Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Obligation Conformer Sunna Ibn Baz
Obligation Conformer Sunna Ibn Baz
Obligation Conformer Sunna Ibn Baz
FRQIRUPHUjOD
6RXQQD
&KHLNK$EG(O$]v],EQ%k]
TX$OODKOXLIDVVHPLVpULFRUGH
7UDGXFWLRQ 0RKDPPDG,EUkKvP1XFNFKHGG\
5HYXSDU $E<QXV<DTE/HHQHQ
,QWURGXFWLRQ
/RXDQJHj$OODK6HLJQHXUGHVPRQGHV/DILQKHXUHXVHVHUDSRXUFHX[TXL/HFUDLJQHQW4XHOD
SDL[HWOHVDOXWVRLHQWVXU6RQVHUYLWHXUHWPHVVDJHUOH3URSKqWH0XKDPPDGTXLDpWpHQYR\p
FRPPHXQHEpQpGLFWLRQXQLYHUVHOOHHWXQHSUHXYHSRXUWRXVOHVVHUYLWHXUVG$OODKDLQVLTXHVXU
VD IDPLOOH VHV &RPSDJQRQV TXL RQW WUDQVPLV OH /LYUH GH OHXU 6HLJQHXU HW OD 6XQQD GH OHXU
3URSKqWH j FHX[ DSUqV HX[ DYHF OD SOXV JUDQGH ILGpOLWp DYHF OD SHUIHFWLRQ HW OD SUpVHUYDWLRQ
SDUIDLWHGHVVLJQLILFDWLRQVHWGHVWHUPHV4X$OODKVRLW VDWLVIDLW GHX[HWTX,OIDVVHTXHQRXVOHV
VXLYLRQVGHODPHLOOHXUHPDQLqUH
&HUWDLQV QH FURLHQW SDV DX 5DSSHO TXL OHXU HVW SDUYHQX 9RLFL FHSHQGDQW XQ /LYUH
SUpFLHX[/HUUHXUQHODWWHLQW>GHQXOOHSDUW@QLSDUGHYDQWQLSDUGHUULqUH8QHUpYpODWLRQ
pPDQDQWGXQ6DJHHW'LJQHGHORXDQJH
(W FH &RUDQ PD pWp UpYpOp SRXU TXH MH YRXV DYHUWLVVH 9RLFL XQ PHVVDJH OH
&RUDQDGUHVVpDX[JHQVDILQTXLOVVRLHQWDYHUWLV
/HVYHUVHWVGX&RUDQTXLYRQWGDQVFHVHQVVRQWQRPEUHX[
'DXWUH SDUW GHV WUDGLWLRQV DXWKHQWLTXHV GX 0HVVDJHU G$OODK RQW pWp UDSSRUWpHV TXL QRXV
RUGRQQHQWGHUHVSHFWHUOH&RUDQHWGHV\FUDPSRQQHUHWTXLSURXYHQWTXHFHOXLTXLV\FRQIRUPH
HVWELHQJXLGpHWDQGLVTXHFHOXLTXLOHGpODLVVHHVWpJDUp
$LQVLRQUDSSRUWHTXHOH0HVVDJHUG$OODKDGLWjORFFDVLRQGXSqOHULQDJHGDGLHX-HYRXVODLVVH
XQHFKRVHVLYRXVYRXV\FUDPSRQQH]YRXVQHVHUH]SRLQWpJDUpVOH/LYUHG$OODK>5DSSRUWpSDU0XVOLP
GDQVVRQ6DKvK@
'DQVXQHDXWUHYHUVLRQLODGLWDXVXMHWGX&RUDQ,OHVWODFRUGHG$OODK&HOXLTXLOHVXLWHVWELHQ
JXLGpHWFHOXLTXL\UHQRQFHHVWpJDUp
/HVWUDGLWLRQVjFHVXMHWVRQWQRPEUHXVHV
,O VXIILW GH GLUH TXLO \ D FRQVHQVXV GHV VDYDQWV HW GHV FUR\DQWV SDUPL OHV &RPSDJQRQV GX
3URSKqWHHWFHX[DSUqVHX[VXUOREOLJDWLRQGHVXLYUHOH/LYUHG$OODK,OVVHQVHUYDLHQWFRPPH
SUHXYHLUUpIXWDEOHHW\FKHUFKDLHQWMXJHPHQWDYHFODLGHGHOD6XQQDGX0HVVDJHUG$OODK>@
4XDQWjODGHX[LqPHGHFHVWURLVVRXUFHVHWVXUODTXHOOHLO\DFRQVHQVXVpJDOHPHQWFHVWFHTXLD
pWpUDSSRUWpGHVRXUFHVUH>GHVSDUROHVHWGHVDFWHV@GX0HVVDJHUG$OODK&HX[TXLYLQUHQWDSUqV
HX[RQWGRQQpIRLjFHWWHVRXUFHORQWFLWpFRPPHSUHXYHHWORQWHQVHLJQpjODFRPPXQDXWp,OV
RQW pFULW j FH VXMHW EHDXFRXS GRXYUDJHV OHV RQW H[SOLTXp GDQV OHV OLYUHV GH MXULVSUXGHQFH
LVODPLTXH 8VO DO)LTK HW GH KDGLWKV 0XVWDODK ,O H[LVWH EHDXFRXS GH SUHXYHV GDQV OH /LYUH
G$OODK R LO HVW RUGRQQp GH VXLYUH OH 3URSKqWH HW GREpLU j VHV HQVHLJQHPHQWV 8Q WHO
FRPPDQGHPHQW pWDLW DGUHVVp j FHX[ TXL YLYDLHQW j VRQ pSRTXH DLQVL TXj FHX[ TXL VRQW YHQXV
