Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
gagrZeldeba. `saarqivo moambis~ mTavari Rirseba is gaxlavT, rom faqtobriv masalas eyrdnoba da aqedan
gamomdinare, rac ufro meti faqtobrivi masala iqneba JurnalSi Tavmoyrili, miT ukeTesia.
mouTmenlad veli axali nomris gamosvlas da vimedovneb, isic iseTive saintereso iqneba, rogoric pirveli
nomeri iyo.
visurveb, rom Jurnalis gamocema rac SeiZleba didxans gagrZeldes da `saarqivo moambem~ didxans iarsebos.~
saredaqcio kolegia:
Jurnalis damfuZnebeli _ omar TuSuraSvili
(Sss saarqivo sammarTvelos ufrosi)
mTavari redaqtori _ nino yifSiZe
stili da koreqtura _ qeTevan sarsevaniZe
(filologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati)
inglisuri teqstebis stili da koreqtura _
timoTi blauvelTi (mecnierebaTa doqtori)
dakabadoneba da dizaini _ irma li parteliani,
meri barbaqaZe
teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa _ lela gugulaSvili,
giorgi babucaSvili
mTargmnelebi _ eka Zigoeva, lela gogoliZe,
grigol giorgaZe
Jurnalis konsultantebi:
Tornike jebaSvili (Sss sainformacio-analitikuri
departamentis direqtoris moadgile)
Sss arqivi
Edition Board:
Journal founder Omar Tushurashvili (Head of the
Archive Administration of the MoIA)
Davit Alaverdashvili
sarCevi/Contents
4-9
Cveni tkivili
our sorrow
10-15
gmirebi/Heroes
16-21
22-28
mecnieris gverdi
29
Scientists page
gaxunebuli baraTebi
Worn out Cards
30-34
tabu/Taboo
35-49
sabWoTa kuluarebi
40-48
didi ilia
49
50-54
specgadasaxleba
55-61
ukomentarod
62-65
66-69
ucxo TvaliT
71-76
suli amboxebuli
77-79
daxvretilebi
80-83
84-89
Tulni
90-94
STamomavloba
Soviet Lobby
Great Ilia
Special Exile
no comments
World War II
Strange Eye
unbending spirit
. 1942-1943 .
Battle for the Caucasus. 1942 1943 The Caucasian Special Purposes battalion Bergmann
executed
tulni
Posterity
Cveni tkivili /
our sorrow
Tamar belqania
tamar belkania
saqarTvelos Sss-s arqivi, (II), f. #6, saq. #29270-80, t.1, gv. 68-69.
iqve, gv. 57.
gindiaseuli ,,statistika~
Gindia`s Statistics
to be continued
Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, (II), Fond #6, File #29270-80, Volume 4,
pp.213-30.
gmirebi/HEROES
Si a
b
e
mir sa d
g
is
v
a
sul da
T
s
i
i
sa
,, er s Tav
t
a
ob vis x
l
u
Ta
o
,
p
sa
s.~
l
T
Ze
u
i
a
g
v
l
Wa
v
a
a
g
W
ma
ia
il
giorgi mazniaSvili
Giorgi Mazniashvili
braldeba
10
11
12
the Red Army of the Soviet Russia. He, along with colonel
Tukhareli, was in charge of shooting communists and Red
Army soldiers. Agent reports are kept in the files of Giorgi
Mazniashvili in which anti-Soviet views are set forth.
It was established during the judicial proceeding that
Giorgi Mazniahvili was a General of the Russian Empire.
After the establishment of the Soviet rule, he, on the orders
of the Soviet authority, embarked on building up the Georgias rifle company while simultaneously being involved in
counter-revolutionary activity. The General was arrested on
October 6, 1921 and was sentenced to death by firing squad.
However, the judgment was reduced to 5-year imprisonment.
Eventually, Mazniashvili was released after being granted
amnesty in 1923.
Giorgi Mazniashvili led counter-revolutionary activities
both in prison and after his release. For this reason was arrested again and again sentenced to death.
However, Mazniashvili once more escaped the firing
squad. After several months of imprisonment the General
left for Tehran via Baku in May of that year. He failed to start
work in Tehran, and appealed to Spiridon Kedia who had
immigrated to Paris. Shortly afterwards, Giorgi Mazniashvili was rendered assistance by the French embassy and
obtained a passport and 2,000 French francs to depart for
France. The Georgian political migr community welcomed
the General there. He was given 1,000 francs and a monthly
salary of 500 francs.
Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia, (II) Fond #6, File #36049, p.94.
13
14
Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia, (II) Fond #6, File #36049, pp.95.
Ibid., pp.96.
Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia, (II), Fond #6, File #36049, pp.106.
15
lia kereseliZe
lia kereselidze
arTvelisTvis qristianoba da
saqarTvelo ganuyreli mcnebebia.
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
samSoblosaTvis brZola qristianobisTvis
brZolas niSnavda da piriqiT. es
kargad icoda yvela dampyrobelma da
pirveli ieriSic swored saqarTvelos
marTlmadideblur eklesiaze mohqonda,
radgan Tu qarTvel kacs waarTmevdnen
sarwmunoebas, erovnul sulsac advilad
Cauklavdnen... modiodnen xmliT, xiStiT,
CeqmiT, macduri simdidriT...
sisastikiTa da veragobiT arc
erTmorwmune ruseTi CamorCenia islamur
samyaros...
XIX s. dasawyisSive gamoaCina Tavisi
namdvili saxe Cvenma ,,ufrosma Zmam~:
samefo taxti gagviuqma, rigiT guberniad
gvaqcia, avtokefalia wagvarTva, eklesiebSi
freskebi SegviTeTra, wirva-locva
rusul enaze aRgvivlina, qarTvelisTvis
gaugebari gaxada rudunebiT gadarCenili
dedareligia. XX s. 20-30-ian wlebSi
axla ukve bolSevikurma ruseTma
aSkarad da daundoblad, cinikurad da
siZulviliT daiwyo mizanmimarTuli
brZola marTlmadidebluri saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg.
