly(-3-hydroxy-5-phenylvalerate.
PHS - PHS phenytoin hypersensitivity syndrome
PHSC - PHSC pluripotential hematopoietic stem
cell.
PHTLS - PHTLS prehospital trauma life support.
PHX - PHX past history.
phy - phy phytane isoprenoid.
PHYSO - PHYSO physostigmine.
PI - PI permanently implantable.
PI - PI personal injury.
PI - PI positive indices.
PI - PI present illness.

1017

PI - PI protease inhibitor.
PI - PI pulsatility index.
PIA - PIA performance incentive award.
PIA - PIA posterior interosseous artery.
PIBIDS syndrome - PIBIDS syndrome
photosensitivity ichthyosis brittle hair impaired
intelligence
PIC - PIC peripherally inserted catheter.
PIC - PIC products of incomplete combustion.
PICA - PICA postero-inferior cerebellar artery.
PICC - PICC peripherally inserted central catheter.
PID - PID pelvic inflammatory disease (CDC
documentation).
PiD - PiD Picks disease.

1018

PID - PID prolapsed intervertebral disc.

PIE - PIE Practical Incidence Estimators.
PIE - PIE Problem-Intervention-Evaluation
(system).
PIE - PIE pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia.
PIG-A - PIG-A phosphatidylinositol glycan-class A
(gene).
PIG-A - PIG-A phosphatydilinositolglycan A.
PIH - PIH pregnancy-induced hypertension.
PIH - PIH pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone.
PIL - PIL peripheral intravenous line.
PIM - PIM pre-installation maintenance.
PIN - PIN posterior interosseous nerve.

1019

PIP - PIP proximal interpalangeal.

PIP - PIP proximal interphalangeal joint.
PIP2 - PIP2 phosphatidylinositol-45-biphosphate.
PIPC - PIPC piperacillin.
PIPJ - PIPJ proximal interpalangeal joint.
PIV - PIV peripheral intravenous (line).
PK - PK pain killer.
PKU - PKU phenylketonuria.
PL - PL posterolateral.
PLA - PLA phospholipases.
PLA - PLA polylactic acid.
PLAP - PLAP placental alkaline phosphatase.
PLF - PLF posterior lumbar fusion.

1020

PLGA - PLGA polylactic/glycolic acid.

PLIF - PLIF posterolateral interbody fusion.
PLL - PLL prolymphocytic leukemia.
PLNs - PLNs peripheral lymph nodes.
PLO-SL - PLO-SL polycystic lipomembranous
osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy
(Nasu-Hakola syndrome).
PLR - PLR pupillary light reflex.
plt - plt paucity of lymph node T cell mutation.
PLT - PLT platelet.
PLT - PLT post-liver transplantation.
PLT - PLT primary lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma.
PLT - PLT primed lymphocyte tests.

1021

PLT - PLT psittacosis-lymphogranuloma-trachoma

group viruses.
PM - PM petit mal.
PM - PM polymyositis.
PM - PM post meridian (afternoon).
PM - PM postmitotic cells.
PM - PM postmortem.
PM - PM post-nasal.
PM&R - PM&R Physical Medicine and
Rehabilitation.
PMA - PMA Pharmaceutical Manufacturers
Association.
PMA - PMA positive mental attitude; progressive
muscular atrophy
PMB - PMB postmenopausal bleeding.

1022

PMBL - PMBL primary mediastinal B-cell

lymphoma.
PMD - PMD private medical doctor
PMDD - PMDD premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
PMH - PMH past medical history.
PMI - PMI maxillary primary incisors.
pMI - pMI mitotic index of proliferating cell
population.
PMI - PMI pacemaker implantation.
PMI - PMI pain management index.
PMI - PMI Pain Management Inventory.
PMI - PMI painless myocardial infarction.
PMI - PMI panoramic mandibular index.

1023

PMI - PMI past medical illness.

PMI - PMI paternal meiosis I.
PMI - PMI perioperative myocardial infarction.
PMI - PMI phosphomannose isomerase.
PMI - PMI placental membrane inflammation.
PMI - PMI plasma membrane integrity.
PMI - PMI point of maximum impact
PMI - PMI pollen mitosis one.
PMI - PMI posterior myocardial infarctions.
PMI - PMI postmortem interval.
PMI - PMI power motion imaging.
PMI - PMI Pressure Management Indicator.
PMI - PMI Prevention Marketing Initiative.

1024

pMI - pMI previous myocardial infarction.

PMI - PMI prolonged mechanical inspiration.
PMI - PMI prostate malignancy index.
PMI - PMI psoas minor muscle.
PMII - PMII paternal meiosis II.
PMK - PMK primary monkey kidney.
PML - PML promyelocytic leukemia and its gene on
chromosome 15 (previously named myl).
PML - PML promyelocytic leukemia protein.
PMMA - PMMA polymethylmethacrylate.
PMN - PMN polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
PMP - PMP previous menstrual period.
PMP22 - PMP22 Peripheral myelin protein 22.

1025

PMR - PMR protonic magnetic resonance (analysis).

PMR - PMR psychomotor retardation.
PMS - PMS premenstrual tension syndrome (late
luteal phase dysphoric disorder).
PMS - PMS Profile of Mood States.
PN - PN pain.
PNA - PNA protein equivalent of total nitrogen
appearance.
PNC - PNC postnecrotic liver cirrhosis.
PNC - PNC prenatal care.
PND - PND paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.
PND - PND postnatal day.
PNET - PNET primitive neuroectodermal tumor.

1026

PNF - PNF proprioceptive neuromuscular

facilitation.
PNH - PNH paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
PNI - PNI peripheral nerve injury
PNMT - PNMT phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase.
PNP - PNP pooled normal plasma.
PNS - PNS peripheral nervous system.
PO - PO (per os) orally by mouth.
PO - PO post-operative.
PO - PO postovulatory.
PO sus rel - PO sus rel PO (by mouth) sustained
release.
PO2 - PO2 Partial pressure of oxygen

1027

POC - POC point-of-care.

POC - POC products of conception.
POD - POD postoperative day.
POD - POD postovulatory day.
POEMS (syndrome) - POEMS (syndrome)
polyneuropathy organomegaly endocrinopathy
monoclonal gammopathy
POG - POG Pediatric Oncology Group (USA).
poly - poly prefix for multiple.
polys - polys polymorphonuclear cells.
POMe - POMe median preoptic nucleus.
POME - POME persistent otitis media with effusion.
PONF - PONF Paediatric Oncology Nurses Forum
(UK).

1028

POP - POP plaster of paris.

Pop - Pop popliteus tendon.
POS - POS Piedmont Orthopaedic Society.
pos - pos positive.
POSI - POSI Paediatric Orthopaedic Society of
India.
POSNA - POSNA Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of
North America (AAOS Specialty Societies).
poss. - poss. possible.
post - post posterior.
post-op - post-op post-operative(ly).
postop - postop postoperative.
POTS - POTS postural orthostatic tachycardia
syndrome.

1029

POX - POX point of exit

POX - POX pulse oximetry.
PP - PP per protocol.
PP - PP Peyer's patches.
PP - PP phosphoprotein phosphatase.
PP - PP positive pressure.
pp - pp postpartum.
pp - pp postprandial.
PP - PP presenting problem.
PP - PP private physician.
PP&A - PP&A palpation percussion and
auscultation
PPA - PPA primary progressive aphasia.

1030

PPARalpha - PPARalpha peroxisome proliferator

activated receptor-alpha.
PPD - PPD packs per day.
PPD - PPD permanent partial disability.
PPD - PPD purified protein derivative (of
tuberculin).
PPE - PPE personal protective equipment.
PPG - PPG peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum.
PPG - PPG portosystemic pressure gradient.
PPH - PPH past pertinent history.
PPH - PPH post-partum hemorrhage
PPH - PPH primary pulmonary hypertension.
PPHN - PPHN persistent pulmonary hypertension of
the newborn.

1031

PPLO - PPLO pleuropneumonia-like organisms.

ppm - ppm parts per million.
PPMC - PPMC physician practice management
companies.
PPMS - PPMS primary progressive multiple
sclerosis.
PPND - PPND pallido-ponto-nigral degeneration.
PPP - PPP pregnancy-prevention program.
PPPE - PPPE persistent pigmented purpuric
eruption.
PPS - PPS pachyman polysaccharides.
PPS - PPS pelvic pain syndrome.
PPS - PPS pentosan polysulfate.
PPS - PPS peripheral pulmonic stenosis.

1032

PPs - PPs peroxisome proliferators.

PPS - PPS Personal Preference Scale.
PPs - PPs Peyer's patches.
pps - pps phosphoenolpyruvate synthase gene.
PPs - PPs phosphoprotein phosphatases.
PPS - PPS physician patient and society.
PPS - PPS plasminogen-plasmin system.
PPS - PPS polyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide.
PPS - PPS poor progesterone surge (cycles).
PPS - PPS popliteal pterygium syndrome.
PPS - PPS postpartum psychiatric syndromes.
PPS - PPS postpartum sterilization.
PPS - PPS postperfusion syndrome.

1033

PPS - PPS postpericardiotomy syndrome.

PPS - PPS post-polio syndrome.
PPS - PPS postpump syndrome.
PPS - PPS potentiating paired stimulation.
PPS - PPS prenatal psychological stress.
PPS - PPS preputial separation.
PPS - PPS primary acquired preleukemic syndrome.
PPS - PPS professional practice standards.
PPS - PPS prospective payment system.
PPS - PPS prospective pricing system.
PPS - PPS protein plasma substitute.
PPS - PPS pulse per second.

1034

PPS/PCO - PPS/PCO pelvic pain

syndrome/polycystic ovaries
PPSH - PPSH pseudovaginal perineoscrotal
hypopospadias.
ppt - ppt part per trillion.
PPT - PPT Physical Performance Test.
PPT - PPT plasma pregnancy test.
PPT - PPT postpartum thyroiditis.
PPT-B - PPT-B Preprotachykinin B.
PPV - PPV positive predicitive value.
PR - PR partial response / partial remission.
PR - PR perirenal (adipose tissue).
PR - PR progress record.
PR - PR pulse rate.

1035

PR3 - PR3 proteinase 3.

PRA - PRA plasma/peripheral renin activity.
PRAMS - PRAMS Pregnancy Risk Assessment
Monitoring System.
PRAS - PRAS prereduced anaerobically sterilized
(media).
PRBC - PRBC packed red blood cells.
PRC - PRC proximal row carpectomy.
PRCA - PRCA pure red cell aplasia.
PRE - PRE progressive resistance exercises.
pre-op - pre-op pre-operative(ly).
preop - preop preoperative.
prep - prep prepare as.

1036

Pri - Pri isopropanol.

PRI - PRI PACAP receptor I.
PRI - PRI Pain Rating Index.
PRI - PRI pain rating index.
PRI - PRI patient review instrument.
PRI - PRI Pediatric Risk Index.
PRI - PRI performance rating instrument.
PRI - PRI perinatal respiratory insufficiency.
PRI - PRI Pharyngeal Retention Index.
PRI - PRI phenol red impurity.
PRI - PRI phosphate reabsorption index.
PRI - PRI phosphoribose isomerase.
PRI - PRI phosrestin I.

1037

PRI - PRI photochemical reflectance index.

PRI - PRI placental ribonuclease inhibitor.
PRI - PRI placental RNase inhibitor.
PRI - PRI platelet reactivity index.
PRI - PRI point of respiratory inversion.
PRI - PRI post recurrence induction.
PRI - PRI postpartum resumption interval.
PRI - PRI post-radiosurgical imaging.
PRI - PRI post-remission intensification.
PRI - PRI power ratio index.
PrI - PrI preinoculation.
PRI - PRI premarital residential independence.

1038

PRI - PRI pre-response interval.

PRI - PRI preservation-reperfusion injury.
PRI - PRI pressure relief index.
Pri - Pri primary.
PRI - PRI primates.
PRI - PRI primidone.
PRI - PRI prinedil
pri - pri pristane isoprenoid.
PRI - PRI Pristinamycin.
PRI - PRI ProFile Ni-Ti rotary instruments.
PRI - PRI progressive renal insufficiency.
PRI - PRI proliferation rate index.
PRI - PRI protease inhibitors.

1039

PRI - PRI protein intake.

PRI - PRI proximal promoter region I.
PRI - PRI Psychopathy Resemblance Index.
pRi - pRi root-inducing plasmids.
PRI(S) - PRI(S) pain rating intensity score.
PRI-100 - PRI-100 Personal Reaction Inventory.
PRIAS - PRIAS Packard Radioimmunoassay
System.
PRICE - PRICE protection relative rest ice
compression
PRICEMM - PRICEMM protection relative rest ice
compression
PRICES - PRICES physician modalities
rehabilitation injections cross training

1040

PRICES - PRICES protection rest ice compression

PRIDE - PRIDE Parents Resource Institute for Drug
Education.
PRIH - PRIH prolactin release inhibiting hormone.
PRII - PRII proximal promoter region II.
PRIM - PRIM primase.
PRIM&R - PRIM&R Public Responsibility in
Medicine & Research.
PRIME - PRIME plankton reactivity in the marine
environment.
PRIME-MD - PRIME-MD Primary Care Evaluation
of Mental Disorders.
PRIMEX - PRIMEX primary care extender.
Primip - Primip primipara/primiparity.
PRIMOS - PRIMOS prime operating system.