DSUqVHX[FDULOHVWOH0HVVDJHUG$OODKHQYR\pjWRXVOHVKRPPHVFHX[FLRQWUHoXORUGUHGHOH
VXLYUHGHOXLREpLUMXVTXjO+HXUHGX-XJHPHQW
/H3URSKqWHHVWOH[pJqWH0XIDVVLUGX/LYUHG$OODKH[SOLTXDQWSDUVHVSDUROHVVHVDFWLRQVHWVHV
DSSUREDWLRQVOHVYHUVHWVTXLSRUWHQWGHV VLJQLILFDWLRQVJpQpUDOHV6DQVOD 6XQQD OHV PXVXOPDQV
QDXUDLHQW MDPDLV VX OH QRPEUH GH 5DNk GDQV OHV SULqUHV OD IDoRQ GH OHV DFFRPSOLU OHV DFWHV
REOLJDWRLUHVTXLV\WURXYHQW(WLOVQDXUDLHQWMDPDLVVXOHVGpWDLOVGHVUqJOHVGXMHQHGHOD=DNkW
GX SqOHULQDJH GX 'MLKkG GX GHYRLU GRUGRQQHU OH ELHQ HW GLQWHUGLUH OH PDO ,OV QDXUDLHQW
pJDOHPHQW MDPDLV VX OHV GpWDLOV GHV ORLV FRQFHUQDQW OHV WUDQVDFWLRQV OHV DFWHV LQWHUGLWV HW FH
TX$OODKDSUHVFULWFRPPHSHLQHVHWSXQLWLRQV
/HVSUHXYHVGX&RUDQFRQFHUQDQWOREOLJDWLRQGHVH
FRQIRUPHUjOD6XQQD
&LGHVVRXVQRXVFLWHURQVTXHOTXHVXQVGHVYHUVHWVGX&RUDQUpYpOpVjFHVXMHW
(WREpLVVH]j$OODKHWDX0HVVDJHUSHXWrWUHYRXVVHUDWLOIDLWPLVpULFRUGH
YRXVTXLFUR\H]2EpLVVH]j$OODKHWREpLVVH]DX0HVVDJHUHWFHX[SDUPLYRXVTXL
GpWLHQQHQW ODXWRULWp 3XLV VL YRXV YRXV GLVSXWH] HQ TXRL TXH FH VRLW SRUWH] YRV
GLIIpUHQGVGHYDQW$OODKHWOH3URSKqWHVLYRXVFUR\H]HQ$OODKHWDX-RXU'HUQLHU&HVHUD
ELHQPLHX[HWGHPHLOOHXUHLQWHUSUpWDWLRQ
4XLFRQTXHREpLWDX0HVVDJHUREpLWFHUWDLQHPHQWj$OODK(WTXLFRQTXHVHGpWRXUQH
1RXVQHWDYRQVSDVHQYR\pYHUVHX[FRPPHJDUGLHQ
&RPPHQWSRXUUDLWRQREpLUj$OODKHWSRUWHUOHVGLIIpUHQGVGHVJHQVGHYDQW$OODKHQVHUpIpUDQW
j6RQ/LYUHHWGHYDQWOH3URSKqWHHQVHUpIpUDQWjOD6XQQDVDQVVDSSX\HUVXUOD6XQQDFRPPH
SUHXYHRXVLHOOHQpWDLWSDVSUpVHUYpH"6LFpWDLWOHFDVFHODLPSOLTXHUDLWTX$OODKDXUDLWDVVLJQp
TXHOTXHFKRVHGLQH[LVWDQWj6HVVHUYLWHXUV&HVWOjODSOXVJUDQGHIDXVVHWp OH SOXV JUDQG DFWH
GLQILGpOLWpHWGHPDXYDLVHSHQVpHVXU$OODK
'DQV OD VRXUDWH /HV $EHLOOHV $OODK GLW 1RXV DYRQV IDLW GHVFHQGUH VXU WRL OH 5DSSHO OH
&RUDQDILQTXHWXH[SOLTXHDX[JHQVFODLUHPHQWFHTXLHVWGHVFHQGXYHUVHX[3HXWrWUH
UpIOpFKLURQWLOV " 'DQV ODPrPHVRXUDWH ,OGLW 1RXV QDYRQV IDLW GHVFHQGUH VXU WRL OH
/LYUHTXHSRXUTXHWXOHXUH[SOLTXHOHVPRWLIVGHOHXUGLVVHQVLRQVHQFHTXLOHFRQFHUQH
HWFRPPHJXLGHHWFRPPHPLVpULFRUGHSRXUXQSHXSOHTXLFURLW
&RPPHQW$OODKDXUDLW,OSXFRQILHUj6RQ(QYR\pGH[SOLTXHUODUpYpODWLRQGHVFHQGXHYHUVHX[VL
OD6XQQDQH[LVWDLWSDVRXVLHOOHQpWDLWSDVFRQVLGpUpHFRPPHXQHSUHXYH"
'DXWUHV H[HPSOHV VLPLODLUHV VH WURXYHQW GDQV OD SDUROH VXLYDQWH GH OD VRXUDWH DQ1U /D
/XPLqUH 'LV 2EpLVVH] j $OODK HW REpLVVH] DX 0HVVDJHU 6LOV VH GpWRXUQHQW LO OH
3URSKqWHQHVWUHVSRQVDEOHTXHGHFHGRQWLOHVWFKDUJpHWYRXVrWHVUHVSRQVDEOHVGHFH
GRQWYRXVrWHVFKDUJpV(WVLYRXVOXLREpLVVH]YRXVVHUH]ELHQJXLGpVHW,OQLQFRPEHDX
3URSKqWHTXHGHWUDQVPHWWUHHQWRXWHFODUWpOHPHVVDJH
