“This exemplary manuals packed wt information opie interes suntan readers ofancen Greek an atin preset wii and Verve. Thistevieacr woul ny commend the pln and exci mano and eres his aizaton he good jagment fe ators and From ew ofthe fist eon a Clas Pilg SCRIBES & SCHOLARS A Guide to the Transmission of Greek & Latin Literature L-DReynolds & NGWilson {a the second etn scion of oes wise and new hap was {ibedn del wih sae pect faced snes toe Renistnce Pe third don the author hive ot altered th eo presenta af the Inateialbthae responded a he urgent eed to ae acount of he ve) lage numberof mei nth rap aang eld of knowted y ‘bsunialy sing oelagng cern esos. The oppor ha bo beentken oad aise noteon how interpret ior gen inan 1D, Reynolds is Flow and Tur of eases Coleg, Oxf He hs sited Te and mono Suef he atin Class ans esponsbe forthe Oxford Clase Tess of Senee (Ltr an sigue) na Sale 1N.G. Witon x Fellow and Tutor of Linco Calle, Oxford With DA, iss he hs proidd an etn of under Ror wth accompany ttaston and commentary Hehe alo recent prodced he new Oxford ‘Casa Tet of Sophos in clean nh Si Hog Hoye "PRESS¥ SCRIBES AND SCHOLARS A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature THIRD EDITION CLARENDON PRESS - OXFORDPREFAC Ase si io the preface the fist eition his ook designed at 2 simple icoution for beginer o «Hl of clas sakes ‘hich geaealy reins ile known cr mdertod deste importance nd ‘nti itr ly schools ad nee students end Grek and Latin author n eons quipped wah at Itoi fas which make sac an apparatus neerny and are at 2 los to erlunte the ffrration that gies Thee at for work in Engh to which they canbe refered ad sort guide ‘needed, rpcaly one whi can be ead bythe whe ng {nd histor ted We hve attempedto outline the proses by which Grek nd atin trate have Been pes, decibing the dangers to vthich texts were exposed in henge ofthe manus book, ad Ahowing what eton ancnt ae eval reader or eles tere concerned to preset aia ets The ny ff tes cannot be separ fom the tory of edaton nd tcholship.whih alto blk lrge in thea Pages, On the oer ha mater of pure alcograpyvcsve tenon el if they eof dre inpotane fr anamision, “The bok is itnded in the et place fr stents of Grech and ‘atin, but the thee handed 9 exely cones with the «sural istry ofthe Mie Ages and Renan that we think ‘21 ecout may be sf to ayone concn wth these pea We ales hope that salen of hal schlahip ny ad some ‘Wheres the ist eon took the story father than the Renaistince and Inked notes the accord was enlarged in Both these respects In order otto encumber a realex ith 2 teary apart we pth atthe ed of te ook and made ‘hem rg bitographicl The new chapec vo even ore selene than the eter, bt i acemed worth the er torah pi dvace, a ar ner FB a i afl, We have ted vo make the nec) chara an parponofthe DOO wr Fave pte et bea rm tbe kinda ‘once again ov gai or thei Lor CONTENTS ANTIQUITY : i, Ancient books 2 Bray oe Moca and Heino inthe Roman Repo se eeced cy x Thence THE GREEK EAST a Shlarsip and tera The Cras Chur The erly Banting po Wy The Renan ofthe “i The ter Byeatne posed THE LATIN WEST 9 1 The Dak Ager (ound nd Eagan The dngirSetin miosonres > lelar nee on toed ena * The Caring eal The development of Caine minus Vie Caring iain a he Latin iesa onto The veh-contry Renae ai The Sina Awe Be GES ihe Welt inthe Mile Ages 4 THE RENAISSANCE mm 1 Humane i Tie et hema BFR Seen of pumanin: Petcare and hit iv, Coco Sous (2332-1406) % Ghee age Sharer Pongo (380-14) BSESRGIES inte heen centy Va and extn scaler Grek as: ipl, eiges and bo Seek Sap he cen cemury ied Grek es lds Mauss and Mares femrion ad x Bras (614694536) 5. SOME ASPECTS OF SCHOLARSHIP SINCE THE RENAISSANCE rrr w. ihe Boney 742}: clasial and theological ‘The origins of palacomraply os vi. Epon 164 6, TEXTUAL CRITICISM 207 & prac FRR nen a the theory af texan sion ¥ ont : © htm sa say 2 tierendsn en amen 3 Soc oherba pincpr Sit Caan 3 Fl ert asm cic an pope ABBREVIATIONS 2 NTE: a4 Index of SS, 295 ne ade 3e3 owes tthe ites a7ANTIQUITY _A destin ofthe roeses by which ducal teture has been ‘tani rom the ancient word to the present day roy co ‘evi begin witha rie atin oon na gronh afte Inks Inarchse Greece nertire precedes ite, The mile ‘the Hamar pocs wat heed we soap Several cert “ring which he we owrngppearstohave been complet lon ted nthe second hal ofthe eich estry, when the Phoescon tlphaer wes aed forthe writing of Grek the ration of ra Eewary compotion was il rong wth he rn ha tay ot have been thought neesory To eomast the Homeric pons t0 rig at once According to radon oct repestd an {ig the writen tet ofthe opie peparedat Athen the idle fhe sth cenary by nr of Pesan This ocennt net howe pin and ever i te woud not prove ths copies ofthe text of Homer began to Grate in any eonaiderablenmber fr Passa eet wa in al probaly to ene the exitene oan ‘fil copy ofthe poet to Bersted st the ftival ofthe Pa ‘Shemaca The habit of reading epic postr ted a hesing ‘ected canharlyhave heen rested onenigh nd bok remind fomething of arty wl welt the fith cnr. On the eer ‘andthe growth fom ert which do nor depend on compotion end that fom the seventh sentry mare tere py war made rth purpose oftelrece hat ecard to take deposited isos tratisn x empl ad perhaps fr hie reason it srvived toe read by Arte nthe mde ofthe oth ‘eanuy (Diog Laer. 96) The mulipbeation and cession of ‘pies was probly etremely mite and may be cnjctred2 Sobran Seton hut ei wor oe ven mod pb wre ie ie EPs tran pions an sons thie of he THRE, mn a ie bee cena oad bx cain POT tlre he bf chs edo. Seon eth oniy le eta = book ade sie sts hne eed nese ne erence pt of Seas meter bank con be Bough (Eas 7 cs nrepesented by Pea signi Aa aoe inns can by Anmagiet wes rn rach the Sra ef he as er ea he She sopeane af teks ta were pace io asica atc nt thn i wth cera To a oaks GS eSeemae ne om te rth etry 0 that ita be eum opr hom repressive se Fi yes hal wether be yom re usa but my be ard th soe sy BEE eerie roe cael pan. An ae wl NS ow tow he py ferences ere =n sears uk ced eset ede nro 9 erry "erm the book wa room oe sie which he te was taint eel Te eer mou! vrai rade EgSitiacio npr reba een on wicks Sage eh rent of an prosn wt eve the col 0 TaN sTatotetoo hate orld i efor the est reader aD a Tn ncomencoce of ths book fom i obvi SSELAIy wen iremmbered ht rome roll were moce ‘cet Anthro t he ate of ‘Shetitwnn composed wey v0 means one and mee esl “rede nr aia fo gine tht a ain eae aed hence owe quran or check a efrence wold rey Fos on he mesoy of the page rater than go 2 De en of cman teil periosteal ie froce of wen and ea Ths woud cera account the et {ist when one ancen autor guts she thee #0 OES # tact ference ete two vers “he ndadwiing mra war apr (ate eopredby Aci A ting hn sp rm the ou thao at gro eel {he Nic dels in thet century hr ere ae enor eaten troduction nS sa Eaye To le tee sp foc tg anges orth he wre peed tegcr | fem hs (Pin. N10 33680) Te tesco hen be gust fogsber slang ow 0 ae ra My ae ef thes ere ‘Ede urbe reap bok slowed smn bern eke aad nn gh antag erecta. an tye [inc Ar there war none ge sarc chap the ook ae ‘rms presume apne aus ag wa oa ente Bye rote tal tevin nop Some i lying by Heed rear (9) ta ter wring {Se ain dn ean a hcp a ttn yo nbn tring heen hy hve allowed the pati ofthe Ona nego Bt ets 152 ting mtr compare wou war pp {ro de wed ny in emegecy nthe Hale prod vo canbe wae 6 ny. NA '570) te Ean goer tment peda cau on te ep pos hc ss eve sulted the search fr on aceple seraive At b Pepa proc wa dove fr resng ana sate Pace Sete wri ree tan esther her ng wat no tale prchne (three vl te oreweryt | tin epmology th nme Pergo ane dra en be ‘een more ear fom thei fam pena swe ‘Sse te eperncnt wt fit ried oe mts sith tin cna wt oo red so tl che I cet the. Chonan ota parchment es nt fcommon we for bots ey example the fapmen Epler Cr Bera 1317) “To ww eet the pp ad pice of eps hindere o coca te tn Cre Epon tty. Ba hk Stole the pric os WOK H wt nc inn reed wih wig o oe ae ny Te rm ft bok moe th necro waco ttc ofl wal ve teeny cay hed tony, pth the oe ft epmas toned tothe Wan of is arena, ne. Sober and Sons say prefered to se ft thon whic he res an rae See acann we Ber fas wten on bth Nae verlw Piny, Hpe 3.547 bot sch Boks were eee TaN cage of wing tater i, however, somes Se hear textobe wrtien on he reese coe he re 8 TMS erica une mance Eades Hp Ory "5 ein ts conecon hat te gut tgp ee mporat we yo oy an set ook wos ery a eda amie of Pao ra bok of Tc SESE oak Tana ofthe ate Helis itorin Diodes peek wcruy 26) and 177 pages in 8 ade Pn ction bee oe i ob enh that the tx a rae ass mah at rhe rea ere ine bak Sdn heme TSE AEET ore wasn to ke ths comveton a Gresko Ee fo atts fhe hea i ot in cd The em of acento, which igh RRS Sadr ray Go, one eed eS pod and or ngewe enon ty rhea tl ee ase TEA the wing of cen Becomes normal protien raat em ww ney changer opener wee re tte pec am hohe ceva a ene ine un ok the begining of ine, 0 core hc ote Ie the modern api clon, fo NES sees he nas ef the characters were frequent ome er oi std and he nae of contin to bich na ede by ay De een rm the comin of Ta ot encnng Monae’ Dyes (Bader 4) a ee Snkemme 72207) Are a eran een aa tsa the peice period tate ame en oie pret reny parr aa cca ave ben ned om he a sae nhanes of Bani (257-18 AC) devised the Anta 5 ‘olan which makes le the rc una ofthe pty (ian als op sr 196281) Ris toe noted tat the iain facing the ender of m ancien bok were equal tnblesere fo the mar who wished to tare hit own cop. The ik fi. Interpret sd eoneequentcomopion ofthe tes inthis ped ‘oot tobe underestimated I's crain that igh proportion of ‘the mos serous coronal tengo back thi period fa were trendy lel crest in the books that evenly ‘ured the ieay of the Maem t Alexa “The incense ofthe hack trade made ic posible or pitt ind ‘itl to or Hvar Ever if the tain tha satheatry ‘Seat sc as Pisrts and Polysen of Samos pone age Callections of boks dconated(Atbenacar #9) ir cer that ty he end ofthe ith entry private Hares exe Arto ‘hanes pokes fin at ups for drawing ben on rary Sources in composing hits (Pegg) and ion wor, ‘rang fl of par an allaron mom owe depended ‘ten on personal bok ellen "Tce sno race of any genera rary mitsned tthe pic. fexpena at Atbeon, tiie liely tha il ope lye [eonne athe eng five sch the Dongs were pt {he tener in hep record fice. Pew ltr (Lie of eer oton by sserento the ort Lrg (6390-3260) } ® propa to Heep oficial cops this uy, Bur the ned would Irobabiy ave asea eer We know tht afer the orga fone pe were eve Fo te to time, Now copie of the tet man ave Boe nen forthe store, se they Fa Bee ‘ig to obtain these bya proces of transcrip en pete 5, coptesie would be reprising that om aloe cole range lye fF suraved nto the lon age “The arence of duction nd since in the fourth ceoty made ‘von a mater fine before academic aton with hi oh‘ Sib end Shas vases were founded tt srr oid Sebo reporting Fe ar Artrle uit us ge clean ook, doubt a te wie dey of res i he Lyeeor. Tit ‘Shcom ml ht fhe Sede wove be 8 ae Som, ‘Shivers by the ing of ppt when easing the amos MS an Dig eek The mn ers of ‘Sum mer le lg tee se ced Areal wroteon poems of ter. SESS Dee Silat toon wd ss Prater mr he ner thre wore eidence tat ead is oer mre nth ey of Demosthenes sec “Shewch eat sigteance eres erry soe eran 0 een Senn Th was foray 6 Be BeBe te, tne in nmr the Me pred oe by iPele arin cere of rey and scr communi adit ESSORS Sure ondeetinte ht pet he rian fishne (espe sea ne) though erry mr a ce the ackeed hme for is mtempe to mean 0 EERE She ea nde probe at her di SSNs seni tere mee: Te sen we eat cAl athe expen othe King and te members| a Matsa in ich thy inl toe. Tey ao TONE taped tom te rl pe Has en observed hat ‘Sov re ace er inn ad Cnr a ano ec ate wl the Sere ene natn to ents The comm 8 dcop ty Pen Paps 80 anit oon won recom purape aruxing ln hough the vibe of “Sempre he inn Ps oti Se pas Ee ey fen wp many ook peda Fe Gad ceasing te Must biog (Aeneas 72 en a this fondo i tee ene tig roth eur neighbor, ws the fos bry se cone cet fee ke sendy the revise SURE Pekan t et up ay by fing Demin of Aetiy 5 Por th niet pp of Topas cone o Ale totter te pup egg ne Te leny ge mph, Tc inkr of wht U vs eta ye met re iii the mnccany wih wc alg ages ge by Gunso we vats ie cae tee fgweioc an eva tat nthe ye thay toned bacon rig role (cb Pe fan Soe Tu, Pea oh one a malting ofehrlfppran Tone er tng et tie he pl ‘ck dnt coi er ph uration Shaka pen rere nom comp eof Grek tera wd te meen who gh ne ‘pin hich ebay ar ote Te ng I) Sette hv trn suomi oat crate Ae Sey nd pre Se sn ed i acy fee pc cr on The Ah et do fects ray rhe ea thera ace chain hehe pn ots ded esp tt od » fete ha dene Cate) Wea on Fos Glen ova th ty concer cleo th tea ee fund ened nto ptitng bp nee (ro "Real fhe rw long rer mw thks Acwtg eo he anim corse i arg {ment toy mono: a ne nto of te a {fr ed 5 tha Catch wh wa al dt ‘Sn compe ind opal eal ets Grek nmr wich cp oe hd and wey os (Ge Pt: ray) Ong hens one nk prorated ampen ete Sse den terest oy anc cae [icon omc o were copy een She cbr cn era ate who ae nota te in aati ths pe Heo spe nei the Teale any ty: Conny eae ue Gen una wher the ars tng ld se ne te Sete od my she a dh on open os® Seiad Sts reaching the Macu showed eva dcrpansie The nenie ‘ac erat put the tain oder edo ret ha hi ing wn scaly pete 0 xine at sores etn ak Lira (Zenon, Aponte Rhos fe ot earphunes an vara wee pong ie mos a Aen ft ny, nt a0 all entre doe fam eet scl Grek tens ave COM a anata easly ee fom oration re Pets ace ler te inace wick the cele of et eee on the mate of texan common cl the Morey gmc ancient copes of Homer «modest OF a iyo th tid cenay we The fea ye aren iret Fo hat cw ener the Par inn aed or ote. But wit a sor Sie hit ae ae inpperel fo ceeiaion THs spss tt Frey dtc what the ext of Homes shoud a ee posing thi etm standart its ON a eed oma mater copy placed tthe dpa ofthe ae chaps emploring a nmin of profesional eres 0 rane bak mark Drea otf of Deere oP a Tlmer vere probly Fes sees, Bt Oak aay pny are preserved ot ener wih uc ca Tecate rsapson tat the Atanas id ens ery to prepare sandal txt of al ors uly ready heeded pubic a re elation of whe net ete of Asana «ce cit aeton the deepen of par of sna ce Te fre wast ene that henry te run Ae, sme of which st have ben wen soo ee aac, were al rasteratd ot the nema Grek ia ite onic abe Uns 43 a. bens bo filly sealing fe neta wbich he ler ep represented the se nn es iil cir wa ed voce elon comand omeg- Te ol siphabt aoacked ami ears ar and pi Te devbacs of thi vp ead she compan cay bre the tnd af he 6 enary the co Shutt wasHene ed or some bein Atigay * ec ne pth ne ae Ain evitcyssets neu ge ore ad Meat cpa Strat bein he ominave ner (ce) ecore os erate wee es ere 766. It is important to note that the adoption of Ne lone thet eth ens been cond orm ae seria ets eons ect tsd ingen al ‘other literatures there has never been an at restore the original orthography of the authors in ts. nae ere err eee ees SRE eet ‘Senn rn hac ly added until the beyinning of the tenth centu ae Ti ee ponents he cae open su a lg nny esteem eae eee Belated ia? heme ace pear ae Se cen coe To tes ey puns bce alah nae feats eh Cp ah pean peel Wy Teepe eke0 Seed Schade soci pte er do SSeneilenineaemmn goss hp ate ideation milan emer eaters sen i oes rimerae warden ethene ee Spee eect atta intonation ee mnaere nal resis eso ica ot ae Sean et Saat coh foe ma tacieomeracyaagctesbenense Sed ote once Sas at eset ie ham mean sere pn Pi ttyl peo tet oompefeces sound ‘be ssid of their history below. « cee elarae cere a goes anlar ee atte | ferizomtal stroke placed inthe margin just 0 Use lef of verse. ef nl Sana ta en ha ocean Tenet ea moon a teas ary ar Peed cas fod oh ead ' : Anigaty ® signs apart om he ss we od the p>, which nce any fotewerthy point of linguge or conten the dated dpe (repwcrrntn) > referrdeoa verse where Artarchos deeds ‘stent er Zener he aris maed a vere ince ‘peated i another page the exer in cojancton