1041

PRINCE - PRINCE projects in controlled

environments (UK).
PRIND - PRIND prolonged reversible ischemic
neurologic deficit.
PRION - PRION proteinaceous infectious particle.
PRIST - PRIST paper radioimmunosorbent test
Prl - Prl prolactin.
prn - prn pro re nata - as required as needed.
Pro - Pro proline.
Pro time - Pro time prothrombin time.
PROM - PROM passive range of motion.
PROM - PROM premature rupture of membranes.
ProMACE-CytaBOM - ProMACE-CytaBOM
prednisone methotrexate doxorubicin

1042

cyclophosphamide
prot - prot protocol.
PRP - PRP penicillase-resistant penicillin.
PRP - PRP pityriasis rubra pilaris.
PrP - PrP prion protein.
PRRE - PRRE pupils round regular and equal.
decreased fertility and short stature.
Prss14 - Prss14 protease serine14 a gene.
PRT - PRT patient refused test.
PRUJ - PRUJ proximal radioulnar joint.
PRUL - PRUL proximal radioulnar ligament.
PS - PS parasegment.
PS - PS paraspinous.

1043

PS - PS pathologic stage.
PS - PS physical status.
PS - PS present symptoms.
PSA - PSA prostate-specific antigen.
PSC - PSC primary sclerosing cholangitis.
PSCR - PSCR peripheral stem cell rescue.
PSCT - PSCT peripheral stem cell transplant.
PSD - PSD passive sampling devices.
PSEF - PSEF Plastic Surgery Educational
Foundation.
PSF - PSF peak scatter factor.
PSF - PSF posterior spinal fusion.
PSF - PSF post-sophomore fellow.

1044

PSG - PSG progressive subcortical gliosis.

PSGN - PSGN post streptococcal
glomerulonephritis.
psi - psi pounds per square inch.
PSIS - PSIS posterior superior iliac spine.
PSP - PSP phenylsulfonphthalein test.
PSP - PSP posterior spinous process.
PSS - PSS Perceived Stress Scale.
PSSV - PSSV pre-study site visit.
PST - PST palmar skin temperature.
PST - PST paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.
Pst - Pst phosphate-specific transporter.
pST - pST porcine somatotropin

1045

PST - PST problem-solving therapy

PST - PST proximal straight tubule.
PST - PST proximal straight tubules
PST - PST pulse separation time
PSTH - PSTH poststimulus time histograms.
PSTT - PSTT placental site trophoblastic tumor.
PSUR - PSUR periodic safety update report.
PSV - PSV peak systolic velocity.
PSVT - PSVT paroxysmal supraventricular
tachycardia.
PsyD - PsyD Doctor in Psychiatry.
PT - PT patient.
PT - PT permanent and total.

1046

PT - PT physical therapy.
PT - PT pneumothorax.
PT - PT prothrombin time.
pt. - pt. patient pint.
PTA - PTA percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.
PTA - PTA phosphotungstic acid.
PTA - PTA prior to admission/arrival.
PTA Medication - PTA Medication prior to
admission medication.
PTAH - PTAH phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin.
PTC - PTC percutaneous transhepatic
cholangiography.
PTCA - PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary
angioplasty.

1047

PTD - PTD permanent total disability.

PTFE - PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene.
PTGC - PTGC progressively transformed germinal
centers.
PTH - PTH parathyroid hormone.
PTH - PTH phenylthiohydantoin.
PTHc - PTHc C-terminal parathyroid hormone.
PTHC - PTHC percutaneous transhepatic
cholangiography.
PTHC - PTHC posttransfusion hepatitis C.
PTHrP - PTHrP parathyroid hormone-related
peptide.
PTK - PTK protein tyrosine kinases.
PTLD - PTLD post-transplant lymphoproliferative
disorder.

1048

PTMC - PTMC Percutaneous transvenous mitral

commissurotomy.
PTMR - PTMR percutaneous transmyocardial
revascularization.
PTO - PTO portal triad occlusion.
PTP - PTP Professional Team Physicians.
PTR - PTR patellar tendon reflex
PTS - PTS phosphotransferase system.
PTSD - PTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
(National Center for PTSD).
PTT - PTT partial thromboplastin time.
PTU - PTU propylthiourcil (antithyroid drug).
PTW - PTW Play-the-Winner.
PTX - PTX pneumothorax.

1049

PU - PU polyurethane.
PU - PU pregnancy urine.
PUCP - PUCP maximum urethral closure pressure.
PUD - PUD peptic ulcer disease.
PUD - PUD peri-urethral diathermy (associated with
superficial bladder cancer).
PUD - PUD pulmonary disease.
PUFA - PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids.
pulv - pulv powder.
Pulv - Pulv pulvinar.
PuLv - PuLv ventral part of the lateral pulvinar.
Pulv-LP - Pulv-LP pulvinar-posterior-lateral
complex.

1050

PuM - PuM medial pulvinar.

PUPPP - PUPPP pruritic urticarial papules and
plaques of pregnancy.
PV - PV paravertebral.
PV - PV polycythemia vera.
PV bleed - PV bleed per vagina bleed.
PVA - PVA polyvinyl alcohol fixative.
PVASI - PVASI pelvic vascular injury.
PVB - PVB paravertebral block.
PVB - PVB premature ventricular beat.
PVB19 - PVB19 parvovirus B19.
PVC - PVC premature ventricular contraction.
PVC - PVC pulmonary venous congestion.

1051

PVD - PVD peripheral vascular disease.

PVD - PVD pre-senile vascular dementia.
PVNS - PVNS pigmented villonodular synovitis.
PvO2 - PvO2 mixed venous oxygen tension.
PVR - PVR post-void residual.
PVR - PVR pulmonary vascular resistance.
PVR - PVR pulse volume recorder.
PVST - PVST paraventriculospinal tract.
PVST - PVST paroxysmal supraventricular
tachycardia.
PVT - PVT paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia.
PVT - PVT peripheral vein thrombophlebitis.
PVT - PVT periprostatic vein thrombosis.

1052

PVT - PVT polymorphic ventricular tachycardia.

PVT - PVT popliteal vein transplant.
PVT - PVT portal vein thrombosis.
pvt-1 - pvt-1 plasmacytoma variant translocation-1
gene (on chromosome 15). and skin lesions.
PWB - PWB partial weight bearing.
PWP - PWP pulmonary wedge pressure.
PWS - PWS Prader-Willi syndrome.
PX - PX papular xanthoma.
PX - PX physical examination.
PX - PX prescription.
PX - PX prognosis.
PXE - PXE pseudoxanthoma elasticum.

1053

PZI - PZI protamine zinc insulin - a long acting

insulin.

q - q (Lat. quaque) - each or every.

Q-Q
q.d. - q.d. qd (quaque in die) once a day every day
q.h. - q.h. qh every hour
q.i.d. - q.i.d. qid four times a day
q.o.d. - q.o.d. every other day
q.s. - q.s. quantity sufficient
Q2H - Q2H every two hours.
QA - QA quality assurance.
QA/QC - QA/QC quality assurance/quality control.
QALY - QALY quality-adjusted life year.

1054

QAM - QAM qam every morning.

QAR - QAR quantitative autoradiography.
QC - QC quality control.
QCA - QCA quantitative coronary angiography.
QCT - QCT quantitative computed tomography.
QD - QD every day.
QH - QH every hour.
qhs - qhs every night at bedtime.
QID - QID four times a day.
QM - QM qm every morning.
QMI - QMI Q-wave myocardial infarction.
QMT - QMT quantitative muscle testing.

1055

QN - QN qn quaque nox - every night.

QNS - QNS qns quantity not sufficient.
QOD - QOD every other day.
QOH - QOH every other hour.
QoL - QoL quality of life.
QON - QON every other night.
QP - QP as much as desired; at will.
QPM - QPM every afternoon.
qqh - qqh every four hours (Lat. quaque quarta
hora).
QS - QS qs sufficient quantity.
QT - QT quantity; quart; quiet.
qt. - qt. quart.

1056

QV - QV as much as desired.
R - R rectal.
R - R residual tumor after treatment.
R - R respiration (also resp).
R - R right.
R - R roentgen.
R-R
R-SIRS - R-SIRS Revised Seriousness of Illness
Rating Scale.
R.D. - R.D. registered dietician.
R.P.R. - R.P.R. rpr rapid plasma reagin.
R.R. - R.R. recovery room.
R/O - R/O rule out.
R/s - R/s roentgens per second.

1057

R/T - R/T related to.

R2R - R2R Reach to Recovery ACS program.
RA - RA refractory anemia.
RA - RA rheumatoid arthritis.
RA - RA right atrium.
RACS - RACS Royal Australasian College of
Surgeons.
rad - rad radiation absorbed dose.
rad - rad radiotherapy.
RAEB - RAEB refractory anemia with excess blasts.
RAI - RAI radioactive iodine uptake.
RAIU - RAIU radioactive iodine uptake.
RAP - RAP right atrial pressure.

1058

RAPD - RAPD relative afferent pupillary defect.

RAR-? - RAR-? retinoic acid receptor-alpha (gene
on chromosome 17).
RAS - RAS renin-angiotensin system.
RAST - RAST serum radioallergosorbent test (test
for milk sensitivity).
RATx - RATx radiation therapy
RBBB - RBBB right bundle branch block.
RBC - RBC red blood cells/count.
RBE - RBE relative biological effects.
RBF - RBF renal blood flow.
RBILD - RBILD respiratory bronchiolotis interstitial
lyng disease.
RBWC - RBWC randomly bred White Carneau

1059

pigeons.
RCA - RCA right coronary artery.
RCA1 - RCA1 Ricinus communis agglutinin.
rCBF - rCBF regional cerebral blood flow.
RCM - RCM right costal margin.
RCMD - RCMD refractory cytopenia with
multilineage dysplasia.
RCMI - RCMI red blood cell morphologic index.
RCP - RCP Royal College of Physicians.
RCPSC - RCPSC Royal College of Physicians and
Surgeons of Canada.
RCR - RCR respiratory control ratio.
RCSED - RCSED Royal College of Surgeons of
Edinburgh.

1060

RCSENG - RCSENG Royal College of Surgeons of

England.
RCSI - RCSI Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.
RCT - RCT randomized controlled trial.
RD - RD respiratory disease.
RDA - RDA recommended dietary allowance.
RDS - RDS respiratory distress syndrome.
RDW - RDW red cell distribution width.
RE - RE right eye.
re: - re: regarding.
REAL - REAL Revised European American
Classification.
Reg - Reg regular.
Reg. - Reg. registrar.

1061

REL - REL release.

REM - REM rapid eye movement.
REP - REP repair.
REPS - REPS repetitions.
RES - RES reticuloendothelial system.
RESNA - RESNA Rehabilitation Engineering and
Assistive Technology Society of North American.
Resp - Resp respiration respiratory.
REV - REV Reticuloendotheliosis virus.
RF - RF rheumatic fever rheumatoid factor.
RFA - RFA radiofrequency ablation.
RFA - RFA ratio of fat area.
RFFIT - RFFIT rapid fluorescent focus inhibition

1062

test.
RFI - RFI renal failure index: UNa/(UCr/PCr).
RFLP - RFLP restriction-fragment length
polymorphism.
RFS - RFS relapse free survival.
RGD - RGD arginine-glycine-asparagine (aminoacid
sequence responsible for cell-binding properties of
fibronectin vitronectin fibrinogen laminin
RGO - RGO reciprocating gait orthosis.
RH - RH relative humidity.
RH - RH Reproductive Health.
Rh - Rh Rhesus (monkey) factor.
Rh neg. (Rh-) - Rh neg. (Rh-) Rhesus factor
negative.
Rh pos. (Rh+) - Rh pos. (Rh+) Rhesus factor

1063

positive.
rhBMP-2 - rhBMP-2 recombinant human bone
morphogenetic protein.
RHD - RHD rheumatic heart disease.
RI - RI resistive index.
RI - RI reticulocyte index = (%reticulocyte x pt
Hct)/45 x (1/shift correction factor); (shift correction
factor = 1.5 for Hct 35%; 2 for Hct 25%; 2.5 for Hct
15%); if RI <2% = hypoproliferative anemia if RI
2% = excessive destruction or loss.
RIA - RIA radioimmunoassay.
RICE - RICE rest ice compression and elevation.
RIND - RIND reversible ischemic neurologic
deficit.
RIS - RIS Risperidone.
RJOS - RJOS Ruth Jackson Orthopaedic Society

1064

(also: AAOS Specialty Societies).

RK - RK rabbit kidney.
RL - RL right lateral.
RLA - RLA Resident Legal Advisor.
RLD - RLD reference lumen diameter.
RLE - RLE rabbit limbal epithelial.
RLE - RLE rabbit liver esterase.
RLE - RLE rat liver epithelial cells.
RLE - RLE rat lung epithelial cells.
RLFP - RLFP remaining lifetime fracture
probability.
RLL - RLL right lower lobe (lung).
RLQ - RLQ right lower quadrant (abdomen).

1065

RM - RM routine maintenance.
RMA - RMA refuse/s medical assistance.
RML - RML right middle lobe (lung); right
mediolateral. elevation.
RMR - RMR resting metabolic rate. elevation
modalities medication.
RN - RN registered nurse. evaluation salicylates.
RNA - RNA ribonucleic acid. elevation support.
RO - RO rule out.
ROA - ROA right occiput anterior.
ROC - ROC receiver operating curve analysis.
ROD - ROD removal of drain.
ROI - ROI region of interest.
ROM - ROM range of motion (of joint).

