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Virusesp.122
Virusesareverysmallstructureswhichcan
makeotherorganismssick.
Illnessiscausedwhenthevirusesinvadean
organismscellsandusethatcellsresourcesto
makemoreviruses.
VirusesarecomposedofDNAorRNAandare
surroundedbyaproteinshell.
Sometimesthisshellissurroundedbyan
additionallayersimilartoacellmembrane.

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Viruses
Virusespresentaproblemforourclassification
system.
Althoughvirusescanbeeasilysubdividedinto
groups,itisdifficulttodeterminewherethey
fitin
withotherorganisms.

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Question/Research
Examinethesecharacteristicsoflivingthings.
Whichdovirusesexhibit?
Cells
Metabolism
Needswater
Makesorganicmolecules
Reproduceswithinheritance
Adapts
Wewillconsidervirusesalive,butnot
everyonedoes.Debatable

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VirusLifeCycle
TheT4Virus
InfectsE.colibacteria

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41aqxcxsX2w

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Review
VirusesarecomposedofDNAorRNAandare
surroundedbyaproteinshell.
Virusespresentaproblemforourclassification
system.
Examinethesecharacteristicsoflivingthings.
Whichdovirusesexhibit?
Cells
Metabolism
Needswater
Makesorganicmolecules
Reproduceswithinheritance
Adapts

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ComparisonofKingdoms
Thissectionwillgiveanoverviewofthemajor
differencesinthe6kingdoms.
Thecharacteristicswewillexamineineachgroup
are:
Prokaryotic/eukaryoticcells
Cellwalls
Bodyform/numberofcells
Sourceofnutrition
Nervoussystem
Reproduction
Locomotion
Examples

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KingdomBacteriap.132137
Bacteriahaveprokaryoticcells.
Theyhavecellwallsmadeofpeptidoglycan,
whichismadeofaminoacidsandsugar.
Eachbacteriacelliscapableofallthefunctions
neededtosurvive.
However,somebacterialiveinlongchains.
Bacteriaobtainfoodbyabsorbingitfromthe
environment(heterotrophs)orthrough
photosynthesis(autotrophs).
Thereisnonervoussystem.
Reproductionisdoneasexually.

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KingdomBacteria
Manybacteriacannotmove(aresessile)but
somehaveflagellaandcanswim.
E.g.Escherichiacolilivesinourlargeintestine.
E.g.Clostridiumbotulinumcausesbotulism
andisthesourceofbotox.

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KingdomArchaeap.138139
TheArchaeahaveprokaryoticcells.
Theyhavecellwalls.Insomeitismadeofachemical
similartopeptidoglycan.
EachArchaeacelliscapableofallthefunctions
neededtosurvive.
However,someliveincolonies.
SomeArchaeaareheterotrophs,obtainingfoodby
absorbingitfromtheenvironment.
Someareautotrophs,usingchemicalreactions
poweredbyheatenergy.
Thereisnonervoussystem.
Reproductionisdoneasexually.

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KingdomArchaea
Manyaresessilebutsomehaveflagellaandcan
swim.
E.g.extremethermophilesliveinveryhothabitats,
likethemouthofvolcanoes.
E.g.extremehalophilesliveinverysaltyhabitats
likesaltlakes.

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Archaea/BacteriaExamplelifecycle
E.Coli

Similartosimplecelldivision
Thecellexpands,elongatesthendivides
Binarydivision:Asexualreproductionbycelldivision

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Archaea/BacteriaExamplelifecycle
E.Coli

Similartosimplecelldivision
Thecellexpands,elongatesthendivides
Binarydivision:Asexualreproductionbycelldivision

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KingdomProtistap.140151
Thiskingdomcontainsmanydistinctgroupsand
shouldbedividedintoseveralkingdoms(635).
Thereforethiskingdomisverydiverse.
However,allprotistcellsareeukaryotic.
Somehavecellwalls,madeofcelluloseor
chitin.
Mostaresinglecelled,somearecomposedof
smallcoloniesofseveralcells.
However,somearecomposedofbillionsofcells
andareverylarge.
http://www.mcgrawhill.ca/school/schoolGraphics/biology2_3.mpg

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KingdomProtista
Someprotistsareheterotrophs(absorbingor
ingestingfood),someareautotrophs,andsomeare
combinationsofboth.
Thereisnonervoussystem.
Reproductionmaybeasexual,sexualorboth.
Somearesessile,butothersmovebycilia,
flagella,orcontractingthecellmembrane.

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KingdomProtista
E.g.Giardialambiacausesbeaverfever.
E.g.Amoebaarebloblikecellthatlivesinwater.
E.g.Allseaweed.

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ProtistaExamplelifecycle
Plasmodium

Pg.146inbook

1. Mosquito feeds on infected person (plasmodium enters mosquito)

2. Inside mosquito: plasmodium gametocytes form a zygote
() (cell formed after male and female sex cells
combine)
3. Zygote divides and breaks open, releasing sporozoites
4. Sporozoites go to mosquitos saliva
5. Mosquito bites human, sporozoites enter human
6. Sporozoites go to liver and reproduce asexually forming new spore
like cells
7. these spores enter blood cells and make more spores
8. blood cells rupture releasing mores spores to infect more blood
cells
cycle continues---> see 1
Key:
Gametocytes: male/female sex cells

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KingdomFungip.152158
Fungiareeukaryotic.
Theyhavecellwallsmadeofchitin,a
carbohydrate(longchainofsugars).
Mostarecomposedofmanycells,butsome
onlyacouple(e.g.yeasthave2).
Theyareabsorptiveheterotrophs,secreting
digestiveenzymesontotheirfoodandthen
absorbingit.
Thereisnonervoussystem.

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KingdomFungi
Reproductionisdonewithspores.
Thesporescanbeproducedasexuallyor
sexually.

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KingdomFungi
Fungiaresessile.
E.g.
Whitemushroom,Agaricusbispora,isthemost
commonfungiusedincooking.
Yeast,Saccharomycescerevisiae,isusedto
makebreadanddrinkablealcohol.
Toadstools,Amanitaspp.,extremelytoxic
mushrooms.

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B.Parasites.
Manyfungiareparasitesofbothanimalandplants.Inhumanssome
pathogenicfungiincludetheonesthatcauseAthletesFoot,ringworm
andyeastinfections.
Fungaldiseaseshaveplayedandcontinuetoplaysignificantrolesin
humanfoodcrops:

1.Potatoblight (Phytophthorainfestans)Irishpotatofamine

2.WheatRust(Pucciniagraminias) .
3.DutchElmdisease( Ceratocystisulmi)

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