wih the ‘tes marked he interpolation of eres rm oes page and finally the enigma marked pase in which the or of he lines ha ben dourbed (Pte and I). Tsou hata compbested yt ofthis Kind which adhe Aeaebck that the endersenhingt cove lar eto or plbcing a sign at ay gen pint had Co const enother book ‘ommended fe acblarty readers ony No more tha tiny proportion ofthe suring ppg, abot fice of more than sk hundred ipl them Inthe medieval manag ofthe eth ‘eur and ler they are ually oniteds ut there oe famous fd portant exception co thi rl, the ten entry Venetian ‘manusrpe ofthe Tia (Mare gr 434), which preserves a ret Colleton of meri cola Ate comma ons author was Seiten inthe marge by this date, and atin separate book, ‘here wate nent transcribe thes bt frunately the Serb af the Venice manure ws dtermined to copy what he found i hie exemplar witout omision. Conseguety the book shows a get number fhe convention signs nd by fhe ‘mow conpete and elable source our keg hi ete ff the work cared ot by dhe Alera I does ct, however, twage agree exci the ue ofthe sgn atthe points where ‘ean be crmared witha papyrs, and there resigns wich are not linked wit « orpending noe in the shi “Thowh the Homer commenarierof Arisarchs and his ol lexgoe are ls, engh of them ca Be reenter the ‘atane whol whch are more copnae than tare on any ther Gek author io alow os form aod julgement a esol ‘methods ofthe ine leis clear hat my copies ofthe Homeric ‘ext reached the Museum from wid diferent sources the scan ‘efron coming or such pacts at Masi, Sinope. snd ‘Argos These were sid nd vale bythe schol bat it ‘dee which et any wat taken abe he most autre. The8 Sone and Sle thetied because they weaken the force othe mating od tee Strestening tne. ao nproper fr Agua as such renthsAncter epic nse ene te far Saves their willingess co condema lines a4 spuries foe inadequate pea opera ma Pearse ecareaoe Snr meriicaes ane {element of the reac publi in ancy, which uy soa Sehieiytane tera Api 8 ther, whereas 20 are never so ound OF he 8 emedtons that fan be werbedo Arstopanes ony one ound univ appeal nd Goters appear in aly of wines tothe tex le #2 te ever ound in the text Arstarchus war more ii bat ‘en is sagestions were not edi seeped ou 4 reakinge fare uve ound 16 ocean the majority often and 132 inthe schol only Te wou be wrong to ed this ccont ofthe Alexis with out morioing me more rouse seine other ‘Cerca parts ft work were ohh ough standard to be of ‘pemuncotvlbe. Tier attempts t ativan oe psa of ubooswuthentcty were not aly bad on weak reasoning They were spc of lid the sry of Dolo, ad ad ea les rege hat st dierent in st om he et othe Had and lol atached to the ara. In Othe? descent othe Urdermorld in Csey Xt Arista tie hat ines 8-06 cad ‘ot Belong to the main thes of the try. Penpe tower. (sting was the abuenation by Arturo Arpanet ‘he Cheong end at 3296 Made she might pee to amid condeting these pone a pris and to regard them instead a pros of ater stage of compston than te in Sono he tent Bur this does ae detract rm the er the ‘Sy beereto “Antber matter fr which the ance, eel Avisarl, deserve praite the development of the ctl penile tha he test guide roan authors smge ithe corpus fie on wings and therfore iaties ought tobe exlied wherever pose by reference to other passin these wither ‘Ongper “cipow cage) This on andres many notes inthe schol which ate hats gion word expreon mor peal Heme than the aterave pole realng, The prone mat ‘atalino abuse i employed by a ra of medrese Tienes appened all oo an for mit be taken py thar if trey teat conti at expestion ich both unique and dul mst be modied inorder o are wt heath feel pracie Sich on extreme ierpeatin ofthe ale could hve led to diasrous resol andi prety tothe ered of6 Serkan Share tion, but the ch collection of ater contin in the ssi ‘ngechola to Acizophanes shows thu his plus were staid th ‘rey and enh eventhough there tn sgh tha they were ‘al performed onthe stage “The en ge of Alesndrin won ceredin the thd and scond cena: n heey pr th ped the Msc ‘al Aer tne, howeve th nc Perc deed to ‘halnge tus pont by ung + Teer own, The scheme prin anette with hea of king ues {Ggrsp nem bolting wove crete ed ene by ‘German archaeologist Ine catuy brought to ight some section ofthe ies Mach ea own che Perens {han of the Alessnan Tae Erne cay tndeok Ss trepical eso lege see ad ery me nd welt Wm thet work lng with that ofthe Asana (Aha 360, Dion Hal Der 1) But the Penmene schol se fot ered with eto he cll stor: nd mar fo ive contol thncher oso mona o pest ats, sometimes dein omteveny with the Alsons Tle imeem ot exanely erat Plo (e 20-16 neh though he sled example and en 8 ‘ten ef topography an nro acpi Nitra! sap hd hth remind ote the ml ange of ses undeaken nthe Mascum Te nt mou name ied ‘ih Perum ta of Crtes(ea00-e iyo) Het nam fave worked on Homer some ft pons or enenting the tex are prescrvd inthe acolo be Pail spec tention 8 soapy nonce stomping eta wah Se Hew on {heute He wars thei Grek to ge eter on Merry ‘sheen Rome (ep. 20h “The Stok ges ond del a atecon to Mente To them an imporane part of tterpeting Homer wo the appaton of ‘tego ematio anne oft tater on hatte Anti » to an ocherwte voknown Hersh, bas srvved. Apart am Homi sues they del th grammar and Ingut eakora. ing fle terminology thas had previ eed Bu the Et feral Greck yranior Was by Dionysus Thr (e378-€ 90 he pears to hae een jst od enough ove been «pup ‘riers but tobe cote an Alesana othe all femme, since hi aching was done syn Rhode Hi rare begins with defion othe prs ofthe sje thea fsck, desorbed by the msthor athe noblest of al the can of pwr, He hen gue on del wth pt of eh, Scent td conjgaions, bu mates of taxa aye ae nt diac ‘This brit ude ejoyed 8 lsing vogue. a tested By the ‘elunc of commentary yon writen yar rama ras the bats of Greek grammar sot omparaceey dere tines fad ad the sition of being tandted sate Sine tad ‘Smenan ae at. “Te best Alexandru work a ow ten complete the desine ofthe athonl was brought ant by the ation of Pokey uergts I who insted a pereeaton of Ged era en fe gsc ne); among others Domss Tras, who ad begun is ‘creerin lean, wernt cele The on emnene gue io he maining part ofthe Helene ages Diva (recent ne) He ‘tseved notoriety inthe ancient word through the Buk of bis ‘rings (ut the ey that gone bk came om is pen mt be {irenaggerson, een iit ie amumed that any of thre may ot Ive Beene Tonge than adr pales) 1s mare men ‘Sed egerly in seh, ad lear hat is wrk extended over thee range of clase poty. As far sn be ged ‘fom the agmentary nature af the evidence hi ett was 0 ‘euch compost of erga ommentares ab compton fon, ‘he slrendy hog atl etic work aod i important cee Ins compilation were vey oe ofthe mai sources of mater ‘ed bythe ter ctr who drew up the aca in he present farm, One book of it who influence ean he traced in ext twee ie hi collcon of rare or ica wordr from toed (Goaracad fe om hs source derives umber of entiesin the Inte ionares sch ae Heres Dim ras impor or* Sone Sea bic work on prosaic on Thus a the ratory un the only soba page or hs wg at stl preserved is par ofa noncyraph on Demeter Berl {eh This bok when conc cetined mite on eh Mand XI cont the wl view f Didar a ope whet any great rgatyorindepenence of mid rete uy ens wnt re nak Pee sl Theopompexhrae Duyn tration ‘al He ro cr wiht cnt eo ak Speech Nira compton f Demon topes put together ‘tines of Lapses et som, oe ‘inands dcusion fom aty comment No a iterating, ma dat hind mnogu Somprehensve in scope thanx mdr cunerpae weld e-On the oer hand ia welcome surprac to nd thet the com ‘enn ind being oid ene gs Sr of rae oly ofeach a sr es with cone Problems wd hire tcrpcton “Te Fins of cuted popes mt Heclncum, which have led «great ea nour Enoicge of pen pi ‘speci now tht mers tect make the ens mc ne igh hie bog Ih ater mpc Adan lap The ting of pce eve sta yh Wiser dps sd eye copes pred nay pee De serving wrk ane y Demet Lacon pra itn oa 55 (F112 Spy conden spar sag, rh these que ea ies sls ly cope “omer wrton eee cpm one page the al Skrage cued by book wort Sod te seq ate reader wo put rh s deft to The eal mato of Ae cn werent snl toa tbe wl by set ese Attough writen record may have xsd rom very ely ine, ‘atin erred at begat the tied century needy AS Anca » CGreok xmple twas probably comaited om it fst ening to the fom of bok much ad Tong Bee standard in te Grek trv the apy ol By the se ofthe second ctr Rome Tha considerable body offerte of her own, potry a aye fed pone and ie grt och sophie erry nd po tephica coterie the Seionic Gre pies that books creed ess within a iit cl of Roman soci Acetyl hen Gero and Varro were at their pk. the world of books hod tecome very mach apart ofthe world ofthe educated Roman The cepance of writing tr ere occupation ofthe lee clas {Sa the very sure of Latin erste fl with i emp on ‘hens, gee books «peal place a Reman csr! He inde Known abou the waye in whic Lain erare mas unde own ding te it to red years fe In Ue Aigewhen there was oo oransed machinery fr the maliption snd crcalason of bookn no eabned Hane to prereset, Sed before sel a begun take neta ther ten the chino of trnssson mus have Boe casa and Inzardous Some work red eter han others The otional pes ‘of Nace an Enno ejoyed a speci stxtar ad eee sme {cholly stetion st» comparatively early te: Prose mat prob ‘iy ln frarate The one ark of Cao which as bees ta mite to us trey, his De ap urs, pears to have been mangle and modernized hough Feuent and ncontlled produce waned exec Bat “der the Merona the Church had enone da some of the pret wer so gnean of Lat that Boniface heard oe a Ingenta bopeam of di ein) inom pr eft low (fa 68 ae kid fag had worn thin hat the suber of one wertn wa apr the infortonace pression {hae Venus stn, Rear ad Beg baer Pipe he Sor tut now the need was peter. abd Charlemagne le + ron The Lati Wot 7 penal responsiiy to ie the itl and cul eel of {eng and through them of his bjs ‘oes chmeatam pene ora nnn desi oper gn ab nr ssn cu ce arcs as Wenon ‘Re me con gs ps tums ac tr, MGI Tens pe ge Pen 89.9 When it came to creting an edt clas tof ext nothing the An Soxons were pas ure abd war aed move on the prof Cher to tr eo Yor, wth ime the edcaonal owe of Engl sd indeed of Erop, rn 78210 ite Akin ‘head fit echo take charge oh palace school ad be it ‘Mier on educational mater "Rin mar abe all ancient eaher, There wae nothing akitius abot the eduction te which he wap to {hecomtnent und thee refi elementary and warn, aed {nergy rather than etre a the elcome od ‘ied was ei aiidary tothe Chrstian purpose. The ‘Coogan stcatona program waned bere i oul become telly else but the seting ip by gral tof choos ached to but the monaters d the ethers psrateed ‘hata bse andar fear woul be maitined te ere {nd there inthe Bare ofthe fret Bsr nt meting grater when creunstincer vere warble. But Carlgian fur wan tut chine to the chor, Alu could rise to {peste eights when he with. th oar Became hep freon bec pet nd solr tracted 8 For the hoe of Europe, nclsing men of insginaton and gan td ering ach Peer of Pion al Pa the Dean fo "heehee Dana the poet Thee rm Spin Fro this ‘ile tore emanate! higher an ie sear cla rear, fmen we fund wh rose above the ater comsatd its of ‘much Cartingan tought and irre and apprached the faint clnice wth genuine intellect! cero and oaest teste pprecnon. An important resto a reply developing ‘nd highly gained educational pron, sprecing fom theo Sonera Scr court t the monaseis and cathe, wat the eed for books these wee prodeed omen uprevedented oe, ary af ti iy bch sanged fw the eter pare of Latin erate In keeping wih the hraughnen and viormity f he new eler ttn the ever ado of = net srg, Caroline mioscale {Puc Xt wish, though develope 0 erty for Charlene aan to have had and sn den ewe is acepance hd cement to thet ensuurageret. Te Ite seventh td ‘Sith eos ad een prod univers experimeration a {hear ulwrting inpoed bythe aed fora more conan nbd padi serge Wie the ith apd the Engl od. Boon ‘odoping 2 mnmle srt ott of hala ther inscle Inde ad come nto Being 00 the comtinent. These hada ore ‘mb rig developing nat kom the uc Bok hands. tho Inplaes thee ifed tc vel, fom Reman curse ‘tet ho cotiued tobe the rig f bannaeandecalson ‘ute ths amomiin srp wos redo caligeaphic book ‘hich eve slong on nes in diene ens ad pode {he onal ode of Sn router ay, nd Gaal-Visgthie, egeventan and Mervin, "Tae Viet ripe, wc Bored in Spain rom the easly ght to the tet coer, concer wt af tere a fe ‘Mat cls manasa thie and ander ile idence tha payed # aga par in the Wansmsion of ‘lbs vent Beyer, eal Bees t wae contin trik the ld icy of Benevento, has marked sary (0 seu and Benne the moral sip ct of Rome a fre of te Danan cout (Pike XIV} This oe hand ak 0 rcrey fom carve semen ame int beng i the eighth entry enced speak inthe sven and ered 0 the Steer, though ithe thee gave way to the Sandard ‘inl of the perio to hie for rary eats, The rest Cee wae Monecsin, Thre area lrg rise of csc mans, ome of them ofthe highest importance, writen in {hshigh wrought and on re acgaitance rater dic ep. "The early minscle srt of Gal pd ace ares do a non trg othe ane of ial eet gh ew ana fer in pre Caraine muscle Jo rie and some ether texts Show sgn of baving pase hough so a tage: Bat heros Merovingian hen we snportant 8 the Frenne of Carle ance Fort was rom these sp moe fi hay those of Fay and Spain, tha the ealiraphic rg ofthe crn ved thor al ander, ince thet wa destined to Boome the oral expt of Western Burope, The fist allgaphicminsele France was podoced ae Loxeuiand ber the amc ofthat rest Wish fain, eached fs peak abot yoo Inthe eighth entry the pa pau o Corbi where inthe second hala the etry oo les han tre rpc be iting ll nae st the sume time-kncen tecsly a the en seit the a seit ‘dhe Macrdrarn ype I the bli bok produced at Cerbie nde abbot luda (72-8) we se ere om these pre Groine sri the fst eampe oe developed Caine mins ‘se, The ewer mnt nthe oes appears Be rea Talo The curve clement sre imnated, the Ieee are ‘oonded, separate, and rea, nd the rent 9 uosrpsted (pace nd lc, whch mart have ds remendows ef on the ‘rial of cls! Heratre By esting tin frm that al could ead with both ene and pare, bec uve hoighoak {he Caraingan empire nthe cure of ew Scns cron 20 Eglin te cath sen. andy the end ofthe rel a swept ial fom the el. ‘Recent reser ha enabled o ae to the hea of the Carin fGen lal reve by derunetrating that af ans reserved In manrgt a Bevin (Dic Son), and Femaable fr the chase and rary of fe content, cn be ‘thing es hana paral catalogue of boks inthe aut ary* Seis amd Schairs Charlemagne tou the yer 790 The istnelaes Lac, Stati “kd, Terence, ven Til, Horace’ pct, Clan, ei some of Cart spect (he Ferien, Po Bey fove bess ancient ce i apts or unc The presence ‘omer boosie vary may omonblbeinfred omother ‘idence Such ae works a Gratin’ Cg and Sain Se “Sesged in th cot pty othe pee and ein ipeina itu so Chrlemapye tat 2 copy the Hier iny would te so br Pl the Deaton ae bi bdgeent of Fests ero as Ifor Charlemagne’ bea ad we kno that he Lier main “ib Guin Serene was copied by ier eomamand Some of ‘he Banks hen ta ave Been prodced in he place sepia {re somata br the guy of thir txts a for thee ‘Sperheneuton Our best mane of Lert nd Vitis {Teen Vous Lat 3; London Hare 2767) were writen tere owt the year Boo Teisclear nde evidence that abbots nd ithop whoa che cig somettins ould eich ti irae with copies taken tun the bok inthe ple ibaa er Charlemag’ death, ‘ito the deta othe way in which hi rary was ies tre ‘unknown, any the Hooke found thie wey to somatic Ivars Phere isa enrlae corlation between the items inthe Palace Lat ud the works kaon to ave Don copied at Coie {Sow de mile ofthe century he nique Core mawscie SANE conus the wena alleton of meeches sad ees Taken rn Stan the mont ering expe ser elle tom He grou of tne Cheon speeches ‘ich rapper inthe spore codex Hola, no othe Bah Muon (Ad 76p8 was write at Tours inthe cry Sears ofthe nin entin--Ain ma abbot of Sait