Chapter 008 1

The Language Of
Medicine
th
10
edition
Davi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 8
Female Reproductive System
Chapter Goals
Name and locate female reproductive organs
and learn their combining forms.
Explain how these organs and their hormones
function in the processes of menstruation and
pregnancy.
Identify abnormal conditions of the female
reproductive system and of the newborn.
Chapter Goals (contd)

Describe important laboratory tests and
clinical procedures used in gynecology and
obstetrics, and recognize related
abbreviations.
Understand medical terms in their proper
contexts, such as medical reports and records.
Chapter 8
Lesson 8.1
Introduction
Sexual reproduction
This is the union of the nuclei of
ovum and sperm cell.
Ovum and sperm cells are called
gametes.
Each gamete contains half the
number of chromosomes of a normal
body cell.
Introduction (contd)
Gametes (ovum and sperm cell)
Gametes are produced in the gonads.
Female gonads are the ovaries; male
gonads are the testes.
Introduction (contd)
Fertilization
An ovum leaves the ovaries and travels
through the fallopian tube.
Fertilization takes place if sperm cells are
present and unite with the ovum.
The fertilized egg implants then divides to
form a ball of cells, called a zygote (and
later an embryo and then a fetus).
Organs of the
Label the diagram
Organs of the female
reproductive system
(lateral view)
Organs of the
Organs of the female reproductive system (lateral
view)
10
QUICK QUIZ:
1. The fertilized egg implants, then
divides to form a ball of cells, called
a(n):
A. embryo
B. fetus
C. follicle
D. zygote
11
Organs of the Female

Reproductive System (contd)
Label the diagram
Organs of the female reproductive system
(anterior view)
12
Organs of the
Female Reproduction System (contd)
Organs of the female reproductive system (anterior
view)
13
Organs of the
Female Reproductive System (contd)
The breast
(sagittal view)
14
Organs of the Female

Reproductive System (contd)
The breast
(sagittal view)
15
Menstruation and Pregnancy

Menstrual cycle
Day 1-5
Blood cells, endometrial cells, and glandular

secretions discharge from the body.
Day 6-12 Estrogen aids repair of endometrium.

The ovum grows in the follicle.
Day 13-14 The egg leaves the ovary and passes through
the fallopian tube.
Day 15-28 The corpus luteum secretes progesterone;
the uterus lining builds up.
16

(contd)
Menstrual cycle
17

(contd)
Pregnancy
If fertilization occurs, the egg implants in the
uterine endometrium.
The placenta forms, attaches to the uterine
wall.
Amnion holds the fetus in an amniotic cavity.
Nutrients, oxygen, and wastes exchange
between the fetus and mother.
The placenta produces human chorionic
gonadotropin (hCG).
18

(contd)
A, Implantation in the uterus
B, The embryos relationship to the placenta
19

(contd)
A, Implantation in the uterus
B, The embryos relationship to the placenta
20
QUICK QUIZ:
2. The corpus luteum secretes this
monthly to build up the lining of the
uterus.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Adrenaline
Estrogen
Progesterone
hCG
21
QUICK QUIZ: (contd)

3. What does the placenta secrete
during pregnancy?
A. Adrenaline
B. hCG
C. Progesterone
D. Estrogen
22

(contd)
Pregnancy
Progesterone maintains placenta
development.
The uterus expands as the fetus grows.
Normal delivery fetal position is cephalic
presentation (head first).
23

(contd)
Pregnancy
Three phases of labor
1. Dilation and thinning of the cervix
2. Birth of the infant
3. Delivery of the placenta
24

(contd)
A, Cephalic presentation.
B, Delivery of the placenta.
25
Hormonal Interactions
The pituitary secretes:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
The pituitary stops producing FSH and LH

During pregnancy
With oral contraceptives
26
Hormonal Interactions (contd)