1066

ROMI - ROMI Rating of Medication Influences

scale (psychiatry).
ROMI - ROMI rule-out myocardial infarction.
ROP - ROP retinopathy of prematurity.
ROP - ROP right occiput posterior.
ROS - ROS removal of sutures.
ROS - ROS review of symptoms.
ROS - ROS review of systems.
ROT - ROT right occiput transverse
ROT - ROT rule of thumb.
RP - RP red pulp.
RP - RP retrograde pyelogram.
RPD - RPD ERP dispersion.

1067

RPE - RPE retinal pigment epithelium.

RPGN - RPGN rapidly progressive
glomerulonephritis.
RPI - RPI reticulocyte production index. etoposide
cytarabine bleomycin vincristine methotrexate.
RPP - RPP rate pressure product.
RPR - RPR rapid plasma reagin.
RPT - RPT register physical therapy.
RR - RR relative risk.
RR - RR respiratory rate.
RR - RR risk ratio.
RRF - RRF residual renal function.
RRMS - RRMS relapsing remitting multiple
sclerosis.

1068

RROM - RROM resistive range of motion.

RROSR - RROSR RoundupReady* oilseed rape.
RRR - RRR regular rate and rhythm.
RRT - RRT random response technique.
RRT - RRT Registered Respiratory Therapist.
RRT - RRT relative retention time.
RRU - RRU respiratory resistance unit.
RRV-TV - RRV-TV rhesus rotavirus vaccinetetravalent.
RS - RS radioscaphoid.
RS - RS random sample.
RS - RS rating schedule.
Rs - Rs Rauwolfia serpentina.

1069

RS - RS Raynaud syndrome.
RS - RS recipients serum.
RS - RS reclassification sensitivity.
RS - RS rectal sinus.
RS - RS rectal suppository.
RS - RS rectosigmoid.
RS - RS reducing substance.
RS - RS Reed-Sternberg cells characteristic for
Hodgkins disease.
RS - RS reinforcing stimulus.
RS - RS Reiter syndrome.
RS - RS relative stimulus.
RS - RS renal specialist.

1070

RS - RS respiratory syncytial (virus).

RS - RS response to stimulus.
RS - RS resting subject.
RS - RS reticulated siderocyte.
RS - RS retinoschisis.
RS - RS Rett syndrome.
RS - RS review of symptoms.
RS - RS Reye syndrome.
RS - RS Richter's syndrome (transformation of CLL
in DLCL).
RS - RS right sacrum.
RS - RS right septum.
RS - RS right side.

1071

RS - RS right stellate (ganglion).

RS - RS Ringer solution.
RS - RS Roberts syndrome.
RS - RS Rous sarcoma.
Rs - Rs systemic resistance.
RS3PE - RS3PE remitting seronegative symmetrical
synovitis with pitting edema.
RSA - RSA rabbit serum albumin.
RSA - RSA regular spiking activity.
RSA - RSA relative specific activity.
RSA - RSA relative standard accuracy.
RSA - RSA reticulum cell sarcoma.
RSA - RSA right sacroanterior (fetal position).

1072

RSA - RSA right subclavian artery.

RSA - RSA roentgenographic stereogrammetric
analysis.
Rsa - Rsa systemic arterial resistance.
RSB - RSB Rapid Shallow Breathing Index.
RSB - RSB rectal suction biopsy.
RSB - RSB recurrent sinus barotrauma.
RSB - RSB reticulocyte standard buffer.
RSB - RSB retinal Schiff base.
RSB - RSB right sternal border.
RSB - RSB roasted soybeans.
RSC - RSC rat spleen cell.
RSC - RSC rested state contraction.

1073

RSC - RSC reversible sickle-cell.

RSC - RSC right subclavian.
RScA - RScA right scapuloanterior (fetal position).
RSCN - RSCN Registered Sick Childrens
Nurse.
RScP - RScP right scapuloposterior (fetal position).
RSD - RSD reflex sympathetic dystrophy.
RSD - RSD relative standard deviation (Srel).
RSDS - RSDS reflex sympathetic dystrophy
syndrome.
RSE - RSE rapid spin-echo.
RSEP - RSEP right somatosensory evoked potential.
RSES - RSES Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.

1074

RSH - RSH Royal Society of Health.

RSI - RSI rapid sequence induction.
RSI - RSI rapid sequence intubation.
RSI - RSI repetition strain injury.
RSIC - RSIC Radiation Shielding Information
Center.
RSJVP - RSJVP rapid-sequence intravenous
pyelography.
RSL - RSL radioscapholunate ligament.
RSL - RSL right sacrolateral (fetal position).
RSLD - RSLD repair of sublethal damage.
RSM - RSM restriction site mutation.
RSM - RSM risk screening model.
RSM - RSM Royal Society of Medicine.

1075

RSMR - RSMR relative standard mortality rate.

RSN - RSN restin.
RSN - RSN right substantia nigra.
RSNA - RSNA Radiological Society of North
America.
RSO - RSO radiation safety officer.
RSO - RSO Resident Surgical Officer.
RSO - RSO right superior oblique (muscle).
rSO2 - rSO2 regional oxygen saturation.
RSP - RSP removable silicone plug.
RSP - RSP ribose-5-phosphatase.
RSP - RSP right sacroposterior (fetal position).
RSPCA - RSPCA Royal Society for the Prevention

1076

of Cruelty to Animals.
RSPH - RSPH Royal Society for the Promotion of
Health.
RSPK - RSPK recurrent spontaneous psychokinesis.
rSr - rSr an electrocardiographic complex.
RSR - RSR regular sinus rhythm.
RSR - RSR relative survival rate.
RSR - RSR right superior rectus (muscle).
RSS - RSS rat stomach strip.
RSS - RSS rectosigmoidoscopy.
RSS - RSS Russell-Silver syndrome.
RSSE - RSSE Russian spring-sununer encephalitis.
RSSR - RSSR relative slow sinus rate.

1077

RST - RST radiosensitivity test.

RST - RST reagin screen test.
RST - RST right sacrotransverse (fetal position).
RST - RST rubrospinal tract.
RSTI - RSTI Radiological Service Training Institute.
RSTL - RSTL relaxed skin tension lines.
RSTMH - RSTMH Royal Society of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene.
RSTS - RSTS retropharyngeal soft tissue space.
RSU - RSU radiological sciences unit.
RSV - RSV respiratory syncytial virus.
RSV - RSV right subclavian vein.
RSV - RSV Rous sarcoma virus.

1078

RSVC - RSVC right superior vena cava.

RSVP - RSVP retired senior volunteer program.
rt - rt lat right lateral.
RT - RT radiologic technologist.
RT - RT radiotelemetry.
RT - RT radiotherapy.
RT - RT radium therapy.
RT - RT rapid tranquilization.
RT - RT reaction time.
RT - RT reading test.
RT - RT reciprocating tachycardia.
RT - RT recreational therapy.
RT - RT rectal temperature.

1079

RT - RT reduction time.
RT - RT Registered Technician.
RT - RT renal transplantation.
RT - RT resistance transfer.
RT - RT respiratory therapist/therapy.
RT - RT response time.
RT - RT rest tremor.
RT - RT retransformation.
RT - RT reverse transcriptase.
RT - RT reverse transcription.
rT - rT ribothymidine.
RT - RT right thigh.

1080

Rt - Rt right.
RT - RT room temperature.
RT - RT Rubinstein-Taybi (syndrome).
Rt - Rt total resistance.
RT(ARRT) - RT(ARRT) Radiologic Technologist
certified by the American Registry of Radiologic
Technologists.
RT(N)(ARRT) - RT(N)(ARRT) Radiologic
Technologist (Nuclear Medicine) certified by the
American Registry of Radiologic Technologists.
RT(R)(ARRT) - RT(R)(ARRT) Registered
Technologist Radiography certified by the American
Registry of Radiologic Technologists).
RT(T)(ARRT) - RT(T)(ARRT) Radiologic
Technologist (Radiation Therapy) certified by the
American Registry of Radiologic Technologists.
RT-CT - RT-CT radiotherapy dedicated computed

1081

tomography.
rt-PA - rt-PA recombinant tissue plasminogen
activator.
RT-PCR - RT-PCR reverse transcriptase polymerase
chain reaction.
rt. - rt. right
RT3 - RT3 rT3 reverse triiodothyronine.
RT3U - RT3U resin T3 uptake.
RTA - RTA ray tracing algorithm.
RTA - RTA renal tubular acidosis.
RTA - RTA reverse transcriptase assay.
RTA - RTA road traffic accident.
RTAD - RTAD renal tubular acidification defect.
RTC - RTC random control trial.

1082

RTC - RTC rape treatment center.

RTC - RTC renal tubular cell.
RTC - RTC residential treatment center.
rtc - rtc return to clinic.
RTC - RTC return to clinic.
RTC - RTC round the clock.
RTD - RTD renal tubular defect.
Rtd - Rtd retarded.
RTD - RTD routine test dilution.
RTECS - RTECS Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances.
RTF - RTF resistance transfer factor.
RTF - RTF respiratory tract fluid.

1083

RTG-2 - RTG-2 rainbow trout gonadal tissue cells.

rTHF - rTHF recombinant tumor necrosis factor.
RTI - RTI respiratory tract infection.
RTI - RTI reverse transcriptase inhibition.
RTK - RTK receptor-tyrosine kinase: rhabdoid
tumor of the kidney.
rtl - rtl rectal.
RTM - RTM registered trademark.
rTMS - rTMS repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation.
RTN - RTN renal tubular necrosis.
RTO - RTO return to office.
RTO - RTO right toe off.

1084

RTOG - RTOG Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.

RTOG - RTOG radiation therapy oncology group.
RTP - RTP radiation treatment planning.
RTP - RTP renal transplantation patient.
RTP - RTP reverse transcriptase-producing (agent).
rTPA/rtPA - rTPA/rtPA recombinant tissue
plasminogen activator.
RTPCR - RTPCR reverse transcriptase polymerase
chain reaction.
RTR - RTR Recreational Therapist Registered.
RTR - RTR red blood cell turnover rate.
RTR - RTR retention time ratio.
RTs - RTs reaction times.
RTS - RTS real time scan.

1085

RTs - RTs relaxation times.

RTs - RTs residence times.
RTs - RTs respiratory therapists.
RTS - RTS respiratory tract secretions.
RTS - RTS Rett syndrome.
RTs - RTs reverse transcriptases.
RTS - RTS revised trauma score.
RTS - RTS revised trauma scores.
RTS - RTS right toestrike.
RTS - RTS Rothmund-Thomson syndrome.
RTS - RTS Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.
RU - RU resin uptake.

1086

RU - RU routine urinalysis.
RU 486 - RU 486 antiprogesterone used for abortion
in early gestation.
RUL - RUL right upper lobe (lung).
RUQ - RUQ right upper quadrant (abdomen).
RUT - RUT rapid urease test.
RV - RV residual volume of lung.
RV - RV right ventricle.
RVAS - RVAS right ventricular assist system.
RVDC - RVDC right ventricle diastolic collapse.
RVF - RVF right ventricular failure.
RVH - RVH right ventricular hypertrophy.
RVLM - RVLM rostral ventrolateral medulla.

1087

RVMI - RVMI right ventricle myocardial infarction.

RVP - RVP reduced vascular response; resting
venous pressure; right ventricular pressure.
RVQ - RVQ relaxed vaginal outlet.
RVR - RVR respiratory rate:tidal volume ratio.
RVT - RVT renal vein thrombosis.
Rx - Rx prescription. collagen).
Rx - Rx treatment therapy.
RXR - RXR retinoid receptors.
S - S serine.
s - s sine without.
S - S specialist (physician).
S-S
S & sx - S & sx signs and symptoms

1088

S&S - S&S signs and symptoms.

s(with line over it) - s(with line over it) without.
S-DSA - S-DSA stepping digital subtraction
angiography.
S-K - S-K Sauve Kapandji (procedure).
S-Mgb - S-Mgb serum myoglobin.
S-phase - S-phase proliferative index % of tumor
cells actively dividing at a given time
S-PMI - S-PMI subendocardial perioperative
myocardial injury.
S/L - S/L sublingual.
S/M - S/M sudomasochism.
S/P - S/P status post
S/S - S/S signs and symptoms (also SAS).

1089

S3 - S3 (cardiac) third sound.

SA - SA sinoatrial node.
SA - SA surface area (see BSA).
SAE - SAE serious adverse event.
SAFHS - SAFHS sonic accelerated fracture healing
system.
SAH - SAH subarachnoid hemorrhage.
SAL - SAL saline.
SAM - SAM sulfur-adenosylmethionine.
SaO2 - SaO2 systemic arterial oxygen saturation
(%).
SAR - SAR specific absorption rate (MRI).
SAR - SAR suspected adverse reaction.

1090

SARSS - SARSS suspected adverse reaction

surveillance scheme.
SAS - SAS signs and symptoms (also S/S).
SAS - SAS statistical analysis system.
SASOC - SASOC the Social Acceptability Scale of
Occlusal Conditions.
SAT - SAT South African territories.
SATO - SATO Sociedad Andaluza de
Traumatologia y Ortopedia (Andalusian Society of
Traumatology & Orthopaedics).
Sau3A - Sau3A restriction enzyme from
Staphylococcus aureus 3A.
SB - SB sudan black.
SBB - SBB sudan black B.
SBCP - SBCP Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia
Plastica (Brazilian Society of Plastic Surgery).