Mati st Tours om 79610 804s con hardy be dub that its parent Inn bac te copy the place Ebay. Agi, one ofthe ot famows maniacrpte of Ly isthe covex Patcnus of the third ‘sca Pret 730, Pte Xp ite he ith ceo Halt Sos the sure al eater oer twas copied os Ph Lat Wet a shoot the sear 80 (copy Va, Rega. 763, Pate NI) ad (bum at Corie ae the mil of he ith ceortry Lar 63,20 ‘Thmtemn which erongy sgget tat the home of he Pian ‘havc be fond in the pale, The impor ofthe pace ptoriam sce to have continaed under Chats mcceor Ta the Pius (81440), forthe manuscripts which have Been (tuibued 2 ring the perio fhe nla such ottand fag books ae the Barber mansnrpr of Senees Lat (Cle. Bjsod lin Net Htry (Ch 42h Books are natural ata ocestes of power and inflne, ice weal a Wook fat and al that goes wth a prosperoae ‘tara He. Some ave w the perquisites uf congest oa the fie thar pour ia unashed when the poweril have male Wes ‘es pln, same in respon tothe magne pl of a active a (Gpanah clal moveeet Others were nce sug on by {Bore promoting the educational ander ims ofthe ceva “There was sch Brea th copying ofthe css inthe Dark ‘Ages that many of the hooks tht provided the exemplar Fem wich the Carolingian copies were de mast have been ancient ‘des ad ths immediatly rates undameatl question where {Gd a he books hac hve salvaged so mich of what we have of Ua rn can an fan a eee ral, he ttl vont of eland sd gland, Spa an (Gel war small in compari with what exe fom Tay el From Rome and Campana and partly, woul ser, om Rave flrs capture the oes uf Charemage Nor dt whee varsfrenceaf cs exs to aothers Barope xhast the deposits in alo aly cotinved down tothe tod ofthe Ronanane and Reon t9 produce fom ine tome cx which, Tar awe aot had bee eon nr ofthe Alpe ‘Guterng inet with cach decade, te copying a bls went ln apace drug the nh and reat of Charlemagne empe Sect ancient css! mane could be fond, with thee imposing nj rj, were rab en st pe a minus copies, nd thes in tine bot her opis ranching tino thee complex pater to ws the thoy af stems a reduced this fencing proces The routes by which texts| * Sera St traveled as thy progested fro place 10 place ere aural overned npr pesrphi fats they ved tng the ‘Sta th Lave or Re, at nen more yt complen el ‘sbi hat ened urns nettorn end ee eho ere terween then, Three 2 man gps our knowl, od 0 fhny ofthe ess pe have ee reo tha we {Gnvzeer hope tad pa conv tbaon map fr te ‘Govemors inthis pevd, Bt eran ters are der Sian the da of te wath apd wet dhe the Low ‘Cours and rhs Pc, ow the hie fe shores SiLate Constance spears to prt to te coe in the ae of ‘Rchen and ta woud conn the ca importance of the alae me ene cat Kr he dsr of dsc “Ste ideo he sale, peraps exci on which casi bonis ere copied oy be deed fm a Bak of mais frites Cone g's shop ler here othe tu. The compar om whic they were copied ae par fom the punt andthe eet the rt of Frode hem potty long the Crt he inde s ge cole Cer poe worse rand hind dean of Ly aloe Caer the Ee Sens. the Younger Pliny Cowes Gale Marthe A Heme Alacra comer On he Soni Spi, Seis’ ib Mu Ove Herc and Amore Terence, Varin ond owes Is ear fm extant cxtloues of Caring ewes {tm ter ee a compere eter sre bg bul ope een Tos ley Fores Tuner ora Rhea Sait Cal “Tough cet fusion 6 the onary of Lech, a Hen tie he sel pore of Charemagne nd ry Invup on ofthe oho Carding aren, Te mos code Fihocn fine ond Pe {Monee 123) ws wren Lehn it panes cops of Cer’ Lt, wich were # rary atthe tne moog the mance i appease Dane urea Cargan prod ae ome very rmbt ‘Tine fh sem codec osoure rhe The Lat Met o ih decade of Livy (Ven lat. 15) apd which had eater Been {relating in tbe Low Cot the sin anit Senet ‘De deft and Dr chmonne (Vat. Pala ageyh ten ether Fal about the year 820; the code Paains of Ver {Wat Pal lt. 630 etter rt cpt of he te it ery Sah cerury, a lmous palimpeest om Kay (Vat Pal at 2h tric hod been made wp fom sre of neo ode we Tix of andouy: nclading cies of Sec, Lact, Front td Gales "The imprtance ofthe isl foundation of Fulda aod Herd ha lend ben mentioned From thee cme the fe mamas {cf Ammisnar Marelina from which the et driv, od we owe ‘thesia fhe pers miu of Tai od the Degree ‘Soetonie ta mantnrpt writen a thr Heel Pal ad ‘rversed the rer (le Bi Balan 8) Hess contin Irponant manuscripts t the textual tadton of sme authors sucht the Yeunger Ploy, Alo Gear, Europun, apd Non ‘Marl Full payed s dominant role in the itr of cher tent oor ely saving tecal amet of Valens Paes {Sa 77 wa te te: tht arg mt erp of Clumel ne was wien at Cori Leningrad. Cla ae Fw 3) the oter2t Fada (Ambon LBs spy the prime seas ior a ah ho Seite in artery mt ve eached Ful fo a et [fe (Bamberg Cle 5 Fulda rg Boks ofthe a ‘of Tacs ve come Gown tous ina manuscript (Lau 663) twiten at Fulda snd pres wt Corey, dager house a Corie: fy ond on ner ote, while ane he ely ‘manos ofthe cookery book of Aico «show pce tre Scope of Tours (Ub. th theater frien amie of ‘AngoSaxon ‘minscle sod continent ere) points most ‘any Fal (New York Ase. Ms MS Sl “Tours ha aad been metoned a he sore sme of or tars op net Carlinga manuscript thse maybe aed the old extant copy of Suton (are lt 15). Tour itll ‘ond at the hed ofan of abeys rang lng te aly ofthe Lae an the Yoone-Flery, Ferre, Atnerrethat provideSS Seiad Shar major aney forthe resin of els ering Fey played eepreane pt the trameision of Quilon and Caesars Lunar "Together with Aumeree=the two are 30 candy a ceca te cele ofan and ei that th respec. SoeSerhucome are ten ditt dstingihFlesry oon Teese hor of Peroni’ tex and te fer intercon of EE ct oup of monasteries am be sen at work in sich a SESS of Novus Marcel and Macrbi’ ConmetryThe ‘eh dont of bok athe are ofthe Lente eps ofl TEATRe tony revi athe Ite eventh cetiry ond the Proqress of carshig the seth, Truth gent Perel ode, he Agpuens an! Roma var lc gag6-5 Bena 2 26 Vat lt 3867 hase the oie [rebetake crate Denis at Pars and may ave been presened ‘Seve tom thisewty poring The monasteries of Lake Constance in ‘near Rina ond Sit Cal dane to the heart of the Co gun sei aod yr a pion to have fil contac ith [tReet yn enrmaae contro to the peeration ‘Patna tenn Sich see em os Ovid Mam ud > sree So iu and the Nana Ques of Sens te ZEIT for Relchenms or ashbouring cee and Morac, a ‘Tiafec-howe oftichena cll of mano tht Ee ron anny thes ext ab perhaps neta coy ‘fener Pee ad the Ls cep of Vets Pate cee Re hdting at Sin Gall il become clear when we Sermht Pogao was ae to ind thre ‘eb uth south of Mla, Delonge to ther rent cn est hd ern gute nla lng Before the Caro Tegan reviled ma atl in preserving age boy faint feos Bott ae fad sme fore psc tex Lari ‘en and Valero Pe x copy ofthe st sy wel ave TEER Seivcpe of or extn snusrps Some othe mans A Selena gen eige id noemerge nie item ‘Star ly reel ‘Mage mes ake sk tt end othe nh century of he suse oka waa, wold be clear hv some ators were eo ened inthe kar and eden tradon ae 5° Phe ati eat cs shiek on tho hele of he irre that thers was longer 1BeRezion wo he geup we can tign Ver aod Horce (he ‘grand Zp ather un the ro here em poplin Se S0ne deen Lacan Joeal ad Per, Teen the epic of een seme ef the enc sd poop works f Ceo {he Loner tod Spoche wees are or enn), tbe Caine 105 fr of asthe Eke ny otis and iri, The Bier Snes and Valeo Mocs wre vate a weve Ar Cette and the Lats of Sener, ft Gln ad Sena both Sete in tro separate aro which ce Was much le Semon thn tn eben te pr compte oes were ‘Stor non estes Quintin wat le conn ha ae wuld ‘rps hs lc a Ben snared he orm rl te De ‘town aad te tow non mest: nthe mane tere mel too sole ot ma te nd Ger 9 ‘Srtenh cena: Mariaf snd Suton weer common te Erhard 198 Chang, tank o happy connection with Filda is brian adaption of Suton rary method ond faletone in te. Geopmest of aecie Bogphy. Pax ase Lay, ad the Younger iy were ever sacra he ipenage of Od wel oan, Some sore exited 0 ‘Cpe tmnt hi iar wa sl peer Clos Tame Tast, Columola Peoron Ap, Ves ‘lc ad Ariane wre al copied a th tie ut oom fee that wold eset sal hough wear a of God fiuhelos deanery cof ice and mol ‘Te ging ued notice mn ke ther pon see ere eae cops oul and Calo, ene ined Satay" Shee ‘wre wroaly ts bhcrion, whe rope, Sen's Dae Ape Ger A mh of Ta ‘anos Repos a elie Poor ad shows i ‘One cnet comider thee Gs without mareling a che sled eh tvead on wich he fate ofthe Latin es in In th ae of nny fn ing spy red to te Cringe pra, an ens btered one at Ct When the treat perio ote sev ws same fhe eat ks0a Serkan Sears Latin trate were til bt singe rasp on a ag sal “The sighestacieot cold sill have robbed ws of some of ear Ino precious tents of Calis and Propertun, Petron or “Tce There are tame entraoinary examples of ural the {tvcetry manus Lin’ th decade whi found a home ft Losch (Venn ats) sured ul the sitet entry with ‘Steve being copie, Arner ia, ad ve more Boks 0 Ly ‘rou have dbappeared win ae. ‘One ofthe mare obvious ayes of he Caraga ae isthe Scageng amount of parhiene consumed there Wal 8 Tees pte of pblnon raalg fom cen Yo ‘eu ston, bps Ragen. hel: posh, and Wien ecu he Rendon tore inet ets, {hu gommur Al of th ho eke, fring that itched more soit say od expla he ain Inge nl err eed te cal ion Bt ir tates purr we coke oor atenton othe yo a Sixitectre un pr one wept onthe word schlp hee oat few men who nord eager tention ‘On ofthe ears pe cf hay ety expended on loi to nthe Corgan pel poe y the et ‘iSccted mane of Laces the code Oblong Vos Lat Fok witen nthe ple ergo of Charlee abuse Jorhat ben comet nd st timer-here the ori ihe ta ek on peepee non nar he {he ows ining vor Stoica who proved oe 20 Souo alu ih a lar Dang ese pede the Cou td ret ty Chong a a ati ‘Sonos ur srg ncn aking personal {Srinath age lice nthe sory ot ‘Shai Buy mo by ster rman See Sr ‘Ghowan ce at ite tee he ery Versatile and (hed holon ad er eel he author of penal Theat Wee 5 commentaries on Pinan andthe, Soi ies ‘Become ols Calounen»sellcson xe Fo varsas ‘Shore This lanly mor rage ofthe pe one mets {Fepenty the Milde Age bt he soe sete in he sycof the aus exerted ind aly oman the range (Threading be cep» ge nur of Croan works {Gung he Pips Pens, PF fue) Was Mtkinwe Macobi the wkary mana of Fomine and Veet seth Hirata Forres Sper sees to ave wed neo the igura exane meme (Ur Ach, 8 Pot 2shcopied lanl rota oman a erga ‘Side colton abe by sd te rom at wise st oa i on an a Re Syinofthe mich enny asad she sa se Git te eel tas ae oom th oe Aone of hess Baal reference ta ef to fins od ped nd Gaede near Bt nog es cctevory, pacar of Coenen wieder ‘ome Dens dram Dr dtm, Def, Prue, Baa Tims, evo cioatine Dro, Dea, De mt Dewan teal poste thas ne mgh ape, fete ofthe mansrpts he ed ae mil exe Aare fScining decree, ste it roars the who cre’ and perl ret ofthe comp th coup tok (GaN) ‘Woe Seo pn orto he ure Cha te Bas tnd ato Recent The strats heh oe Terry intr: theo pagan woke othe inl ps be over ee al anh tr of ee ‘or suping ce rte stor of charming poe on is ‘mossy gen Bu the sap Sok has lped eon tre actneitventon the anon of aca mors thee nama th nace reveling at clogs hd sc fs pee ad pas weno tn se mane ef Horace (Va Rey at 6) Ry bg Was him : a athe wl who toner nr i conteporirit Lagos of ene (Bs) Autre fon tn grmm ‘Ss ond Shae promt pent Epi ib ae oe meni a eee emcee eso Fe rem oe a ue rhe gst cher tthe Sot ps nan Maron ste reared Foie yan waar fm 82 ut i enh tron ECG ge Sct dpe hetero te SCALES dns ye ly ret AGUA eames tee Fri ih eres in sen dye ewes on wie Teese ck toa hd owe hse ‘ied w Sgr) oars tar, tote Pope Na Tee Reece ine any mano utr inthe ih (Soin tcan eo ee Se amr whch be aed poses ty cole SETHE cna nl opener own ete ede in iiapnomectine partie comic Yarns that AerRetec om untiy doen o he een ne SUF tn fot cet The bong re fem ee ayy con monk ham wl sete spre (past SaSTL Le ara enquire ind gre alls to ee, Lapwing vpn ten sensu puma pron. exes and gies so ad ‘Bats fthe nt! I of cite of Crating sche roel td the min tonne hit aso, pa FO ewer ae the wasps of il sthore~more ts {ipninamber-whch eal ander The mot port “Then ne repeats anc of Ciro Deore nthe ira Mucus 2796) ten by Lap isl hoe for anatated inde tes of Cicero among tem te oes IMavuspe of the Leiden corps of the ppp works {Micon fash Ly (VX), als Manna, Askin Geli Nici (on he Sot Spt snd Docu on ad he Lat Wet = X) Webnow tu Ehret Glo Flt Lapa reas fod tha Heb wn ny hing i oped 8 Ea nance of Gels writen st Pll kd se to abe {Letowerden, Pow Bb van Fresno e Rope tht (repost have eon th maton ty Lopes tect ‘eros copy af Gti Vat Rog 5) wo appt frocee of Kein pcen whee acne eee te peed. marking corps ad ding vars evs + tnd vcolrty apron so lcs teu that surrey he trode qty ol fr nil ont, tn the fel of Wil tes Lona’ of cling maar a eon ‘lig ped cn hop Oras and abet Fite Blo hit deth nos he had mae on eon ofthe igen hich be rbadowed moder tial meds by ‘igi in he manne dna he tore os wan sear fr the Alu edt ori Spt ceo. apes wos important eter, tnd sang he pp wos Heinot hae thiol tea otra Bgoresin the nee erations ch of es nd Reg of ‘Atserre When one cect a Lp tng by Honea Hatune ny Aline cance se oe teas inthe comioay af Cris edaton Herc eis Important pce nth iy canes Heine cal ‘im of cc Eom Valeror Moco od Sco hh be ‘ecard a apo dtaton hap mans of aes come down tvs Brn 36) Ter wer tex a Sac in fhe cry th conty a th Tos as a 5 nd Fala di wa Fuld that Laps tad to rly Steed in obtaining i op. Hei a she ot pes teow to have wed the exes f Pe which eget Sirah nts cer mes respobleraealon Slrretexr whch have medina nanan wit nee ithe er Bb-9 an oot by es hcl Va ap) This od le alton of ext ret erting es ‘eu suming af oth entire tA i ard comnts ee el Pat ptm of Valor Masia nd he ogy of Rmpnie Ne which Bt have106 Sona Scots 2: subusption searing that they were edited at Ravenna by Fusscu epdie Drm probaly» mano at ame known fo hae lv inthe Hh centr. Ax we ave sen, Raven wat esha an import rouce of books foe the Caraingane. {fe Hevic who tare pad on Help ite enylopedi 0 poser vi ewe entry copy the content ofthe Vatican ‘eched Penrch, who ten ennged thr wide dation in the Renssane. “Theil ie of the Caring rel ad been sly Come wh the bese to sccwry of Chena foltealachwement. During the etre ofthe th and teh ‘Eanes emp sled repented aah 0 al nies fom the ‘fing Suracens, an Hangar; ble repos were deveated and monasenee sacked, wile itera davgrcment led to ‘ing top ny to he separate pal va tht aed fret te ngmened ice of modern Europe However the certo! mache thst Ghengoe and Alin had seit ‘Soin, wokgSrugh the oan deter sto had {aticestmenennu ep goog sta new age coudtake et {Becdacalwadon sd ene me fl “Te eh cm wry lei te ‘Clan set ne cco aileron 0 ‘Scien and weth cores There was 8 geoeal aig ‘he call let and fling off othe poficton of Cal tmunscpy, bur hs of curve mses fom are to we a new ‘arr nr a ater Sdn te ec wet Sing copied so wee edo he range ers ‘ulin nde anoag tesla othe age ee were mo ‘thoes bret of ering cold not ve been paral inthe Yrovous cant: these ese Rather (6 887.97) Bop of Eig and tbo Verna Gh of ei 93> zoos) un wat on fhe oben ares nx trent entry: Indeed, he doko over mich of the breath of his ‘sil keg ivr changes oflcation nd thes a {urn 9 an impetios temper and avi tongue mere easly ieee to the Lain satis than was corte fr ll ere. whith forced hi to sere nso cree ton tnd ro sos Etupe. He caine cur aptialstenton for his omledge af wo rare tex, Ptr and Ca. protale ‘hat he mer the lays of Past n France, which was the rig home ofthe Pati fry of manag, the she may Be trae of Caras For although the rest dcovery of Catia’ Poems tok place i Verma the sp tha he ha sve Waste incon of poem 63 the flr Pasa (Pa at fy writen a France nthe lat ith century monet to Rather devotion to the chs sl ein the shape he ost portant singe merit of Livy ft esa a 8319 M1 which was copied at Verona on hk inseucons Some othe more exphive marin ready betray th author A twin mane, posi copied a the same time tnd presented to (Ome onde wy tthe cated of War ‘The Caraingian tad wat perp best tin in Germany, pei