'DQVODPrPHVRXUDWH,OGLW $FTXLWWH]YRXVGHODSULqUHSD\H]OD=DNkWHWREpLVVH]DX
3URSKqWH3HXWrWUHYRXVVHUDWLOIDLWPLVpULFRUGH
'DQVODVRXUDWH$O$UkI,OGLW'LVYRXVOHVKRPPHV-HVXLVHQYpULWpHQYR\pYHUV
YRXVWRXVFRPPHOH3URSKqWHGH&HOXLj4XLDSSDUWLHQWODUR\DXWpGHVFLHX[HWGHODWHUUH
,OQ\ D GH GLYLQLWpTXH /XL&HVW /XL4XLIDLW YLYUH HW 4XLIDLW PRXULU&UR\H]GRQF HQ
$OODKHWHQ6RQPHVVDJHUOH3URSKqWHDQDOSKDEqWHTXLFURLWHQ$OODKHWHQ6HV3DUROHV(W
VXLYH]OHSHXWrWUHDORUVVHUH]YRXVGLULJpV
'DQV FHV YHUVHWV LO \ D OD SUHXYHH[SOLFLWHVXU OH IDLW TXH OD JXLGpH HW OD PLVpULFRUGH G$OODK VH
WURXYHQW GDQV OH IDLW GH VXLYUH OH 3URSKqWH &RPPHQW HVWFH SRVVLEOH DORUV HQ UHQRQoDQW j
SUDWLTXHUOD6XQQDRXHQSUpWHQGDQWTXHOOHQDDXFXQHYDOHXUMXULGLTXHRXHQFRUHTXRQQHSHXW
SDVV\ILHU"
'DQVODVRXUDWH/D/XPLqUH$OODKGLW4XHFHX[TXLVRSSRVHQWjVRQRUGUHSUHQQHQW
JDUGHTXXQHpSUHXYHQHOHVDWWHLJQHRXTXHQHOHVDWWHLJQHXQFKkWLPHQWGRXORXUHX[
'DQV OD VRXUDWH /([RGH $O+DVKU ,O GLW 3UHQH] FH TXH OH 3URSKqWH YRXV GRQQH HW
DEVWHQH]YRXVGHFHTXLOYRXVLQWHUGLW
/HV YHUVHWV TXL YRQW GDQV FH VHQV VRQW QRPEUHX[ HW LOV SURXYHQW FRPPH OHV SUHXYHV GpMj
PHQWLRQQpHV VXU OREOLJDWLRQ GH VXLYUH OH &RUDQ HW GH V\ FRQIRUPHU TXLO IDXW REpLU DX[
FRPPDQGHPHQWVG$OODKUHVSHFWHU6HVLQWHUGLWVHWTXLOHVWREOLJDWRLUHGREpLUDX3URSKqWHHWGH
VXLYUHVHVHQVHLJQHPHQWV/H&RUDQHWOD6XQQDVRQW GHX[VRXUFHV LQVpSDUDEOHV4XLFRQTXHQLH
OXQHGHQWUHHOOHVDXUDQLpHWGpPHQWLODXWUH(WXQWHODFWHHVWFRQVLGpUpFRPPHGHODPpFUpDQFH
HW GH OpJDUHPHQW (W OD SHUVRQQH TXL QLH OD 6XQQD HVW FRQVLGpUpH FRPPH pWDQW VRUWL GH OLVODP
VHORQOHFRQVHQVXVGHVVDYDQWVHWGHVFUR\DQWV
/HVSUHXYHVGDQVOD6XQQDGX0HVVDJHUG$OODK
/HVWUDGLWLRQVGX0HVVDJHUG$OODKVXUOREOLJDWLRQGHOXLREpLUGHVXLYUHVHVHQVHLJQHPHQWVHWVXU
OLQWHUGLFWLRQ GH OXL GpVREpLU VRQW QRPEUHXVHV &HWWH REOLJDWLRQ VDSSOLTXDLW DX[ JHQV GH VRQ
pSRTXHHWVDSSOLTXHjWRXVFHX[TXLYLHQQHQWDSUqVOXLMXVTXDXMRXUGHOD5pVXUUHFWLRQ
,O HVW UDSSRUWp GDQV OH GHX[ UHFXHLOV DXWKHQWLTXHV GH $O%XNKkUv HW GH 0XVOLP 6DKvKD\Q VXU
ODXWRULWpG$E+XUD\UDTXHOH3URSKqWHDGLW&HOXLTXLPREpLWREpLWj$OODK&HOXLTXLPHGpVREpLW
GpVREpLWj$OODK
'DQV6DKvK$O%XNKkUv$E+XUD\UDUDSSRUWHDXVVLTXHOH3URSKqWHDGLW7RXWHPDFRPPXQDXWp
HQWUHUDDX3DUDGLVVDXIFHX[TXLUHIXVHQW2QOXLGHPDQGD4XLVRQWFHX[TXLUHIXVHQW",OGLW
&HX[TXLPREpLVVHQWHQWUHURQWDX3DUDGLVHWFHX[TXLPHGpVREpLVVHQWDXURQWUHIXVp
$KPDG$E'kZGHW$O+kNLPRQWPHQWLRQQpGDQVOHXUVOLYUHVDYHFXQHFKDvQHGHQDUUDWLRQ
DXWKHQWLTXHTX$O0LTGkPLEQ0DGvNDUDEDUDSSRUWpODSDUROHVXLYDQWHGX0HVVDJHUG$OODK
(QYpULWpMDLUHoXOH&RUDQHWTXHOTXHFKRVHGHVHPEODEOHDYHF8QHpSRTXHYLHQGUDRXQHSHUVRQQHUDVVDVLpH
DOORQJpHVXUVRQGLYDQGLUD9RXVGHYH]VXLYUHFH&RUDQ&HTXHYRXV\WURXYH]GHOLFLWHFRQVLGpUH]OHFRPPH
