‘vo014 Engine Formulas Engine Formulas Cylinder Swept Volume (V,): V,, = Cylinder Area x Stroke Length y, =A xL=(Fd2)xb where: V= cylinder swept volume [em (cc) or L] cylinder area [em? or em?/100] cylinder diameter [em or em/10] L = stroke length (the distance between the TDC and BDC) [em or em/10] BDC = Bottom Dead Center TDC = Top Dead Center * Increase the diameter or the stroke length will increase the cylinder volume, the ratio between the cylinder diameter/cylinder stroke called “bore/stroke” ratio. -“bore/stroke” >I is called over square engine, and is used in automotive engines -“bore/stroke” =I is called square engine = “bore/stoke” <1 is called= under square engine, and is used in tractor engine Engine Swept Volume (V,): = Total Cylinders' Sewpt Volumes of the Engine ax¥, SS Wp= 0X, xL=nx(Gd3) xb where: V,.= engine swept volume [em} (cc) or L] n= number of cylinders V_= cylinder swept volume [cm? (cc) or L] Ac= cylinder area [em? or em?/100] d,— cylinder diameter [em or em/10] * The units of cylinder swept volume is measured in (cm*, cubic centimeter (ce), or liter) = Ve for small engines, 4 cylinder engines is (750 ce:1300 ec) - Ve for big engine, 8 cylinder engines is (1600 cc:2500 ce) Compression Ratio (7): Iitptwiecartech.comisubjectsengineengine_formulas.him “4‘vana0t4 Engi Formulas p= Gplinder Volume at BDC Cylinder Volume at TDC _ (Cylinder Volume + Cylinder Clearance Volume) Cylinder Clearance Volume we where: r= compression ratio V,, = cylinder swept volume (combustion chamber volume) [ce, L, or m*] V..= cylinder volume [ec, L, or m3] * Increase the compression ratio increase engine power -1 (gasoline engine) = 7:12, the upper limit is engine pre ignition -1 (diesel engine) ~ 10:18, the upper limit is the stresses on engine parts Engine Volumetric Efficiency (y,): Volume of air taken Into cylin. 1” = Vaximum possible volume in the cylindre ty = Uae vate where: ny = volumetric efficiency Vip = volume of air taken into cylinder [ec, L, or m] V,.= cylinder swept volume [cc, L, or m*] * Increase the engine volumetric efficiency increase engine power - Engine of normal aspiration has a volumetric efficiency of 80% to 90% - Engine volumetric efficiency can be increased by using: (turbo and supper charger can increase the volumetric efficiency by 50%) Engine Indicated Torque (7}): Work (W) _ Work per ane revolution _ Parcexdistan ce _,-——— ‘angle (8) angle of one revolution Qn Gimep x A) xLxn _imepxV, ‘ 2axz 2nxz where: engine indicated torque [Nm] imep = indicated mean effective pressure [N/m?] Ac = cylinder area [m?] L= stroke length [m] z= (for 2 stroke engines), 2 (for 4 stroke engines) Iitptwiecartech.comisubjectsengineengine_formulas.him 24‘vo014 Engine Formulas umber of cylinders = crank shaft angle [1/s] Engine Indicated Power (P)): imep x A, xLxuxN u 2x60 smep x(A, XL) Xn x N _imep x(V, xn)xN 2x60 2x60 imnep XV, x W Rat xo=T x 2x60 60 where: imep = is the indicated mean effective pressure [N/m?] A, = cylinder area [m7] L= stroke length [m] n= number of cylinders engine speed [rpm] z= (for 2 stroke engines), 2 (for 4 stroke engines) V,.= cylinder swept volume [m3] V,.= engine swept volume [m3] T= engine indicated torque [Nm] @~ engine angular speed [1/s] Engine Mechanical Efficiency (n,): __Engien Brake Power =" Engien Indicated Power Tim = Mechanical efficiency P,,= engine brake power [kW] P; = engine indicated power [kW] Py= engine friction power [kW] Engine Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC): mass of fuel consumption ‘engine brake power src= Fe B > SFC = Iitptwiecartech.comisubjectsengineengine_formulas.him 34‘vant Engine Formulas where: SFC = specific fuel consumption [(kg/h)/kW, kg/(3600 s x kW), kg/(3600 k3)] FC= fuel consumption [kg/h] P,,= brake power [kW] Engine Thermal Efficiency (r,): _ brake power 4 fuel power _ 36005, > Boxer where: nuh = thermal efficiency Pp = brake power [kW] FC= fuel consumption [kg/h = (fuel consumption in L/h) x (p in kg/L)] CV = calorific value of kilogram fuel [ki/kg] p=relative density of fuel [kg/L] Iitptwiecartech.comisubjectsengineengine_formulas.him 4s