under the. Otonian yas ig teo2) ‘rc was highly cuits! man and the incensed conte between Germany and ay renling own the eal he Hy Roma Empire inetd nome sh vgn io the al far Ingo the not, Asura cous to Ort Gert wat = Centr gre on thi ene, He wat en teacher. pmer fe tmaheratic, and an active coll of mance eso i Feat tines abbot of Bobb, arhbitop af Rew and Rave ly Pape Ssvewter He knew sath rr authors Celt {ud Manis“ later e found a BbBo~and one ou extant manos of Cicero De amar (Etangen Ho) was writen er him. With Gees lp and hog cotati aly Oto able wo seve the rest ration perl basis by ll ing up aie clleion of iow ome ofthese bok parsed vie his sucesso Henry It the eth vary t Bamba in amerg they Sl ae He suceeded in auing at Pacem 4 Sincenury uaa manusrp af Ly for decade Allwe haveob Sobran Seles sf hie few spa that were aed to rete ining Bam. tere Clu 5) tat ear oo copies had bon then fom tad tne of ther, iene Bamberg fm te eleventh centr. our tuo source forthe tex (Cla) Other manasrs mre fom ly are or earer copy ofthe pseudo Quinn Deon ‘hms mates (Clan 44) tad very able Batre cllcton ontaning Flora, Festus, and Earopis (Cas. 3) The presence Bamberg of tagefcess mantcipts of Pny and. Secs Stebuted to the scrum of Lui the Pio sgaess Chat ‘rt ha alo acquired books om the ares of Me ampere redecenors “hmong ber contbtons made by the German abbeys and shoals of tit period ny be mentioned our caret and best {soup of Cues De fr (Vat Pal Int. 3513) ten Llanch nthe elveth enn nd an potato vole 1 Csr work The later wc now othe Bish Library {Bay 268 wos wien Geran the leventh one Farmer belonged t Calogoe Cathal Reconaine «number of the speeches leer, and phlosopice wor and isu valuable ‘ental itor eof tet. "There mas tay roth inthe nomber of lnc works aa eu ets tat had achewed ee or a ceelaton i the fl fa of the Carolingian evil were ken daw om the shelves td ved nod copied. Evidence has secumulted of song lca fev in the ares of Ligge A umber of manuscript now in ‘Brats rve writen nh region apparent the tigation of (ltr, aa of Gn nd Se jamers Lege. Among these we the ets mana of both Cicero Po dre Brel 348- iu aor eicovre by Petrarch) snd Mans (IS. 1013 om Gerba an important ealction of Cain's poetry (MS. St) that appear to decend fom 4 ook sone time inthe ‘Cronin place rary The monster of Les, ot fom ‘Gerba wile Clan and copie al owls, of ch far er a retin, Ti and alr Flacco. Tis looks Ike the searthingof ws aha lurked o tht ea sce the (Cescbopan ped “The cs of cas Book a Britain had en devastated by The Lae Wat o the Viking raids pd otber disorders of the nih cst and recovery ws slow Two manus ten in Wale, ne of the Tenth esr and containing Book tof Od emt {Ox Hoa oct F432 put) the the coy of Marans {Capel (Combrge, Copan Chat Callege 159) of smlar dae sogest thatthe Wes, sg cuninentl exemplars had nite {nodes revi while thes Engh eighbour nce ln i ut hank othe moat ore of Data sn Edel od fhe enabltiment of ontace with sich cntes a Fey and {Cove England began in the nth entry to par bck omy the continent and with them the conoetal sen. The mest Sporn manuncrpt of Cert drat (Hare 647, wen ie Franceis the Carlin perio had oven Engen by the ed ff the century and soon Fred whole Mol of pring ot gl soi Manuscripts of vena and Perso sree eth eotuy Eldan an arc oe in ilar miele (Cambridge. Tiny Cage O40} wich mst be mong the ast ‘ofthe lana nar writ ath se “The mot dating even in the history of Lain chlarip inthe dleventhceaary wn the phenome renal of Monte ‘sins the meer monnstry of the Hendin oder hades ‘most rile hour ata tne when Benedttm wat rapid ‘ting nthe ctu reof rope: The get efloreceace of sti and inlet setiy tht reached pa unde bot Deseis 1058-87) wan accompany a renewed ert inthe lai, ann the ite eleventh snd ery we etary tect as ‘eiten at Montecosing snd lil center a wonder seis of important Beneentan maser of asia ae her author Aone swoop x amber of tests were recimeed which mit the tie hae Bee law for ever; t thi oe tomatry this one Bid we owe the presente ofthe later sel Hit ‘Ta (Pate XIV} the Galo of ples the Dig of ‘Seneca, Vans Dg ine, renin Deas ad hit adne Soi ad Sore nos faves sith aie hat re tte fod inane sanaeripe ‘A we hive sadly nod incidental, education was gradually pesting Een the monk and the monarer tthe scalar clergy in the cathedral and tun scoole The monaters reed import fr there and erin and ined 9 carl ‘nen, bt more cretve neta ie passed tothe ethedl ‘shoul which rp inceared rm the mile ofthe eleventh Century and in ow ete ate developed ita the is universe, By then te intelectual sap of Bare had changed deematicaly ‘Thegreat cnr the reveal Rotua aw wae Blog: he et ‘nol school come ino being at Salo he Nara ing of ‘Tether ay sd Sy tered he anion of Grek ech Grok into Latin, and ith the rconguet of Spin For the ‘Mstios Toledo merge ae the cel cet fo the wanda ‘seg that brought Arie scence and sctoarsip within the feachof he Went Toth orth the main cee of tlc aei Is ad shed io Norman rane and Norn England wih Boe tc Canterbury othe fre hough took the Engl schol 2 Teng ime to cash p with hon of France The ray ie othe ‘lta eval wos many cared on nthe vac of Orne a {Chares while prop and dc chose Pais forthe home Saat he neta cpt fro The erry out o heion: Rome continued toe the bie wl federation aod ‘immed the cit yur of leary npr, bat i had 9 ‘ew let cater forthe speed needs a aco cet) {ih profesona iss in nw and medi ttre ad lope “The exci books for te age were Eushd and Pe, he Digest and such wake ofthe iain and medial corpus ot sree rapidly Becoming mull, The ileal energy and sl ‘Sonhenc the eval he thie fr new knowledge andthe ge to rrr the of, combined withthe Rndarental changes taking lace neocon und soca to create ew eprom 2 Ph tat Wt a se scent worl Inresed wea and elegance, other wih the seus end nan eter cued pope to ae imore rb interest oa err tht had wot bee designed fot ‘he loter The eth century do mares tuning pie nthe Acvelopmest of 2 reaag publ tay racy had mos Germany (see ppt 8) Ths Peararch suceeded in binging together tho ts for heft ‘ine, wo peat tent tations whan tre nae eas nity to the Renaissance Acsoding arate theory that far ben widely accep Pecans forthe Sprcatan fd tion was ukinately an od ans that Lando Calon. ‘ember ofthe Colonna fly whose patnage Pte enjoyed nd win wae fora lng ea anon of Chars, had bacoed from the Cathedel Har. But ha long Bren icon tht the Spirensian eon ofthe fourth decade inf lene 10th ved by Perr, had clad emg the pebamantn Pat, sodthe hypothesis that he had tapped this ou vad mm {ripe at Chars fae bese’ eanconomiea and for waaay he Renee aE restos diet 0 sania, Thus the gegraphia ation of ‘Arinon. within he rea of French madera Hare, mayb lee Sian i the case of Livy thant one te speeds ed Pasrach’asemblng of such a remaratle bok woul oe more ‘his youn Mir ad entrain the sch teres ht “Avignon alee and the depos of Livy lend ave aly Prac Livy iter pated ot the pnstsion of Lorena Val ‘whore ious emendason an be seni it arin, "Tht happy conuncton of bok elec scolar ment hat in ine Petrarch aud dana ry which for reodth so ‘quay fd no equal nh day, We can cera exter en {uct biscalecon af Cero text, an author whom be repre 5 Ins alee and for whom he weoared the whale of Europe ian impresive li: amet athe philosopicl works, most ofthe ht the Lito iis and Quin and emake ange of {pecs which ad but up over iftime, extending om he ‘Bou which be discovered at Lig in 1333 and copied hi {ito the Pre Chet, which Hocaeio tested for hi fn 1355 from an lve eau manos in Montes Lau S420) The Latin ir wre dacoery of apres impo nce tobi, worthy ofa nme leer to Cero Hit He lend te bal there befe hi, the Chae Library ‘Veron 1345 on then ter and in patie sl more on {ore of Sees (whose works he posed) tat ha owe leer the most chong od alae of his prose wring ae eid, Mere spin than the mere range of hi hooks wat the tery wth which erend anderen oe he thot imptat frit ms xy inthe Renae To degenerate ine mere Book taller. The pane with which he cece and uanrated a fear canbe cen nthe embryonic eons of the Haren Liye ‘he Ambrosian Verpl (SP. 10/2, sim A 79) ito copy of hs foarte poet fy stake of goad fara, addon to een tracing aco Pers ary rd eight art Work 08 his Boos, we have animate record herr ten or the eto a mapas Pari at 203) we have what». lant pice of deiphemeat rove 0 be Petrarch’ owe ito hisa Sobran Shakes lavoorithooks. Theft isostractv. ot forthe works contig thud ther de priory a fr done it oes no cota; bt Ime be rererberd ta the it telongs Yo the exer peed of Fi ie ad that ome ofthe Boks chat he prized were mang his late ove, Cicero bot unexpectedly heads the sor works taking precdence, Neat comes Sence: Ue Lat hate Dre of place the Tag come ar adn second a mire elec Uist on the same pape they are ep excl om the [nner rl The neat mui secon debt istry. eaded by ‘Volvo Mania and Liye pci ago xr a tthich Ncrbie snd Gels find her ome oer ows, wih erp tacan Staton Horace, Ovi, and vena Horace is lied proven nadia corp evra mec. At the end come the techni works, gama, deci ad oso logy. Ageia ith lt his sel wih Both [Brionnlsion Phyl he oes op the nf the Christin cote. The oly Greck work i Armies Eas Go atin af ens) at thi dapper ros the set st OF he en which Pench received forma education at Baogns othing: the tear the Mie Agee me cejsted made rodandant pec coc wth any One te il unser the ince of Petar mn sam was hi oanger contemporary Bocca 1325-75, Unde he tonage of fe rl, Raber of Anju (3309-431 Naples Dad ‘Sher as an inporent itll centre ge cary fhe ‘coay and twa hee that Bocca spent hr youth Hey ‘works write in Ral belong tothe medical ation of Thetrc nd romance; a args airation for Perch ‘Mhom in ago he yt tk personal at mde hi em rom The veal to etn Eom ertre to scholar Aah hee ar behind Dutch ake he patience even to De ot 1 copying manuscript. He wa in the main a gatere off ‘ou acetal terre and is eveyone ests {niet boprapy geograpby, ad mythology enjoyed case {Ble vogue ithe Renaanee and i ench romore te under SNaoding of case! erste. He had paonate itret [post and i led hi long the lester known pat Latin te Tie Ree P ee ee ep misrun ehe oe arte ern prone works which ie ponte wat» group which rt i ry Betcronkoon te racr ncn soci Rents ri re Serr naarensa menos ami eed rece mater a camel ge repertoire ecient green are mine er doe penne Soe es ice en Se etree! Stee ag ee een te Sorte toes nena oars Seed Gore tty mst meteors se rorya tear ice eigen die A cymes matt) areinhishand und ely toh song pernal terestne Sonera Shs his gent apenas behind the humanist movement snd helped to mark out the lines slong which was to develop. He ‘trae unis in Florence ada the eaten ev {Tor he time bang an aborve oe. t establish Grok ses inde cy which wstohecome th cere othe teaching ore ihe Went 1, couvecto saturats (1351-1606) The combiaton of erative geivs and humanist dive gies Ferrchand Hocacio snare whch ar ded Colo Sata Byte na man of ai and enduring achievements reat admin ‘erator and pc Bg» wer an hake no pled wih the dics of ombsing pagan poy and Christin thi. the pst and the presen toa harmonious whole, nda scolar with & ‘bern ead dintvecoarbuon wo make occa wats He wn power and era ink in the develope of human tay cond in importance only to Perrc, and cotrited ‘csc ois eahmet ot ooe ofthe ent movements a European oltre He had corcespond wi Peach i is ater years Knew Bocasi wel and was srnglyinfunced by both Tepie bythe previous generation, he psd on ther othe ‘ene great wae of humanists nary of whom e od claim it “Tnopen among them Pog snd Leonardo Bran From he eat ff Pawar in #374 woth ove death i 146 Salts presided ‘ve the humana noverene ‘Alhogh a dconcrting te fr allegra expe make ie ster that Salt had one fot sil Inthe Mle Agen, Be oct in il menue the caraceitcqualites ofthe fae ECAs chancel of Florence for ver hry yar, he wa eto ‘orate the power lance tt fad grown up between Iman end pts to we his ati and hi earning sh ie ‘agit, whether eerie of arene or etre fc Bertre. He read the ancent shore pasoatly and st Bint and and achieved the ay intincy wih thom ha we hive seen tn erarch Le ether humanity, be combines hi ena fr Te Benes 5 ancient erature wi sero concer fr weil detai he wat sce color of mane, showed remerable rasp of he ‘usin which eu are compte. made some redial conibe "ops oem his emendation of Sep Ns to So ‘Asin in Vales Maxis (69.4) wl kn, ad hasbeen ‘ecogized sponte nhs Bel. Aboveal twas he who vied {Chrpolraro Florence (ep. 147) and wo ade posi, a 197 ‘he real baganing of Grek stein Werter Eoope ‘No the least thing abo Salata at hi Hay nore than 3 Inde this boks hav ben estes, One other ral text copied throughout in ht ow hand the Tred Seneca (Be Mo Ad 987) to which he a added Matos Barn [Although hie Books awe Tvs iinet than the of Daath, hse ellen war a important cal ineamert tet ding is ite andar wae peed Among hi ore remarkable volumes were the ofest compe manus of Tia Tas Ambros 2650p." A). ope othe hee primary witness to ‘he texto Cats (ob ne 1829 Rh andi greatest fda copy of Cleo iis Clero'sLaters ad» pei ig. ‘Blane oe the cary enn they Kl ha thoy pow knee ‘Geer email that they cold rave acne tthe clase period and relive moments withthe peron who wat fr tm he feat ofthe Romans The fomns were found the {tthe rary a Verceli by Pasino Cappel, chenelr of ‘Mian, wo ha tiated a search at Slats otto Sat sea aly loking fora mansrige of he Lata re, which Fatah kn, ms beside aml ith oy vee Gera) the unexpected bom fs comply wake cole ‘Son inthe following yar ined w copy Letris tna 30 ecu the fst petaon fo entari opossas bch elle ‘Sos hi ope laurie (Lar 497 an 418 the sco the [portant manure Mo he un) Phe Vel odes es ‘renal tae o Florence aad there aie at 4)9} the al coplete surviving Caan manure of Cer Lars [eis intresting oer hat the ound pars of Cee that emerged rch lets provoked very lleent reactions fen Paxarch aod Slat While Pts was ope to coer that2 Soren Se ier a let phosopy for ae factions nrg. twas hie Heng of eect parts wih pial care’ that rated the admiration of Salat and the Inter Renaisnce (380-1459), ‘The gral recovery of uit iterate rus ie poeta current though the Remus fom the days of Pan pe Imani nto the second hal tient onary on eo Lonito, Petardh, Boccaccio and Sula ad ech pre-e among those who Bad ned to te Isto cael works made ‘Sceste fo dhe writers and thinkers ftir time: bt fr set ‘hyn ening up ls tens they were ll don by Pog, on ‘srs eran ho und tine appa secretary onde aa ‘are ferry amis raging om try and moral eyo Deo and pornography of ich accomplished curity that comes car thatthe mre rob wring a ntguy had ot on rediconered er ethng “The rea opportunity fo another beaker inthe is ‘ovry of ls tens came when the Cin af Constance (ie-r7) was summoned ofl the Greve Schad etter ‘sclsntcal prelems, The mb papal curt moved to Co ‘See and the humanists who were sting tthe conerence ‘on perceived sen, ht hee were interests ot included in he agenda: they devoted th spre sine tote sear fer dasa texts Pogo made a mane feria he st in 141g tothe monary of Chany tBu hehe ound at cent manent of Cicer speeches, coming the Cle ‘ni, Po acy rin Pr arms, Pros aPC Te ‘ro se and Po Marne were peal vol, This mah ‘ci which as a eat a ary athe ehh cea, Kw ab ‘he ts Char: an prt eonarion onsets sd ‘acs in 19038 perhap the reste acevo ofthe Eagan Geri tier AC Clark The text thet Cloicensa it mow accurately itrted in manotrge which wa th pe Pi Renee ww copied from it before it ws caida aly by Pi (Pai at 14349 Tas manos as ow led ups secre nd reveled ‘the had ofthe French humane Ni of Clmange snes foray wn the sumer 141, this tne Sint Gall in company wth tree humane Fen, Bartle ds Mente puleano, Cecio Rar and Zomino da Pea, The rex wat {hed major diner: comple Osis revs umaeste had had to make do with mui) acon Omen ove Cicero speeches, and manaerip containing four books Ieg77) ofthe mma of Varn acs Pos mass ‘of Quinta fe ae, but or