1091

SBE - SBE shortness of breath on exertion.

SBE - SBE subacute bacterial endocarditis.
SBFT - SBFT small bowel follow through series.
SBM - SBM soybean meal.
SBO - SBO side branch occlusion (in coronary
artery stenting).
SBO - SBO skull base osteomyelitis.
SBO - SBO small bowel obstruction.
SBO - SBO soyabean oil.
SBOT - SBOT Sociedade Brasileira de Ortopedia e
Traumatologia (Brazilian Association of
Orthopaedics and Traumatology).
SBP - SBP systemic/ systolic blood pressure.
SC - SC s.c. subcutaneous.

1092

SC - SC scaphocapitate.
SC - SC stratum corneum.
SC - SC subcutaneous.
SCAI - SCAI The Society for Cardiac Angiography
and Interventions.
SCAN - SCAN suspected child abuse or neglect.
SCC - SCC squamous cell carcinoma.
SCC - SCC standard clinical criteria.
SCCOT - SCCOT Colombian Society for
Orthopaedics and Traumatology.
SCD - SCD sequential compression device.
SCD - SCD sickle cell disease.
SCD - SCD spinocerebellar degenerations.

1093

SCD - SCD sudden cardiac death.

SCDs - SCDs scalp current densities.
SCDS - SCDS Seychelles Child Development
Study.
SCDS - SCDS Sheffield child development study.
SCDs - SCDs sickle cell diseases.
SCDs - SCDs steroid contraceptive drugs.
SCDS - SCDS sudden cardiac death syndrome.
SCE - SCE sister-chromatid exchange.
SCF - SCF stem cell factor.
SCFE - SCFE slipped capital femoral epiphysis
(case report).
SCHIP - SCHIP State Children's Health Insurance
Program.

1094

SCI - SCI spinal cord injury.

SCICU - SCICU spinal cord intensive care unit.
SCID - SCID severe combined immunodeficiency
disease.
SCIWORA - SCIWORA spinal cord injury without
radiologic abnormality (Wheeless Textbook:
Fractures).
SCJ - SCJ squamocolumnar junction.
SCLC - SCLC Small cell lung cancer
SCOI - SCOI Southern California Orthopaedic
Institute.
SCS - SCS spinal chord stimulation.
SCS - SCS Spinal Cord Society.
SCTN - SCTN Scottish Cancer Therapy Network
SD - SD shoulder disarticulation.

1095

SD - SD signal detection.
SD - SD stable disease.
SD - SD standard deviation.
SDAT - SDAT senile dementia of Alzheimer's type.
SDH - SDH sorbitol deshydrogenase.
SDU - SDU source delivery unit.
SDU - SDU standard deviation units.
SDV - SDV Source Data Verification
SE - SE spin echo (MRI).
SE - SE staphylococcal enterotoxins.
SEB - SEB staphylococcal enterotoxin B.
sec - sec second.

1096

SEC - SEC spontaneous echo contrast.

SECOT - SECOT Sociedad Espanola de Chirurgia
Ortopedica y Traumatologia (only Spanish).
sed rate - sed rate sedimentation rate.
segs - segs polymorphonuclear neutrophil
SEHCS - SEHCS silicones environmental health and
safety concil.
SEM - SEM scanning electron microscopy.
SEM - SEM standard error of the mean.
Ser - Ser serine.
SES - SES sick euthyroid syndrome.
SES - SES socioeconomic status.
SETTLE - SETTLE spindle epithelial tumor with
thymus-like differentiation.

1097

SF - SF swine fever.
SFA - SFA French Society of Arthroscopy score.
SFA - SFA saturated fatty acids.
SFA - SFA screen-film angiography.
SFA - SFA spike frequency adaptation.
SFA - SFA spindle frequency activity.
SFA - SFA standing foot angle.
SFA - SFA superficial femoral artery.
SFOP - SFOP French Paediatric Oncology Society.
SG - SG specific gravity.
SG-P - SG-P silica glass powder.
SGA - SGA small-for-gestational age.
SGC - SGC salivary gland carcinoma.

1098

SGDM - SGDM Study Group on Data Management.

sGMM - sGMM synthetic glucose monomycolate.
SGO - SGO Society of Gynecologic Oncologists.
SGOT - SGOT serum glutamic-oxalacetic
transaminase (see AST).
SGPT - SGPT Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase
(see ALT).
SH - SH social history serum hepatitis.
SH - SH Society for Hematopathology.
SHAFT - SHAFT Sad Hostile Anxious Frustrating
SHBG - SHBG sex hormone binding globulin.
SHG - SHG sonohysterography.
SHO - SHO Senior House Officer.

1099

SHR - SHR spontaneously hypertensive rats.

SI - SI International System of Units.
SI - SI serum iron.
SI - SI shock index.
SI - SI Steel (mouse).
SI - SI syncytium-inducing viral phenotype.
SIADH - SIADH syndrome of inappropriate
antidiuretic hormone secretion.
SICOT - SICOT International Society of
Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology (AAOS
Specialty Societies: SICOT US Chapter).
SICU - SICU surgical intensive care unit.
SIDS - SIDS Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS
Network).
sig - sig instructions or directions.

1100

SIg - SIg surface immunoglobulins.

SIL - SIL squamous intraepithelial lesions.
SIM - SIM Society of the Internet in Medicine.
SIMA - SIMA small intestinal mucinous antigen.
SIOP - SIOP International Society of Paediatric
Oncology.
SIOT - SIOT Societa Italiana di Ortopedia e
Traumatologia (Italian Society of Orthopaedics and
Traumatology).
SIR - SIR standardized incidence ratio.
SIROT - SIROT Societee Internationale de
Recherche Orthopeique et Traumatologie.
SIRP - SIRP signal-regulatory proteins.
SIRS - SIRS systemic inflammatory response
syndrome.

1101

SIS - SIS small intestinal submucosa (hernia repair).

SITOP - SITOP Societa Italiana di Ortopedia e
Traumatologia Pediatrica (Italian Society of
Paediatric Orthopaedics and Traumatology).
SK - SK streptokinase.
sk - sk trx skeletal traction.
SKSD - SKSD SK-SD streptokinase-streptodomase.
sl - sl in a broad sense (Lat.sensu lato).
SL - SL sarcolemma.
SL - SL scapholunate.
SL - SL sclerosing leukoencephalopathy.
SL - SL secondary leukemia.
SL - SL segment length.

1102

SL - SL sensation level.
SL - SL sensory latency.
SL - SL septal leaflet.
SL - SL short-leg (brace).
SL - SL Sibley-Lehninger (unit).
SL - SL signal level.
SL - SL Sinding Larsen (syndrome).
SL - SL Sjogren-Larsson (syndrome).
SL - SL slit lamp.
SL - SL small lymphocyte.
SL - SL sodium lactate.
SL - SL solidified liquid.
SL - SL sound level.

1103

SL - SL Stein-Leventhal (syndrome).
sl - sl stemline.
SL - SL streptolysin.
sl - sl sublingual.
SL - SL sublingual.
SL - SL systolic wave latent.
SL1 - SL1 segment length inferior.
SL5 - SL5 segment length septal.
SLA - SLA left sacroanterior (fetal position)
(Lat.sacrolaeva anterior).
SLA - SLA segment length anterior.
SLA - SLA single-cell liquid cytotoxic assay.
SLA - SLA slide latex agglutination.

1104

SLA - SLA soluble liver antigen.

SLA - SLA superficial linear array.
SLA - SLA surfactant-like activity.
SLAC - SLAC scapholunate advanced collapse
(wrist).
SLAM - SLAM scanning laser acoustic microscope.
SLAM - SLAM systemic lupus erythematosus
activity measure.
SLAP - SLAP serum leucine aniinopeptidase.
SLAP - SLAP superior labrum anterior posterior
(lesion).
SLAT - SLAT simultaneous laryngoscopy and
abdominal thrusts.
SLB - SLB short-leg brace.

1105

SLC - SLC secondary lymphoid organ chemokine.

SLC - SLC short leg cast.
SLCC - SLCC short-leg cylinder cast.
SLD - SLD SLDH serum lactate dehydrogenase.
SLD - SLD sublethal damage.
SLDR - SLDR sublethal damage repair.
SLE - SLE slit lamp examination.
SLE - SLE St.Louis encephalitis.
SLE - SLE systemic lupus erythematosus.
SLEA - SLEA sheep erythrocyte antibody.
SLEDAI - SLEDAI systemic lupus erythematosus
disease activity index.
SLEP - SLEP short latent evoked potential.

1106

SLEV - SLEV St.Louis encephalitis virus.

SLG - SLG synthetic latex gloves.
SLHR - SLHR sex-linked hypophospbatemic
rickets.
SLI - SLI selective lymphoid irradiation.
SLI - SLI somatostatin-like immunoreactivity.
SLI - SLI splenic localization index.
SLIC - SLIC scanning liquid ionization chamber.
SLIDRC - SLIDRC Student Loan Interest Deduction
Restoration Coalition.
SLIL - SLIL scapholunate interosseous ligament.
SLIM - SLIM synovial-like interface membrane.
SLIP - SLIP serial line interface protocol.
SLIR - SLIR somatostatjn-like iminunoreactivity.

1107

SLK - SLK superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis.

SLKC - SLKC superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis.
SLL - SLL segment length lateral.
SLL - SLL small lymphocytic lymphoma.
SLM - SLM sound level meter.
SLMC - SLMC spontaneous lymphocyte-mediated
cytotoxicity.
SLN - SLN sublentiform nucleus.
SLN - SLN superior laryngeal nerve.
SLNWBC - SLNWBC short-leg non-weight bearing
cast.
SLNWC - SLNWC short-leg nonwalking cast.
SLO - SLO Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

1108

SLO - SLO streptolysin O.

SLOS - SLOS Smith-Lenili-Opitz syndrome.
SLP - SLP left sacroposterior (fetal position)
(Lat.sacrolaeva posterior).
SLP - SLP segmental limb systolic pressure.
SLP - SLP sex-limited protein.
SLP - SLP short luteal phase.
SLP - SLP subluxation of the patella.
SLPI - SLPI secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor.
SLPP - SLPP serum lipophosphoprotein.
SLR - SLR Shwartzman local reaction.
SLR - SLR single lens reflex.
SLR - SLR straight leg raising.

1109

SLRT - SLRT straight leg raising test.

SLS - SLS segment long-spacing.
SLS - SLS short-leg splint.
SLS - SLS single limb support.
SLS - SLS Sjogren-Larsson syndrome.
SLS - SLS stagnant loop syndrome.
SLS - SLS Stein-Leventhal syndrome.
SLT - SLT left sacrotransverse (fetal position)
(Lat.sacrolaeva transversa).
SLT - SLT single lung transplantation.
SLT - SLT smokeless tobacco.
SLT - SLT solid logic technology.
SLUD - SLUD salivation lacrimation urination
defecation.

1110

SLUDGE - SLUDGE salivation lacrimation

urination defecation
SLWC - SLWC short-leg walking cast.
sm - sm an small animal.
SM - SM Master of Science.
SM - SM sadomasochism.
Sm - Sm samarium.
SM - SM self-monitoring.
Sm - Sm Serratia marcescens.
SM - SM silicon microphysiometer.
SM - SM simple mastectomy.
SM - SM skim milk.
sm - sm smear.

1111

Sm - Sm Smith (antigen).
SM - SM smooth muscle.
SM - SM somatomedin (insulin-like growth factors).
SM - SM space medicine.
SM - SM sphingomyelin.
SM - SM splenic macrophage.
SM - SM sports medicine.
SM - SM streptomycin.
SM - SM StrUmpell-Marie (syndrome).
SM - SM submandibular.
SM - SM submaxillary.
SM - SM submucous.

1112

sM - sM suckling mouse.
SM - SM suckling mouse.
SM - SM sucrose medium.
SM - SM suction method.
SM - SM superior mesenteric.
SM - SM surgical microscope.
SM - SM surrogate mother.
SM - SM sustained medication.
SM - SM symptoms.
SM - SM synaptic membrane.
SM - SM synovial membrane.
SM - SM systolic motion.
SM - SM systolic murmur.

1113

SM-A - SM-A somatomedin A.

SM-AHNMD - SM-AHNMD systemic mastocytosis
with associated clonal hematopoietic non-mast cell
lineage disorder.
SM-C - SM-C Sm-C somatomedin C.
SM-C - SM-C somatomedin C.
SM-C/IGF - SM-C/IGF somatomedin C/insulin-like
growth factor.
sm. - sm. small.
SMA - SMA sequential multiple analysis or
analyzer; sequential multichannel autoanalyzer:
simultaneous multichannel autoanalyzer.
SMA - SMA smooth muscle antibody.
SMA - SMA Society for Medical Anthropology.
SMA - SMA somatomedin A.

1114

SMA - SMA spinal muscular atrophy.

SMA - SMA spontaneous motor activity.
SMA - SMA Sport Medicine Australia.
SMA - SMA standard method agar.
SMA - SMA superior mesenteric artery.
SMA - SMA supplementary motor area.
SMA-6 - SMA-6 Sequential Multiple Analysis insix different serum tests.
SMABF - SMABF superior mesenteric artery blood
flow.
SMAC - SMAC Sequential Multiple Analyzer
Computer.
SMAC - SMAC soluble membrane attack complex.
SMAC - SMAC sorbitol MacConkey agar.