,,me mamas movklav,
davaxrCob dedas,
revoluciam Tuki mibrZana! ~
da ecemoda dedo-zarebi, ingreoda
eklesiebi, ewamebodnen da ixvritebodnen
Cveni sulebisa da qveynisTvis mlocveli
16
For the Georgian people Christianity and Georgia are interwoven concepts. For centuries, fighting
for the Motherland meant fighting for Christianity and
vice versa. That was well understood by all invaders
and occupiers, and the very first attacks were always
made specifically on Georgias Orthodox churches, as
this was the easiest way to destroy the national spirit
among Georgians.
And enemies in the past came with soldiers,
swords, boots, and tempting wealth Russia,
although also a Christian nation, was the equal of
the Islamic world in its cruelty and brutality. In the
beginning of the 19th century our Elder Brother
showed his real face: Russia abolished the royal
throne of Georgia and turned the country into an
ordinary Russian province; it violated the sovereignty of the Georgian Patriarchy, repainted frescos
in churches, converted church services and prayers
into the Russian language, and consequently
made the mother religion, which had survived for
centuries, unintelligible for most Georgians. In the
1920s and 30s Bolshevik Russia began its direct,
intentional struggle against Orthodox Georgia in an
extremely ruthless and cynical way. Here is one of
the masterpieces composed during that period:
I will kill my father,
I will strangle my mother
If that is ordered by Revolution!
Church bells were desecrated, churches were
destroyed, and monks and priests who prayed for
our spirits and our country were tortured and shot.
17
18
19
20
21
mecnieris gverdi /
Scientists page
saeklesio sakuTrebis
uflebis xelyofa
(qaSveTis wm. giorgis eklesiis qonebis 1923 wlis aRwera)
vaxtang guruli
vakhtang guruli
1921
wlis Teberval-martSi
saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublika sabWoTa
ruseTma dai pyro. politikuri mosazrebiT,
saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialistur
respublikas moskovma damoukidebeli,
suverenuli qveynis statusi SeunarCuna.
saqarTvelos okupaciisa da aneqsiis faqti
rom SeniRbuliyo, moskovis nebis Tanaxmad,
1921 wlis 21 maiss sabWoTa saqarTvelosa
da sabWoTa ruseTs Soris xelmoweril
iqna `samokavSireo muSur-glexuri
xelSekruleba~ (merab vaCnaZe, vaxtang
guruli. ruseTTan erTad da uruseTod.
Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 59). xelSekrulebis
preambulaSi dadasturebuli iyo sabWoTa
saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa ruseTis
suvereniteti da xelSekrulebis damdebi
mxareebis sruli Tanasworoba (iqve, gv. 59).
faqtobrivad, sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTveloSi
samxedro-saokupacio reJimi daamyara.
am reJimis saTaveSi partiuli organo
ruseTis komunisturi partiis (bolSevikebis)
amierkavkasiis samxareo komiteti (mdivani
sergo orjonikiZe) idga, romelic
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis sateliti
organos _ saqarTvelos revoluciuri
komitetis (revkomis) _ meSveobiT ganagebda.
saqarTveloSi revkomis erTaderT dasayrden
Zalas sabWoTa ruseTis XI wiTeli armia
warmoadgenda, romelsac saxeli Seucvales
da `kavkasiis gansakuTrebuli armia~ uwodes.
22
23
24
in order to continue the process of seizing church valuables. This inventory was very thorough and detailed. The
authorities wanted to determine the riches (especially gold
and silver items) belonging to the church.
We can provide the reader with two documents from
among a number of documents presenting the inventory implemented in the churches of Tbilisi: namely, the
Explanatory Note created by the commission as a result
of the inventory of property belonging to Kashveti Church
and an Act drawn up during the inventory.
These documents were kept in the archive of Institute
of History in the Central Committee of the Communist
Party of Georgia (the Party Archive of Georgia), which
was later called Archive of Political Parties of Georgia, and
was then renamed the Archive of the President of Georgia. Presently this archive is a part of
the archive of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs of Georgia (the fonds, descriptions and numeration of these
cases have not been changed).
25
ti #1
dokumen
DOCUMENT
#1
21 26 1923 , . .
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. 1 .
.
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.
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26
Deacon and senior priest of Kashveti Church of St. George Kalistrate Tsintsadze. Later the Catholicos-Patriarch
of All Georgia.
Senior priest Kalistrate Tsintsadze was arrested in 1922 together with the Catholicos-Patriarch Ambrosi
(Khelaia) and others.
3 Commission Member Okujava and the well-known public figure Mikheil Okujava are not the same person
author.
1
ti #2
dokumen
DOCUMENT
#2
1
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27
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28
gaxunebuli baraTebi
worn out cards
s
Tli
were
i
l
vi
maniS araZes
a Tu
i
ax
s
lim
a
ishvi
i pe
anast
fil
uman haradze
T
i
a
i
l
s
k
e Ma
weri
nasta
rs. A
Philip
r of M
ed to
A lette li address
te
Tsere
Zv el o na c no bo
f i l i p e!
amas wineT mwer
Salva eliavam
alTa kavSiris kr
aRniSna, rom ,,
ebaze
balSevikebi~ did
d
a yvelgan SeaqvT
amis magaliTi us
kultura.
aTuoT iqneba er
ivani da baqo. ma
laTaiebiT ver
gram am gvari
daajerebT CemisT
ana moxucebuls.
amboben garSemo
bevri jaSuSebi t
rialeben da pi
CaigubeT, me ki vS
rSi wyali
iSob wyalma ar
damaxrCos da sj
sarCo sabadebel
obia damsajoT.
i aRara maqvs, ga
rda qarTuli wi
amisTana saerTo
gnebisa, romel
ic
SimSilobis dr
os aravisTvis sa
Wiro ar ari d
Tqveni xeliT Ce
a
mi sikvdili ki ma
tianeSi iqneba o
riod sityviT iy
aRniSnuli da me
os
amiTi suliT dak
mayofilebuli
viqnebi.
xalxis brbo, ro
melic ver moaw
yobs Tavis ojaxi
cecxliTa da ma
s saqmes da
xviliT devnis in
teligencias, r
a kulturis Semo
SeuZlia! kalia
Reba
saviT rom mousie
T Cven turfa sa
qarTvelos brbo
gasanadgurebl
ad, SegrCebaT
Tu ara!
amis mnaxveli, r
asakvirvelia, me
ver veswrebi da
qarTveloba ki
momavali
daafasebs.