Aton we depend on tree ‘apc wich ruled fom thi rp ae made by Popo oe (end the best) by Zomino (Pisin A 37 and one derive from Baro Tome’ tara (Laur 55) The ln Sangalense of hee nea ob recor om snr rasan ceil Pos had (Madd. BBL Nae 85. an XB which ho eon {aie hit Ascnie: but for Vrs have a compete nd ore important wih eoary manu Fe Fula (Vat lat 3277) wich ws eventually eke ay nly i ays, armed with ficial tanction, Poggio ad Ba teloco mae 2 Rip crgnised epedion to Saint Call ad ‘thr murano he sre: hi nds nctaed Lard, Sia Telus, and Minis. The mancscrp sch they found have perked bt tei legacy remain, The copy of Mie which Ponti had made fan tpportant wes to the ext (Made, Bi, [Nac 3676, alin RIS he Lert ater the whe race of Taka our resp Sm go back fo he ops made os «res of his epediion A he ame ime Pogo srqired fom Fale thei uous mapas of Amina (Vat #873) ich theca oft al heals sees on heir pict ad thio sear evenuay taken to Rome, by Ena of Atlin r455 (New York, Acad Nol MS" Safe) Now or some ltr it Be ao bined «manuscript of Calumet fan author ava known Tey) aod hs mama was probaly the naa codex Po, ‘ich eached aly in the Bioeth century (Ambros 85 sp) Inthe sumer of 417 Poggio went on more extended rein Franceand Germany. Hemade wo inurtan dicnenee Te ftne Seren Sears sna eight unknown speeches of Ciera the Po Cig, Pr Rai Tom gr ros iPro Rabns erlins ro, x Pion, ‘Rabie Paton e found the Pro Caras at Lange the ters roby in Cologne cathedral iz asoyrapt copy of these echo has no Seen domed (Vat nt 11438) ad so dane {fey with ates proce of reenstreton The second nd was ne ofthe rare of tenn he Siw of Sst, or anon of ‘hose pos ll descend ace the spy tht ws tide fr hin {Mai BL Nas 358 al M38) ‘When he Counc was ve, ogo spent same yearn England, wire he found what he Ged en force Para the Up sears oon this manure that a the ice ‘ony copes descend On it way home i433 be found st {Clognen send mantserig of Peoonan containing he Cone Tr ‘ethan a Rothe copy tht he commisuned descends Or Sie noc forthe complese Ca (Pars I. 7989) 1 di oper rm ew whe oman Nico No, ttl fo ‘apnea at Frog in alti shot 150, The Proper that he ‘ove Neal 1427 ay have en anaher ofthe it of ‘petition. Poni achievement nthe El of ncovery were prodigious ‘se peronal intervention nee sory man porta evs was ecsive and influential He ao oops 4 notable pie ia the ‘nso of hanring though he may nox have invested the ew mast erp ae wat oce thought, he was one af Bt ad net exponents (Pate XU} Astin wath, aod pti oon the begining ofthe thiveemhcenuy, Carlin nue ad ‘come move angle and Hick and cosleaiy ss tractive, {veloping into what Knee the Gor ha The hamanstc Scrip wan daberte eur oan er frm of Carne min {ale appear to have ben developed about 2400 Florence ‘rth Sula and hit two protages Neola Nica and Pog ll Playing pare Nicol sem to Rave developed he cursive of {hence rie With th advent of peting the oma han po Vile the mode forthe rman fot the cree fr ae “The blk of Latin irate kon Yo us bad aow been sectnered The mae inortant of the remising deoverin may Ph Rn 1 ‘he mentioned more brie In 42, nthe ether La tthe soutscat of Mixa, Gerd Landi fund cect rr ‘Ee inclading the De araere and. On orevouly ex Known ‘high mat) anda kw wrk the Brat 439 Nese ff Cas broghe to Rowe an leveth entry German mance of Pua (Var et. 89}, which contin, among ethers the vce ple which were il uaa. The unguc manus ‘Tita Or mins (esl. 8 had Ben known to Pogo nse at 1435 but atemper toate em Hered ha aed in 1455 ‘as aly brought co Rome, proaty by Enoch of Ascot The ‘omsning known prt of Tact, eal 16, wa iced om Conve and are in Rome in 3508 Ore cet etry i overs nad Cornelis Neps Cai, Frotinut Dray and the Perri Lat With the Fong of large umber of grammatical works at tobi in 1493 ended what Sabb called the Bee ag oe cones. But poate coin os the it. sot ‘Sonar found in France the achespe of the pit Onan Habe a he Compr of Gratis Vienna 37) es interesting ad important copy (forthe Vesna anc i ow complete) cunning the orga Thier Bot ro ‘he discovers ofthe ery teen etary were tote with {he scolar scvy aw centred at Bathe ne a ha ie Ersumar and Benvs Rhenane and rch piers Preben ad ‘Cratander. This nclodd vigorous and prhups more systematic scare for new manuscript Bests Rhema daonerd Velie Peres ot Mortum 535 and proc heat ria in 1590 By tinganingertnt new minut Crtander at le fo rit in 1528 a9 edtan of Cer which contained Gv eters to Hraae never seen here and for which hit hk renin the sigue source In #437 Grats fod the suavving Books of [ln te dcade at Loach Sock Fewer rarely tobe hea a Inter generations of cola but the extent of covey on ‘iol oyed up by two new sures palmpaetand pap Te shoud be rere in this comet that he Hara ao had capacity for Tsing manus Once they hal erly copied atest, they were lable to hav litle tere the0 Sobran Schl mance which had preserved i The Chny aod Lod mane serps of Cicer, the Veronentes of Cai sc Phy have ‘erthaony fo lever ne ifthe Hered Tac the Co “rman wae eat tnt win for eer Or manips named and wang sre ino the Reine hr entence {bere Fur their human progeny) not eyo ‘Nor des the stanton appear thane Ben nach eter in the teenth contr. Manus were fies eated wth nat resp 1 the pra to whom they had been entra and aed 30 ceri otare when they ad served their parpove: Thre were tome st ashi The Marc codex oth Het dagen fo Trnsmas srs 8 «Tew saps io a binding (Neremberg Fg: Lt 7 hefty etry manus of Ply Lat the sue ature for book Xn rece fragt (Paspont Morgan Libs ML 46 fad wiamphed ver every hard tat Ierowed by Aldus om the ay fit Vitor t Pris the 0 Imanuerips Eun Worms and Speyer whieh Resor Rout and Celeste eiton of Livy appeared For ight But those wo sols do not appear to hae been a pale a wat fence thought The Herel manus of Arius Marcela thor Genius ued fo the Paes edton of 155 red el Tern the cet when as derber ut fos Hers {0 prod covers lar acount books we sll ave st ves Kase Pho 2°27jond he Murbach codex oer Paterna ‘Rhenan scent hve sre fet the ate ighteathceay ‘sgt herd of in len 1786 ‘The quckened interes inal appv of oie i and erate, fostered by the contin excitement of new dione, eto 2 ‘gous growth inal he main apne and techs ti ee srceary 108 fll serstanding of tec sng. While tchacology, misma. epigraphy, andthe sly of Roman Instains were nance along windiest ncn a aa Pi Renton ut indo (1392-1463 historical and tet crt, which ave Fundamental tothe study of csi text, were deeoped with ‘Snglr viliance by two mans eho may be regarded at ‘roeseting what ws bat ode scholarship of the Berth em. tay. Loe Vala (1409-57) and Angelo Plo (n4o94) Ae tention wil be fc on thse So Bae. soul be empha Sac that he are in dss apart. The average scolar ofthe te ‘Si not reach these heights hough there esdence tat a ret ‘dea of sound and scraps work ws done om Lain ext rng {hispid A lance a the apart crc af maby css teseeCa fa ged example dow how egal ach lino ths period ere able caect emo in heaton, and their accesior of tly, sometimes chagrin’ to nd that thei “emcndation had been ancpatd long af hy some sono [lan are no hes je in asuming hat ck thr han Jerent had produce the ansner But there mer abo the dab ‘ern men wou condensin eendg nd dacdating cna texts nd ostpped the slay equipment ad whe fae orig ven when they were intended inet the ational fest, might any dow There wae teptaton to enlish 10 proce the readable and elegant text which the cstoner ‘ipected. Hence the eaton sith which eos vat the man ‘psf hispid ten npn to Sd tha pendly ‘ralucel book socaiae a nko specu et Teas sow pombe to sty the works of Ltn Erte with gente ease din greater depth, A contrary eto of eacene Jmporance was the Increasing number of pled aries, founded or earched by gener and infest patron, ang them the Vicon Pav Duke Ferg of Uti alfonso Vin Naples the Metin Fence, Pope Nichols in Rose I the tenn the Hay bers ome the high rgd entrepreeur Tie the boolacer Vetpasann de Biases (20-98 ho et ‘rpired oly ot ve sees whe a bay maton order {nda the manos gave mo othe printed Book, asa texte Sh the acolrty work tha gu gather rnd the cold Be ‘il Lend Tart (IES 8999) he eer eration fr» Ran matron often et entry a sctai pece wing Bak the ances neve ire tel ve te orn ach of thi tut maton wre eareer wold Fv bers lott fame had othe pen ly core eo hei te ‘hc or of the sc gent tht have raed opin Yrous pars ‘Roe nce the seventeenth emury tre ave dSoppeared ad ‘om sari oly in mane open, which We mil ove tothe Jost chal Jagan Semard ato M, Sue, the Haran of (Carnal Harber Par a of Vet 9140). “The brnae bt t Lyons ( 118 319) whieh preserve the speech ich the emperor Clas ride tothe Senate in A. 8 advocat. Trethe ada of Calc notes of erry as wel assoc Inver For the testy dasmered nasa ies othe unique Cppornyof being able eo compre Cla acta seer, ‘inBling tnd pedals, with the tat Wray adaption tht “Tas pode (dm 14-24) The monument of Aochus Tf CCommage, which mst decoveed towards the end ofthe ast Spe te maar * cea an he iy slopes fan tinct vleano a Nena ugh in "stern Turkey, has won tel an important place eray ory. Iter cox elevated ia ste an place of ev bat ld 4 ‘ral ya in. ar knowledge y providing the ely example of he rate Arai’ ye forty which etre orgy in the ‘hetrclpolmi of Cae ey. ‘We oe rematable philanphil tet to the phirevopi sage of Diener af Oso, wh was so inpresed ith the ttcacy ofthe Epicurean plop tht sont the yar An 20 he hadi exposition the dcsnes of pis et pnt place of Genoa, a Lyi, fo the Brot rel eins Fragment of this unique tex ory metres long. which suber alist hundred and are il ing dover, tered mo ‘he its of Oonomda an provide eter wii aise poel try monumental proportions A remark sre ofthe st ‘ion the way in whith i Sioston a calamasandcocer ir the emvenione ofthe reader eprint oma ena eae the conreasons of the conempiery took The eat how ‘xample of Civitan rm charac of Byzantium comes fom an egal unexpected see i an insertion om cata ot Ketch te Crea his can be ied the yar 4 i parte seri fr bape A tatae ‘of Socrates io Naples has ised on fea enone fom Pats ‘Gan 4-6 tore divergence fem the ten fred by the ‘manners and Raret the Ox Case Tent cape he esting onthe tne ‘More infor contains to our tore of ancien erate hse Been made by those who write on wal, The inde ot inconsiderate body af erg! pocey, bt fen gat ae nly ‘ions from rr wich bare skeady reached a ore tron chances "Tese are ocesonaly of nee ete tri ar evidence finest atom nth way apes othe Second cenay ae (Sein ctrakon 4738 can Gn way int the Apparatus crits of Ears pn andthe egueny with ‘stich mapa te screed onthe al af Pompe eps {o prove that thi and ot leg pr gama, te begining ‘ofthe dna A mabe exam atch Proper 630)wa Ske ond Seales found on btn st Pomp. While the ost amuse are sed in eaing Cee ds nm tance the isso (CH 2950) es nama Sr et nei a nd crit ina est two fthe fr pce inicio the die ration tenon oda tgetbor he heh fh rater seine Met he progres shlap owen he end of the ‘Roane and tong wha ny be rere ‘Stina ens oto Ov pe ‘eon sok fa ben tse the exten ee Sy nts as been dependent i mater or sch he ‘erate bok nde sopping aera sd ont teal meres ad change in ctl pace an Dw (So stuatunl gay tray ss une been ited the ‘Pod cnn of tds of coli. Once pining mas erehcdse the men of sseicng tc so thee ws seteanecon cpr of men uch Feige dake ono ‘SOF eared wo pote boa sid ve orm prof [Wi ane pr oor sry rat an ed sce he ual of Teehav ured Bu coed wor he pre the ser {Trclury method fr at ht ee sy of ets ‘Sect and to Aggie eme of the developments which eTocs a fle nes he lea of te ast The enc jone guy ofthe ea rtd eos hows fw wch rene ail be nef he thay af en em Tow the proce of Sing anc rare Bd ny Jt eqn hw cing we here By = re to ooreate the Sch te Reason 5 comple ofthe sy of mia szation asa we (ler ‘mesa ‘Although nace progres made the eng tate of the period frm the Hennisanee tothe Counter Rlirmation mach richer and therfore abl in rine to dete greater researc to cher ‘hip there were sll many obstacles to be overcome I soe unter nations om nla eed exe, Pit wt ot yet oo cheap that prot cold be made bythe poblston of Igy specalied works Comoertion betwen scholars was fen fm honourable rusfession ofan ef eo create + repabie of lees a expression we in Engh by Adon (673-1719) and So on he fst page ofthe Jor! de Spr for 1665-6 Ye the ‘torus corepomence conducted by «gan such ax Ersmae ‘ed fhe supp wa be eBetve. Learned sociiee ‘Sh niesies sal ave provided bu altho they sme tice made reable lor the ne rent wat general Sprang. Learned men of the Renaisance aso. fomed ‘deme Ofthesenumerum clive the one wbich reeves an ‘moar mention n cur acount the group whish worked ith ‘Aldus aout acy oes appear ave cam op our ae ton a any rac 0 fa ha branch af cli is cancer “The oneness led fore lng tine te covariate their tft snd rm thio pblahing osnes And Osfrd and Cane bride which did have nies pres active rm he eet entry anwar were ination a much concerved with po Shcng 2 soppy of recruits fr the minsey of the Church of gland a wth the advance of acoli. » nate of isnot tered itl efor began nthe ie of he intent entry Iie grea pity that one othe mnt tinged and productive caer, the Royal Soi, was nde n London where tere ‘ea no iver. ad ata 160 By thet ime the concep of {hell kndedg, wich for pare of fl tle, had Been vou alfred by the wee rewion and wat abt to be {Mecred sil frther bythe socalled Gute tcc the snes tid the movers The rane men of toc tnd odere ‘hice the rs ad cence hd aed bees an i ‘the Benth century andthe udvance of moder sac wee soma Seiad Slo marie. ven in mone Gales autor ad begun 10 be deri by Berengai of Carp and Vesfiae As a rest the ‘ey volumes ofthe Royal Sets Psp! Pavan donot ‘Sotain any contain tha cal be dxdt asl pio Igy ate thre re oesonal exces othe erin ote by the mrnoer aly on the pt where Caeser ned a Brin and an ray bythe ivarian Hopes Wiley eed “The age of MSS peta contrat fered bythe wale ge contents of the enna de San, they had ue terest litte an ins fond oom ora review be rt ein of the Cone Thinans and of dseration wich had been Simulated bythe new publication But as Dr ft sid when consiering how fr the expect sione expresed tthe oonation ofthe Repl Soy had been ‘athe out of pogret x matcalslow-The apption of remark to ahip becomes apparent se Wy to ace the ‘ly story of ne etre ote aeadense wii which 207 {ake for granted eon of txts pubid ino ui serie. Pertape thee go back to P.D- Huet (1630-172 str othe rin of the Frendh rol howe Ether hee the Dic de ontario be gv credit or npnising the preson ofa fecal nary sin voles Lat utr su Dp ig fetes tt Lb then ving in Pars sini con trite te edon of Wars ut tke o Be ees ect he {id oot have the neceny knee of architec on fered instead et the obscure Marans Capella Poap twas this Svcs which nse the mow famous of al, gn By hen of LG Teabeer in Lsprig i 1 the ination of F Ps: Gs sues fm ea hey ere cone with ate Father than arcing hich gered sents he eighteenth ‘Seay dnd to ene tom the low hey sci he ‘Szpte been the nent and he moder They had aber 09 Shee oie when in 777 FA Wolfscceed nieces Tobe matrclted a Ganges ot the ay of thelogy Dt imow pipe “The incnet fil einige which aon receniy teen eaclaively wma wih the mame of Ladrunn made i Scalp in th Ree 295 eto eninge anew tage of scholarship in whic sca ext woul be relay eased a fr atthe ext widence [pied The invention of phecyrapy began tovards Ue ed le nite etry to rere many tales koe the ‘ealaaon ofthe ne deat Thee nvanes ocr tft the ‘igh ime to ive an extra iets to scholars concerned with {he ideal ip nthe Teer eterprie, No etn ste om be taken sesoniy i dee not mck clea theatre of he man ‘pation a the rte by which dhe wneses et be ‘raat: od now ache ae non hye alee obey Ter: I the advce ofthe Vice Chancelor of Camidge Unversity ‘horned an aplication fo travel rat i Florence and {Let Me Pomon elle hit manus a home’ Wi the ‘moder conveniences of miofn and uc snd comfortable travel i ea forget the eiialies