1115

SMAC - SMAC superior mesenteric arterial

conductance.
SMaC - SMaC Surrogate Marker Cost-Efficacy.
SMAE - SMAE superior mesenteric artery
embolism.
SMAF - SMAF smooth muscle activating factor.
SMAF - SMAF specific macrophage arming factor.
SMAG - SMAG Special Medical Advisory Group.
SMAL - SMAL serum methyl alcohol level.
SMAO - SMAO superior mesenteric artery
occlusion.
SMART - SMART simultaneous multiple angle
reconstruction technique.
SMAS - SMAS submuscular aponeurotic system.

1116

SMAS - SMAS superficial musculo-aponeurotic

system.
SMAS - SMAS superior mesenteric artery
syndrome.
SMAST - SMAST Short Michigan Alcoholism
Screening Test.
SMB - SMB selected mucosal biopsy.
SMB - SMB standard mineral base.
sMb - sMb suckling mouse brain.
SMBFT - SMBFT small bowel follow-through.
SMBG - SMBG self-monitored blood glucose.
SMC - SMC Scientific Manpower Commission.
SMC - SMC smooth muscle cell.
SMC - SMC somatomedin C.

1117

SMC - SMC succinylmonocholine.

SMCA - SMCA smooth muscle contracting agent.
SMCA - SMCA suckling mouse cataract agent.
SMCD - SMCD senile macular choroidal
degeneration.
SMCD - SMCD systemic mast cell disease.
SMCD - SMCD systemic meningococcal disease.
SMCR - SMCR Smith-Magenis chromosome
region.
SMD - SMD senile macular degeneration.
SMD - SMD spondylometaphyseal dysplasia.
SMD - SMD submanubrial dullness.
SMDA - SMDA Safe Medical Devices Act (of
1990).

1118

SMDA - SMDA starch methylenedianiline.

SMDC - SMDC sodium-N-methyl dithiocarbamate.
SMDC - SMDC standards for medical device
communication.
SMDM - SMDM Society for Medical Decision
Making.
SMDS - SMDS secondary myelodysplastic
syndrome.
SME - SME severe myoclonic epilepsy.
SMED - SMED spondylometaphyseal dysplasia.
SMF - SMF secondary myelofibrosis.
SMO - SMO Sociedad Mexicana de Ortopedia (only
Spanish).
SMP - SMP sympathetic maintained pain.
SMR - SMR sexual maturity ratings.

1119

SMR - SMR submucous resection.

SMS - SMS solitary myofibroma(tosis) of the skin.
SMTP - SMTP Stachybotrys microspora triprenyl
phenol.
SMX - SMX sulfamethoxazole.
SN - SN sroneutralization.
SNARF-1 - SNARF-1 carboxyseminaphthorhodafluor.
SNLG - SNLG Scottish and Newcastle Lymphoma
Group.
SNP - SNP sodium nitroprusside.
SO - SO standing order OR significant other.
SO - SO superior oblique.
SOA - SOA Southern Orthopaedic Association.

1120

SOAP - SOAP symptoms objective assessment and

plan.
SOB - SOB shortness of breath.
SOBCOT - SOBCOT Societee Belge de Chirurgie
Orthop?ique et de Traumatologie (Belgian Society
of Orthopaedics and Traumatology).
SOCITRAS - SOCITRAS Societa Italiana di
Traumatologia della Strada (Italian Society of Road
Traumatology).
SOFCOT - SOFCOT French Society of
Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery.
SOFIGO - SOFIGO The International Association
of Supporters of FIGO.
sol - sol solution.
SOMOS - SOMOS Society of Military Orthopaedic
Surgeons (AAOS).

1121

SOP - SOP standard operating protocol.

sos - sos if necessary.
SOTOCAV - SOTOCAV Sociedad de Ortopedia y
Traumatologia de la Comunidad Autonoma
Valenciana (only Spanish).
SOTRS - SOTRS Sociedade de Ortopedia e
Traumatologia do Rio Grande do Sul (only
Portuguese).
SP-1 - SP-1 pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein.
sp. gr. - sp. gr. specific gravity.
SPC - SPC septal perforator compression.
SPC - SPC soybean phosphatidylcholine.
SPC - SPC sphingosylphosphorylcholine.
SPC - SPC spleen cells.
SPC - SPC spontaneous phasic contractions.

1122

SPC - SPC Summary of Product Characteristics.

SPC - SPC systemic to pulmonary collaterals.
SPD - SPD phase difference" method.
spec - spec specimen.
SPECT - SPECT single photon emission computed
tomography.
SPF - SPF sun protection factor.
SPF - SPF S-phase fraction.
SPIO - SPIO superparamagnetic iron oxide MRI
enhancement.
SPOHNC - SPOHNC Support for People with Oral
and Head and Neck Cancer.
SQ - SQ sq subq. subcutaneous.
sq. - sq. squamous.

1123

SR - SR sedimentation rate.
SR - SR Show Racer pigeons.
SRIF - SRIF somatotropin release-inhibiting factor
(somatostatin).
SRS - SRS Scoliosis Research Society (also: AAOS
Specialty Societies).
ss - ss one half.
SS - SS Salmonella-Shigella agar.
SS - SS systemic sclerosis.
ss. gl. - ss. gl. without glasses (or corrective lenses)
SSA - SSA Social Security Administration (US).
SSC - SSC side scatter (flow cytometry term).
SSCP - SSCP substernal chest pain.

1124

SSD - SSD sexual size dimorphism.

SSD - SSD shaded-surface display.
SSD - SSD single saturating dose.
SSD - SSD single-strand damage (DNA). Tenacious
Syndrome.
SSD - SSD Social Security disability.
SSD - SSD source-skin distance.
SSD - SSD source-surface distance.
SSD - SSD speech-sound discrimination.
SSD - SSD succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase.
SSD - SSD sum of square deviations.
SSD - SSD syndrome ofsudden death.
SSE - SSE soap suds enema.

1125

SSE - SSE Spine Society Of Europe.

SSEP - SSEP somatosensory evoked potentials.
SSER - SSER somatosensory evoked response.
SSKI - SSKI saturated solution of potassium iodine.
SSM - SSM Southern Sports Medicine (&
Orthopaedic Center).
SSM - SSM Superficial Spreading Melanoma.
SSR - SSR sympathetic skin response.
SSRI - SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
SSS - SSS sick sinus syndrome.
SSSS - SSSS staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome.
SstII - SstII restriction enzyme from Streptomyces
stanford.
ST - ST esotropia.

1126

ST - ST scaphotrapezial.
ST - ST sulfotransferases.
ST - ST syncytiotrophoblast.
st. - st. stage of disease.
Staph - Staph Staphylococcus.
STAT - STAT immediately.
STAT - STAT signal transducers and activators of
transcription.
STD - STD sexually transmitted disease.
STD - STD skin test dose.
STD - STD standart.
STH - STH somatotropin.
STI - STI systolic time intervals.

1127

STIs - STIs soft tissue infections.

STLN - STLN soft tissue lateral neck.
STR - STR single twitch response (EMG).
STR - STR slow-twitch red (skeletal muscle).
Strep - Strep Streptococcus.
STRPC - STRPC short TRPC.
STS - STS serological test for syphilis.
STS - STS single twitch stimulation (EMG).
STS - STS Society of Thoracic Surgeons.
STSG - STSG split thickness skin graft.
STT - STT scapho-trapezo-trapezoidal.
STZ - STZ streptozotocin.

1128

subcu. - subcu. SC subcutaneous.

Subq - Subq (sub cutis) subcutaneous.
SUDAAN - SUDAAN software for statistical
analysis of correlated data.
SUDS - SUDS single-use diagnostic system.
SUFE (radiograph) - SUFE (radiograph) slip of the
upper femoral epiphysis.
supp - supp suppository.
suppos - suppos suppository.
surg - surg surgical.
SUs - SUs substance users.
susp - susp suspension.
SUVs - SUVs unilamellar vesicles.
Sv - Sv sievert.

1129

SV - SV simian virus.
SV - SV stroke volume.
SV40 - SV40 simian vacuolating virus no. 40.
SVA - SVA sequential ventriculo-atrial pacing.
SVA - SVA shell vial assay.
SVA - SVA sinus of Valsalva aneurysms.
SVA - SVA supraventricular arrhythmia.
SVA-IFA - SVA-IFA shell vial assay-indirect
immunofluorescent assay.
SVC - SVC superior vena cava.
SVD - SVD Swine Vesicular Disease.
SVE - SVE of soil vapor extraction.
SVE - SVE saline volume expansion.

1130

SVE - SVE seminal vesicle epithelium.

SVE - SVE Sendai virus envelopes.
SVE - SVE serum vitamin E.
SVE - SVE significant villous edema.
SVE - SVE small volume expansion.
SVE - SVE sports vision evaluations.
SVE - SVE Stressful Vital Events.
SVe - SVe stroke volume echocardiography.
SVE - SVE subcortical vascular encephalopathy.
SVE - SVE supraventricular ectopy.
SVE - SVE supraventricular extrasystole.
SVE - SVE surveillance examinations.

1131

SVE - SVE sustained volume expansion.

SVG - SVG saphenous vein graft.
SVI - SVI stroke volume index.
SvO2 - SvO2 mixed venous hemoglobin saturation.
SVR - SVR systemic vascular resistance.
SVT - SVT supra ventricular tachycardia
SW - SW software.
SWA - SWA slow-wave activity.
SWI - SWI surgical wound infection.
SWOG - SWOG Southwest Oncology Group.
SWPS - SWPS Social Welfare Policy & Services.
SWT - SWT systolic wall thickening.
Sx - Sx signs and symptoms.

1132

SX - SX sulfisoxazole.
Sx - Sx symptom/s.
Sz - Sz seizure.
T - T extent of primary tumor.
T - T temperature.
T - T thoracic to be followed by number designating
specific thoracic vertebra.
T - T threonine.
T - T thymine.
T-T
T sect - T sect transverse section.
T&A - T&A tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy.
T&C - T&C type and crossmatch.

1133

T&T - T&T time and temperature.

T&T - T&T touch and tone.
T+S - T+S type and screen.
T-PMI - T-PMI transmural perioperative myocardial
infarction.
T-set - T-set tracheotomy set.
t.i.d. - t.i.d. tid three times a day.
t.o. - t.o. telephone order.
T/S - T/S transverse section.
T0 - T0 T1 T2 T3 size of tumor in staging cancers.
T1 T12 - T1 T12 thoracic vertebrae 1 - 12
(spine e.g. T1 = 1st thoracic vertebra).
T3 - T3 triiodothyronine.

1134

T3RU - T3RU triiodothyronine resin uptake.

T4 - T4 thyroxine.
T4SA - T4SA thyroxine-specific activity.
TA - TA Technical Assistance.
TA - TA tolfenamic acid.
TAANOS - TAANOS The American Academy of
Neurological and Orthopaedic Surgeons.
tab - tab (s) tablet(s).
TAC - TAC transient amplifying cells (cells that
have the potential to complete a limited number of
divisions before differentiating).
TAC - TAC Trauma Association of Canada.
TACHY - TACHY tachycardia.
TAE - TAE transarterial embolization.

1135

TAH - TAH total abdominal hysterectomy.

TAM - TAM total active motion.
TAM - TAM tamoxifen.
TAPVC - TAPVC total anomalous pulmonary
venous connection.
TAs - TAs triggered activations.
TAT - TAT tetanus antitoxin. gastrointestinal upset
emesis.
TAT - TAT thematic apperception test.
TB - TB tuberculosis.
tbc. - tbc. TB tuberculosis.
TBD - TBD to be determined.
TBF - TBF tail blood flow.
TBF - TBF tentacle ball formation.

1136

TBF - TBF terbinafine.

TBF - TBF thyroid blood flow.
TBF - TBF tick-borne fever.
TBF - TBF tissue blood flow.
TBF - TBF total body fat.
TBF - TBF tumor blood flow.
TBG - TBG thyroid binding globulin.
TBI - TBI245-tribromoimidazole.
Tbi - Tbi initial body temperature.
Tbi - Tbi intermediate tectobulbar pathway.
TBI - TBI T- and B-cell epitopes containing
Immunogen.
TBI - TBI tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance.

1137

TBI - TBI thiazolobenzimidazole [1-(26difluorophenyl)-1H3H-thiazolo[34-a]

benzimidazole].
Tbi - Tbi Thromboplastin Bilbao.
TBI - TBI thrombotic brain infarction.
TBI - TBI thyrotropin binding inhibition.
TBI - TBI thyroid binding index.
TBI - TBI thyroxine binding index.
TBI - TBI time-based injection.
TBI - TBI Tissue Banks International.
TBI - TBI toe brachial index.
TBI - TBI tooth brushing instruction.
TBI - TBI total bilirubin.

1138

TBI - TBI total binding index.

TBI - TBI total body impedance.
TBI - TBI total body iron.
TBI - TBI total body irradiation.
TBI - TBI total bone index.
TBI - TBI trabecular bone index.
TBI - TBI transbronchial injection.
TBI - TBI transbullar injections.
TBI - TBI translid binocular interactor.
TBI - TBI traumatic brain injury.
TBI - TBI triamcinolone acetonide benzoyl-betaamino-isobutyrate.
TBMM - TBMM total body muscle mass.

1139

TBS - TBS The Bethesda System.