,, kvalis~ yofil
i redaqtori an
astasia wereTl
isa
1921 weli
10 marti.
mniSvnelobas aZ
leven kulturas
29
29
tabu / Taboo
meri barbaqaZe
mery barbakadze
moxseneba
,, ...Tqven kargad mogexsenebaT mesxeTjavaxeTi TviTmpyrobeli mefisa da minagvari
menSevikebis droidan erT-erT ubneles
kuTxes Seadgenda mTels saqarTveloSi,
romelic moklebuli iyo swavla-ganaTlebas
da yovelgvars kulturuls ganviTarebas,
xolo gamefebuli iyo mis mosaxleobaSi
mraval erovanTa da sarwmunoebis
maRiarebelTa Soris sruliad uvicoba da
veluri cxovreba, cxovreba araadamianuri,
rac gamowveuli iyo politikurad zereled
xsenebuli xelisuflebisagan. magaliTad:
somexi TaTars ausia, kaTolike qarTvelebi
30
R E P O RT
As you are fully aware, the Samtskhe-Javakheti
region was one of the most obscure and backwater
regions in all of Georgia during the reign of the Tsars
and the Mensheviks, and was lacking of any kind of
cultural development and education, while ignorance and
savagery prevailed among its numerous ethnicities and
adherents of various religions. They indeed lived in harsh
conditions that were triggered by the cursory approach of
the above mentioned authorities. For instance: Armenians
were pitted against Tatars, Georgian Catholics were
subjugated to Armenians, which sparked century-old
disputes and revenge, leading to feuds...
31
32
33
With respect,
Kote Gvaramadze
Akhaktsikhe, 1936
34
Archive of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia,(III), files. #2914 S. #37 pp.5-20.
sabWoTa kuluarebi/
Soviet Lobby
nino yifSiZe
nino kipShidze
XX
35
36
2) Mengrelians;
3) Chans;
4) Svans;
5) Batsbs.
The Linguistic Academy submitted an entirely different classification of the Georgian population in 1937;
according to this classification, Georgians, Mengrelians,
Lazis, Svans, Batsbs and Adjarians are categorized as
separated nations.
One more variant was elaborated in 1937 by the
Institute of the Academy of Soviet Anthropological Sciences; this variant became the basis for the Nationalities Dictionary, according to which Georgia consisted
of Georgians (Mengrelians, Lazis, Svans, Batsbs) and
Adjarians.
Criticizing those opinions, Beria writes: In the first
case, Adjarians are considered to be Georgians, but
Mengrelians, Svans and Lazis are considered separate
nations. In the second case Adjarians, Mengrelians,
Svans, Lazis and Batsbs are mentioned as independent
nations. In the third variant, those same Mengrelians,
Svans, Lazis and Batsbs are considered to Georgians,
but Adjarians are separate.
In the end of the letter Beria asks Stalin for an immediate response and adds that the mistakes he discusses
should be corrected, since in the nearest future these
data will be sent to Moscow for further processing, and if
things are not changed then Adjaria will be discussed as
a separate unit there too.
Archive of the MoIA of Georgia (II), Fond .#14; File #152; p.84.
37
Archive of the MoIA of Georgia (II), Fond .#14; File #152; p.189.
ibidem, p.171-172.
38
persons are filled with anti-Soviet spirit still and consequently represent a danger that banditry will develop
in the region. There is a danger that these people will
be recruited by foreign intelligence services and used
against the Soviet government. Therefore it is necessary
that such people be exiled again together with their families, since the family members would continue to live with
an anti-Soviet spirit, so exiling those people without their
families would not help the situation.
This small letter clearly shows how the fates of hundreds of people were decided in the 1930s.
We have offered just a few letters from the documents preserved in the Archive Department. Once again,
Beria`s letters will be issued in their entirety in the form of
a brochure.
Archive of the MoIA of Georgia (II), f.#14; case #152; p3-4.
39
39
didi ilia /
Great Ilia
ilia WavWavaZe
Ilia Chavchavadze
1905
40
After 1905, the Okhranka and the Social-Democrats, led by Noe Zhordania and Philipe Makharadze,
openly confronted Ilia Chavcahavadze. The SocialDemocrats berated Ilia in the Kvali (The Path) newspaper that they published; he was defamed and denounced as an enemy of the people.
His rivals made attempts to tarnish him. They would
even go to Saguramo (the Chavhavadze estate) and
call on people to murder the landowners, including Ilia
Chavchavadze.
As a result, at approximately 10 a.m. on August 30,
1907, Ilia Chavchavadze was assassinated in a carriage on
his way to Saguramo from Tbilisi.
But the sad story did not end there: The criminal case
was closed shortly after the assassination due to a biased
investigation. Gradually, all his works were banned and
information on his accomplishments and heroic deeds
became taboo.
In this light, the recollections of Chavchavadzes
contemporaries that are recorded in the depository of
Section II of the Archival Division of the Georgian Ministry
of Internal Affairs (file #41890, volume 10) are particularly
interesting. These materials will be published periodically.
We offer to the reader here the recollections of a foreign
beekeeper, Daniel Gabriel Maslov.
mefutkris mogoneba
sof. saguramo, 2.07.1936 w.
_ me aq ukve Zveli mosaxle var. _ daiwyo
Txroba daniel maslovma, _ saguramoSi 1901
wlis Semodgomaze Camovedi da mas Semdeg am
saxlSi vcxovrob; mefutkre var da ojaxs
sameurneo saqmeebSic vexmarebi. davibade
tulis guberniis belevis mazris sof.
kondratovoSi. Cemi mSoblebi miwaTmoqmedi
glexebi iyvnen. soflis skolaSi
pirveldawyebiTi ganaTlebis Semdeg jer
q. belevis samazro-saqalaqo saswavlebeli
davamTavre, Semdeg ki 1 weli q. umanSi
sasoflo-sameurneo kursebze vswavlobdi.
1983 wels saeklesio-samrevlo skolaSi
maswavleblad daviwye muSaoba. am garemoebam
ganapiroba, rom Semecno religiis mTeli avkargi da samudamod Semeqcia zurgi misTvis.
