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to determine whether a variable has

a frequency distribution
compariable to the one expected

1
( foi f ei )2
f
ei

expected frequency can be based on


theory
previous experience
comparison groups

cardiovascular problems than


women?
Sample: people have similar results
on initial testing
Response: whether or not a cardiac
catheterization was recommended
Independent: sex of the patient

Sex

Chi-square statistic (test) is usually


used with an R (row) by C (column)
table.
Expected frequencies can be
calculated

1
Frc ( f r f c )
N

1
( fij Fij )2
Fij

Question: whether men are


treated more aggressively for

Cardiac
Cath
No

male

female Row total

15

16

31

Yes

45

24

69

Column
total

60

40

100

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