TBS - TBS to be scheduled.
TBSA - TBSA total body surface area.
tbsp - tbsp tablespoon
TBVF - TBVF trabecular bone volume fraction.
TBW - TBW total body water.
TCA - TCA thymus-derived chemotactic agent.
TCA - TCA tricyclic antidepressant.
TCDB - TCDB turn cough deep breath.
TCF - TCF tissue cage fluid.
TCID50 - TCID50 Tissue Culture Infectious Dose
50 %.
TCM - TCM Traditional Chinese Medicine.

1140

TCPC - TCPC tricalcium phosphate ceramic.

TCR - TCR T-cell receptor.
TCRBCL - TCRBCL T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma.
TCRBJ - TCRBJ TCR J beta.
TCRGR - TCRGR T-cell receptor gene
rearrangement (study).
TCT - TCT thrombin clotting time.
TCU - TCU transitional care unit.
TCV - TCV tall-cell variant of papillary thyroid
carcinomas.
TCV - TCV turnip crinkle virus.
Td - Td adult tetanus toxoid and reduced-dose
diphtheria toxoid.
TD - TD tardive dyskinesis

1141

TD - TD texture-defined.
TDA - TDA toluenediamines.
TDA - TDA Trade and Development Agency.
TDI - TDI toluene diisocyanate (a highly volatile
chemical known to cause occupational asthma in
exposed workers).
TDLU - TDLU terminal-duct-lobular-units.
TdT - TdT terminal deoxynucleotide transferase.
TDT - TDT tooth decay test.
TDT - TDT transmission disequilibrium test.
TDTH cells - TDTH cells a functional subset of T
helper cells that are involved in delayed-type
hypersensitivity reactions.
TDY - TDY Temporary Duty.
TE - TE echo time (MRI).

1142

TEC - TEC thromboembolic complications.

TEC - TEC transient erythroblastopenia of
childhood.
TEC - TEC transluminal extraction atherectomy.
TECA-LBO - TECA-LBO total ear canal ablationlateral bulla osteotomy.
TEDs - TEDs Thromboembolic Deterrent Stockings
TEDS - TEDS timed exposure diffusive sampler.
TEDS - TEDS transoesophageal echo-Doppler
system.
TEDS - TEDS Treatment Episode Data Set.
TEE - TEE transesophageal echocardiogram.
TEIL - TEIL tobacco EIN3-like.
TEM - TEM Technical Error Measurement.

1143

TEM - TEM transmission electron microscopy.

Temp. - Temp. T temperature
TEN-IBC - TEN-IBC Trans-European Network-Integrated Broadband Communications.
TENS - TENS transcutaneous electrical nerve
stimulation.
TEOAEs - TEOAEs transiently evoked otoacoustic
emissions.
TF - TF tail-flick.
TF - TF thoracic fluid content.
TFA - TFA trifluoroacetic acid.
TFCC - TFCC triangular fibrocartilage complex.
TFPI - TFPI tissue factor pathway inhibitor.
TFT - TFT thin-film transistor.

1144

TFT - TFT thrombus formation time.

TFT - TFT thyroid function test.
TFT - TFT tight filum terminale.
TFT - TFT trifluorothymidine.
TG - TG triglycerides.
TG(6-) - TG(6-) 6-Thioguanine (anti cancer drug).
TGE - TGE transmissible gastroenteritis.
TGF - TGF transforming growth factors.
TGV - TGV thoracic gas volume.
TGV - TGV transposition of great vessels.
TH1 - TH1 T helper type 1 cell.
TH2 - TH2 T helper type 2 cell.

1145

THA - THA tacrine hydrochloride.

THA - THA total hip arthroplasty (sample operative
report).
THAM - THAM T cell-activating molecule.
THBR - THBR thyroid hormone binding ratio.
THBSO - THBSO total hysterectomy with bilateral
salpingo-oophorectomy.
THC - THC delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol the
psychoactive substance in Cannabis sativa.
THI - THI thoracic impedance.
THP - THP total hip prosthesis.
Thr - Thr threonine.
THR - THR total hip replacement/revision (sample
operative report).
THV - THV terminal hepatic venule (central vein).

1146

Thy-1 - Thy-1 a highly abundant glycoprotein on the

surface of thymocytes and neurons.
TIA - TIA thanks in advance.
TIA - TIA transient ischemic attacks.
TIBC - TIBC total iron-binding capacity.
tid - tid three times a day (Latin: ter in die).
TIFA - TIFA Trade and Investment Framework
Agreement.
TIG - TIG tetanus immune globulin.
TIGR - TIGR The Institute for Genomic Research.
TIL - TIL tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.
TIMI - TIMI Thrombolysis in Myocardial
Infarction.
TIMP - TIMP tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase.

1147

TiO2 - TiO2 titanium dioxide.

TIPS - TIPS transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic
shunt.
TIPSS - TIPSS transjugular intrahepatic
portosystemic stent shunts.
TIS - TIS titanium interbody spacers.
TJ - TJ tetrajoule.
TJ - TJ triceps jerk.
TJ-10 - TJ-10 Saiko-keishi-to herbal medicine.
TJ-41 - TJ-41 Hochu-ekki-to (a Japanese herbal
medicine).
TJ-43 - TJ-43 Liu-Jun-Zi-Tang a herbal medicine
exerting gastroprotective action.
TJ-48 - TJ-48 Juzen-taiho-to a kampo medicine.

1148

TJ-9 - TJ-9 Sho-saiko-to a herbal medicine.

TJ-96 - TJ-96 saiboku-to (a herbal preparation).
TJ-960 - TJ-960 sho-saiko-to-go-keishi-kashakuyakuto (Japanese herbal medicine) a
compound known to have free radical scavenging
activity.
TJA - TJA total joint arthroplasty.
TJD - TJD transient job disability.
TJD - TJD traumatic joint disease.
TJs - TJs tight junctions.
TK - TK tyrosine kinase.
TKA - TKA total knee arthroplasty.
TKE - TKE total knee extension.
TKN - TKN total Kjeldahl nitrogen (waste waters
treatment).

1149

TKO - TKO to keep open.

TKR - TKR total knee replacement/revision.
TLA - TLA three letter abbreviation/acronym (ha
ha!).
TLC - TLC thin-layer chromatography.
TLC - TLC total lung capacity.
TLD - TLD thermoluminescent dosimeters.
TLI - TLI thymidine labeling index.
TLI - TLI total lymphoid irradiation.
TLR - TLR target lesion revascularization.
TLSO - TLSO thoracolumbosacral orthosis.
TLV - TLV threshold limit values.
TM - TM transmembrane.

1150

TM - TM tympanic membrane.
TMA - TMA thrombotic microangiopathy.
TMA - TMA tissue microarray infostructure.
TMA - TMA transmetatarsal amputation.
TMA-Gly:CPH - TMA-Gly:CPH
poly[trimellitylimidoglycine-co-16bis(carboxyphenoxy)hexane] - a novel class of
polymers with mechanical properties similar to
cancellous bone that are being investigated for their
ability to be used in weight-bearing areas for
orthopedic applications.
TMD - TMD transient myeloproliferative disorder.
TMDC - TMDC transverse magnetization decay
curve.
TMEP - TMEP telangiectasia macularis eruptiva
perstans.

1151

TMG - TMG toxic multinodular goiter.

TMGA - TMGA tetramethylene glutaric acid.
TMJ - TMJ (temporalist mandibulae junctio)
temporomandibular joint.
TMP - TMP trimethoprim.
TMP-SMX - TMP-SMX trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole.
TMR - TMR transmyocardial revascularization.
TMV - TMV tobacco mosaic virus.
TNF - TNF tumor necrosis factor.
TNI - TNI total needed irradiation.
TNM - TNM tumor nodes metastases.
TNT - TNT trinitrotoluene.
TNTC - TNTC too numerous to count.

1152

TOA - TOA Texas Orthopaedic Association.

TOC - TOC total organic carbon.
TOD - TOD target organ damage.
TOF - TOF train-of-four (EMG).
top - top topically.
TOPV - TOPV oral attenuated poliovirus with types
12 and 3.
TOR - TOR total outflow resistance.
TORCH - TORCH congenital infections with: T =
toxoplasmosis; O = other; R = rubella; C =
cytomegalic inclusion disease; H = hepatitis B and
herpes.
TOS - TOS thoracic outlet syndrom.
Tox - Tox toxic toxicology toxicologic.

1153

TP - TP thyropharyngeus muscle.
TP - TP total pancreatectomy.
TP - TP total platinum.
TP-5 - TP-5 thymopentin.
TPA - TPA tissue plasminogen activator.
TPI - TPI Treponema pallidum immobilization test.
TPN - TPN thalamic projection neuron.
TPN - TPN total parenteral nutrition.
TPN - TPN transition protein.
TPN - TPN triphosphopyridine nucleotide.
TPNAC - TPNAC total parenteral nutritionassociated cholestasis.
TPP - TPP thiamin pyrophosphate.

1154

TPPA - TPPA Treponema pallidum.

TPR - TPR temperature pulse respirations.
TPR - TPR total peripheral resistance.
TPUR - TPUR transperineal urethral resection.
TR - TR Texas red.
tr. - tr. tinct. tincture.
TR/TE - TR/TE repetition time/echo time.
TRAM-flap - TRAM-flap one type of breast
reconstruction.
TRAP - TRAP tartrate resistant acid phosphatase.
TRAP - TRAP telomeric repeat amplification
protocol.
TRH - TRH thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
TRIS - TRIS tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.

1155

TRK - TRK transketolase.

TRP - TRP transient receptor potential.
Trp - Trp tryptophan.
TRP II - TRP II tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome
type II.
TRPA - TRPA tryptophan-rich prealbumin.
TRPC - TRPC transient receptor potential channel
proteins.
TrPI - TrPI treatment plan.
TRPM - TRPM testosterone-repressed prostate
message.
TRPO - TRPO tryptophan oxygenase.
TRPS - TRPS trichorhinophalangeal syndrome.
TRPT - TRPT theoretical renal phosphorus

1156

threshold.
TRR - TRR total respiratory resistance.
TRS - TRS testicular regression syndrome; total
reducing sugars; tubuloreticular structure.
TrS - TrS trauma surgery.
TRSV - TRSV tobacco ringspot virus.
TRT - TRT testosterone replacement therapy.
TRT - TRT thoracic radiotherapy; transfer
ribonucleic acid threonine.
TRU - TRU task-related unit; turbidity-reducing
unit.
TRUS - TRUS transrectal ultrasonography.
TRV - TRV tobacco rattle virus.
TRVV - TRVV total right ventricular volume.

1157

TRX - TRX thioredoxin trx traction.

Tryp - Tryp tryptophan.
Ts - Ts skin temperature; tosylate.
TS - TS T suppressor (cell)
TS - TS Takayasu syndrome.
TS - TS Tay-Sachs (disease).
Ts - Ts temperature sensitivity.
TS - TS temperature skin.
TS - TS temporal stem.
TS - TS tensile strength.
TS - TS test solution.
TS - TS thermal stability.
TS - TS thoracic surgery.

1158

TS - TS thymidylate synthetase.
TS - TS time required to complete the S phase of the
cell cycle.
TS - TS tissue space.
TS - TS total solids (in urine).
TS - TS Tourette syndrome.
TS - TS toxic substance.
TS - TS toxic syndrome.
TS - TS tracheal sound.
TS - TS transferrin saturation.
TS - TS transitional sleep.
TS - TS transsexual.
TS - TS transverse section.

1159

TS - TS transverse sinus.
TS - TS trauma score.
TS - TS treadmill score.
TS - TS triceps surae.
TS - TS tricuspid stenosis.
TS - TS triple strength.
TS - TS tropical sprue.
TS - TS trypticase soy (plate).
Ts - Ts tsp teaspoon.
TS - TS tuberous sclerosis.
TS - TS tumor-specific.
TS - TS Turner syndrome.

1160

TS - TS type-specific.
TSA - TSA technical surgical assistance.
TSA - TSA toluene sulfonic acid.
TSA - TSA total shoulder arthroplasty.
TSA - TSA total solute absorption.
TSA - TSA toxic shock antigen.
TSA - TSA transcortical sensory aphasia.
TSA - TSA trypticase-soy agar.
TSA - TSA tumor surface antigen.
TSA - TSA tumor-specific antigen.
TSA - TSA type-specific antibody.
TSAb - TSAb thyroid-stimulating antibody.
TSAP - TSAP toxic-shock-associated protein.

1161

TSAS - TSAS total severity assessment score.

TSAT - TSAT tube slide agglutination test.
TSB - TSB total serum bilirubin; trypticase soy
broth; tryptone soy broth.
TSBA - TSBA total serum bile acids.
TSBB - TSBB transtracheal selective bronchial
brushing.
TSC - TSC technetium sulfur colloid;
thiosemicarbazide; transverse spinal sclerosis;
tuberous sclerosis.
TSCA - TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act.
TSCS - TSCS Tennessee Self-Concept Scale.
TSD - TSDtarget-skin distance; Tay-Sachs disease;
theory of signal detectability.
TSE - TSE testicular self-examination; tissue-

1162

specific extinguisher; total skin examination;

trisodium edetate.
TSEB - TSEB total skin electron beam.
TSEM - TSEM transmission scanning electron
microscopy.
TSES - TSES Target Symptom Evaluation Scale.
TSF - TSF testicular feminization syndrome;
thrombopoiesis-stimulating factor; total systemic
flow; triceps skinfold.
TSG - TSG tumor-specific glycoprotein.
TSGP - TSGP tumor-specific glycoprotein.
TSH - TSH thyroid stimulating hormone.
TSH - TSH transient synovitis of the hip.
TSH-RF - TSH-RF thyroid-stimulating hormonereleasing factor.