1 wlis Semdeg samuSaod gadavedi
orlovis guberniis sof. buninis saerobo
skolaSi da mivemxre tolstovur
mimdinareobas, romelic im driosaTvis,
SeiZleba iTqvas, moduri iyo rus
inteligenciaSi.
swored aq, buninSi, SemTxveviT, romeliRaca
gazeTSi amovikiTxe, rom kavkasiaSi, Tbilisis
maxloblad, sof. kikeTSi sWirdebodaT
mefutkre. didxans ar mifiqria da saswrafod
gadavwyvite, gamovmgzavrebuliyavi kavkasiaSi,
romlis Sesaxebac Zalian bevri kargi msmenoda
rusi mwerlebis, gansakuTrebiT, lermontovis
nawarmoebebidan.
TbilisSi 1900 wlis 30 dekembers
Camovedi, aqedan ki sof. kikeTSi gavemgzavre,
sadac me samuSaoze amiyvanes da mitovebuli
skebis aRdgena-wesrigSi moyvanas energiulad
Sevudeqi.
kikeTSi Semodgomamde davyavi, Tumca
maincadamainc ar momewona, amitom gadavwyvite
iq aRar davrCeniliyavi. daxmarebis mizniT,
Cemma patron-maspinZelma warmadgina
Tbilisis mazris saerTaSoriso Suamaval
ivane gabrielis Ze tulaevTan, romelmac
saguramoSi ilia WavWavaZesTan wamomiyvana.
_ saCuqari SenTvis! _ axara tulaevma
WavWavaZes da Cemze aniSna, _ Sen giyvars
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
sabWoTa paradoqsebi
Soviet paradoxes
49
50
51
52
53
54
ukomentarod / no commnets
siyvarulze
gacvlili samSoblo
Homeland Betrayed for
Love
qeTevan sarsevaniZe
keTevan sarsevanidze
55
56
the Zaporozhie region the Army was soon encircled by German soldiers. Amid flying bullets and bursting bombs, Tina
properly fulfilled her professional and human duties. She
survived, but on October 8, 1941 she was badly wounded in
the left leg by shrapnel; her battalion was taken captive on
the next day. The seriously injured nurse was transferred by
the Germans to a prisoner of war camp in Pologi, and operated on in the hospital where she and Arthur Tsitske became
acquainted in December 1941. The German officer immediately felt an attraction to the wounded military prisoner; Tina
was not indifferent to him either
Tina Balanchivadze recovered, and the Germans put
her to work in the same hospital.
After a long course of treatment, on June 1, 1942 Tina
was transferred together with other prisoners to the German
military commandants office in the city of Zaporozhie, where
she was put into a cell. After two-weeks of interrogation by
the Gestapo, the Germans forced the Georgian nurse to
agree to collaborate with them. She was obliged to reveal
partisans and communists being treated in the hospital, also
to identify the residences of Jews. Should she failed to obey
the Gestapo or withheld information, she was to be shot.
After signing the mandatory document, on July 2, 1942
Tina Balanchivadze was given a certificate of release. At
her insistent request, the Georgian nurse was returned to the
hospital where her German officer awaited her.
After a few weeks a new problem arose: in her appearance Tina looked very Jewish, and came close to ending her
life in a hospital cellar together with others who had been
sentenced to death until she was rescued again by Arthur
Tsitske.
The affections between the two young people developed into more serious relations, and in August 1942 Tina
Balanchivadze moved in with Arthur Tsitske.
It was a hard war, and a time of great stress. The Gestapo agent Tina Balanchivadze met Senior Lieutenant Tim
once or twice a week She was forced to provide information about soviet communists. Those who were revealed
to be communists were immediately transferred to the
camp in Zaporozhie where Tina was once recruited herself.
No information exists about what became of these people
afterwards.
Tina would be immediately shot if she did not do as she
was told, and death was the last thing that this young woman, who had fallen in love with a German officer, wanted.
The Fascist officer and the ordinary Soviet Georgian
nurse did not have any illusions about the possibilities for
boundless happiness; they awaited each new day with great
fear; they were doubtful about their future, and both of them
knew that no good thing could come to citizens of their two
warring countries
Archive of the Georgian Interior Ministry (II); F.6, File #46, p.23.
Ibid, p.97-98.
SeyvarebulTa
urTierToba TandaTanobiT
seriozul fazaSi
gadaizarda da 1942 wlis
agvistoSi Tina balanCivaZe
artur cickesTan gadavida
sacxovreblad...
irgvliv omi mZinvarebda.
`gestapos~ agenti Tina
balanCivaZe kviraSi 1-2-jer
xvdeboda oberleitenant
tims... da iZulebuli gaxda,
6 sabWoTa komunistis
Sesaxeb miewodebina cnobebi.
`gaSifrulebi~ saswrafod
gadaiyvanes q. zaporoJies
imave banakSi, sadac
gadabirebul iqna TviT Tina
balanCivaZe. maTi Semdgomi
bedis Sesaxeb informacia
cnobili ar aris.
da Tu ara aseTi
qmedeba, Tina balanCivaZes
gardauvali daRupva eloda,
rac germaneli oficris
siyvaruliT gulanTebul
qals yvelaze metad ar
undoda.
`faSist~ oficersa da
sabWoTa saqarTvelos rigiT
meddas TavianTi bednierebis
maradiulobaze iluzia ar
hqoniaT; SiSiT Sehyurebdnen
yoveli axali dRis gaTenebas;
maT gulebs eWvi RrRnida.
icodnen, dapirispirebuli
qveynebis politika am qveynis
SvilTa urTierTobas
sasikeTos arafers moutanda...
1943 wlis dasawyisSi
cickes hospitlis komendatis
Tanamdeboba daatovebines
da gadaiyvanes q. pologis
raionis xidebisa da
rkinigzis damcvelad,
1943 wlis agvistoSi ki
igi, asakis gamo, moqmedi
armiidan gaaTavisufles
da samSobloSi dabruneba
ubrZanes. mosiyvarule
wyvils kvlav gansacdelis
xana daudga. maTi daSoreba
gardauvali xdeboda...
mogvianebiT Tina
balanCivaZe ixsenebs:
`wasvlis win SemomTavaza
Tina balanCivaZeEda
artur cicke
Tina Balanchivadze and Arthur
Tsitske
57
58
59
Central Military Commandants Office of the Counterintelligence Section of the Ministry of State Security.