OLFLWHHWFHTXHYRXV\WURXYH]GLOOLFLWHFRQVLGpUH]OHFRPPHLOOLFLWH
$E 'kZG HW ,EQ 0kMDK RQW PHQWLRQQp DYHF XQH FKDvQH DXWKHQWLTXH TX,EQ $Ev 5DIv D
UDSSRUWpGHVRQSqUHODSDUROHVXLYDQWHGX0HVVDJHUG$OODK-HQHYHX[SDVYRLUTXHOTXXQSDUPL
YRXVDGRVVpjVRQGLYDQGLUHTXDQGXQGHPHVRUGUHVRXGHPHVSURKLELWLRQVOXLSDUYLHQQHQW1RXVQHVDYRQV
SDV&HTXHQRXVWURXYRQVGDQVOH/LYUHG$OODKQRXVOHVXLYRQV
$O+DVVDQLEQ'MkELUDUDSSRUWp-DLHQWHQGX$O0LTGkPLEQ0DGv.DUDEGLUH/HMRXUGH
.KD\EDUOH0HVVDJHUG$OODKDLQWHUGLWGHVFKRVHVSXLVLODGLW8QHpSRTXHYLHQGUDRXQKRPPH
DGRVVpjVRQGLYDQjTXL RQUDSSRUWHXQGHPHVKDGLWKV>GpPHQWLUD FH TXRQOXL UDSSRUWH GH PRLHW@ GLUD
(QWUHQRXVHWYRXVLO\DOH/LYUHG$OODK&HTXHQRXV\WURXYRQVGHOLFLWHQRXVOHFRQVLGpURQVOLFLWHHWFHTXH
QRXV\WURXYRQVGLOOLFLWHQRXVOHFRQVLGpURQVLOOLFLWH1HVWFHSDVTXHFHTXHOH3URSKqWHG$OODKDLQWHUGLWHVW
FRPPHFHTX$OODKDLQWHUGLW"
/HV WUDGLWLRQVGX0HVVDJHU G$OODK TXL SURXYHQW TXLO H[KRUWDLW VHV &RPSDJQRQV j WUDYHUV VRQ
VHUPRQjWUDQVPHWWUHOHPHVVDJHjFHX[TXLVRQWDEVHQWVVRQWQRPEUHXVHV,OOHXUGLVDLW,OVH
SHXWTXHODSHUVRQQHTXLUHoRLWOHPHVVDJHODFRPSUHQQHPLHX[TXHFHOXLTXLODHQWHQGXGLUHFWHPHQWGHVDVRXUFH
'DQV OHV GHX[ UHFXHLOV GH WUDGLWLRQV DXWKHQWLTXHV 6DKvK GH $O%XNKkUv HW GH 0XVOLP RQ
UDSSRUWHTXHOH3URSKqWHVDGUHVVDDX[JHQVjORFFDVLRQGXSqOHULQDJHGDGLHXOHMRXUGH$UDIDW
HWOHMRXUGX6DFULILFH<DZPXQ1DKUHQOHXUGLVDQW&HX[TXLVRQWSUpVHQWVLFLGRLYHQWWUDQVPHWWUHOH
PHVVDJHjFHX[TXLVRQWDEVHQWV,OVHSHXWTXHFHX[jTXLOHPHVVDJHHVWWUDQVPLVOHFRPSUHQQHPLHX[TXHFHX[
TXLOHQWHQGHQWGLUHFWHPHQW
6LOD6XQQDGX3URSKqWHQDYDLWSDVpWpXQHSUHXYHSRXURXFRQWUHFHX[TXLOHQWHQGHQWHWSRXU
FHX[jTXLHOOHSDUYLHQWHWVLHOOHQHVHVHUDLWSDVFRQVHUYpHMXVTXDXMRXUGHOD5pVXUUHFWLRQLOQH
OHXU DXUDLW MDPDLV RUGRQQp GH OD SURSDJHU $LQVL RQ VDLW TXH OH 6XQQD UHVWH XQH SUHXYH FRQWUH
FHX[TXLORQWHQWHQGXGHODERXFKHGX3URSKqWHHWFRQWUHFHX[jTXLHOOHHVWSDUYHQXHjWUDYHUV
GHVFKDvQHVGHWUDQVPLVVLRQDXWKHQWLTXHV
/HV &RPSDJQRQV GX 0HVVDJHU G$OODK RQW SUpVHUYp OD 6XQQD TXH FH VRLW VHV SDUROHV RX VHV
DFWLRQVHWORQWWUDQVPLVHDX[6XFFHVVHXUV7kELvQDSUqVHX[(WFHVGHUQLHUVORQWWUDQVPLVHj
FHX[DSUqVHX[&HVWDLQVLTXHOHVVDYDQWVGLJQHVGHFRQILDQFHORQWWUDQVPLVHGHJpQpUDWLRQHQ
JpQpUDWLRQGHVLqFOHHQVLqFOH,OVORQWFRQVLJQpHGDQVOHXUVOLYUHVHWRQWGLVWLQJXpODXWKHQWLTXH
GHOLQDXWKHQWLTXH(WLOVRQWLQVWLWXpGHVORLVHWGHVUqJOHVWUqVFRQQXHVSDUPLHX[SDUOHVTXHOOHVLOV
RQW SX GLVWLQJXHU OD 6XQQD DXWKHQWLTXH GH OD 6XQQD GH IDLEOH DXWKHQWLFLWp /HV VDYDQWV VH VRQW
SDVVpV GH PDLQV HQ PDLQV OHV OLYUHV GH 6XQQD WHOV OHV GHX[ UHFXHLOV 6DKvK HW GDXWUHV ,OV ORQW
SUpVHUYpHGXQHIDoRQSDUIDLWHFRPPH$OODKDSUpVHUYpOH&RUDQGHVIULYROLWpVGHVKpUpVLHVHWGHV