1163

TSH-RH - TSH-RH thyroid-stimulating hormonereleasing hormone.

TSHA - TSHA thyroid-stimulating hormone alpha
chain.
TSHB - TSHB thyroid-stimulating hormone beta
chain.
TSHR - TSHR thyroid-stimulating hormone
receptor.
TSI - TSI thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin.
TSI - TSI triple sugar iron.
TSIA - TSIA total small intestine
allotransplantation.
TSIA - TSIA triple sugar iron agar.
tSIDS - tSIDS totally unexplained sudden infant
death syndrome.
TSL - TSL terminal sensory latency.

1164

TSM - TSM type-specific M protein.

Tsp - Tsp teaspoon.
TSP - TSP testis-specific protein.
TSP - TSP thrombin-sensitive protein.
TSP - TSP thrombospondin.
TSP - TSP total serum protein.
TSP - TSP total suspended particulate.
TSP - TSP trisodium phosphate.
TSP - TSP tropical spastic paraparesis.
TSPA - TSPA thiotepa.
TSPAP - TSPAP total serum prostatic acid
phosphatase.
TSPL - TSPL transplant.

1165

TSPP - TSPP tetrasodium pyrophosphate.

TSR - TSR target site restenosis.
TSR - TSR theophylline sustained release.
TSR - TSR thyroid to serum ratio.
TSR - TSR total systemic resistance.
TSS - TSS total suspended solids.
TSS - TSS toxic shock syndrome.
TSS - TSS tropical splenomegaly syndrome.
TSSA - TSSA tumor-specific cell surface antigen.
TSSE - TSSE toxic shock syndrome exotoxin.
TSST - TSST toxic shock syndrome toxin.
TSST-1 - TSST-1 toxic shock syndrome toxin-1.

1166

TST - TST thiosulfate sulfur-transferase.

TST - TST thromboplastin screening test.
TST - TST total sleep time.
TST - TST transforming sequence thyroid.
TST - TST treadmill stress test.
TST - TST tricipital skinfold thickness.
TST - TST tumor skin test.
TSTA - TSTA toxoplasmin skin test antigen.
TSTA - TSTA tumor-specific tissue antigen.
TSTA - TSTA tumor-specific transplantation
antigen.
TSU - TSU triple sugar urea (agar).
TSV - TSV total stomach volume.

1167

TSVR - TSVR total systemic vascular resistance.

TSY - TSY trypticase soy yeast.
TT - TT tablet triturate.
TT - TT tactile tension.
TT - TT tactile threshold.
TT - TT tendon transfer.
TT - TT test tube.
TT - TT testicular torsion.
TT - TT tetanus toxin.
TT - TT tetanus toxoid.
TT - TT tetrathionate.
TT - TT tetrazol.
TT - TT therapeutic touch.

1168

TT - TT thrombin time.
TT - TT thrombolytic therapy.
TT - TT thymol turbidity.
TT - TT tibial tubercle.
TT - TT tilt table.
TT - TT tolerance test.
TT - TT total thyroxine.
TT - TT total time.
TT - TT transferred to.
TT - TT transient tachypnea.
TT - TT transit time.
TT - TT transthoracic.

1169

TT - TT transtracheal.
TT - TT tube thoracostomy.
TT - TT tuberculin test.
TT - TT tuberculoid (in Ridley-Jopling Hansen
disease classification).
TT - TT tumor thrombus.
TT - TT turnover time.
TT2 - TT2 total diiodothyronine.
TT3 - TT3 total triiodothyronine.
TT4 - TT4 total thyroxine.
TTA - TTA tetanus toxoid antibody.
TTA - TTA timed therapeutic absence.
TTA - TTA total toe arthroplasty.

1170

TTA - TTA transtracheal aspiration.

TTAP - TTAP threaded titanium acetabular
prosthesis.
TTB - TTB third trimester bleeding.
TTC - TTC triphenyltetrazolium chloride (stain for
lactic dehydrogenase).
TTC - TTC triphenyltetrazolium chloride.
TTC - TTC T-tube cholangiogram.
TTD - TTD temporary total disability.
TTD - TTD tissue tolerance dose.
TTD - TTD transient tic disorder.
TTD - TTD transverse thoracic diameter.
TTD - TTD trichothio-dystrophy.
TTE - TTE transthoracic echocardiography.

1171

TTF-1 - TTF-1 thyroid transcription factor 1.

TTFD - TTFD tetrahydrofurfuryldisulfide.
TTG - TTG T-cell translocation gene.
TTG - TTG telethermography.
TTG - TTG tellurite taurocholate and gelatin.
TTGA - TTGA tellurite taurocholate and gelatin
agar.
TTH - TTH thyrotropic hormone.
TTH - TTH tritiated thymidine.
TTI - TTI tension-time index.
TTI - TTI timepto-intubation.
TTI - TTI time-tension index.
TTI - TTI torque-time interval.

1172

TTI - TTI transtracheal insufflation.

TTN - TTN transient tachypnea.
TTP - TTP thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
TTR - TTR transthyretin.
TTV - TTV therapeutic trial visit.
TTWB - TTWB toe touch weight bearing.
TTX - TTX tetrodotoxin.
TU - TU tuberculin units (in Mantoux test).
TUIP - TUIP transurethral incision of the prostate.
TULIP - TULIP transurethral ultrasound-guided
laser induced prostatectomy.
TUMT - TUMT transurethral microwave
thermotherapy.

1173

TUNA - TUNA transurethral needle ablation

(prostatic).
TUNEL - TUNEL TdT-mediated-dUTP nick end
labeling enzymatic labeling of DNA fragments in
apoptotic cells.
TUR - TUR transurethral resection.
TURB - TURB transurethral resection of bladder.
TURBT - TURBT transurethral resection of bladder
tumor.
TURP - TURP transurethral resection of the
prostate; transurethral prostatectomy.
TV - TV total volume.
TVA - TVA temporal (beat-to-beat) variability of
repolarization in amplitude.
TvC - TvC treatment versus control.
TVF - TVF target vessel failure.

1174

TVH - TVH total vaginal hysterectomy.

TVH - TVH turkey virus hepatitis.
TVR - TVR target vessel restenosis.
TVR - TVR target vessel revascularization.
TVT - TVT target value tailored apheresis.
TVT - TVT temporal (beat-to-beat) variability of
repolarization in time.
TVT - TVT tension-free vaginal tape.
TVT - TVT thermal vascular test.
TVT - TVT total ventilation time.
TVT - TVT Transmissible venereal tumour.
TvT - TvT treatment versus treatment.
TVT - TVT Trivittatus.

1175

TVT - TVT tunica vaginalis testis.

TVUS - TVUS transvaginal ultrasound.
TWG - TWG total weight gain.
Tx - Tx therapy or treatment.
U - U congenital limb absence.
U - U in electrocardiography an undulating
deflection that follows the T wave.
U - U internal energy.
U - U International Unit of enzyme activity.
U - U Mann-Whitney rank sum statistic.
U - U potential difference (in volts).
U - U ulcer.
U - U ulna.

1176

U - U ultralente (insulin).
U - U umbilicus.
U - U uncertain.
U - U unerupted.
u - u unified atomic mass unit.
U - U unit.
U - U universial application (residency).
U - U unknown.
U - U unsharpness.
U - U upper.
U - U uracil.
U - U uranium.
U - U urea.

1177

U - U urethra.
U - U uridine.
U - U uridylic acid.
U - U urinary concentration.
U - U urine.
U - U urology.
U - U uterus.
U - U uvula.
u - u velocity.
U - U volume velocity.
U-U
U&C - U&C urethral and cervical.

1178

U&C - U&C usual and customary.

U&Es - U&Es urea and electrolytes
U-AMY - U-AMY urinary amylase.
U/2 - U/2 upper half.
U/3 - U/3 upper third.
U/A - U/A uric acid.
U/A - U/A urinalysis.
u/ext - u/ext upper extremity.
U/S - U/S ultrasound.
UA - UA absorption unsharpness.
UA - UA ultra-audible.
UA - UA ultrasonic arteriography.
UA - UA umbilical artery.

1179

UA - UA unauthorized absence.
UA - UA unit of analysis.
UA - UA unstable angina.
UA - UA upper airways.
UA - UA upper arm.
UA - UA uric acid.
UA - UA uridylic acid.
UA - UA urinalysis urine analysis.
ua - ua urinalysis.
UA - UA urinary aldosterone.
UA - UA uronic acid.
UA - UA uterine aspiration.

1180

UA/C - UA/C uric acidlcreatinine (ratio).

UAC - UAC umbilical artery catheter.
UAE - UAE unilateral absence of excretion.
UAE - UAE urine albumin excretion.
UAEM - UAEM University Association for
Emergency Medicine.
UAI - UAI uterine activity interval.
UAN - UAN uric acid nitrogen.
UAO - UAO upper airway obstruction.
UAP - UAP unlicensed assistive personnel.
UAP - UAP unstable angina pectoris.
UAP - UAP urinary acid phosphatase.
UAP - UAP urinary alkaline phosphatase.

1181

UAPA - UAPA unilateral absence of pulmonary.

UAR - UAR upper airway resistance.
UAR - UAR uric acid riboside.
UAS - UAS upper abdomen surgery.
UAS - UAS upstream activation site.
UASA - UASA United Amputee Services
Association.
UAU - UAU uterine activity unit.
UB - UB ultimobranchial body.
UB - UB Unna boot.
UB - UB upper back.
UB - UB urinary bladder.
UBA - UBA undenaturated bacterial antigen.

1182

UBB - UBB ubiquitin B.

UBBC - UBBC unsaturated vitamin B12 binding
capacity.
UBC - UBC ubuquitin C.
UBC - UBC University of British Columbia (brace).
UBE - UBE ubiquitin-activating enzyme.
UBG - UBG Ubg urobilinogen.
UBI - UBI ultraviolet blood irradiation.
UBL - UBL undifferentiated B-cell lymphoma.
UBN - UBN urobilin.
UBO - UBO unidentified bright object.
UBO - UBO upper body obesity.
UBP - UBP ureteral back pressure.

1183

UBS - UBS unidentified bright signal.

UBW - UBW usual body weight.
UC - UC ulcerative colitis.
UC - UC ultracentrifugal.
UC - UC umbilical cord.
UC - UC unchanged.
UC - UC unclassifiable.
UC - UC unconscious.
UC - UC undifferentiated cells.
UC - UC unit clerk.
UC - UC unsatisfactory condition.
UC - UC untreated cells.
UC - UC urea clearance.

1184

UC - UC urethral catheterization.
UC - UC urinary catheter.
UC - UC urine concentrate.
UC - UC urine culture.
UC - UC uterine contractions
UCB - UCB unconjugated bilirubin.
UCBC - UCBC umbilical cord blood culture.
UCD - UCD urine collection device.
UCD - UCD usual childhood diseases.
UCDS - UCDS uniform clinical data set.
UCE - UCE urea cycle enzymopathy.
UCG - UCG ultrasonic cardiography.

1185

UCG - UCG urinary chorionic gonadotropin.

UCHD - UCHD usual childhood diseases.
UCI - UCI unusual childhood illness.
UCI - UCI urethral catheter in.
UCI - UCI urinary catheter in.
UCL - UCL ulnar collateral ligament.
UCL - UCL upper collateral ligament.
UCL - UCL upper confidence limit.
UCL - UCL upper control limit.
UCL - UCL urea clearance.
UCLP - UCLP unilateral cleft of lip and palate.
UCO - UCO ultrasonic cardiac output.
UCOD - UCOD underlying cause of death.

1186

UCP - UCP uncoupling protein.

UCP - UCP urinary coproporphyrin.
UCP - UCP urinary C-peptide.
UCPT - UCPT urinary coproporphyrin test.
UCR - UCR unconditioned response.
UCR - UCR usual customary and reasonable (fees).
UCS - UCS unconditioned stimulus.
UCS - UCS unconscious.
ucs - ucs unconscious.
UCS - UCS uterine compression syndrome.
UCT - UCT urological care table.
UCTD - UCTD undifferentiated (unclassifiable)
connective tissue disease.

1187

uCTD - uCTD undifferentiated connective tissue

disease.
UCV - UCV uncontrolled variable.
UD - UD ulcerative dermatosis.
UD - UD ulnar deviation.
UD - UD underdeveloped.
UD - UD undetermined.
UD - UD unit dose.
UD - UD urethral dilatation.
UD - UD urethral discharge.
UD - UD uridine diphosphate.
UD - UD uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase.
UD - UD uterine delivery.

1188

UDC - UDC usual diseases of childhood.

UDCA - UDCA ursodeoxycholic acid.
UDKase - UDKase uridine diphosphate kinase.
UDN - UDN ulcerative dermal necrosis.
UDO - UDO undetermined origin.
UDP - UDP uridine diphosphate.
UDPG - UDPG uridine diphosphate glucose.
UDPG - UDPG urine diphosphoglucose.
UDPGA - UDPGA uridine diphosphate glucuronic
acid.
UDPGT - UDPGT uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl
transferase.
UDR-BMD - UDR-BMD ultradistal radius bone
mineral density.

1189

UDRP - UDRP urine diribose phosphate.