Tina Balanchivadze was arrested on October 14, 1946
and charged with a crime under article 58-1b of the Criminal
Code.
The arrest Order states: In 1943 Tina Balanchivadze
left voluntarily for Germany, where she continued cohabiting
with Tsitske a German national. After the arrival in Germany of the Red Army, Balanchivadze avoided returning to
the Soviet Union and in so doing committed high treason.
All of Tinas documents were in order. The following items were found when she was searched: a German
passport, a certificate of registration in Berlin issued by the
police, a Berlin residence permit, medical certificate, a
certificate of release, her daughters birth certificate, and the
childs residence permit. In spite of these documents the
decision to arrest her was irrevocable: After the arrival of
Tina balanCivaZis dedis foto, romelsac
qaliSvili Tan atarebda
Photo of Tina Balanchivadze`s mother, always kept
by Tina with her
60
Archive of the Georgian Interior Ministry (II); F.6, File #46, p.1-2.
Ibid, p.3.
Ibid, p.8.
Ibid, p.64.
.
,
,
.
, ,
- .
.~
damatebiTi gamoZiebisaTvis saqme aRiZra,
magram gawamebuli qalis mimarT cudi
daxasiaTebebi iwereboda...
` ...
,
...
,
.~
- vkiTxulobT saavadmyofos mTavari eqimi
vinme eliaSvilis mier 1974 wlis 9 dekembers
gacemul daxasiaTebaSi.
mogvianebiT balanCivaZe moskovSi
dakiTxvaze daibares, magram usaxsrobis gamo
tyibulidan Casvla ver moaxerxa.
samxedro prokuraturam 1974 wlis 31
dekembers mosarClis dauswreblad saqme
ganixila da Txovna ar daakmayofila, radgan
ganaCeni dasabuTebulad miiCnia da sasjelis
zoma ki _ danaSaulis simZimis Sesabamisad.
ukuRma datrialebulma Tina balanCivaZis
bedis borbalma mimarTuleba veRar
icvala... gaRviZebuli vulkanis lavasaviT
aboboqrebulma bedisweram Tavis talRebqveS
moaqcia da umweod mofarTxale deda-Svili
ufskrulisaken Seubraleblad Tan gaiyola.
Archive of the Georgian Interior Ministry (II); F.6, File #46, p.194.
Ibid, p.81-82.
Ibid, p.126.
61
. 1942-1943 .
1
Battle for the Caucasus.
1942 1943 the Caucasian special purposes
battalion Bergmann1
giorgi mamulia
- ( 1942 . )
, . isp
,
.
1941 .,
.
-
,
- .
,
,
.
, ,
, .
,
, ,
,
,
700 ,
, .
1941 .,
- ,
(),
.
1
62
1943 .,
The French translation of this article was published in the military-historical journal
39-45 Magazine. See Mamoulia G., La bataille du Caucase. Une unite speciale caucasienne: Le Sonderverband Bergmann, 39-45 Magazine, Bayeux: Editions Heimdal,
2006. n. 235. pp.40-46.
,
130 -, ,
,
-II. ,
300 ,
- ; - ,
-800, -
. ,
,
.
, -
,
(Bergm?tze) , ,
;
- .
: , ,
.
1942 .
, -
,
,
,
- . 7-8 ,
.
1942 .
. ,
1200 : - 900
300 .
,
, (1-,
4- 5- , 2- , 3 ). 5-
,
-
,
.
,
- .
28 1942 .
,
. 1- ,
.
,
,
,
,
-II, 1942 .
. , . ,
1941 .
Soldiers of the Abwer sub-unit
Tamara - II, which was attached to
the Bergmann special purposes
battalion in the Spring of 1942. Autumn
1941, Brashov, Romania.
63
. , 1942 .
Columns of the Bergmann special
purposes battalion on their way to the
Caucasus front. Summer 1942, North Caucasus
, 1942 .
, .
, 1942 .
Georgian volunteers of the Bergmann special purposes battalion
in battle positions in the Terek Gorge. Autumn 1942, North Caucasus
64
2
Wachs P-C. Der Fall Theodor Oberlnder (1905-1998). p.102.
3
Criminal Case against I.G. Alimbarashvili,
Archive of the Georgian Ministry of Internal
Affairs, Fond 6, File 5.500-58, pp. 131-2.
, ,
.
1- ,
,
- -
, ,
.
,
, . ,
-
.
1-
,
,
.
-, ,
.
S-Zug (
), 1942 .
3-
, ,
.
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,
.
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,
. ,
.
4-
,
- 1942 . ,
-.
, 4-
, ,
, .
. .
(). . 6. 5.500-58. .
131-132.
Hoffmann J. Kaukasien 1942/43. S. 110.
Hoffmann J. Kaukasien 1942/43. S. 112-113; Sallaba H. S-Zug im Kaukasus.
: Jeloschek A., Richter Fr., Schtte E., Semler J. Freiwillige vom Kaukasus.
Georgier, Armenier, Aserbaidschaner, Tschetschenen u.a. auf deutscher Seite.
Der Sonderverband Bergmann und sein Grnder Theodor Oberlnder. GrazStuttgart: Leopold Stocker Verlag, 2003. SS. 11-13; . .
( ). : -
, 2001. . 117. ( . .).
. . . 110, 128.
Hoffmann J. Kaukasien 1942/43. S. 111.
,
. ( ).
, - .
, ,
. ,
, -
, -
.
1100 ,
. ,
65
i
b
e
n
e
l
v
o
m
s
i
t
r
a
m
s
i
1956 wl TveloSi:
r
saqaras
inaxavs arqivi?
66
67
68
69
70
mixeil javaxiSvili
Mikheil Javakhishvili
71
72
at the cost of his own life. What was more, he had reminded
Beria of his existence. He survived for the meantime,
but was closely followed everywhere by Beria1`s agents.