IDOVLILFDWLRQV FRQIRUPpPHQW j 6D 3DUROH &HUWHV FHVW 1RXV 4XL DYRQV IDLW GHVFHQGUH OH
5DSSHOOH&RUDQHWFHVW1RXV4XLHQVRPPHVOHJDUGLHQ
6DQVDXFXQGRXWHOD6XQQDGX0HVVDJHUG$OODKHVWXQHLQVSLUDWLRQUpYpOpH$OODKODSUpVHUYpH
FRPPH ,O D SUpVHUYp 6RQ /LYUH 3RXU FHOD $OODK D GpVLJQp GHV FHQVHXUV TXL UHMHWWHQW OHV
IDOVLILFDWLRQVGHVIDOVLILFDWHXUVHWOHVLQWHUSUpWDWLRQVGHVLJQRUDQWV,OVUHSRXVVHQWWRXWHFKRVHTXH
OHV LJQRUDQWV OHV PHQWHXUV HW OHV KpUpWLTXHV YHXOHQW \ DSSRVHU FDU $OODK D IDLW GH OD 6XQQD XQ
FRPPHQWDLUH GH 6RQ /LYUH HW XQH H[SOLFDWLRQ >GpWDLOOpH@ GHV ORLV TXL \ VRQW PHQWLRQQpHV TXL
SRUWHQWXQHVLJQLILFDWLRQJpQpUDOH
'DXWUHSDUW$OODKDLQFOXVGDQVOD6XQQDGHVORLVTXLQHVRQWSDVPHQWLRQQpHVGDQV6RQ/LYUH
WHOOHVTXHOHVGpWDLOVGHVORLVGHODOODLWHPHQWTXHOTXHVORLVGHOKpULWDJHODSURKLELWLRQGpSRXVHU
HQPrPHWHPSVXQHILOOHHWVDWDQWHPDWHUQHOOHRXSDWHUQHOOHHWSOXVLHXUVDXWUHVORLVTXLRQWpWp
PHQWLRQQpHVGDQVOD6XQQDHWSDVGDQVOH/LYUHG$OODK
/HVGpFODUDWLRQVGHV&RPSDJQRQVGHV6XFFHVVHXUV
7kELvQHWGHVVDYDQWVFRQFHUQDQWOREOLJDWLRQGHVH
FRQIRUPHUjOD6XQQD
0DLQWHQDQWQRXVDOORQVPHQWLRQQHUFHTXLDpWpUDSSRUWpGHV&RPSDJQRQVGHV7DEvvQHVHWGHV
VDYDQWVDSUqVHX[DXVXMHWGHOH[KRUWDWLRQjVXLYUHOD6XQQDHWOREOLJDWLRQGHV\FRQIRUPHU
'DQV OHV GHX[ UHFXHLOV DXWKHQWLTXHV 6DKvK GH $O%XNKkUv HW GH 0XVOLP RQ UDSSRUWH TX$E
+XUD\UDDGLW4XDQGOH0HVVDJHUG$OODKPRXUXWFHUWDLQVDUDEHVDSRVWDVLqUHQW$E%DNU$V
6LGGvT GLW3DU$OODK-HFRPEDWWUDLFHOXLTXLGLIIpUHQFLHHQWUHODSULqUHHWOD=DNkW8PDUOXL
GLW&RPPHQWSHX[WXOHVFRPEDWWUHDORUVTXHOH3URSKqWHDGLW-DLUHoXORUGUHGHFRPEDWWUHOHV
JHQVMXVTXjFHTXLOVDWWHVWHQWTXLOQ\DSDVGHGLYLQLWpVDXI$OODK6LOVODWWHVWHQWLOVDXURQWVDXYHJDUGpOHXU
VDQJHWOHXUVELHQVVDXIOHGURLWTXLHVWLPSRVpSDUO,VOkP$E%DNUGLW/D=DNkWQHVWHOOHSDVXQ
GHVHVGURLWV"3DU$OODK6LOVUHIXVHQWGHPHGRQQHUPrPHFHWWHFRUGHDYHFODTXHOOHLOVWHQDLHQW
OHXUV ErWHV MH OHV FRPEDWWUDL SRXU FHOD 8PDU GLW -H VDLV PDLQWHQDQW TX$OODK D RXYHUW OH
FXUG$E%DNUSRXUFRPEDWWUHHWMHVDLVpJDOHPHQWTXLODYDLWUDLVRQ
/HV &RPSDJQRQVSRXUOHXUSDUWRQWVXLYL VRQDYLV ,OV FRPEDWWDLHQW OHV DSRVWDWV SRXU OHV IDLUH
UHWRXUQHUYHUVOLVODPHWLOVWXqUHQWFHX[TXLVREVWLQqUHQWGDQVOHXUDSRVWDVLH&HIDLWHVWODSUHXYH
ODSOXVH[SOLFLWHGpPRQWUDQWOLPSRUWDQFHGHOD6XQQDHWOREOLJDWLRQGHV\FRQIRUPHU
8QMRXUXQHYLHLOOHIHPPHYLQWWURXYHU >$E%DNU@$V6LGGvT SRXUOLQWHUURJHUDXVXMHWGHVRQ
KpULWDJH,OOXLUpSRQGLW,OQ\DULHQGHSUpYXSRXUWRLGDQVOH/LYUHG$OODKHWMLJQRUHVLOH
0HVVDJHUG$OODKDGpWHUPLQpTXHOTXHFKRVHSRXUWRL7RXWHIRLVMLQWHUURJHUDLOHVJHQVjFHVXMHW
,OLQWHUURJHDGRQFOHV&RPSDJQRQVHWFHUWDLQVGHQWUHHX[GLUHQWTXHOH3URSKqWHDYDLWDFFRUGpj
ODJUDQGPqUHXQVL[LqPHGHOKpULWDJH,OGRQQDGRQFOHYHUGLFWHQFRQVpTXHQFH
