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(CTOSOPCE)
ORGANISM
(ORGANISM)
largest
smallest
smallest
largest
Respiratory
Digestive
Muscular
Circulatory
Heart
Delivers O2;
removes
CO2
Delivers
nutrients
Pumps
blood
Respiratory
Delivers O2;
removes CO2
Lungs
Digestive
Delivers
nutrients
Muscular
Pumps blood
Skeletal
Creates red
blood cells
nervous
Involuntary
Provides O2
Involuntary
Skeletal
Creates
red
blood cells
Deliver O2
to
muscles
Involuntar
y
Stomach
Moves food
Provides
nutrients
Moves
food
Skeletal
muscle
Moves
bones
Provides
nutrients
Moves
bones
Bones
Sends
signals
Nervous
Sends
signal
s
Spinal
cord
Plant
cells
have
chloroplas
t cells and Animal cells are:
pigmentation
and
photosyn
eir outermost layer
PLANT
ANIMAL
Plant
cells
have
larger
vac
CELLS
at contain chlorophyll for
is Cell wall
Flagellum
helphave
with fla
Some
Animaltocells
s (used for storage)
movement
membrane
which
aids
in
m
Contains chloroplast
um connected to the cell
ment
of the cell
Larger
vacuoles
Cell Parts
SUCCESSION
Primary occurs in
new land, no soil;
lichens are pioneer
st
species (1 to appear)
that help develop soil
Secondary occurs
after devastation (Fire,
flood)
Climax
community
SUCCESSION
Secondary succession
Primary succession
begins with bare rock
exposed by geologic
activity (new land when
volcano erupts
example: rock -> lichen > moss > grass -> shrub >
trees > oak hickory
forest
FOOD WEBS
Arrows show
movement of energy
through the system
FOOD PYRAMID
Only 10%
of the
available
energy
moves up
to the next
level
because
some is
lost as
heat
producers
Decomposers
PUNNETT SQUARE
Dominant
allele
Homozygous
Dominant
(same, capital)
Recessive
allele
Heterozygous
(different)
Homozygous
Recessive
(same,
lowercase)
Genetics
GENOTYPE
Genetic description
Ex. XX or XY
TT, Tt, tt
PHENOTYPE
Physical description
Female or Male
tall, tall, short
Traits or
characters that
Brown
Light
Hair
Hair
are genetically
inherited features
of an organism. Curled Not Curled
Tongue
Brown
Eyes
Blue
Eyes
Bent Little
Finger
Tongue
Curly
Hair
Hair on
Fingers
Widows
Straight Little
Peak
Finger
Straight
Hair
No Hair on
Fingers
No Peak
Weight gain
Tanning your skin
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CO2 + H2O
+ sunlight
C6H12O6 + O2
Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight glucose + oxygen
STATES OF MATTER
Parts
of
an
Atom
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Part
-
+
n n n
++
-+
Protons
Charge Neutrons
Location
+
Positive
n
+ +
n n
n
+
+ +
n
+
n - n - n+ +n
+
+
n
n
n
+
++ n
Part
Protons
Nucleus
Electrons
n
Neutrons Neutral Nucleus
Val
O
farth
Electrons Negative Orbit
mos
Valence electrons electrons
Valence
Electrons
how
on the last energy level of an
Element
Information
ELEMENT INFORMATION
Atomic Number
Number of Protons +
Symbol
Starts w/ a Capital
Atomic Mass
Protons + + Neutrons n
Name of Element
C
12.011
Carbon
n
+
n +n
+
+ n+
n +
n
-
PERIODIC TABLE
Noble gases
Group columns
- elements have similar properties
Period(rows)
- # of energy
levels,
(clouds/
Shells)
in an
Atom
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Atom
vs
Molecule
ATOM VS. MOLECULE
Atom the smallest
particle of an element
-
n
++
nn n
+
++ +n
n n n
+ +
-
Molecule a combination
of two or more atoms
bonded together
n
++
n
n
n
+
++ +n
n n n
+ +
+
+
Organic compounds
Interpreting
Chemical
Formulas
COUNTING ATOMS
CO2
3Fe2O3
C 1
Fe 2 x 3
C 6x2=
O 2
H 12 x 2 =
3 x3
2C6H12O6
12
24
O 6 x 2 = 12
List your elements
Subscript # below letters; tells # of atoms
How many atoms of each element? The number behind
the
symbol.
If
there
is
no
number
behind
the
symbol,
Coefficient # in front of element or compound;
there is 1 atom of that element.
tells
number
of
molecules;
multiplied
by
Multiply by the number of molecules (coefficient - the
number
in front)
subscript
to get the total # of atoms for each
element
IONS
ISOTOPE
Atomic #: 1
At. Mass: 1
Atomic #: 1
At. Mass: 2
Atomic #: 1
At. Mass: 3
Isotopes of Carbon
6 protons, 6
neutrons
6 protons
7neutron
CHEMICAL CHANGES
SPECIFIC HEAT
FORCES-Push or pull
Balanced forces
Unbalanced forces
Have no effect on
Motion is in the
an objects motion
direction of the
stronger
force.