whic oor prederessoes ‘Reed The systema desipton of manusrps ha so become ‘branch of eholrship, and the ol etal ofthe ledng Hares ave a mre of primary materia fr the madera shot ‘hat hie processors oneal nked. Another very inprtnt ‘nribaon to scholasiip has ben the dereting sity of the mance cobections Mow enssrp of Latin and Greek text are ow med by stations th may be cokidendy ‘expected 0 retain the perpetty Buta least upto the ed ‘tthe le wiry mano were alms key to rave! ae ‘hey fd been in the wnat day ofthe Milde ger and Renaisnnc: nour acount me have aceinallyallded othe movements, at some ther are eaplined in te notes to the index of manuerip.They fom moor But mot eels Ss eat fre of the hitry uf cutie apd scolohip. The “ccusltion ofthe primary source materi needed prone the Bost atinable tee of the ancient author it now wel ‘hanced and paral to this proces isthe secumulaton ad Cvaiuion of the objens, whether iserption, docimentry Parr or works fat unearthed by the archataogt and sor fg to ow igh on the tory, ad sutra ete ofthe tient worl. The interaction fete these varius Bel, the fromatonofwhich ws one ofthe ret conrbton of Geran206 Seer and ale sholahip ia the sinctceth entry, is the bis of the mode Concept ofthe toy af antigay as whole and rome ih and tii soppy of tema tong cassis retain ther ace aan nee dip TEXTUAL CRITICISM “The fresing chapters hae arempted to give sme ie of he sees io wich the Greck nd Latin ais were ned down ‘Group the Mile Age tthe modern wel nt cute sme ofthe more inporant hia and cra phenomena which Mfcted the wana of thet tens The hiner ext {rie ina nese to reverse thi roe, 0 flow ack the {heads of team wod uy to restore the tnt eo) at pst the om wich thy egal ha ‘Shce no sstrgragh manus the lac thors suri swe are dependent rout knee of wha ty wre are ris (and sess red elton) which he tno ‘umber of remover om the orga, These mnt ya thar tatwathnes wien fo te cepa ent ae thes have sired to some dee in the process of transmis, whether om phy damage fu the Blt of sry oe from the eft of delineate iteration Any atenpt to eere ‘he orginal ex wl obviualy nab the wie of ill and ‘comples proce, and thie res i nto to wes, “The rst stage recension (sn) The aj of recenson so recur mn the evden ofthe surviving mancerps the ‘ave ecoerable fn ofthe tex tat bebo hem ales ‘he manus wadiion depends on single wines is ecsry {a} to etabinh the rlonsipe of the suraving ramon to tach eter, (3) 0 ciinate on cnidration tone which are Slee excl fem other exiting mans ad thereore haven independent vals (obit dem opr) {0 ut the eased reaonsip af hoe which remain ely txoresacd inthe frm of sow rd oF fale) 10alt Sone Sos reconsrac the lost manus oF manips fom which the ‘ving witness decend When the sont prin state of he {ext tht is renee Fo the manusrps ha bee recon: Src the second mn sage fhe etl proces bei. The {Contd text ust e expe andthe ese est decd (thee athenie or mot (emia mo Bis day 10 ‘Chen ommde) scan be done witha esol degree af “ean wate the crrption, The tks fen amped Tp the yrnence ayo roe arian readings, each wth cin {ote the amated txt. The whole thi necond mage ome times ail gent adn hough misleading ae meni, “The invention the ent ook and in pare the pearance (theft pint ens of Coo in 465, meant tt for he Fin ine the fre of cll tenes wa acre Buti had one Snleriatesde-fc:the early pater bythe ae of ping & Text pi tended to gv that orm text aan and {permence which nf rarely deserved The an rnp of {sal ether wae way tle ore an 3 ans of what ‘er umant sanssrpt the pre cone to we ib eopy 2 ‘lin in gi othe erent manusrpt rile. The repetiion of {hi te with ony minor changer, rm ene edition to anche Seon od othe etbnnet ot vate and we here won Inthiag to prevent one fom sproving the walt by piecemeal ‘Shendation the nes fer and conservation mae iat Aorderd tin our ofa rudely ew tox ends oid do work it had dpe eer one: and althoigh the cic’ base equpnent-conmon serie ad Fremont and tae-were natural rather than aque i he “evelopment of ome of he mae te principe of emendtion nd the rap progres of esl scholar in general ened ‘im to make asap tk on ol compton But emende ‘Son cna be aed he gost ect tl recension has done Tal Crim 9 is work and scholars ight up t the ineteath cetury were in tow eae obliged to ere thc ita git which wee fen ‘the highs order, at ponte ated ext ot propery ‘ndesonh bv opon an ctreached valet Th thy edt ‘mend ot oly by cojctne, bts by the we of och ma. Scsps a they could ind. There were some very remaiale ‘Sscoveries, uk me afte the ew manage were no beter ‘than thaw on whi the vlgate Ra einai Been Bed. For a the days when laren wee largely anced rae cl ‘photography uno, ad play in fancy. his was 0 Iiormis process Worse when god mansarpr mee fond their uem wa mite crise th i wae song ny when the vate wor mane sic “The Bie ep tomarde mare wine text ito wae the ejection ofthe vlgte txt a he Bae or sons wth {he logical conser which regarded theo nant ‘dear om the waitin rather hana ear Ih a ‘ater depart of enim, the Bt impale came fam Ne ‘Tetamene sues, whee the poem war more cbvow: the seal af manatrpe evidence lft ie aope fr cnjecsd ‘Seendation ad the tak of choosing the th For he varant ‘eadinge was hampered by the amor ie sot which wat teibted to the sam ar 4724 Rchard Bese, ko ‘lasts mare forthe tamed bet of hi eo Jestares peered amen ofthe New Testament tated en Fly the ancient minster andthe Latin Vag The ‘onstrate ate of tesla prevented the project eee ‘wing resized wl Lachman’ dio of 183, bt the tack the ta eps was renewed a ew yar at by]. Wettin, tnd in the couse of few decades the ame rai ppc a Perel tothe Hell elasicalpicog, where Jokonn Aug ross and Freeh Aus Wal stated nthe mest ete eed to make te mane the bss fey ita ext “The rete seaman af ramus eidece trough the sevententh and igtenth centres acetate the nee to Work outa valid meted of sting the groin fo th chal Many ‘cholate coneuted wo the cloration othe stemnatthay fae Soir onda ecenion: this had been Fast in all enemas by he deo he naeseth entry a alough hs own contrib tim euch lige than had Boon spond, il sone sth the sume of Kart Lachman For intations, rev Toned the sing of casa ete Thee were glimmering of the ncaa method a ery a the Bamanst age Polen, tre have sen, si tha macs wich dered om am ler Sorin exemplar mer af ae and efcely applied the pindpeet simian some ofthe manus of Cicer s Later: {so® Hrsmer pwd sgl retype a whch al he ‘ing manus ent descended ad although is woson ‘Tan weep wat las reiely dened than or, He was able co ‘olin how any forall the munasets to be wrong, The ‘Shon of the medal scetype seems to have bea ist enter ‘ine by Sager who in 77 ted roe fom theatre fhe Corruption in se manures of itl tht they were dered irom commmon pret writen « pr-Caraine minureie ‘Sclgr a ara of is tine. No ret advance was made soma they of recension until eighteen cevtiry ap then the impetucame ote agai, om New Tesoment chai. a the theta) A Begs! perceived thatthe mune the New “Tetamont cui besloaifed on 4 geesagea! hs. Mare than Tae ape of the day wen they woul be reduced what he fall's lego ad tw eacly the pte of is ‘tbat an intrament for the erie elation of arnt His {enslgialeppronc war adopted with warping woes by cas care te lat tenth and early sete eerie a bp to Foison in» bie bre of schol vo the 13 ln Bye Lachmann preparing te wy fr hs eton of the ‘ew Tessament gave more detaled formation of the rls (rich engl had eapoded e the eee of ainsi 183 (Ga Zam inhi ton ofthe Veron, det what appears to hve bent et som cr of casa ex, and gave the fume which hos on gene acopennce; the great eitone ‘und by Recht and Madvig ove the next ew yar refined hotbed the method he mos mow fal serena tht (Gf Lace, wat omtrctd By oeo Bers i 2847 and preci aon tiie a reemine for Lachman init ton of 150,10 op bisa the mechaialaplentan of the stems td to it 4 cae demonstration ofthe malty of she hype chen by ‘contracting it pial farm and tli i ned coe perro pg tha, and how many lines oe page “The clase statemee ofthe theory of temas that of Pal Mas In practice the stemmatie theory aso Litton. ‘Maas wan wel aware snes scl operation depend othe ‘eation being lose thst tations ae dese ow. The (Seen ofthe hey are lous (a) The emacs oss, Of Rat importnce in tematic are the eer which seer make in coping mn Scripts: for thee ere prvi the trad mes of working oc the rlaoships ofthe manure Speci seston pido ‘err of omimion an transposition, For senate pape hee "srr canbe le nto (a have Which show hat fo mans Sips are more vey rented to each other than to tid ‘manurritconjucie ers) and) those which show ha oneam Scie and Shale _anuscrp a ndependent of nah bcs the end contin sn cor or eros which the fist fe prs eae). (Care taken vo sc that thse src re pint eno uch smisakes us two srberare ikl to make independent och ns ‘srbe cou ean emove by conetue On ti hs the ner ‘eltinships of he various manancrps ol anancrp groupe ae srk out sep step un deal» eramao he le a ip eadion har been recente (0) Te aption of te tome, The mechani spistion of the semma to recostuct the resting fhe archetype Bt trated by = ype sean show ave represents the Archetype: the lotrmediate lot mma fom whch the Sorsvors descend are init tt sunray, ty Ged leer, ‘The estat mance eight uber ABCOERY2) for the ‘ake fe astraion, i sstned that Ee eget alae ofr seal par he tex. 1D is drive endive fom A wl ier fon A only in bing more earipe The st sage therfore, lina 1 Thetest of canbe ifr om the agreement of CD oom the agement of on of ter wih an outa winee (A The tex off canbe keel om the agreement of ACD oF a AC agit Dar of AD again Cor Fn the arena of iter ‘Aury with « 4 The teat of canbe infred from the apent of XYZ o of ay seo of them agua the tio om the agement oe ‘of them (pevied the uther two daagree wth enh tn) ou ‘Wien the tents ofthe two hyparchstype (a anf) have een ‘coach readings pela the fal wines ACDXYZ can be lined fom consideration (cia ‘mam stron (Ifa and 8 yee they ny be sie o gv te tet of he cheep thy cng ether of he two reac ay be the teat ofthe arhesype Ie the tak cma to deve Swick ofthe tro vara authent Wat some pin inthe text me hate the evidence fs hin kp branch of he ain (then he principle of to tapi oe wl operate ad the ts te are wl ely Bin dab if ahve dre or two of them ae Ie ‘av lon int these re independent ‘The application of hoe princi sometines np mater, ‘The elon af he mosis ny be ae es yo more ghriog fe. Parl sing examples are anded then Bok as ured py damage which rested inthe epics mide Rom it, wheter deco at more han oe rane “The fin acl to wets om of egumene ws Plan, nis scion of Cer’ eter tthe wy athe met reed ‘mapped by other sare fr «ey lang ie he th ‘Son of Lace imporan nkences were made by Lachman fom physi! damage that mst hve tke place na ost ck ‘sever that atone in here wae oy with Senta to ‘ho page. Some leaves thot and wer ince replace ‘hs cig ew locaton fhe tein soe suri copes Amore firseaching conclasin can be ren the mane ‘of Arias work on Alesapders expedtion to Inia Thre ste ‘hou forty ofthe ae alfave santa gp inthe vere tone int. Asa rule thislaeua ecm the mal of pge an he Serbs have copia the text mio utc ts easence Bn fone snus (Viens, i gr.) occurs Berween the end ‘one veo page and the beponing of the next ren pages ant Fares inestgaton shows that there it one lee ming ht psn. All other manwscrips even deed ro the ook afer XChnd sred mutation In th ese heer, the eehedpe Drscred.Avatherpreeredashuspe nthe Ono Epc (ac. 419, Pte Vi hee» rmudge f ith bere ee words fen which are ming om al acer copie ‘But such mathe of ere canna be psi the mony of rai In general ay be pol eas» fo fate shout therein ofthe later marge oe water en minor texalomisions, but rte ain ati ofthese wl Be cess to cif and arange the mamas by erence 108 sre of sigan emeran Sobran ais “The apparent simpy ad nal of the steric method Galina above fe Scene Though often anaes the ear’ ‘role of wleting the ight mansicrpe o manuacps Br i ent there are crema in wih wy revit. The ‘theory ses ta eng abd erce re raneited erica Foun one manosrp another tat t ay ect Fur one tek tothe copies that are made Fam Bat ths Become ees tnpy evident schlars have pred more detaed ings tt the wadkion of many tet icing some of the highest ierest tn importance, canoe bo elested by the applation of the emmate ther. In thee cases the manus cantor be terigned to ces or fain characteied by gronpe of errs cure there haben contain shoriona namic, Readers in ancient and teva times dif not pecemary copy = text Fo single velar a thei texs were olen corp. the “oped diferent copes, tering in thc own manus God feuding o itreting sins they nnd tek oe Ua onan sample Xenophon’ Cympalirihe process Was ‘mde soon that the tradition fat een hopeley on {aminated bythe dt ofthe earest eat manuscript Sctlry cvty nary et his rr nd a many manne the res crn be observed. sce variant ending are quote i the Imagine or Renee the nen It fllows thatthe teas ost ommenly read olen thon prescribed Sor the school aos, ‘Se monly tosh eran contention But heaton of ‘rove recone nator ot exempt fom tit ete he ‘eampl of ogoes Laci shows ' forthe diy i the theory is i ts assumption tht al surviving manuscripts can be traced tack toa singe archetype ‘State fo the ec ancient world or early Mids Ages In practi ‘oraugh examination of manus rains has olen speed ‘Oat this nocso, but Ut detention ope emay be poe to acount fr slo llth trans on the smpton of ‘Remina ea bck to a weheype, bt tome eigen 10 Tana rim as fe the para, sod they ae pyres act rai Ces of leet arr beth ter sre ha Be lsd hn Tis sce yb oe mare mons ‘Creseing' iflen tanch of tad, wc ceed be ‘Shed uae tan one shar fr soe xn Shee elo bec aan win te an taon hee income scp 9 tr sage (oe P) ‘The py of Asya Bars wih came seed fr athatvesing joy wet hah sprees ‘Geer th ta cnr pet In tym Oe mance fro (Cnon se 1 so cnt {hint nen ste Witt sp hr heey hat fof them re gue by 4 csi The passe ar been ‘pesed me puro bt peat apt el iat iced he powers ote mie tie nt ered {fs geri fow ac wet expat ml inane ‘media coy ands ny oe fee ed unser ‘ir psi tres tees of ain Cypwen Recet reeled exec singe copy Holi 2) after Theo nome sod yt beyond al resemble duke pene Her tote radton psn conte Noster taoaon hay teon Seed bt ane eae common fo Sot cn: the jena manne wes tena Mone, ‘hl the Cyprian mun ey Cy ted nul {ater on Foo the ane mony which pet many ‘On fal comping ctr the pony tht the ace tutor Hel mde ost sao rong ot ‘er pbtason Sons tae weld be eee cow junio i opening os cond eon Unc sntos of the mn pug des so eden we me ly t= apt Hs predeer ten i he modern worl lee ‘emperor cane erin mr del ntl ‘he cope fm hh sur aches decd eh Te two verso ced ae by se ooo oa ts hocaanal eamnon leg lace Whe seme cnt so Se red a tay te he aon One oe usene Scie and Schl tho be gen in which author ceviiane ae wl bt have ot Mcted the sens serial. At Marta 10483 ok the nme of crite tod nthe Fin ton of the bk forthe second eon, prepared alter hi dat, the 0 ger ‘epi are was replaced bya word indenting the fem 0 which ‘he belnged A pole explanation of he incoherence of «sen in Astophanes Frag (r437-53) hat nme of th es come om x revised version ofthe pay. Sry Galen 15.64) tes te conse sate of one of Hippcrater werk to margin ‘ons and revs by the athor ‘The notion aa bert manus ie somtine ound in isons oftetal probleme, apd there waste when a sped the Suton othe eaginar wa the ama o the mor oon ‘ny of ring betwen ae renlngs Bu the procedure his vighy been etcad, sine i wan eguenty aed wien regard tematic metho and in any cate never am ror Tepe One canoe hopes emit best manic nthe lone has considered reading fal the signin mac ‘crit at alte points were they verge spent anise trv tne eat or recone books which the semmaie Imechod nso fr wt isapplabe,povertobe of ee conte Inge tw. ‘When this hat been done iti psuble co daw up lat of ages in which the varies manners inal oer the ‘eading whichis