The writer felt that the ring of fate was tightening and
consequently turning deadly: his friends and colleges were
arrested one by one. The writer did not know what to do;
his health was getting worse and worse, and his spirit was
becoming harder and heavier like a bullet
It was summer of 1937. The writer was vacationing in
Kvishkheti with his family. Everybody could feel the writers a
bad mood. Akaki Gatserelia later recalled:
We were staying in one house. Everybody tried to
brighten up Mikheil Javakhishvili. One evening when the most
of the people had gone to their bedrooms, Mikheil said he
would like to recall an old habit playing cards. He played
absently. Always sedate, he actually looked very strange that
evening, with ominous sparkles in his eyes. It seemed he
was having a bad premonition. This premonition came true
very soon for Mikheil Javakhishvili: he was arrested the same
summer, on August 14.
Before discussing the interrogation protocols, let us
consider briefly the measures and means of breaking political
prisoner in 1937.
The prison of the Peoples Commissariat for Internal
Affairs, or NKVD as the Cheka was then known, was very
much like the Hell described by Dante. Actually they were
much worse, since in Dantes hell people were tortured for their
sins, but in NKVD prison innocent people were cruelly tortured
into confessing and made to sign admissions of crimes they
had not committed. I never saw any hero escape from this
hell wrote A. Iakovlev, who examined thousands of files of
illegally punished persons while in his position as the Chairman
of the Rehabilitation Commission of Subjects of Repression/
Victimization of the post Soviet Empire.
The Georgian NKVD was mainly staffed with corrupt
people with no sense of nationality and with a maximum of
four years of education. Perhaps some of them had been
ordinary people before they were recruited into the NKVD,
but the spiritual balance of anybody recruited into that
organization was immediately destroyed and consequently
turned into a sadist who successfully undertook brutal
torturing of innocent people.
By that period 761 people were employed in the
Georgian NKVD, including 284 Georgians, 143 Russians,
35 Ossetins, 32 Ukrainians, 22-Jews, 2 Abkhazians, and 41
persons of other nationalities. 258 of the employees were
brought in from outside of Georgia. The so-called Elite
Sections (units III, IV, V) that carried out investigations
were mainly stuffed with non-Georgians. Focusing on their
education level, 340 of them had minimal education, 360
had secondary education; and only 61 of the employees had
higher education or incomplete higher education.
73
74
mixeil javaxiSvili da
galaqtion tabiZe
qarTveli inteligencia
Georgian Intelligentsia
75
76
daxvretilebi
a list of those shot in 1924
presented without commentary
e x ecuted
77
78
79
***
rogorc vTqvi, me da besos cxovreba
erTad SeuZlebeli iyo, beso TviTonve
mixvda da aki amitomac gadasaxlda
TbilisSi. Tumca iq bavSvis
siyvaruls Seuwuxebia da
ramdenjerme Cemi gulis
mosalbobad groSebic
ki gamomigzavna
bavSvis saxelze.
bolos Serigebasac
mexveweboda. fics
debda, smaze xels
aviReb, biWs Tavze
davadgebi da arc
saswavleblidan
gamoviyvano. es
rom Cemma Zmebma
gaiges, datrialdnen
da cdilobdnen,
SeverigebineT.
80
***
ramdenjer Cemi Svilis TavTan
miTenebia Rame. sul imas vnatrobdi, Svili
moswrebuli gamexadna, damevaJkacebina,
vidre ZalRone mimtyunebda da sibere
gamtexda welSi. amisrulda natvra, Svili
damivaJkacda, amxanagebis Tvali Seiqna.
sasuliero saswavleblis damTavrebis
Semdeg yvelani milocavdnen, pirvel
moswavled iTvleboda yovelTvis.
axla is mafiqrebda, seminariaSi
rogor Semeyvana Cemi Svili. wvadagvaSi
gamozrdili biWiko vaJkaciviT
wamomadga Tavze da ukve qalaqisken unda
gamestumrebina. Cemi soso ise moiCita da
damivaJkacda, erTxelac ar momSorebia. is
uCemod ver Zlebda, me ki uimisod, magram
mas uyvarda swavla da misdami wyurvilma
bolos Cemi Tavic daaTmobina.
***
It the first time that Soso left Gori. I liked the train very
much. It sped towards the city. Soso suddenly became
worried and began crying when we approached Avchala. It
disturbed me; I feared that he might be ill. But it turned out
that he was upset for another reason.
Mother, when we enter the city father will find and
capture me to turn me into a shoe-maker, while I thirst for
education. If he behaves like this, I will resist and will never
allow him to make a shoe-maker out of me. I calmed him
down, saying that no one could ever deter him from his firm
decision to study.
As soon as we arrived in the city I set to work trying to
find an apartment. Although I had many relatives there I was
shy to bother any of them. Finding an apartment wasnt as
easy as I had thought. At dusk, when I had already relinquished hope, an Armenian lady offered me a place.
After this I had to find the seminary. My relatives helped
me, and Soso was allowed to take the entrance exams.
When the examinations started I went back to Gori with
***
a heavy heart and set about my job diligently. I was making strenuous efforts to save around 100 rubles to pay the
tuition fees. Less than two days later I received a telegram
congratulating me because son was so distinguished he was
enrolled at the expense of the state. A month later I gushed
into tears when I saw Soso in the seminary uniform.
But I missed him very much and worried about him.
I did not sleep many nights thinking of him and crying
for him. My son felt how much I suffered his absence.
81
_ dedilo, qalaqSi
rom mivalT, mama
momnaxavs, momitacebs da
meCeqmeobas momindomebs,
me ki swavla mwyuria.
Tu ase momeqceva, Tavs
moviklav da meCeqmeobas
ar vindomeb. davamSvide,
xels rom veravin
SeuSlida.
qalaqSi
CasvlisTanave binis
Sovnas Sevudeqi.
marTalia, naTesavebi
blomad megulebodnen,
magram aravis Sewuxeba
ar mindoda. saxli arc
ise advilad viSovne,
rogorc megona. dRe
Tavze maTendeboda, roca erTma somxis
qalma damiTmo bina.
axla seminaria unda momenaxa,
naTesavebi damexmarnen da soso
gamocdebze dauSves. daiwyo gamocdebi.