Menopause
Gradual ending of the menstrual cycle
Normally begins between ages 45 and 55
Falling estrogen levels
Option for estrogen replacement therapy (careful
consideration of risks required)
27
Vocabulary
adnexae uteri
amnion
areola
28
Vocabulary (contd)
adnexae uteri
Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and

supporting
ligaments
amnion
Innermost membranous sac

surrounding the developing fetus
areola
Dark-pigmented area surrounding

the breast nipple
29
Vocabulary (contd)
Bartholin glands
cervix
chorion
30
Vocabulary (contd)
Bartholin glands Small, mucus-secreting exocrine
glands at the vaginal orifice;

named for Caspar Bartholin, a
Danish anatomist who
described them in 1637
cervix
Lower, neck-like portion of the

uterus
chorion
Outermost layer of the two

membranes surrounding the
embryo
31
Vocabulary (contd)
clitoris
coitus
corpus luteum
32
Vocabulary (contd)
clitoris
Sensitive erectile tissue anterior

to the opening of the female
urethra
coitus
Sexual intercourse; copulation
corpus luteum
Empty ovarian follicle; secretes

progesterone after release of egg
cell; means yellow body
33
Vocabulary (contd)
cul-de-sac
embryo
endometrium
34
Vocabulary (contd)
cul-de-sac
Region in lower abdomen,

midway between the rectum
and the uterus
embryo
Stage in prenatal development

from 2 to 8 weeks
endometrium
Inner, mucous membrane lining

of the uterus
35
Vocabulary (contd)
estrogen
fallopian tube
fertilization
36
Vocabulary (contd)
estrogen
Hormone produced by the ovaries

that promotes female secondary
sex characteristics
fallopian tube
One of a pair of ducts through

which the ovum travels to the
uterus; oviduct; named for
Gabriello Fallopia, an Italian
anatomist
fertilization
Union of sperm cell and ovum from

which the embryo develops
37
Vocabulary (contd)
fetus
fimbriae
(sing.: fimbria)
follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
38
Vocabulary (contd)
fetus
Stage in prenatal
development from 8 to 39 or
40 weeks
fimbriae
(sing.: fimbria)
Finger- or fringe-like
projections at the end of the
fallopian tubes
follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Secreted by the pituitary

gland to stimulate
maturation of the ovum
39
Vocabulary (contd)
gamete
genitalia
gestation
40
Vocabulary (contd)
gamete
Male or female sexual reproductive

cell; sperm cell or ovum
genitalia
Reproductive organs; also called

genitals
gestation
Period from fertilization of the ovum

to birth
41
Vocabulary (contd)
gonad
gynecology
human chorionic
gonadotropin
(hCG)
42
Vocabulary (contd)
gonad
Female or male reproductive

organ that produces sex cells
and hormones; ovary or testis
gynecology
Study of the female reproductive

organs, including the breasts
human chorionic
gonadotropin
(hCG)
Hormone produced by the

placenta to sustain pregnancy by
stimulating ovaries to produce
estrogen and progesterone
43
Vocabulary (contd)
hymen
labia
lactiferous ducts
44
Vocabulary (contd)
hymen
Mucous membrane partially or

completely covering the
opening to the vagina
labia
Lips of the vagina
lactiferous ducts
Tubes that carry milk within the

breast
45
Vocabulary (contd)
luteinizing hormone
(LH)
mammary papilla
menarche
46
Vocabulary (contd)
luteinizing hormone
(LH)
Secreted by the pituitary

gland to promote ovulation
mammary papilla
Nipple of the breast
menarche
Beginning of the first

menstrual period and ability
to reproduce
47
Vocabulary (contd)
menopause
menstruation
myometrium
neonatology
48
Vocabulary (contd)
menopause
Gradual ending of menstruation
menstruation
Monthly shedding of the uterine

lining
myometrium
Muscle layer of the uterus
neonatology
Branch of medicine that studies

the disorders and care of the
newborn (neonate)
49
Vocabulary (contd)
obstetrics
orifice
ovarian follicle
50
Vocabulary (contd)
obstetrics
The branch of medicine

concerned with pregnancy and
childbirth
orifice
An opening
ovarian follicle
Developing sac enclosing each

ovum within the ovary
51
Vocabulary (contd)
ovary
ovulation
ovum (pl.: ova)