beat for Eterary,Inguti, hia eh ean ead the manos whi has the largest elf ih eng oe asa right o he termed the best mann, The ty of he erm len nite, arly thee ae one drmore ether manip which hae a lt ul umber of {uo reatings In testa ans where the ert ay esceay Ue emploed its tei confined to passages where there variety a regs among the manuscripts and there ae no goad refering one ofthese redings to another, Since the Bx ma Tau ri 2 sein sha which ses the retest mbes foe ratings oso whore here aren grou fr Sao, oe thon he others the cet adie pase ere ‘0 uch pounds eat Ir ths agument fem pei whack isis the ape tothe Best margin the enews nits eri pecea to mention a variation of the fat agunet tere she This ont of on pea tthe eo of the test manner ely iphing tt the neyo ‘eit gurates ster omverscy maser of the Renan Stowe are domed ss uioporao merely bee of te ate ‘There ofeourne no doubt than general cra lation xi beeen the ge of anit ad he gaya te ex that alles since it» reasonable penton that at manag Separated rom the rg ext ya ager amber of ere trip each of which to be jes more crap tan Predecnors In many text radon meson wile that Abe oldest manus she fe Bu there ae some exceptions hich sere to sw thatthe genrsaaton mu nate cee Spt. general argument tay be dr fm the dace of fhe part tha the are many centre ere Ban Te tele! manicp Sey dome ae whol or emake ‘etna ne of he ut ea ed inporane comin ing Menanier’s Dyes (Bodmer atonagly cre Medics! manus yell « nmber of fstnctne oumplee ‘Several mana uf Greek stor which date fm the Pe. logan Reninanee ep. 73) area mh the ase va Yo eos the more mous mano ofthe sae ex that re ar mach {thre cere catr (eg Viena sap 99 of Pat, Par ‘oat of Mhcyen Laur 216 and Waleabte Aap pg ‘Apthois Rs A me cvene exam ee seed ‘emu Vienna manic ofthe minor orf Xenophon 7h which sey a kent in pores to the eter Wines beng the sr ro many core ed The ‘ame pheoumenon may be chewed uo Latin ten Late Spams inden prin tev atone made ym acs oe ter of est npr A eng stan28 Sera Son Sal's Jur is ising nthe east maori, gmt ff Gels wre only fund in a ew Steet cety wt, id far sme ofthe lees of Cero and lay eae whl depend fenton printed dion. Thre areal tions in which the ‘eatioship eeweeo the older maser and some ofthe ure ‘recent ites i compte and buco example the ‘ase of Jovena Persian and Ovi, otha te tath may on ote. sion surface in compartivey late snanacipt nthe case of Seneeds Trp the fy a ors lon ine deal party becuse representatives were ols date shen the mast tne the E branch fhe raion the cen Eanes a 3749) Asa vs a the dicovery of thes ate wits ha fe ‘ticerse to the er and txt rt «prince ha been ‘tabled which i oalyexprese by he fol edn “These lte manors pose poem forthe er: what is ‘he narce of ther gon rendng In ste eset clear beond ‘ay ease dou that they ropesent a ranch ration ‘hac canot otherwise betel the gn readings ae sich tat they ould ot pons have ben ited y schol ofthe Miele Ages or Renaissance. The copy of Kenn mentioned shove ica ease inp it pie word ming om the text in foe places where the gep had net even heen detonated beforehand Bu fen not so cay fo come toa cncion Renaissance scholars were capable uf ete cnjcrs etn ai texts-two oman mansr that lang persed eer ‘hat they had sume independent ae are acy of ere Florence (Laur 3538) an the Liden Tact (HDL 16 Bj-and itivafen inposnble wo say with any ceiny whether oro a pariaar conjure woud hve been within thr pumere The ‘Sine comidertions aly to Byzantine wharf recat esis have tended to sapget tht their abilty con ctl restraon of «text war rater more inte shan hs Sometimes eon sted in the part, Trt rin ” Apart om ancient and medial sks (and occasional rans Inns to ehe anges) the eer and ee vt has snther source of belp in he secondary or indiet aon Thins {he em appli ustatos of nearby another ho may fon ocesion preserve the comet reaing wien all the eur? ‘ants othe author quer en or There ae oe oo flmous examples ofthis phenorenn. In erg farther (62) the manosenp ge But Quinn (9.38 though his MSS. ton ae core) ciety read ur atthe beinning of the elie cae whch led tothe recente “Andis ot ol ancient authors whos quan hin atthe it ‘ext Same god menue tha ore pow lot sve state in the Mile Ages apd were conned y scholar that prod. © ‘metal sure uf secondary ation hich eet the Secon, To examples maybe given of goo reading eat ‘oes in quotations of Arophanes(e) Km 954 where has ‘bevy horas he mane ave the metal fey (8) (Gnd 245, where the manuscripts ive nary deere whereas the Seda hus peradpoere an amsing met coinage, poly ‘creche Raven scl lo aparety had ht cain), Te should not be supposed meer tat secon raion an unsing source Of corect reins Ancient medieval ‘rites were evened tha thee modern couterpatto Salon de advice of De Roth. president of Maar Colle, Oxford. om 179% t0 1854, who when asked by Dean Borgo hather ater ing career he had ay ace to ote young Scholars replied “Always ver your reference Quotation were ‘oly made om memory and there mere god eto thisne Seon Sars racte, Ancien books ofthe ol pe did ot faite quick Feoroce and when the cnr fom war adopted reales ti (ould ot count reguily om sich ads a page numbesing ‘Sper dvvon. an lige smbering, which are pare af every tle et. These conidertions mast be bre nd es Uther the masse ofan author oer ope reading, and there "to scepale hue nt abut cern alternative io the ‘ectny trad Ether reasing many be hat he sucha wrote Bue ia the marty of even editors wll probly be right 10 faow the primary waitin: he dverget renin auction is tkly tobe gat only ithe prone of the qvton sae to trois or tte the degen mor pare, whereas the divergence ince othe goeation I probs de ‘meray tape of men. “The dic of enamcting fem piper my be how by & few example (a) Artophanes, earns 33-the MSS have of spree eon eA dpi | cree wr The Sa exon quae the Ine wih the ending apy. the article ich devoted to thi trond In pracpe there son reson to hope tha his mi be {recat quan, but the dative f er Mlomaze than the ‘Sesuntve in thi typeof ver nd for tha reson rected by the eis {) inthe same pla at 3-3 the MS. fer ir anyeunanse rt Ges, Sopa “Thee lioes are quoted inthe Sade ai on yp Bu with 60 (Blrence in theft ieee i replaced y 86 and nthe tecond Seer: by spocbfers. Sc the guatation is net imeoded to skate ether of thse wordy there e mt mach esto orn te acuracy.Yet om other rod dha may well oii, andepocefeme at ly to be right a the rae pezling bier {e) Leeretio 373s gies ithe MS. Ta Cnn a _Macrobias quotes the ine ia 8 pasiage where ei comparing Loewe and Ver (4215) a ves the varan fr. Th ‘deny superba the qaraton ws nt made fo rate any ing word inthe a inthe ae Book a 676 the MSS. hve ‘The grmmarian Chass (p25, Bari quotes then wth ‘he vant gi and nasa tra purport xem the fey ths gotten Far tha remo ers ely though oot Svar, adopt the reading “The etic may fod hms postion where he has to choose ‘eeween to reaings ha are cally aeeetal in espe othe ‘ese ad the linge wage fs athor hat el that tne Crimp ro argue Fm the mers he mana ach ‘hunt there ete eatin tht ae euch. rm ‘raliram arom andi bo ptr The irs hee ‘tener pcp andthe tn ofan be eal exlioed. Given ‘Be tendency of sees to cmap ett resonable To suppose ‘hat careles copying oe dene to pi» ie patenge frcouraged certain Ses of aeration The mani ifr hs [eto in scclyapeaking no more than ap apleation of ths {ene principe Irene the notion ha Fone othe avaale ‘age nore dieu 0 onde, ore fly to be the ‘rect edn The jostiestion oth ew tha ries tended ‘Sometimes comiouy, sometimes inadvertent, to eave Rom the ta the re or arn ing Ferme tha were no Longer ‘eadivundesoad, oto simplify a complex proces of tough that thy cold nt must Ateratvetrme to esrb thee tie fe iaterplaton and vlan. Many velerences tthe m0 ‘Aart wl found ncomoventaren and there 0 dot {fis mle. But i has probaly een overworked or hee 2 temptation to me dle of nomalour yay or antmm Sir and Shale sch aes he more du redig maybe more fic eee ‘tis wrong In onder to ental the truth oan the manutrpe evidence the schol needs vo hve sme equitane wath the various pes ‘ruption that ocr. The primary cise of these wat he nity ‘lserbes tome a cre copy othe ex that Bore ther “The majority of ero wore hwounny, bu the en of thi section we refer to an impart ete f which hi sot Arthough seems spss hate concentration of the srs sould have edo offen mone may soon verify or ims experinent how dif tt make an etre scr stcoy feren ashore Ife allowance nade fr he length ‘eine dering which copying hand war the only mean of ane ‘bon, ts porbaperemarahe that more ancien ets wee ot reduce to an unntellge condition Many deen itl in the path ofthe see he once alowed his attention to wander ‘Some ofthe pois ae nated inthe alow Thy a0 te regarded a + amallweton divided into rough a ready made the bet of tata sty and a0 not pone to {stabs wih any degre of pecson te relate equecy af the ‘sous pes Another impurtant Waring tha tbe sgn fn emer to lite na vay a ean right apes, Cases ‘Moen wbic tie pose to tbat «mata tone of sever ‘mc to x combination of tem thin somration to be ewe in ind tat ot al ces fer wer ect tall es ‘case pit tat the eo ome abievatons which were Table to cate diity to seiber canbe set within chroot or oral tis. “A: Minaker indeed by any feature of ancient of medieval ending ray be taken st ft cs of eve. I mgt be ‘ppned that this ati mch nore ero hunny other ba the cael dy fan apparatus ca akon hit Tana iim 25 epic cases err within thi late) che lc of on between words a many manent (i). ose ry oF “eta Teer na erp which reve he ing sone ‘he mireading fan abbreviation parm ray ere ‘ing ele or common hot word there weal etn ‘fare renin hey terms of Cri tes these Sr known af win se nae eget i bath Greek td {ai texts. nut anges abbreitions are 9 pero td compos tha thes of ther farm tej in al Pate) (Ge) Since manera were eres by ten bath engage they were often incor anand, at which fe serous Finance to arent of economic and ality tory, Pepe ‘ne muy adhere the confi of wo word fash speling ven when there immediate cxse conf nthe (lee othe india etre, (0 «Peon, Cm (lta gue uc abr rt awe wert Set CE ao) Beats Sota (8) Te fon ti cmon foe in Ltn igs Tncipas IT EF PEPPRC BREN OQ COG ads sob Sof gpa no i so nite nw rnb Mri Sistine cnn rw chr nr Sea ane eye Pa XV), 1 Snes, fp be,oy Sb ond Sehis "arene ot tere psi ve ee oe ol Gp of ee able 9 be ane wh cach rn Grek Tana Aad BOOCICK FT Imi: pw Aaa, 28 Dye ore nen iw Cohan dee Se Bae 4 i8iac MSS: Te onanism amis of. ad ion i acpee non ot pub cn ropa. ut ln eho peyee Vi ple: abies san Sn ae ey sin ahr te corp ey thettal coin ood rc on pret i gna pass selon pai, ioe nimeol ee ‘Th mt roa 3.9 ae ne ar ote 2 Sec, pic 7 (Quarto tbe und he en stem] BV. hc Mae rink Te ami Ve pre he ‘arate rao ws Seen the nding of MPD. 5 Sch on Apne igh 5. Tate ope ot Bags Hedda oe Bp Ae Vi ptsinar EM. Veep hr wre 0 i penne (apohend = (=e) 4+ A, Fame 3-8 Saat root Foes Tepe ems reer Dopo at Cnn 2s i 5 Cor, tag ‘ecmomal ps es Hoe A plate ene = OT = 2 Thames sor ete Baa aac a & aye dren Si ina Te ie arecrctee Rtwome Tpy bates oy (Grr B pg mca a) rags ny eae sind mapa olay MSS dh ber ae gf eigen ein Nps diane has age tn oer ‘Soke ten ih were AA abe (0) Ses, Foc ons Topo ie reign me ream 2 nr, i saint Tr Bo Arba ce pnt. (wh B.Oiber coruptont tose tof changer in tpling ac pronunciation For insance in nt Lan the sounds a and ¢ cme ential whe beame toe sounded as ative and wat ‘tnkined wih 4 In Greek several towel and dgthongr were ede the single sound oo, a the moder lage "ores om thi change known taco Bet became ‘cate ain madera Grek and od pion in pithong- The woz tear hata ther rege oe robs Slope ny wtb nd. To codes Pasting ans tes ‘Ear bane hi edt (nthe cd tes Ker. 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The hx coins te apy othe wae Tce Poth npr inland Aarne tha oe Tne fas B49 Ghd eH ‘Kreator mone ge ait 6 1 Saino iio eri Sree ayn ni Th $Seccbie gp Coca tne rene bok se Sh snag i 9 a nt Siogecteeinpptngrbrben nr nny ote ire tt ad Teac i st Oot ay SSRN NEC Tes acs se Bape en (Si on nl pra Bo es is hott the pce fli th cn ery one my ashe ns pal Nexen ly Site pach any ngs wh een at te yee apd na tree ae hae sae Serta aly Trp sutan tba ce eae tnd eh ag mo pony Wad54 Nas Chass A cha it iy enti, Lion 05 0 7-57 8 he ‘mee fon Er as-yeTho cy Cia apts wll reed Chad at Cine al cna rain Oa! 1 thes (pod invlunam ae Wj Eh Coy ont Get pos tenant ign Onn 19. und A Wis Dae Keon (roca ger 19 Orgs cbt troy wed faeces Phe Bade Ash tiie hhc Cash tela nant th Bynieperin rper le Aine ce ha tend omy (im et need ti est Mau pcp t # dc oct 4 eo yh cl ere ber ene agen en eee fens hse ‘iepmioproneoel Phan tether nd rl wong ‘se ed no more sh ring rite fh ea ‘melody The ae cen ete y NG Wis Se A oe hm i eo “Te bumget ona cai by CA Fabs, TAP pha asund inthe compete monn y W. Spee, roo ‘Reznor oar do asa Chan Seat 98 The smn eng eres esa nthe te ceiry ae no enya nia Gel pas apa at Coma ML Mert Bmpr the ope trata nh tne th il aca N.C Won, Scher Bin Lec hy Te gn hk ced hen reppin € Qos nd Rit ed) Hae “tel Cag rs Can 0 ne 9 Ub 985 ‘ayia Ort cmco hol te baer bore on "Warmomitry ft eion fpe e shak wa pt Nate Cher i eww i is bin rch Tie (ok 1 ino She loti, nd beet pices 98 Pate enwcrhadben std Turd in Boon eon se The ny was mje tes eh ania by WS ur Et ip i 30 “hs of he Cw ees oe age oe. someite athe nha vena be hl othe aus pare SMC hee tna egy ann 98 pp Ter mn 8 Gk et Orit Aes te me fc rae ngs in te ate ovine tyne a Py ys see One hg ake ‘Egpeant Sythe ent ensue Ltt Auocny eae lyn Cheatin Enon Whe oy mane fie ‘oe sel Gen pon far nay Cara Unser ee Geta een of be New Tse ar diced by BM. 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See ao Gates (ed Spagna [Activ cara Amen “eth Necham Samrand cu Ch, 1 Cambie 195 ater tention sng pe i he et Ab Pym an chem Res tes on hwo Caen Por Arena ri ce Leryn inp ahi eit 3 leash 26-94 ho gree the chown to Calon he oc ot ‘eto ate ea sue ote Be re rect wa he [imenanvrian Pao se W'8 BE Newt CQ v9 ek, ‘my be worth ng hat soya so eto wi ran luton cher Oneal et eee ey a a, inthe uber aha ace sr dt noma ts on ‘ftom ate nat Sane pup Pats Rae feed apc ma Gone rer fom Nag mm se Caper ‘eed han 597 ieee: Repos men Pa Cali tnt of Ar {eat the Cn lp mre wy tb tg of eer Vln andthe Ponts of Ter iin Se Nalin Sn San rain Bran (Catige 1) ape eRe tt mo Ree 1948 se) Eon Eng my ‘Seton bea aot stot af ick cae Gk geo st ote i ist a ‘evn cetyl hv seg le oie of Gr fer Sin dnt Se Kale, gu Bi 9) 7 See hee ‘thr itGamo 98 fo rs tng et det Sy sta gh byBt Pom and Carol Lim cance nen Re Phen fie nt ntcy ‘The pic dea wih in th eb dk et we etl on in NG Wien Sintra ats Landon gies ow chang of Je ‘remem te akan on, Pr cen Nl 9 ‘Sime ution abo Pin ween ey iy leg ve ie st hans 2-3 257 nant rob compo Bin ec 2g ncins feds koe tee id Sac Fe wep ms nae, ose ators nh - Vi tar ann pd ntinverand bok ration then Btn Saket Oabrntpam Waning ops snd Wom OS Tage ste. To nea of vr oy eye, ‘heuptstrscthenbringorboak postion sr te Silos ath cur ino sine slap aban Aspe leedog new wl ing opl ol ur lta ap ibeading tw prope Forth nti} ba, Soper Tats aga 20 on 3 ig t7-se9. The ebm price SILL emer B29) aromas soy hat alae ahh lf ethene ss ‘Soucek seolcobg Avsld penne meee be ‘Seino etna aman ee Grek hr {Seales na yt ote pge ra pras ite ib ct op “ere acy sa of Pas (he iy Kr RE ler ed del ded The lira camera ‘eleced wd sed A Dye hPa eyo Bare Memeo dent Ta, Vn eh’ cometary one ha hat mow bene fom the sting stop unr 592) oy Mon de a een Tine wih plone afconade rae fr memo 1 Thee (Among he mos eee rc wks We he tad ak “We ofc Ds Ae enn bol be made of Cet Lr Le Pepa a Me Casa tg Pe, Etonas neo Cagiers engl by J} Contention amd cbr the brace Wit ith tome ag tr Colin’ SC. 1h B Bid Sri © (monn cay sal slo al em Cao Sage Sane a a a ao mae, (Spat nes ceed rhe Mwave So 3 Si (pr ats soot eb ane bre ‘Be nda wk nA Love, Cl at dp ve 3 nko! sey lh Adin BB and Bren M59) (one 6 conned eens a at an (the lingo of lc ing the Du Aas se LD ee aon mms ari La Oak 38. 