8PDU FRQVHLOODLW j VHV IRQFWLRQQDLUHV GH MXJHU OHV JHQV GDSUqV OH /LYUH G$OODK 6LOV Q\
WURXYDLHQW SDV GH YHUGLFW DORUV GDSUqV OD 6XQQD GX 0HVVDJHU G$OODK 4XDQG ODIIDLUH GH
ODYRUWHPHQW GXQH IHPPHFDXVp SDU OD PDOYHLOODQFH GXQH SHUVRQQH OXL SRVD SUREOqPH 8PDU
LQWHUURJHD OHV &RPSDJQRQV 0XKDPPDG LEQ 6DODPD HW $O0XJKD\UD LEQ &KXED WpPRLJQqUHQW
TXHOHYHUGLFWGX3URSKqWHjFHVXMHWpWDLWODOLEpUDWLRQGXQHVFODYHKRPPHRXIHPPH8PDU
SURQRQoDGRQFOHYHUGLFWGDQVFHVHQV
4XDQGOHMXJHPHQWFRQFHUQDQWOHGpODLGHYLGXLWpSRVDSUREOqPHj8WKPkQ )XUD\DELQW0kOLN
LEQ6LQkQODVXUG$E6DvG$O.KXGUvOLQIRUPDTXHOH3URSKqWHOXLDYDLWRUGRQQpDSUqVOD
PRUWGHVRQpSRX[GHUHVWHUFKH]VRQIUqUHMXVTXjODILQ GXGpODL8WKPkQSURQRQoDGRQFOH
PrPHYHUGLFW&HVWGHFHWWHPrPHIDoRQTXLOSURQRQoDOHYHUGLFWGDSUqVOD6XQQDHQDSSOLTXDQW
ODSHLQHOpJDOHVXU$O:DOvGLEQ8TEDSRXUDYRLUFRQVRPPpGHODERLVVRQ
4XDQG$OL DSSULWTXH8WKPkQDYDLWLQWHUGLWGHSUDWLTXHUOH+DMMVHORQOHULWH0XWDLOHQGRVVD
O,KUkPSRXUOH+DMMHWOD8PUDFjGVHORQOHULWH0XWDHWGLW-HQHUHQRQFHUDLMDPDLVjOD
6XQQDGX0HVVDJHUG$OODKSRXUSUHQGUHODSDUROHGDXWUXL
4XDQGFHUWDLQHVSHUVRQQHVFRQVLGpUqUHQWODSDUROHG$E%DNUHWGH8PDUDXVXMHWGXULWH0XWD
FRPPHXQHDXWRULWpHWDSSURXYqUHQWOH+DMMVHORQOHULWH,IUkG ,EQ$EEkV GLW'HVSLHUUHVQH
WDUGHURQWSDVjYRXVWRPEHUGXFLHO-HYRXVLQIRUPHGHFHTXDGLWOH0HVVDJHUG$OODKPDLVYRXV
SUHQH]HQFRQVLGpUDWLRQFHTXRQWGLW$E%DNUHW8PDU6LORQFUDLQWXQHSXQLWLRQSRXUFHOXL
TXL FRQWUHGLW RX DJLW FRQWUDLUHPHQW j OD 6XQQD HW VXLW OD SDUROH G$E %DNU HW GH 8PDU TXH
SHQVHUGHFHOXLTXLDJLWFRQWUDLUHPHQWjOD6XQQDHWVXLWODSDUROHRXODYLVGHWRXWHDXWUHSHUVRQQH
RXVRQHIIRUWSHUVRQQHO,MWLKkG"
4XDQG FHUWDLQHV SHUVRQQHV FRQWHVWqUHQW $EGXOODKLEQ 8PDU VXU FHUWDLQHV 6XQQD FH GHUQLHU
OHXUGLW$YRQVQRXVUHoXORUGUHGHVXLYUH8PDU"
7DQGLVTXH,PUkQLEQ+XVZD\Q SDUODLWDX[JHQVjSURSRVGHOD6XQQDXQKRPPHOXLGLW
3DUOHQRXVGX&RUDQ,OVHPLWHQFROqUHHWGLW/D6XQQDHVWOHFRPPHQWDLUHGX&RUDQ6DQVOD
6XQQD QRXVQDXULRQVMDPDLVVXTXHODSULqUHGX'KXKUFRQVLVWHHQTXDWUH5DNkW OD SULqUH GX
0DJKULEHQWURLV5DNkWHWODSULqUHGX)DMUHQGHX[5DNkW1RXVQDXULRQVMDPDLVVXOHVORLVGHOD
=DNkWDLQVLTXHGDXWUHVGpWDLOVTXHOD6XQQDQRXVDGRQQpV
/HVDIIDLUHVGDQVOHVTXHOOHVOHV&RPSDJQRQVRQWH[KRUWpjVXLYUHOD6XQQDLQVLVWpVXUOHGHYRLUGH
V\FRQIRUPHUHWPLVHQJDUGHFHOXLTXLODFRQWUHGLWVRQWWUqVQRPEUHXVHV
1RXVHQFLWRQVTXHOTXHVH[HPSOHV
4XDQG$EGXOODKLEQ8PDU UHODWDODSDUROHVXLYDQWHGX3URSKqWH1LQWHUGLVH]SDVDX[VHUYDQWHV
G$OODKGHVHUHQGUHjODPRVTXpHFHUWDLQVGHVHVHQIDQWVGLUHQW3DU$OODK1RXVOHXULQWHUGLURQV
$EGXOODKVHPLWHQFROqUHHWOHVLQVXOWDVpYqUHPHQWHQGLVDQW-HYRXVGLVFHTXHOH0HVVDJHU
G$OODKDGLWHWYRXVGLWHV3DU$OODK1RXVOHXULQWHUGLURQV"
/RUVTXH$EGXOODKLEQ$O0XJKDIIDO$O0D]DQv TXLpWDLWXQ&RPSDJQRQGX0HVVDJHUG$OODK