Zalian vRelavdi. gorSi wavedi, nemsis
wveri davatriale. vcdilobdi, saCqarod
momegrovebina erTi asiode maneTi da
gadamegzavna semianariaSi Sesatanad.
magram ori dRec ar iyo gasuli, depeSiT
macnobes, Tqvenma Svilma ise gasaxelaT,
saxelmwifo xarjze miiReso. erTi
Tvis Semdeg soso seminariis formaSi
gamowyobili vnaxe da sixaruliT bevri
vitire.
pirvel xanebSi didad vdardobdi
umisobas. mTel Rameebs vaTevdi fiqrebsa
da cremlSi. Cemi soso hgrZnobda,
ra Zneli iqneboda CemTvis martooba.
amitomac kviraSi or-orjer mwerda
werilebs. mamxnevebda, manugeSebda, male
amogiyvan gaWirvebidano. TiToeuli
werili asi wlis sicocxles mmatebda.
Cavikravdi gulSi da RamiTac erTad
viZinebdiT. yoveldRe unda gadamekiTxa
werilebi. saTiTaod davkocnidi xolme.
***
Soso did well at the Seminary. Thinking about the hardships in which I raised him, I sometimes could not believe
myself that he was my son.
I remember when he first visited me on Christmas day;
he even brought me sugar cubes wrapped in a napkin that
he saved from his food portion. The sugar could barely be
more than a fist, but this tiny gift made me so happy that I
saved it for a whole year. I used to nip the lump of sugar bit
by bit to feel the scent of my son.
Over time my son matured, and I noticed that he was
growing more and more reserved.
Gradually people began whispering, and later I was told
directly that my son had become an upstart.
***
82
1935
83
Tulni/ tulni
84
Assessment by the
Extraordinary
Commission
(Cheka) of
Georgia:
The band
of Taraskhan
Eshba that has
been active in
Abkhazia over
the course of
one year is
considered
to be a crimiTarasxan eSba / Taraskhan Eshba
nal-political
group. Although this fraternity included criminal
elements, at first it did not present any serious
danger, since it was headed by a political bandit
whose activity was firmly directed against the
government. Eshba`s intention to have criminal
elements in his group that would at the same time
serve as the military core for the political organization failed, and as a result all of the activities of the
gang turned out to be criminal in nature.
Eshba himself was a rather capable and dangerous figure.
Taraskhan f/n Dimitri Eshba, a former land-owner
(tavadi), was born in 1886 in the village of Bedia in the
Samurzakano Mazra district of Abkhazia. From 1917 he
held the position of commissar in Samurzakano Mazra;
from April 1920 until the time when the Soviet government finally came to the power he was the head of a
85
86
87
88
for mercy. He was arrested on June 7, 1923 in Samarzakano. He was sentenced to death by a resolution of
March 20, 1924 by the Abkhazian Cheka, but on the
basis of resolution dated April 3 execution was substituted with five years imprisonment.
The band members who remained free were
separated and hid separately. Only Okujava continued
criminal activity.
On the night of July 22, Okujava assaulted Tumu
Vekua, a resident Tagiloni, wounded his wife and took
Tumu to the forest. The latter was found on July 29,
having been brutally beaten.
Leonti Okujava took Gerasime Tsaava, a Party
member whom he kidnapped in Saberio, into the forest as well, though the victim managed to escape the
same day.
A joint session of the Abkhazian Central Executive
Committee, the Public Unified Council, Regional the
Committee of the Communist party of Abkhazia and the
Abkhazian Cheka was held on August 10; the session
took resolution ordering the execution of Iason and
Iona Jinjolias.
Okum Kacharava formed a new group from the
remaining four members, whose area of activity was in
the Tamishi district of Kodori.
On September 23 the band members robbed a
group of travelers including two policemen, Petre Salia
and Janjukh Pachulia. The band members killed Petre
Salia and seriously wounded Janjukh Pachulia.
On November 9 the local police opened fire on Leonti Okujava, who had fled to Zugdidi, and killed him.
On November 17 Okum Kacharava was together with his wife spotted by policemen heading for
Samurzakano from Kodori mazra, and both of them
were shot.
Taraskhan Eshba, the band leader, was shot in
1923 on the basis of a resolution of a Georgian Cheka
commission.
89
STamomavloba/ Posterity
nino yifSiZe
nino kipshidze
,,s
In the previous edition of The Archival Bulletin we published an exclusive photo of Kakutsa
Cholokashvili and some of his supporters that was
submitted by the son of Vasil Tamazahvili, one of
Kakutsa Cholokashvilis allies. We have learned
from them that Kakutsa Cholokashvili took shelter
for two months in the family of Vasil Tamazashvili
in the village of Kvemo Mackhaani after having
moved to Kakheti after the Khevsureti
rebellion. Later, Kakutsa Cholokashvili and Vasil Tamazashvili stayed
together and continued their way into
the forests.
But Tamazashvili did not emigrate
together with Kakutsa Cholokashvili,
and stayed in hiding in the forest for
several months, until at last he was
captured by the Bolsheviks and shot,
his corpse tossed into the valley. Tamazashvilis relatives were very unhappy.
They were called thugs and were made
elizbar TamazaSvili
Elizbar Tamazashvili
90
TamazaSvili sazRvargareT
emigraciaSi aRar gahyolia qaquca
ColoyaSvils da ramdenime Tve kvlav
tyeSi imaleboda, magram bolos
bolSevikebma miagnes da daxvrites,
gvami ki xevSi gadaagdes. arc vasil
TamazaSvilis ojaxis wevrebi aRmoCndnen
karg dReSi. maT yaCaRebis ojaxs eZaxdnen
da mudmiv terorSi uxdebodaT cxovreba.
vasil TamazaSvilis vaJi, elizbari maSin
mxolod ori wlis yofila da es ambebi
gadmocemiT dedisgan icis. elizbar
TamazaSvili axla 85 wlisaa da kaxeTSi
cxovrobs. sainteresoa, rom is saxlic,
sadac qaquca ColoyaSvili ori Tve
cxovrobda, dResac SemorCenilia. am
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT Cven elizbar
TamazaSvils vewvieT da vesaubreT.
_ rogor da sad gaicno mamaTqvenma
qaquca ColoyaSvili?
