Sullivan 1

Hunter Sullivan
Ashley Todd-Diaz
Literacy and Technology
5 November 2014
Annotated Bibliography
Carter, David L. "Brief History of Law Enforcement Intelligence: Past Practice And
Recommendations for Change." Trends in Organized Crime 8.3 (2005): 51-62. Academic
Search Premier. Web. 29 Sept. 2014.
David L. Carter explains due to Communismor the Red Scare(52) the dossier,
files with a collection of diverse raw information (51) became a safe way to know about
certain people. The law enforcement created dossiers on any person they saw as a threat for
communism and dossiers were later on used for important events that happened in US history. At
the time dossiers were not a threat, or seen as unconstitutional, because they were used for the
public safety. Although, today it is a controversial topic. There is little doubt that law
enforcement was creating and keeping these dossiers with good faith to protect the community
from activities then viewed as threats; however, that faith does not mitigate unconstitutional
practices(53). Police do not have a solid reason for creating dossiers on some individuals and it
is strictly just in case which is all that emporia does pulling people over with an excuse that is
not reliable (52). Carter argues that it is against our, the peoples constitutional rights (53).
Police all over the .US overstep their boundaries, but we all wonder if they need to. Emporia, Ks
is a small town and to be unconstitutional here is uncalled for.
DeCrescenzo, Dino. "Early Detection of the Problem Officer." FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin
74.7 (2005): 14-17. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Oct. 2014.

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Dino DeCrescenzo talks about how most people believe all police are the same due to
one policemans behavior. In reality, the majority of law enforcement officers are supremely
dedicated individuals severely offended by the behavior and acts committed by those few who
have tarnished the image of their profession (14). He explains that the U.S. Department of
Justice look for problem police and try to correct their misbehavior (14). Not all police in
emporia are a problem, but some of them seem to look for trouble. Due to the Violent Crime
Control and Law Enforcement Act, the federal government has a little more control over the
police that are behaving improper (15). The early warning systems (15) makes this all possible,
which is databases that contain personnel information designed to identify problem behavior
(14), such as the amount of citizen complaints are on their record. The police are given an
opportunity to change their ways or lose their jobs. This could be useful for my paper in ways of
explaining that not all police at Emporia are being unconstitutional, just some.
Ebert, Codi. Personal Interview. 6 Oct. 2014.
Codi is a sophomore at Emporia State University and was pulled over late April in 2014
around 3 in the morning. She said the cop pulled her over because she didnt turn on blinker soon
enough, which she felt was not his actual reason for pulling her over. It was odd because I did
turn on my blinker and he had been following me for about a mile or two like he was wanting to
pull me over (Ebert). This could be an example of a problem police from the source above.
There was not a reliable reason for being pulled over. She explained she had a hard and a thought
a drive would clear her mind. The officer asked Ebert if she knew where she was headed asked
her to get in his front seat of the car. She explained she felt uncomfortable doing this, but did
anyways. He was not being professional about the situation because he was suggesting her to do
things that were not necessary, like getting in the front seat of the car (never giving her a reason

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why), asking personal questions, and keeping her after running her records and already giving
driver license back. Ebert expressed her opinion about some of the cops at Emporia. I feel like
some cops will keep an eye on college kids leaving late at night to see if theyre drunk or under
the influence. Eberts interview was a great deal of help, giving me an idea of how some
Emporias police actually are. I will use this source as an argument that this cop was being
unconstitutional by invading privacy and targeting a college student, just like a lot of other police
in Emporia do.
Ericson, Richard Victor. Reproducing Order: A Study of Police Patrol Work. Toronto:
Published in Association with the Centre of Criminology, U of Toronto by U of Toronto,
1982. Print.
Richard Ericson studied criminology and wrote a book explaining the expansion of police
over the years along with their power. Ericson points out that police bring a sense of security to
many communities, but the truth is, patrol police, actually spend only a tiny fraction of their
time dealing with crime or something that could potentially be made into a crime (5). With that
being said, Ericson believes that there should not be as many police sitting around unless there is
an actual crime going on. Like all other scholars, he also wonders what official rules can be
held to govern their actions of policeman (12). Ericsons book covers a lot of information about
policeman and what they do, such as research strategies (33), the occupational environment
(52), mobilization (73), dealing with victim-complaints (100), dealing with suspects and
accused persons (137), and lastly comments on constructive policing (194). This would go
great for my paper when I give background information about the polices job and duty, and the
comments about police being constructive could help with some key points in my paper.

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Ferdik, Frank V., Jeff Rojek, and Geoffrey P. Alpert. "Citizen Oversight in the United States
And Canada: An Overview." Police Practice & Research 14.2 (2013): 104-116.
Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 Sept. 2014.
Frank Ferdik, Jeff Rojek, and Geoffrey Alpert all share the same opinion that police and
public relationship is overruled by the police due to the inability of agencies to control the
actions of their own ofcers(104). The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of this
accountability practice in the USA and Canada (105). Ferdik, Rojek, and Alpert explain the
evolution of citizen oversight in US by explaining how police continuously to mistreat citizens
and what they did to put an end to it (105). There is still mistreatment but citizens take stands
every year to prevent police abuse, misconduct and corruption (105). They continue to talk
about ways citizens can file complaints and oversight law enforcement (108). To explain the
broad topic Ferdik created a model of all the class systems based on Walkers (2000)
classication of citizen oversight approaches (109). They all believe mistreatment from any law
enforcement is damaging to the public good. Emporia is definitely controlled by their local law
enforcers and this article points out the cons of police overpowering citizens and explain the
overstaffed law enforcement at police is does more damage than help.