YLWTXHOTXXQGHVHVSURFKHVODQFHUGHVSLHUUHVLOOHUpSULPDQGDHQGLVDQWTXHOH3URSKqWHDYDLW
LQWHUGLWXQWHODFWHHWTXLODYDLWGLWjFHSURSRV/DQFHUGHVSLHUUHVQHFKDVVHUDSDVOHJLELHUHWQHEOHVVHUD
SDVOHQQHPL0DLVLOEULVHUDODGHQWHWSHUFHUDOLO3OXVWDUGLOYLWHQFRUHOKRPPHODQFHUGHVSLHUUHV
HWOXLGLW3DU$OODK-HQHWHSDUOHUDLSOXV-HWHGLVTXHOH0HVVDJHUG$OODKDLQWHUGLWGHODQFHU
GHVSLHUUHVHWWXWREVWLQHV
$O%D\KDTvDUDSSRUWpTX$\\E$V6DNKWD\kQvOHJUDQG7kELvDGLW6LYRXVFRQYHUVH]DYHF
TXHOTXXQDXVXMHWGHOD6XQQDHWTXLOYRXVGLW/DLVVRQVFHODHWSDUORQVSOXW{WGX&RUDQ
VDFKH]DORUVTXHFHVWXQpJDUp
$O%D\KDTv D UDSSRUWp TXH OpPLQHQW ,PkP 6XI\kQ LEQ 6DvG $O7KDZUv D GLW /D
FRQQDLVVDQFHGHVWUDGLWLRQVHVWFRQVLGpUpHFRPPHODFRQQDLVVDQFHWRXWHHQWLqUH
(W0kOLNLEQ$QDVTX$OODKOXLIDVVHPLVpULFRUGHDGLW&KDFXQSDUPLQRXVSHXWUHMHWHUXQH
SDUROHRXYRLUODVLHQQHUHMHWpHVDXIODSDUROHGHORFFXSDQWGHFHWWHWRPEHHWLOLQGLTXDODWRPEH
GX0HVVDJHUG$OODK
$E+DQvID TX$OODK OXL IDVVH PLVpULFRUGH D GLW 4XDQG OD WUDGLWLRQ GX 0HVVDJHU G$OODK
QRXVSDUYLHQWQRXVODFFHSWRQVWUqVYRORQWLHUVHWGHWRXWFXU
$V6KkILv TX$OODK OXL IDVVH PLVpULFRUGH D GLW /H MRXU R RQ PH UDSSRUWHUD XQ KDGLWK
DXWKHQWLTXHHWTXHMHQHOHPHWWUDLSDVHQSUDWLTXHRXTXHMHQHOHSUHQGUDLSDVDORUVVDFKH]
TXHMDXUDLSHUGXODWrWH,ODDXVVLGLW4XDQGMHYRXVGLVTXHOTXHFKRVHGHFRQWUDGLFWRLUHjXQH
WUDGLWLRQGX0HVVDJHUG$OODKMHWH]PDSDUROHFRQWUHOHPXU
/LPkP $KPDG LEQ +DQEDO TX$OODK OXL IDVVH PLVpULFRUGH D GLW 1H PLPLWH] SDV
DYHXJOpPHQW QL 0kOLN RX $V6KkILv PDLV SUHQH] GH OD VRXUFH GH ODTXHOOH QRXV SUHQRQV ,O D
DXVVLGLW-HVXLVpWRQQpGHFHUWDLQHVJHQVTXLFRQQDLVVHQWOHVFKDvQHVGHVWUDGLWLRQVGX0HVVDJHU
G$OODKHWOHXUVDXWKHQWLFLWpVPDLVLOVFURLHQWHQODSDUROHGH6XI\kQWDQGLVTX$OODKGLW 4XH
FHX[TXLVRSSRVHQWjVRQRUGUHSUHQQHQWJDUGHTXXQHpSUHXYHQHOHVDWWHLJQHRX TXH
QHOHVDWWHLJQHXQFKkWLPHQWGRXORXUHX[ 3XLVLOGLW6DYH]YRXVFHTXHVWFHWWHFDODPLWp"
&HWWHFDODPLWpFHVWOLGROkWULH$V6KLUN,OVHSHXWTXHVLOUHMHWWHTXHOTXHVSDUROHVGX3URSKqWH
FHFLGpYLHUDVRQFXUHWOHPqQHUDYHUVVDSURSUHSHUWH
$O%D\KDTvDUDSSRUWpTXH0XMkKLGLEQ-DEUOpPLQHQW7kELvDGLWDXVXMHWGHOD3DUROHG$OODK
3RUWH]YRVGLIIpUHQGVGHYDQW$OODKHWOH3URSKqWH TXHOOHVLJQLILH5pIpUH]YRXVj
6RQ/LYUHHWjOD6XQQD
$O%D\KDTvDDXVVLUDSSRUWpTX$]=XKUv DGLW&HX[SDUPLQRVVDYDQWVTXLQRXVRQWSUpFpGpV
GLVDLHQWTXHOHIDLWGHVDFFURFKHUjOD6XQQDHVWOHVDOXWRXODGpOLYUDQFHGHOpJDUHPHQW
0XZDIILTXG'vQLEQ4XGkPD DGLWGDQVVRQOLYUH5DZGKDWXQ1kGKLUTXDQWDX[VRXUFHVGHV
ORLV8VODO$KNkP/DGHX[LqPHVRXUFHSDUPLOHVSUHXYHVHVWOD6XQQDGX0HVVDJHUG$OODK
/D SDUROH GX 0HVVDJHU G$OODK UHVWH XQH SUHXYH SURXYDQW OH PLUDFOH GH VD YpUDFLWp $OODK D
RUGRQQp>DX[KRPPHV@GREpLU >DX 3URSKqWH@HWDPLV HQJDUGHFRQWUHOHIDLW GHFRQWHVWHU VRQ
RUGUH