Opposite in
direction and equal
Opposite in
in strength
direction and
unequal in
strength
st
1
LAW OF MOTION
Known as the LAW
OF INTERTIA
Forces are
balanced
rd
3
MOTIO
LAW OF MOTION
For every action force,
there is an equal and
opposite reaction
force
Forces are balanced
Motion is determined
by mass of objects
involved
ENERGY
Ability to work or cause change
FORMS OF ENERGY: electrical,
mechanical, chemical, thermal, potential,
kinetic
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
ENERGY cannot create nor destroy
energy; energy may be transformed
ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS
SOURCES OF ENERGY
Inexhaustible: Wind, water, solar
Renewable readily available
Nonrenewable takes a long time to
replenish
TRANSVERSE WAVE
LONGITUDINAL WAVE
ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
ection.
REFLECTION
REFRACTION
stacles andDIFFRACTION
through openings.
No work
is done PLANE
INCLINED
LEVERS
LEVERS
LEVERS
A) First Class
LEVERS
A) First Class
R
F
E
BEST WHEN FULCRUM IS
A) First Class
R
E
E
B) Second Class
B) Second Class
C) Third Class
BEST
WHEN
RESISTANCE
FORCE
B) Second Class
E
IS NEAR FULCRUM R
R
E
F
F
C) Third Class
C) Third Class
F
F
Changes direction of
force
pulleys = less effort
force; pull rope a
longer distance
rt
fo
Ef m
r
Resistance
arm
PULLEY
INCLINED
PLANE
INCLINED PLANE
MOTION GRAPHS
DRY MIX
D R
V
a
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
100
Average Grades
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
Y
90
80
70
60
w/o music
50
classical
40
rock
30
M anipulated Var
I ndependent Var
X
20
10
0
20 min
40 min
60 min
Time Studying
80 min
EARTHS LAYERS
Plates move on
the
asthenosphere
because of
convection
currents in the
mantle.
CLAMOI
EARTHS LAYERS
Plates move on the asthenosphere
because of convection currents in the
mantle.
Convection currents
Heat from core
decreases density of
mantle causing it to rise
When mantle reaches
crust it cools; density
increases and it sinks
Causes circular motion
for plates to move on
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
Plates move AWAY from each other
Magma rises and creates new ocean floor
TRANSFORM BOUNDARY
Plates slide
PAST each
other
Creates earthquakes
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
MOUNTAINS
EARTHQUAKES
VOLCANOES
TRENCHES
MOUNTAINS
EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKES
VOLCANOES
TRENCHES
TOPOGRAPHY MAPS
Circular lines
represent the
elevations of the land
ROCK CYCLE
NOTES ON BACK
Rock Cycle
ROCK CYCLE
HEAT AND PRESSURE MAKE
METAMORPHIC ROCK
MELTING AND COOLING MAKE IGNEOUS
ROCK
CEMENTATION AND COMPACTION MAKE
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
WEATHERING AND EROSION MAKE
SEDIMENT
CARBON CYCLE
CARBON CYCLE
Photosynthesis is the only process
that removes CO2 from the
atmosphere.
Respiration and decomposition put
CO2 back into atmosphere naturally.
Burning of fossil fuels puts excess
CO2 into atmosphere causing global
warming.
NITROGEN CYCLE
NITROGEN CYCLE
80% of air is nitrogen
Nitrogen in atmosphere not in form to be
used by living organisms
Lightning and nitrogen-fixing bacteria
change nitrogen into useable form
Plants absorb nitrogen through roots
Consumer gets nitrogen when eating
Decomposition puts nitrogen back into
atmosphere
WATER CYCLE
WATERSHED
THE LAND THAT
SUPPLIES WATER TO
A RIVER SYSTEM
RUNOFF COMES
FROM SNOWMELT
AND RAIN; FLOWS
INTO STREAMS THAT
FEED A RIVER
Delta- where river feeds
into ocean
PHYSICAL WEATHERING
FROST WEDGING rocks break when water
freezes and thaws in the cracks
ABRASION rocks break as they rub or bounce
off each other
EXFOLIATION peeling away of large sheets of
loosened material at the surface of a rock
Roots growing in cracks of rocks
Humans and animals walking in nature
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Changes the composition of the rock
CAUSES OF WEATHERING
EROSION
WATER EROSION
Raindrops splash erosion moves small
particles
Streams and runoff moving water moves
objects
The faster the water moves the larger the
particles that are moved
EROSION
WIND faster the wind, the larger the
particles that can move
Causes sand dunes
RIVER CARVING A
VALLEY
WAVES CUTTING
BACK CLIFFS
GLACIER MOVING
ROCKS
WIND BLOWING
TOPSOIL
LANDSLIDE
IMPACT OF HUMANS ON
EARTHS SYSTEMS
Global warming burning of fossil fuels
Ozone layer destroyed by CFSs;
ozone absorbs suns UV rays
Pesticides poison air, water, and food
Acid rain nitrogen in air turns rain
acidic; increases chemical weathering
Loss of non-renewable resources
Destruction of natural habitat
SPIRAL GALAXY
BULGE IN CENTER
SPIRAL ARMS
MILKY WAY
name of our
galaxy
ELIPTICAL GALAXY
MASSIVE BLOB OF
STARS
ONLY CONTAINS
OLD STARS
OLDEST TYPE OF
GALAXY
IRREGULAR GALAXY
LOOKS LIKE A
CLOUD OF STARS
OR A NEBULA
LUNAR CYCLE
Lasts 28.5 days
Every 3.5 days is a
new phase
LUNAR ECLIPSE
SUN
EARTH
MOON
FULL
MOON
SOLAR ECLIPSE
SUN
EARTH
MOON
NEW
MOON
H-R DIAGRAM