52
Vocabulary (contd)
ovary
One of a pair of female organs on

each side of the pelvis; almondshaped; produced egg cells and
hormones
ovulation
Release of the ovum from the

ovary
ovum (pl.: ova)
Mature egg cell (female gamete)
53
Vocabulary (contd)
parturition
perineum
pituitary gland
54
Vocabulary (contd)
parturition
Act of giving birth
perineum
Area between the anus and the

vagina in females
pituitary gland
Endocrine gland at the base of

the brain that produces
hormones to stimulate the
ovaries; also regulates other
endocrine organs
55
Vocabulary (contd)
placenta
pregnancy
progesterone
56
Vocabulary (contd)
placenta
Vascular organ attached to uterine

wall during pregnancy; allows
exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and
fetal waste products between mother
and fetus
pregnancy
Condition of having a developing

embryo and fetus in female uterus for
about 40 weeks
progesterone
Hormone produced by corpus luteum

in ovary and placenta of pregnant
women
57
Vocabulary (contd)
puberty
uterine serosa
uterus
58
Vocabulary (contd)
puberty
Point in life cycle at which sex

characteristics appear and gametes
are produced
uterine serosa
Outermost layer surrounding the

uterus
uterus
Hollow, pear-shaped muscular

female organ in which embryo and
fetus develop, and from which
menstruation occurs
59
Vocabulary (contd)
vagina
vulva
zygote
60
Vocabulary (contd)
vagina
Muscular, mucosa-lined canal

extending from the uterus to the
exterior of the body
vulva
External female genitalia; includes

the labia, hymen, clitoris, and vaginal
orifice
zygote
The stage in prenatal development

from fertilization and implantation to
2 weeks
61
QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term refers to the inner,
mucous membrane lining of the
uterus?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Endometrium
Fallopian tube
Chorion
Amnion
62
Terminology: Combining
Forms, Suffixes, and Prefixes
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
amni/o
amnion
Bartholin/o
Bartholin gland
cervic/o
cervix, neck
chori/o
chorion
chorion/o
chorion
colp/o
vagina
63
Terminology: Combining Forms,

Suffixes, and Prefixes (contd)
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
cul-de-sac
vulva
milk
woman, female
uterus, womb
culd/o
episi/o
galact/o
gynec/o
hyster/o
64

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
milk
breast
breast
menses, menstruation
uterus
lact/o
mamm/o
mast/o
men/o
metr/o
65

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
muscle
muscle tumor
birth
midwife
egg
my/o
myom/o
nat/i
obstetr/o
o/o
66

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
oophor/o
ovary
egg
ovary
egg
perineum
ov/o
ovari/o
ovul/o
perine/o
67

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
phor/o
to bear
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina
vulva
salping/o
uter/o
vagin/o
vulv/o
68

SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
-arche
beginning
-cyesis
-gravida
-parous
pregnancy
pregnancy
to bear, bring forth
69

SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
-rrhea
discharge
-salpinx
-tocia
-version
uterine tube
labor, birth
act of turning
70

PREFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
dys-
painful
within
in
within
many
endoinintramulti-
71

PREFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
nulli-
no, not, none
pre primi retro-
before
first
backward
72
QUICK QUIZ:
5. Which term means removal of the
breast?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hysterectomy
Mastectomy
Mastitis
Mammoplasty
73
Chapter 8
Lesson 8.2
74
Pathology: Uterus
Carcinoma of the cervix
Malignant cells within the cervix
Cervicitis
Inflammation of the cervix
Carcinoma of the endometrium
Malignant tumor of the uterine lining
Endometriosis
Endometrial tissue located outside the

uterus
75
Pathology: Uterus (contd)