,EQ .DWKvU D GLW HQ FRPPHQWDQW OH YHUVHW 4XH FHX[ TXL VRSSRVHQW j VRQ RUGUH
SUHQQHQW JDUGH TXXQH pSUHXYH QH OHV DWWHLJQH RX TXH QH OHV DWWHLJQH XQ FKkWLPHQW
GRXORXUHX[ &HVWjGLUH TXL VRSSRVHQW DX[ FRPPDQGHPHQWV GX 3URSKqWH TXL VRQW OH
FKHPLQWUDFpSDUOXLVDOLJQHGHFRQGXLWHVHVHQVHLJQHPHQWVHWVHVORLV/HVSDUROHVHWOHVDFWHV
GHV JHQVGRLYHQWrWUHFRPSDUpV DX[SDUROHV HWDX[ DFWHV GX 3URSKqWH &H TXL V\ FRQIRUPH HVW
DFFHSWpHWFHTXLOHFRQWUHGLWHVWUHMHWp
2QUDSSRUWHGDQVOHVGHX[6DKvKDLQVLTXHGDQVGDXWUHVUHFXHLOVTXHOH0HVVDJHUG$OODKDGLW
&HOXL TXL IDLW XQ DFWH TXL QHVW SDV FRQIRUPH j QRWUH UHOLJLRQ LO HVW UHMHWp FHVWjGLUH TXH FHOXL TXL
FRQWUHGLWOD6KDUvDVHFUqWHPHQWRXRXYHUWHPHQWGRLW FUDLQGUHTXHQHODWWHLJQHXQHpSUHXYH
GDQV VRQ FXU FHVWjGLUH OD PpFUpDQFH OK\SRFULVLH RX OLQQRYDWLRQ OKpUpVLH RX XQ
FKkWLPHQW GRXORXUHX[ GDQV FH EDVPRQGH FRPPH ODVVDVVLQDW OD SHLQH OpJDOH
OHPSULVRQQHPHQWRXDXWUH
/,PkP $KPDG D PHQWLRQQp >@ TX$E +XUD\UD D UDSSRUWp OD SDUROH VXLYDQWH GX 0HVVDJHU
G$OODK 0RQ H[HPSOH HW OH Y{WUH VRQW FRPSDUDEOHV j XQ KRPPH TXL DOOXPH XQ IHX 4XDQG OHV IODPPHV
pFODLUHQWOHV DOHQWRXUV OHV SDSLOORQVQRFWXUQHV HW GDXWUHVLQVHFWHV \ WRPEHQW /KRPPH HVVDLHGH OHV VDXYHUPDLV
VDQVWRXWHIRLVUpXVVLU 3XLVOH3URSKqWHGLW(WPRLMHVVDLHGHYRXVUDWWUDSHUSDUYRVFHLQWXUHVSRXUYRXV
HPSrFKHU G\ WRPEHU PDLV PDOJUp FHOD YRXV YRXV REVWLQH] j \ WRPEHU $V6X\Wv D GLW GDQV VRQ OLYUH
0LIWkKXO-DQQDILO,KWLMkMELV6XQQD6DFKH]TX$OODKYRXVDFFRUGH6DPLVpULFRUGHTXHFHOXLTXL
QLH OD WUDGLWLRQ GX 3URSKqWH TXH FH VRLW HQ SDUROH RX DFWLRQ UDSSRUWpH VRXV OHV FRQGLWLRQV
FRQQXHVGDQVOHVVFLHQFHVGHODMXULVSUXGHQFHFRPPHSUHXYHFRPPHWODFWHGLQILGpOLWp.XIU
HWVRUWGHOLVODP,OVHUDUHVVXVFLWpDYHFOHVMXLIVHWOHVFKUpWLHQVRXDYHFOHVPpFUpDQWVTX$OODK
YRXGUD
&RQFOXVLRQ
/HVQDUUDWLRQVGHV&RPSDJQRQVGHV7kELvQHWGHVVDYDQWVDSUqVHX[DXVXMHWGHOH[KRUWDWLRQj
VXLYUH OD 6XQQD GH OREOLJDWLRQ GH V\ FRQIRUPHU HW OD PLVH HQ JDUGH GH FHX[ TXL OD QLHQW VRQW
QRPEUHXVHV -HVSqUH TXH OHV YHUVHWV GX &RUDQ HW OHV WUDGLWLRQV TXH QRXV DYRQV PHQWLRQQpV
VXIILVHQWHWVDWLVIHURQWFHX[TXLFKHUFKHQWODYpULWp1RXVGHPDQGRQVj$OODKGHQRXVDFFRUGHU
j QRXV HW j WRXV OHV PXVXOPDQV OH VXFFqV GDQV FH TXL /XL SODvW OD VpFXULWp FRQWUH FH TXL /XL
GpSODvW HW GH QRXV JXLGHU WRXV VXU OH FKHPLQ GURLW ,O HVW O$XGLDQW OH 7UqV 3URFKH 4X$OODK
DFFRUGH6HVEpQpGLFWLRQVHWOHVDOXWVXU6RQVHUYLWHXUHWPHVVDJHU0XKDPPDGVXUVDIDPLOOHVHV
&RPSDJQRQVHWWRXVFHX[TXLOHVVXLYHQWGHODPHLOOHXUHPDQLqUH
&KHLNK$EGXO$]v]LEQ$EGXOODK,EQ%k]
3UpVLGHQWJpQpUDOGHO$GPLQLVWUDWLRQGHV5HFKHUFKHV,VODPLTXHVHWGHO,IWDGHOD3UrFKHHWGHO2ULHQWDWLRQHQ
$UDELH6DRXGLWH4X$OODKOXLDFFRUGH6DPLVpULFRUGH