UDS - UDS ultrasound Doppler sonography.
UDS - UDS uniform data system.
UDS - UDS unscheduled deoxynucleic acid
synthesis.
UDUN - UDUN under developed under nourished.
UE - UE (extremitas) upper extremity.
UE - UE uncertain etiology.
UE - UE under elbow.
UE - UE uninvolved epidermis.
UE - UE upper esophagus.
UE - UE upper extremity.
uE~ - uE~ unconjugated estriol.

1190

UEG - UEG ultrasonic encephalography.

UEG - UEG unifocal eosinophilic granuloma.
UEHB - UEHB uniform effective health benefits.
UEL - UEL upper explosive limit.
UEM - UEM universal electron microscope.
UEMC - UEMC unidentified endosteal marrow cell.
UES - UES upper esophageal sphincter.
UES - UES upper esophageal sphincter.
UF - UF film unshapness.
UF - UF ultrafiltration.
UF - UF ultrafine.
UF - UF ultraflltrate.

1191

UF - UF ultrasonic frequency.
UF - UF universal feeder.
UF - UF unknown factor.
UF - UF urinary formaldehyde.
UFA - UFA unesterifled fatty acid.
UFB - UFB urinary fat bodies.
UFC - UFC urinary free cortisol.
UFD - UFD ultrasonic flow detector.
UFD - UFD unilateral facet dislocation.
UFFI - UFFI urea formaldehyde foam insulation.
UFL - UFL upper flammable limit.
UFP - UFP ultrafiltration pressure.
UFR - UFR ultrafiltration rate.

1192

UFR - UFR urine filtration rate.

uFSH - uFSH urinary follicle-stimulating hormone.
UG - UG geometric unsharpness.
UG - UG urogastrone.
UG - UG urogenital.
UGD - UGD urogenital diaphragm.
UGDP - UGDP University Group Diabetes Project.
UGF - UGF unidentified growth factor.
UGH - UGH uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema
(syndrome).
UGH+ - UGH+ uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema plus
vitreous hemorrhage (syndrome).
UGI - UGI (see GI) upper gastrointestinal.

1193

UGIB - UGIB upper gastrointestinal biopsy.

UGIB - UGIB upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
UGIH - UGIH upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
UGIS - UGIS upper gastrointestinal series.
UGT - UGT uridine diphosphateglucuronosyltransferase.
UH - UH 82 universal billing document (1982).
UH - UH unfractionated heparin.
UHDPE - UHDPE ultra-high-density-polyethylene.
UHF - UHF ultra high frequency
UHF - UHF uterine blood flow.
UHMWPE - UHMWPE ultra-high molecular weight
polyethylene.
UICC - UICC Union Internationale Contre le Cancer

1194

- International Union Against Cancer.

UIP - UIP usual interstitial pneumonia.
ULN - ULN upper limits of normal.
ULQ - ULQ upper left quadrant.
ultra - ultra ultrasound.
umb. - umb. umbilicus (navel).
UMN - UMN upper motor neuron (signs).
UN-E - UN-E ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.
UNDP - UNDP United Nations Development
Program.
UNFPA - UNFPA United Nations Family Planning
Association.
ung - ung ointment.
UNK - UNK unknown.

1195

UO - UO urethral catheter out.

UO - UO urinary catheter out.
UP - UP ultrafilterable platinum.
UP - UP unipolar.
UPJ - UPJ ureteropelvic junction.
UPOJ - UPOJ University of Pennsylvania
Orthopaedic Journal.
UPR - UPR unfolded protein response.
UPR - UPR unipolar recurrent depression.
UPr/C - UPr/C urine protein-to-creatinine ratios.
UPSI - UPSI unprotected sexual intercourse.
UPT - UPT urinary pregnancy test.
ur. - ur. urine.

1196

URI - URI upper respiratory tract infection.

Urol. - Urol. urology.
URQ - URQ upper right quadrant.
URTI - URTI upper respiratory tract infection.
US - US ultrasound.
USAN - USAN United States Adopted Names.
USDA - USDA US Department of Agriculture.
USH - USH usual state of health.
USP - USP US pharmacopeea.
USPHS - USPHS United States Public Health
Service.
UST - UST ultrasound therapy.
UTD - UTD up to date.

1197

UTI - UTI urinary tract infection.

UUA - UUA urokinase urine activity.
UV - UV ultraviolet.
UVJ - UVJ ureterovesical junction.
UVR - UVR ultra violet radiation.
UWUN - UWUN underweight under nourished.

TXA2 - TXA2 thromboxane A2.

TXB2 - TXB2 thromboxane B2.
Tyr - Tyr tyrosine.

oz - oz ounce.

1198

V - V venous invasion.
V-V
V/Q - V/Q ventilation/perfusion.
V2 - V2 second compartment volume.
V3 - V3 third compartment volume.
VA - VA alveolar volume.
VA - VA valproic acid.
VA - VA Veterans Administration (US).
VA - VA visual acuity.
VAC - VAC ventriculoatrial conduction.
VACTERL syndrome - VACTERL syndrome
abnormalities of vertebrae anus cardiovascular tree
trachea

1199

VaD - VaD vascular dementia.

VAD - VAD ventricular assist device.
VAD - VAD vincristine doxorubicin and
dexamethasone.
VAERS - VAERS Vaccine Adverse Events
Reporting System (FDA).
VAHS - VAHS virus-associated hemophagocytic
syndrome.
VAS - VAS vibroacoustic stimulation.
VAS - VAS visual analogue scale.
VATER - VATER vertebral defects anal atresia
tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia
and radial and renal anomalies.
VATS - VATS video-assisted thoracic surgery.
VB - VB B chain variable (gene segments of T-cell
receptor).

1200

VBD - VBD vertebral bone density.

VBG - VBG venous blood gas.
VBH - VBH Vogele-Bale-Hohner head holder.
VC - VC colored vision.
VC - VC vital capacity.
VCA - VCA viral capsid antien (in EBV-IM).
VCAM - VCAM vascular cell adhesion molecule
(endothelial cell adhesion molecule).
VCAM-1 - VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion
molecule 1.
VCE - VCE vaginal administration of conjugated
equine estrogens.
VCE smear - VCE smear a cytologic smear of
material obtained from the vagina ectocervix and
endocervix.

1201

VCFS - VCFS velocardiofacial syndrome.

VCU - VCU voiding cystourethrogram.
VCUG - VCUG voiding cystourethrogram.
VD - VD venereal disease.
VD - VD vessel diameter.
VD-GC - VD-GC vacuum distillation gas
chromatography.
VDRL - VDRL Venereal Disease Research
Laboratory (test for syphilis).
VEF - VEF ventricular ejection fraction.
VEGF - VEGF vascular endothelial cell growth
factor.
VEP - VEP visually evoked potentials.
VER - VER visual evoked response.

1202

VF - VF ventricular fibrillation.
VF - VF ventricular flutter.
VF - VF visual field field of vision.
VFC - VFC Vaccines for Children program.
Vfib - Vfib Ventricular fibrillation.
VHA - VHA Veterans Health Administration (US).
VHD - VHD ventricular heart disease.
VIP - VIP vasoactive intestinal peptide.
VISI - VISI volar intercalary wrist instability.
VLDL - VLDL very low density lipoprotein.
VLH - VLH ventrolateral hypothalamus.
VLO - VLO ventrolateral outflow.

1203

VM - VM ventricular muscle.
VM-26 - VM-26 Teniposide (anti cancer drug)
VMA - VMA vanillylmandelic acid (urine levels
concordant to serum catecholamine levels).
VMCH - VMCH Vinyl acetate - maleic acid - vinyl
chloride copolymer.
VMO - VMO vastus medialis obliquus (a muscle).
VMO - VMO visiting medical officer.
vo - vo verbal order.
VP-16 - VP-16 Etoposide (anti cancer drug).
VPC - VPC ventricular premature contractions.
VPF - VPF vascular permeability factor.
VPL - VPL ventral posterolateral.
VPM - VPM ventral posteromedial.

1204

VPPIM - VPPIM Vinyl polysiloxane putty

impression material.
VPRC - VPRC volume packed red cells.
VQ - VQ (scan) ventilation/perfusion scan.
VRE - VRE vancomycin-resistant enterococcus.
VRO - VRO vertical ramus osteotomy.
vs - vs visit.
VS - VS vs vital signs.
VSA - VSA vital signs absent.
VSD - VSD ventricular septal defect.
VSO - VSO vertical sagittal split osteotomy.
VSP - VSP variable screw placement.
VSS - VSS vital signs stable.

1205

VT - VT tidal volume.
VT - VT ventricular tachycardia.
VTE - VTE venous thromboembolism.
VTEC - VTEC verotoxin producing
enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
VTNR - VTNR vessel-to-tissue noise ratio.
VTP - VTP velocity/time profile.
VV - VV varicose veins.
VWD - VWD von Willebrand Disease.
VWF - VWF von Willebrand factor.
VZIG - VZIG varicella-zoster immune globulin.
VZV - VZV varicella-zoster virus.
W-W

1206

W-E - W-E wide excision

W-MPP - W-MPP water MPP (multipurpose
phantoms).
w.b.c. - w.b.c. WBC white blood cell white blood
cell count.
w/ - w/ with.
w/a - w/a when awake.
w/c - w/c wheelchair.
w/o - w/o without.
w/v - w/v weight by volume.
WAIS - WAIS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
WB - WB Western blot.
WBAA - WBAA whole blood acetaldehyde assay.

1207

WBAT - WBAT weight bearing as tolerated.

WBC - WBC white blood cell/count.
WBS - WBS skin wound breaking strength.
WC - WC white cells.
WC - WC white collar.
WC - WC whole cell.
WC-2 - WC-2 White Carneau pigeons.
WC/rCTB - WC/rCTB whole cell/recombinant B
subunit cholera vaccine.
WCC - WCC white cell count
WCI - WCI Washington Cancer Institute.
WD - WD well-developed.
WDE - WDE wound dressing emulsion.

1208

WDWN - WDWN well-developed well-nourished.

WF - WF W/F white female.
WFL - WFL Wistaria floribunda.
WFL - WFL within functional limits.
WG - WG Wegeners granulomatosis.
WHO - WHO World Health Organization.
Whp - Whp whirlpool.
WIC - WIC Special Supplemental Food Program for
Women Infants and Children.
WISC - WISC Wechsler Intelligence Scale for
Children.
wk. - wk. week.
WLT - WLT Warthin-like papillary carcinoma of
the thyroid.

1209

WM - WM W/M white male

WM - WM Waldenstrms
macroglobulinemia.
WN - WN well-nourished.
WN - WN West Nile virus.
WNL - WNL within normal limits.
WOA - WOA Western Orthopaedic Association.
WOC - WOC World Orthopaedic Concern.
Wow - Wow Weakener of white (a locus is
described in Drosophila melanogaster that modifies
the expression of the white eye color gene).
WOW-1 - WOW-1 a novel monovalent ligandmimetic antibody.
WPD - WPD warm pink dry (skin signs).
WPOA - WPOA Western Pacific Orthopaedic

1210

Association (Australian Chapter).

WRT - WRT with relation to.
WSCA - WSCA Washington State Chiropractic
Association.
wt - wt weight.
WTO - WTO World Trade Organization.
WW - WW white woman.
X - X multiplied by times.
X-X
XIP - XIP x-ray in plaster.
XLD - XLD xylose lysine deoxycholate agar.
XP - XP xeroderma pigmentosa.
XR - XR x-ray.

1211

XRD - XRD x-ray diffraction.

XRN - XRN X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis.
XRT - XRT radiotherapy.
XT - XT exotropia.
XX - XX female sex chromosome.
XY - XY male sex chromosome.
y - y classification after initial multimodal treatment.
Y - Y Y chromosome.
Y - Y yttrium tyrosine pyrimidine nucleoside.
Y - Y Yttrium.
Y-Y
Y-90 - Y-90 Yttrium 90.
y/o - y/o years old.

1212

YAC - YAC yeast artificial chromosome.

YAG - YAG yttrium-aluminum-garnet (laser).
Yb - Yb ytterbium.
Yd. - Yd. yard.
YES - YES Youth Exchange Scheme.
YFEC - YFEC Youth Forum of the European
Communities.
yoa - yoa years of age.
YOB - YOB year of birth.
YPLL - YPLL years of potential life lost.
Yr - Yr year.
yr. - yr. year.
YRBS - YRBS Youth Risk Behaviour Survey.

1213

YST - YST Yolk sac tumor.

YVS - YVS Yorkshire Veterinary Society (UK).
Z-Z
ZAI - ZAI Zero Administrative Initiative.
ZAP-70 - ZAP-70 tyrosine kinase involved in signal
transduction.
ZBB - ZBB Zero Base Budgeting.
ZDV - ZDV Zidovudine.
ZEEP - ZEEP zero end-expiratory pressure.
ZFW - ZFW Health insurance sickness scheme for
employees (Netherlands).
ZIF - ZIF Zero Insertion Force.
ZIFT - ZIFT Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer.
ZIG - ZIG zoster immune globulin.

1214

ZIP - ZIP Zigzag In-line Package.

ZIP - ZIP Zoster Immune Plasma.
ZL - ZL Central Laboratory of Pharmacists
(Germany).
Zn - Zn zinc.
Zr - Zr zirconium.
ZSE - ZSE Zoological Spongiform Encephalopathy.
ZSL - ZSL Zoological Society of London.
ZSR - ZSR zeta sedimentation rate.
ZZ - ZZ ZZ genotype (deficiency of a 1-antitrypsin).

1215