Fibroids
Benign tumors of
the uterus
Figure shows
location of
uterine fibroids
76
Pathology: Gynecological
and Breast
Breast
Carcinoma of the breast
Fibrocystic disease
77
Pathology: Gynecological
and Breast (contd)
Ovaries
Ovarian carcinoma (cancer)
Malignant tumor of the ovary
Ovarian cysts
Collections of fluid within a sac in the ovary
Fallopian tubes
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Examples: salpingitis, oophoritis, endometritis
Leading causes of PID are sexually transmitted
diseases
78
Pathology: Breast
Carcinoma of the breast
Image A shows (arrows) mammogram
of invasive carcinoma of the breast.
Image B is a cut section of invasive

ductal carcinoma of the breast.
79
Chapter 8
Lesson 8.3
80
Pathology: Pregnancy
Abruptio placentae
Premature separation of the normally
implanted placenta
Choriocarcinoma
Malignant tumor of the placenta
Ectopic pregnancy
Misplaced implantation of egg
Placenta previa
Preeclampsia
81
Pathology: Neonatal
Down syndrome
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Hyaline membrane disease
Hydrocephalus
Meconium aspiration syndrome
Pyloric stenosis
82
Pathology: Neonatal (contd)

APGAR scoring chart
Assessment of newborn
Scoring 1 to 5 mins after birth
83
Clinical Tests and Procedures

Clinical tests
Pap test (Pap smear)
Pregnancy test
Procedures
X-rays
Ultrasound
Gynecological procedures
Procedures during pregnancy
84
Clinical Procedures
Conization
Removal of a
cone-shaped
section of the
cervix.
Figure shows LEEP
for cone biopsy
85
Clinical Procedures (contd)

Laparoscopic
oophorectomy
A, Ovary placed in
plastic bag.
B, Extracted through
the laparoscope
86
Clinical Tests and Procedures

Procedures
Procedures during
pregnancy
Amniocentesis
Needle placement
guided by
ultrasound images
87
Abbreviations
AB
AFP
BRCA1BRCA2
BSE
CA 125
C-section, CS
CIN
CIS
CVS
Cx
D&C
88
Abbreviations
AB
AFP
BRCA1BRCA2
BSE
CA 125
C-section, CS
CIN
CIS
CVS
Cx
D&C
Abortion
Alpha-fetoprotein-high levels in amniotic fluid of
fetus or maternal serum
Breast cancer 1 and 2
Breast self-examination
Protein marker elevated in ovarian cancer
Cesarean section
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Carcinoma in situ
Chorionic villus sampling
Cervix
Dilation (dilation and curettage
89
Abbreviations (contd)
DCIS
DUB
FHR
FSH
G
GnRH
GYN
hCG OR HCG
HDN
HPV
HRT
HSG
IUD
90
DCIS
DUB
FHR
FSH
G
GnRH
GYN
hCG OR HCG
HDN
HPV
HRT
HSG
IUD
Ductal carcinoma in situ

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Fetal heart rate
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Gravida (pregnant)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Gynecology
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Human papillomavirus
Hormone replacement therapy
Hysterosalpingography
Intrauterine device; contraceptive
91
IVF
LEEP
LH
LMP
multip
OB
para 2-0-1-2
Pap test
PID
PMS
92
IVF
LEEP
LH
LMP
Multip
OB
para 2-0-1-2
Pap test
PID
PMS
In vitro fertilization
Loop electrocautery excision procedure
Luteinizing hormone
Last menstrual period
Multipara; multiparous
Obstetrics
A womans reproductive history: 2 full-term
infants, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, and 2 living children
Papanicolaou smear-test
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Premenstrual syndrome
93
primip
SLN biopsy or SNB
TAH-BSO
UAE
VH
94
primip
SLN biopsy or SNB
TAH-BSO
Primipara; primiparous
Sentinel lymph node biopsy
Total abdominal hysterectomy with
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
UAE
VH
Uterine artery embolization

Vaginal hysterectomy
95
Review Sheet
COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
amni/o
_________
bartholin/o
_________
cephal/o
_________
cervic/o
_________
chori/o, chorion/o
_________
colp/o
_________
96
Review Sheet (contd)

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
amni/o
amnion
bartholin/o
Bartholin gland
cephal/o
head
cervic/o
cervix, neck
chori/o, chorion/o
chorion
colp/o
vagina
97

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
culd/o
episi/o
galact/o
gynec/o
hyster/o
Meaning
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
98

