LOGGING ENVIRONMENT

Logging device basically responds to two

sets of interacting variables/conditions.
In the borehole
Adjacent geological section

Geological Environment
Rock and reservoir properties which are
function of three sets of variable.
1. Bedding or layering in a stratigraphic section
2. Composition
3. Type of fluids in pore spaces

Borehole Environment
Created by drilling process
1. Mechanical alteration of rocks
2. Alteration of fluid distribution
3. Mechanical alteration of borehole geometry
(i-e, dia)

DRILLING PROCESS AND

PERMEABLE BEDS
What happens to a permeable formation when it
is penetrated by the drill bit ?
Under normal conditions, the hydrostatic head of the
mud column is greater than formation pressure. This
differential pressure forces
filtrate from the mud system into the formation pore
spaces, leaving solid particles or mudcake buildup on
the borehole wall.
Eventually this impervious mudcake will seal off
further invasion (unless it is removed by some
mechanical process; e.g., removing the drill bit).

Invasion Profiles:
1. Flushed Zone. Adjacent to the borehole
the invasion process flushes out
the original water and some of the hydrocarbons
(if any were present). The
resistivity of this zone is termed Rx o;
the water saturation is called Sx o where
Sxo 2 = F Rmf /Rxo
(for clean formations only)
Plotting Rxo as a function of radial depth into the into the
formation yields

Transition Zone
. Step Profile of invasion
the flushing action of the mud filtrate may create a
variety of situations.
If the flushing proceeds as a uniform front, we call this a
Transition zone
If the intermingling of formation fluids is gradual
Annular zone
Sometimes in oil- or gas-bearing formations, where
the mobility of hydrocarbons is greater than the connate
water, the oil or gas move out leaving an filled with
connate water

 If Rmf > Rw, then the annular zone will

have a resistivity lower than Rxo and Rt
and may cause a pessimistic saturation
calculation.

True Unaffected Zone

. This is the zone
that we want to analyzeit is the
formation
undisturbed by the drilling
process. Its resistivity is termed Rt ,
water resistivity Rw and water saturation
Sw. Plotting Rxo, Ri and Rt as a
function of invasion gives us Figure