_ qaquca ColoyaSvili Tavis
razmTan erTad rodesac fSavxevsureTidan kaxeTSi gamoiqca,
TavSesafari sWirdeboda. mama
menSevikebis dros samxedroebis
mommarageblad muSaobda. Zalian
gamoCenili kaci iyo da yvela
cnobda. ColoyaSvilisTvis
uTqvamT, vasil TamazaSvili
SegifarebTo.Mmama TelavSi biZis
dakrZalvaze yofila, iq misula
qaquca ColoyaSvili, gaucniaT
erTmaneTi, Zmebad Seficulan da
mamasac qaquca ColoyaSvili Sin
wauyvania, qvemo maCxaanSi. qaquca
Tavis razmelebTan erTad ori Tve
cxovrobda Cvens saxlSi. dedaCemi
ixsenebda xolme, ocdaaT kacze
iSleboda yoveldRe CvenTan sufra,
gaTenebamde saubrobdnen da bWobdnen
qveynis momavalzeo. dedas mamaCemisTvis
uTxovia, Camoxsnoda ColoyaSvilsa
da mis razmelebs, Svilebi gvyavs
gasazrdelio, magram mamas upasuxia, ras
ambob, Sen ar ici, am mTavrobis xelSi ra
gvelodeba, koleqtivizacia unda moxdes,
saSinel mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba
xalxio. mamaCemi ara Tu Camoexsna qaquca
ColoyaSvils, tyeSi roca gaixiznen, iqac
wahyva. mama da qaquca uzundaras tyes
afarebdnen Tavs.
Seficulebi / Oath
held council over the future of the country. Mother asked
father to split with Kakutsa and his fighters since the children were still young and had to be raised. To this father
responded that nothing good could be expected from
the Soviet government, since they planned to carry out
collectivization that would bring harm to the people. So
father went with Kakutsa into hiding, and they took shelter
in the Uzundara forest.
AB: Did someone betray him, or how was he
given away?
ET: Father and those who did not follow Kakutsa
Cholokashvili into exile stayed in the forest after Kakut-
91
Q_ vinmem gasca Tu
rogor miagnes vasil
TamazaSvils?
_ roca ColoyaSvili
Tavis razmTan erTad
sazRvargareT gaemgzavra,
mama isev tyeSi darCa
im adamianebTan erTad,
romlebic qaqucas
ar wahyolian. maTze
gansakuTrebuli
nadiroba iyo
gamocxadebuli. mdevrebi
yvela kuTxe-kunWulSi
eZebdnen ColoyaSvilis
Seficulebs. erTxelac,
tyesTan gaqceulebsa da
mTavrobis xalxs Soris vasil TamazaSvili
Va s i l Tamazashvili
srola amtydara, iq
mamaCemis Zma, Teqvsmeti
wlis trifoni unaxavT. Semdeg igi
viRacas daubezRebia, Setakebis adgilze
yaCaR vasil TamazaSvilis Zmac iyoo.
meore dRes biZaCemi burTis saTamaSod
yofila, iq misulan bolSevikebi,
cxenis Zuaze gamoubamT da ase wamebiT
mouklavT trifoni. sad damarxes igi,
veravin gaigo.
tyeSi gaWrilebs rom veraferi
mouxerxes, werils werilze ugzavnidnen,
gamodiT, SevrigdeTo. mama marTlac
gamovida tyidan da ori Rame saxlSic
gaaTia. mesame dRes dalaqTan wvers
i parsavda. am dros alya SemoertyaT Cveni
saxlisTvis da mamasac Tavs wasdgomodnen
bolSevikebi. mamaCems winaaRmdegoba
aRar gauwevia, erTi es uTqvams, patara
Svilebi ar myavdes, Tqven giCvenebdiT
seirso da daupatimrebiaT. im Ramesve
daxvrites igi. es 1924 wels moxda, mama
sul raRac ocdaxuTi wlis iyo. mamaCemis
gvami jer xevSi gadaugdiaT, mere ki
iqve daumarxavT. ojaxs ar misces misi
dakrZalvis ufleba.
_ ratom ar wahyva mamaTqveni qaquca
ColoyaSvils danarCenebTan erTad?
_ mamac apirebda wasvlas, magram mere
gadaufiqrebia da uTqvams, me rom wavide,
col-Svils damixocaveno. amis gamo ar
gaemgzavra sazRvargareT.
92
16 wlis trifoni
sas departure. These people were pursued, and their persecutors searched for Cholokashvilis allies everywhere.
Once a shoot-out took place in the forest between the
fugitives and government troops, and my fathers 16-year
old brother Tripon took part. Later somebody snitched that
Vasil Tamazashvilis brother was there during the assault.
The next day my uncle was playing football when he was
approached by Bolsheviks and was tied to a horse and
was tortured until death. No one ever found his grave.
Since the Bolsheviks failed to capture the fugitives,
they were sending lots of messages to try to make up for it.
Father actually returned from the forest, and he even stayed
over at home for two nights. On the third day he was at the
barbers shaving his beard when he was taken by surprise
and the house was besieged. Father did not resist them
because of concern for his children, and he was immediately
arrested. He was shot that same evening. This occurred in
1924; he was only 25. His corpse was first thrown out into a
gorge where he was later buried. The family was not allowed
to bury him.
AB: Why did your father not follow Kakutsa Cholokashvili and the others abroad?
ET: Father was going to follow him, but then he
changed his mind, fearing that his wife and children would be
harassed. That was the reason why he did not leave.
AB: Perhaps your family underwent trials after the
death of your father?
ET: After my fathers death we were deprived of
everything we had. Only a set of linen was left, since they
said that it would fully suffice for three people. Mother was
not allowed to lock the door, since they could check us any
time they liked. They used to take away mother, detain her
for two weeks or so and then release her. Once when I was
an infant she was even taken to the prison with me. We were
locked up for several weeks in Metekhi prison.
AB: Did your neighbors or relatives support
you?
ET: We survived the hard times. No one could voice
his concern or extend help. People were being arrested and
put to death, so no one would dare say anything out of fear.
Even decades later, my children were not allowed to turn
on the gramophone, since they were the descendents of
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94
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e-mail: moambe@pol.ge
95