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
cul-de-sac
vulva
milk
woman, female
uterus, womb
culd/o
episi/o
galact/o
gynec/o
hyster/o
99

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
lact/o
mamm/o
mast/o
men/o
metr/o
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
100

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
milk
breast
breast
menses, menstruation
uterus
lact/o
mamm/o
mast/o
men/o
metr/o
101

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
my/o
myom/o
nat/i
obstetr/o
olig/o
o/o
102

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
oophor/o
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
ov/o
ovari/o
ovul/o
perine/o
103

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
oophor/o
ovary
egg
ovary
egg
perineum
ov/o
ovari/o
ovul/o
perine/o
104

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
phor/o
_________
py/o
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
salping/o
uter/o
vagin/o
vulv/o
105

COMBINING FORMS
Combining Form
Meaning
phor/o
to bear
pus
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina
vulva
py/o
salping/o
uter/o
vagin/o
vulv/o
106

SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
-arche
_________
-cele
_________
-cyesis
_________
-ectasis
_________
-ectomy
_________
107

SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
-arche
beginning
-cele
hernia
-cyesis
pregnancy
-ectasis
stretching, dilation
-ectomy
removal, excision
108

SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
-flexion
-genesis
-gravida
-itis
-pareunia
-parous
109

SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
flexible
producing; forming
pregnancy
inflammation
sexual intercourse
to bear, bring forth
-flexion
-genesis
-gravida
-itis
-pareunia
-parous
110

SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
-plasia
_________
-plasty
_________
-ptosis
_________
-rrhagia
_________
-rrhaphy
_________
111

SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
-plasia
development, formation
-plasty
surgical repair
-ptosis
dropping, sagging
-rrhagia
bursting forth (blood)
-rrhaphy
suture
112

SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
-rrhea
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
-salpinx
-scopy
-stenosis
-stomy
113

SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
-rrhea
discharge
uterine tube
visual examination
tightening
new opening
-salpinx
-scopy
-stenosis
-stomy
114

SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
_________
_________
_________
_________
-tocia
-tomy
-tresia
-version
115

SUFFIXES
Suffix
Meaning
labor, birth
process of cutting
opening
act of turning
-tocia
-tomy
-tresia
-version
116

PREFIXES
Prefix
Meaning
bi dys-
_________
_________
endo-
_________
in-
_________
intra-
_________
multi-
_________
117

PREFIXES
Prefix
bi dys-
Meaning
two
painful
endo-
within
in-
in
intra-
within
multi-
many
118

PREFIXES
Prefix
nullioxyperipre-
Meaning
_________
_________
_________
_________
119

PREFIXES
Prefix
Meaning
no, not, none

swift, sharp
surrounding
before
nullioxyperipre-
120

PREFIXES
Prefix
Meaning
primi-
_________
pseudo-
_________
retro-
_________
uni-
_________
121

PREFIXES
Prefix
Meaning
primi-
first
pseudo retro uni-
false
backward
one
122

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The Language Of

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Chapter Goals (contd)

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Organs of the Female

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Organs of the Female

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Menstruation and Pregnancy

Blood cells, endometrial cells, and glandular

Day 6-12 Estrogen aids repair of endometrium.

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Menstruation and Pregnancy

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Menstruation and Pregnancy

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Menstruation and Pregnancy

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Menstruation and Pregnancy

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QUICK QUIZ: (contd)

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Menstruation and Pregnancy

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Menstruation and Pregnancy

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Menstruation and Pregnancy

B, Delivery of the placenta.

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The pituitary stops producing FSH and LH

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Hormonal Interactions (contd)

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Fallopian tubes, ovaries, and

Innermost membranous sac

Dark-pigmented area surrounding

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

glands at the vaginal orifice;

Lower, neck-like portion of the

Outermost layer of the two

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Sensitive erectile tissue anterior

Sexual intercourse; copulation

Empty ovarian follicle; secretes

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Region in lower abdomen,

Stage in prenatal development

Inner, mucous membrane lining

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright 2014, 2011, 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.