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Lanes 196 rach i). |} Dome (Gna Bry sph bed a Cane at ‘Seng Vn sawn dence eos Camron, Calo utd, 871 (980 858, he sheath sles tb anc ee on Vwi, ‘dbus pope by Conc ne cumied by H Bodh a it Note Chaps i pv of CLA in Seo, 35950 hand by BB in iri Suivi spt be p13 817, Cea Sea SERA Man Od gp pes reef eats onic nonce eco Car re es teeny gah 5-8 "tang yo ci msm fine eet ttn see Epa pe} Stat spt Kew daarouro Genco ti a ry em no Biheller Nees 4 Marsh tS 7-804 ‘Futcnatlle nyo te dm of wrt bt a me = yet eile fy tok. pe a ‘SS der ftetadon orca indrone andre StS reumenedeanininn aon ‘Stiegl Senge sa sere ‘Prt tls st vy pape ehh Nee ate! on te mcs of CLA we EA Lime Cee te ag Ep Tar Van Se Te 5) ps mpl Tap oer Ord 97 > fe kos Fer dead of empl. oho Retheresre ‘mem pape Veta Pa tae Sour #3 (979 1 nln ed gd ‘opel th al aie sins Sheen eget "Tiscover cu her pce qn ote (he ry sh al py nd rc i ‘ew wa at by Cac‘ ct iden pce mac © er Sal ea es gh appt Peso eo of it cal eae ee Bet "Pe sons Coa aed, Cn han Ears 4s Cage ‘app sp WB Si non cet a Di ‘en Camden’ (Sri: beri, wl 2h ie s957, mer mater sme snp steno shat cleat ‘vik rnp Ea COATS ia) 6} Thee anso nero hp sv asl rics the chy vy fhe ih by BB (Spt tgp 3098 al Werdpune n r Geiie derie (Shen scp Faerun 8 (gs) as bth ern in rhe Sd, 9g oy. ep 73 Fo Tints none eye se Baer, rd Wg ‘Maen hen eer i em oad hare ‘Mt Ox Lindo 96 "Tec tes suey often qin fai niga Bish licen T} Bron Ae honest oe eof ca Ln ‘os the rahe Ee th ih he seth cee ‘Str aor si ore PM me, eins oes "The nor rs dil et nA Sen ad |LDLA Og Br fv 9 he pt (Mei yo Ares Piao 701 Came Mav 6, sl tl en we, [eteen eee npr #1. Gnom A pany oman ie red eB pore Ag Santon 98) Go St Lag, Sewing olan” Ang Soe Engen AC Lopigr and Ge Lamy ato tS Ea len prt Pa Cha a fs rs, (Core 1 -t SosG enmcer ae hogy oie SGML eee, ado wt tals pn ola, Te Row! ‘Ph ns hee 19h 69-9. Tay ft Vee Hoe In Ba hi ame utara Hp Oa 93533 (hehe vp nh cle et Th no rig torpedo Cee eae NY 97.90 7 {Oni e ako KW. Suter le! ams her i ina se atria Ete, 35 ir MGR ae smear by) Cam Th ps on ns (Oe Mee Tn Oxo 98 MP peg Sas 1. Levon ind dt Cot hi amt, On 198 ‘rms the au wet ua te ary sy fhe Ang. ‘tomes ep yur Te pact hen of get of — tet Chars us rine cay ornate at cond lel has ere Yoh} Crk, nce ortetehens hea 1 kr are tie et in mig hp ged sh ne Sik serene sc te nee a Toon nena nde ge nce ol oth Seti cn on sg eo ‘Set tat me ete ue Ste apr ommended ond omc ant snc in henner mantic eo ns tone oma end SE chao ate cw whe ant Eero Gone Cat is on ale ky he an ‘teen a whe ppd nga es pod tt hau ben eon mp Cotcipepe oe celeb paket ‘tes Be ot mat of ern ot quia tara eons pnt Cnn me Tommi Soon ees [e'c te pmey meh hss Sony he a th tent espe wp ene aes BERL snc htt ral apa oe Fie aon vag} Wha, Posey Fob od te coe oe Pade eco Tito ty mie hanes jo sect i artis we Sone er ea ad em Fc ero ge, roy be SEZ boi 304-10) T.J Brown (op. cit, 28t-g) examines the sigeS Notte Cher V. Theanine ‘he saci se of Chroma we filly an ext inthe Inne which sn eBay ss of a, even 94 al Be Fh dca f besn ed nl fly deed by UW Serta PRA, gest per we Int action he ong and me of i mud, a "i hadkce shea i somone Fate eurion ae the ‘ine Shouse a bering der on ar “pe rae teers Ne i aa Le 0B Bic ‘Boisrtgts pp. thu Fara poly ce. A Bough The Yrtnge Loder 97 og with oman Bo nde tng enn, Stern hae Hay 4 (19792 FB ‘Sirs fe ett de ML eons oe mir “Tbe acon syle na ads ie eon settin inal compe nd econo abe erate Tan Soave te uth Roky fiche Pape deri Atnons nad “Zain tit no tr. vaso ay 1B. cin dD Gar, La aap aint ie te Cannes th lle open Leon! He, OF. ‘wel Thar nocn Teret eed ‘gute Toots she Ame eer cys be mwneé thot) Js La cy) Powel edad aon te NY ot pp: ln rn Seis Ree Yo ped wri one ‘Shop tome a nam ep re 7 Beeman mans we EA oe Ty Rae a # of lakers onde pre an eed {eg Bum Rom ipfor to Lone Pasay , a sinner mang of Aue ayes Spt Riser ge ae Yow at Fava an venceatay Tem ve rns “ Vi Sh agen of ter of he nh coy (i De tug gh anda Laan oi rah ovary ole Cae a Ooi tate ae PB) fen mara n pre Cane mie Vem at 277, which sen coaon Gn’ she ee Onn Tr wa ‘Resco singe bay of Lan poco rnc pre Lon at Sih Ch ps apenas Vl ayo no esha el pr ai Ma VL Coie br an heat des rte the es try can Srdeactiter a resins cnr formate reo ena ot reich nsa ce toner ing et reneatnny tee mae eae epee ee entpmpsee barton maccane roe Sait sae ee oes Sigeciw aura Toe te of Cy r,t te Fe sd cate e token sneint'ss Raich toes at ene ree eee iettenticm hetero Cae alse eee Seas cehavearsma pen banyan fan eecieireta nate acres Heder eeteenscnecraere erecta Cory tee te re ee a ee Sa ae os Patan peter marten Pee re en niet et Br iaeed cbc ke merges be ened cna meno eerie feeiiriomniemaen eg eeean Nace Chg suing eos thy nda cneraThe [Mbenatm fr he tne tap les otf dat con ‘ches senile MMM sr tn oe oi cesta a Sabot nome er Hae (llr we de Zot Kae de Groen Koa rcv 2 9 23-34 (CMS pp 8 haa Hanon wed ie {imatSprie Bh 3064 ‘Pr tenes the a ie yee ees ine an nits fan et fr i od herp ay bere fm ep ol Ton noni: es eon of he anu ato cfm cane Rest sve 320 ‘Sacro ene fey et, whan ce. ‘arr wr rseance wre own peel by Aa Oo, ue 0 ee de ‘hun op nF ie a Pig or oe FG co se, Buc Lach Se tr ‘Cf M9 Pegi Trai tassios e {tied ear Laes T (p8a 7 Anacoo o en ‘te oe mc an ora ‘op deen cigs ete Nee XH ice, RT 8) "Re el tation hn er pd ya ‘road ete Mok en snd Peemeng es igus {anon ten cn int fms a a ‘ar te De 3a 598 YL nie lens ‘ey tS comer rte ane ‘Mert as haonape sb ae ef Kt Gs Motta cg Aan hs (Chr ave nee rome Acts huge ges) 0% For ir fration Bon se Bit‘ ainDte derSe Stim. 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Tc cinimenal opts att bth Poa Mn ot (Sls Earache Lapa Por other neh ofrecer, Min mien as Ps Rae ip eri tes Pat 260 Ghee Teatro On 95 ‘he want fh ae og he Mie ee ‘ tochll "De Coekrong dr cheshire Sian (See u7th fos el (mle Sad AL 7797 om ‘tins Fler Fes tr Rama ag maa Cn Sr aan An 8 Ben Ctra cen ety Ing tn). aves e ee cpl ado Eaton, CE Diop cana 3 Din 8 the ar “pt non to Brescia lan 5 Ine Peden go PP nd ther, Pr 984 Thorens ou i plea ne of poten the tern mana ol ht ses, ol etre ‘Biome my spe ofa mn oni Dong ee ped Anant peer action hel we ad meson Da [Tiree Lt Cpe nnn Pa 8 Ge ee al oe mmm ft Mo Gop Sooo La Pasco er ot tira (Callus tana Sa CNS, Ne 99h Pa 29 Fie “The pte meh! ae Subing nd ening ane ‘dence’ Se md Doses. 44) Grd Rap 1B den ‘le hen hep sem Sven ih el by raring o he uno rnp heparan to ps rie hr on an oh ca, nd Te Aman pg Se ‘ur act of eli ay ge te imprint ee et tsbecn pred te seep we ‘etry he la here sametiner eo and tain then ig be tipple A Seco, Tore pone hay at ‘Poe ei in rain ng he Cra ro Sieg Pp bs Nur Chg = te condone meni nal lecion of inal Boks and etic al ice ) M Bivens hi f mani erm of 2G Tra ovo ge Phe ontngr rien gecr maue dfni, Cpe ghee heel wt wor ranted nt ln eee ie Tam conan, ec 395 Have Mand oe rb api ott, Pai “Ltn, Mein, Ono 955 Bi Neer Tren Tose lemming rnd rene Obes shen tne icin mad Cai, Ma 09 Eb Bret eased re Are oft a cs, Ose Sot Th frp Onin 1936 Ti gee ete Igo ecm of eg rin ew Tena Tent Sn alms elas pe Bolg 98 Wi Tse a oir ce Ser Longs ond ® 2 Browning Rare no tere US 7 38 © Se sem emia cep er en Oe ge ones hye ase 9 fore in MSS, CR 16 (90 4-36 rnin Eines Gone sds aS (pops ‘GTi dle pat de Grgurede Ne re 7 A Gens ivi sr le cep Spe RT 7 C97 Mlk, tere igenamen ZA» (610-2 RM Oh Me oun Gon amr 18 (970 326 NED Rane, Stem “usm che son sn In The (nv hb ma! tre Gant (Bg 8 ‘Pane he 568et Ns Cher MD Rees, Same apt of Pai tr sh cot Lsnsmananpt i Leste GC ba Rint adiom davipiroe + mths pb a Ta Go Egy Cond atin Tt New Yo 8 ‘1 inn The we of eon in anit ck prod Sn dition nits Mo (eases, x Ee, arn rag eh por appr i the mane eto REP gy) 3 'CC Yoong Some ops fee e manage of ey Ort GBS sg 8599. Tie peo th eran mance ea ¥ sheesh mabe nn ped tech ai ed ES mete tim params iain abet INDEX OF MANUSCRIPTS Seeley cian fa 4 Resi wt ect years iioredenty ante Sonali ese meee en dha aoe Teatchad et te weet ners ne Sse: Var 6 ‘A Ode Beh et mom6 Index Monro. ee ‘ey fhe mmr oe fm Sry te ete Eran in Pon beg ae npr enn ten Bei emai bey i ‘Tejon hed aa matron be BS Een cept oh * corer cent os ro ‘ene 98 pen oe Unie pty) su ny oe ae y Idec Msp = i Fein ae Soa Hike et seme ‘Serhan Lacan gn rt Schnee opera om Soon euaecnies eee aa Benen ect a Bene oS Enea Sears RES Saeco ee ele Kogan ined ope a 2 oes suas eget ce snail ben nh BenSC aeaeaeaea 8 Indo Manso vena Meena ee se a mht fe Lin aie My Cs i Yon Sra ot SBME a moc Neal ae alghow Shbe) arry oom 3965 “Rasen sghy 19s Miley 19 2 one I a Index of Manso = Me s4 ata ses Be Ma Sint Cet nt sr nt tee Sa eS tb Porshe em fripeiraaretrsnrepeen ins td ‘Sty Te oer mio oa os Satfeetrecces 0 Sra tn rhe Mui sir Bai Lay, ee cae Se Tha aly es may clas hn en ian dino ele. etapa hee Lag Cee rg 8 a Sr Sa ETF peFoy Inde of Msp ‘eth tea aap of Lame St ey in en ia lg eee aerial elon piesa pata a Phe Finn aya Sipe Ae 1 moc yh ae ‘ermine i: sat ‘en i Grek ees Sse my aes Mme GENERAL INDEX ‘phonon 8 Soe oa sss. aps soni eosin EES ana Science nani eps ta opm ay EET imams toes i gh Se ihees ein $96 in, 905 2 ae Sierra ae ene cr. 84-72, ese em fem ia se-n Te Ness ono 57 Ati hl z Ede haan Angrin 2.8 20 Rng Boy By Bo 17-18 Sige agp sega oc age Re ‘Mi Seah ‘Siti se Sinden a Bers Je 25 <= ee ‘octane Range ant Petes eng 53% op owe ne tig tn weve he enfin te rr? cen tan 5 Se Cl > Seniesa natn win Sage atte ‘cha eh utp te To oa myn weesta nee eu creak nn ahh ore nd ws BARB ok Amin, Ion hota a sae i ie nab Beh Brome Tok beatae Feopemse tess nia Sei oe ‘Shim 52736 ena des Cie 2 Pyagmten 5 «ete hg Settee Cee tame ume Berean Spa nh a ne 8 Spat Ana eh anh" ‘bie eee ta Depo 58 Sein Septian ‘cy Rene Do Pw ya aah Goo Siena Ein posit nem Bors ae Frm se Pe Biome er rom ‘ana pe a. 9h Tea ra der S Pomerat ened Bien FR, tape a nas Ea TERA wane Soe ae eas ea ‘Pragascton gt Soe as rin naa. 09 is at ne va te ary casein” cr vopg ages (Gente Or 89 ‘Jo ot ‘Some Sen 9p tttPo ent ne Sen Ear ices an rete 8 ng 1 aoe Meet ri Nico oon 15 cory NENT nee Se ee ocean na exenaa” Ste se ei Beans a ips 0 aera seri ae Ir ya ey ‘ei ek ae pm ron feces he JE Matt so iit teens | eek ee oh asia pice ne ‘hws i Sit, oo. og Picea Sette Jas fae es te Ja ae, y ort a ~ inn fen Fa os an abs fet aon i es 1 ee i Et Senn a eran wc pet ree S5rit Soar as ie gta Perea eet ea non kn de Mess 28.8 Lerch aaa ‘te Bo ws Met goatsae on de Nr, ok, Sum Ramm Norotong tot ei Angsana en cui Pe i Ma gta SEE a Sith. xa eaom hae Save” Edler Seong tay Smacks Seance Ortega 58 em nde a alae pe a0 9, ee ks ee es cont Pacogin, Seen a 853 a ric Patp tne Foes Por tan eae a Pome Fe rae awn Rents ten RE assem as pein a ak Fas fturun 38 Pet Re a fo greases he es 8Ba ora ade REVS heg yn = een ice ‘ehumani sto. 127 hing 2-14 1548 78 to 7 Peper nh ae Pree Ses %, er Serre epi Cnt i iin 9 8 cota Sapte a ‘einai 38g ght. meaner emeralds Po sige Joh we 8 So ks Sen Sm 0-3 Pomerat oes Bee Sees Seen eee ‘ens of me Coe 176 mee Exic Sore, Foie HEE mane nd gen oe Seon hot Ser 8 01 8 TH set lig oa: sie seclntt elt Sito eae Seven ay Stee Mae Ease eecear vedSS irl nde ‘Pein 755.96 18 36973. cn i, at 35 sien ater” operas teins Batra het tt Vibro ta na Ame era nde as YagneSpim ig gg 495.5 Wipe en ag a Vena SsNOTES TO THE PLATES 1 Onr,aa Liray MS ga ()ad et The pars 1 en, iis Ma "Fas | Aste he soa Bere he Asano ii i rr lp ae aga he Tene pbc tbc fare 56 he pase ‘Sittarteduarmapest sc Chatane go apap eter gn ar Chon gy sesh nga th a good exam f oan tht dy matt he ‘noon ree Afb ve ap aed he mane = (owentc mtr an te we te sane Pog, LO, ain iy, MS. -D, Cla 3.12 9995 Pate "he pe swath png ee Sp The tn wien or rts 1 ie aig ‘ate gene tad re Ton lew dae Webian, e Gran naa ng vocab [Notes onthe ug. The pie shows the oie ote sary of Bak XI (the donee tothe indeed tthe igo ble Aer nd heir exece roms to the choot THss sete Pas MS is fom the sles of Gin Ap itr ogee ‘Nonenery of Su Macon Pence Teepe ceed oreyyD (aca se gen aks aon buna Osh Hts Lary MS fact T43fra oth ant The ‘Banu of he of whi she One I par et py rl ahge tne € Gore esr, br neces do oe VL Edbugh Naton Livy of Send IS. Adee 35, gir nap (hed ined me rr ar ‘Sip et Eon tn Thi ogy Asta Prom one ‘Sven mnmnnpa hho eed wasp ot Pander The ft stows seen a wo pss which eid ees sercrnThe tt ne hy Jot ths cd fie po Pana ht sis mate sd saa aa oe mar ‘Dac dra vom po Appe. Pe ese es the ‘Sch Se reentry tens wt iat weve probaly aon gute en ‘I Osi Ballin Lay, MS. Haan 8, 27 29cm “Arson Th fpy ows te to aod mh nthe Reine pred abot t stay cer by Deter Ten: te nt Tien manure rer hr ch or oe py Noten wT lay ote the fo the Fe nn ‘Nbc eeepc Sarre meding ie he min tio ty Arpt oe ror YUL Te anager tf a he Aline ro. Tex se cha wee pepe! pM hl ncn ane ‘Sop ce ron he ceases nent ‘Spaced avenger of et nd ee ne cet ‘Seman mane Te palin ertheless sc ah mee a Theme Bite Mer op tenn in the ih etry ose oR by An i 9p and rd a Natt Ph a ‘bi. The rit i rcpt The pla hom ted the Edges (Gabe) Abteuone sw, edt (bo (je nme carecos paren ty An inl ey te Tie ego ATS RR ad ea Ao ‘ers pb os cer se nh tenn URSUYN hie the ol PsA hd ‘goc Toewcrpon wre t's a ml nd seat ‘Std pu rene tiene apn ned ‘thn key Toor fr pear ra no) rl) ‘steno mt domes tr) rst) a) ror) Caolomeel pf) wh ptr me ocr grat ‘shen jars ahr) hc smears aoa lesa apne of Cet Deni: Origa +i lo (Cer, wa andthe 7h enw Ha yt ‘tn she Pao The prmay eit bd an te tho ‘cent ry sig a nal lh ay Herewebavepurc pede ma to ae EMASERPET SED roc WoPmhhin SEAR KoTeTO 100 SERUOINE andar. ros fia stows FoUbns NEPOSEXFLLAREAFOPLLO BITANCES LANCE CONSTI TUS, ‘ory a the pact a eso xa marr i SESE Gc ey Toasty fp a Thepshnnt oes tnt 9 ese he ‘ington troop sh tide lh a i te ad Fate Rishon te boning of Bost XX ie 0x md Ind at “eta MOPMOMUN wo COMPSINGRLM, adh te changin (tex a 1 Lede, ites dr Rint, MS. Von, Lat 4 i Ths ei manip ot Er Play, enn Aa Ss‘Satu. The pl howe pening Bok 1 Nara ar ‘Stlg ie ge er loot rb mint car ins spr pr ns) AL pn The i ce IL isc Api Vso, MS Vit Rog M7. 3! Crane manos Tr mmc ay thi es ae writen 3 ‘ames on Pate eth pest spp he ane a on pin of i Te sil fh Siehens mel sie copetn et boa ad een mae inka tet have ben calcd ad il Sip, ‘rat mr for La ame RY a} Tt weds ‘eel arte mo par three oct eons Sete eh Bo eae ent me fib ler ante peo Te open Sanpete spe Te ie ss et at Aa (cae wh yu) derma ‘Roe fhe props fa at 4) sed alo ee he ‘Sitesi of hae Pete a Fo ep) Te a See ler the come ppp Valle pt ht whe ati ae mee wih aid Pek Sieh he mar a wit on ne Seti nomad notre eed tthe Pts = AML Flown ies Mader ateain BS Lau 48241 ‘Ths mana ote Ce Pin tr a aeGre mis etree one naae ale iar aad Sper live fay etenpree pba ede TAN Bar leaping. pe pacne Corieoe s BS phe yee ewe ee peeve lee 2 Sve njonty: apa yoo 63 ee pp alg hiner — ms Irantiouopliscr wiccansions Lagu eesy rwerrsbapytvrsnapcopge™ Sopsiweylatop diy aga dpa eevi™rice Gxares Ke ay Gp pean Keirielipajpar (Aw sd Dvr Kermit Sheree afpavdiurs fe NS, Kestrel Spach whe te Kener papi Kol Spare wo tate rs p empesdp yor ae Keir ria ay re apcekajcre brea Kern byte KonanDe Share: Slgwmen seepage areineat: Bate 3 Seem’ ew Jeltun foeontacntet bape Senter weeks Sangha denerriome: ED ieee 4 ogo Som ny pce patel SRT Tic ne Fp eper Se ape >. nde iene Boyne am wcrc RR Eek sasdee aR AS wiceeaes oe. B STs APIETOPANOYE GPNIOES- DER G coe pagd ant rip + Prisesadie: haere Ship me dpaluaret i danbthertr et yea mae dd shoikn iepGinsnplas fodearl Amero Se Aber? patysat yer de Fo spicheadine 4 POHN me rtieie'§ 23 Thi wings dpm nsero na ayaypitynlunéhn yuan ceateisentad Retina Re Dee sarin ier INE CERCU TSAI: Suncamtassoteiissicxnunte-sst WUNinATeRAUIsGsPLATE X Nemoexinmmeran domurume gpiesialaquipogmanoceay Stee Sees) NeghGarpaxkdoasess nearer NCUSRSLS Lonuener we) cheiess-e1 ar Wola ays Cys papacsrte perenne SOHINND ENERO. pile = Sill ae : Faas ae cones aan pis sal EADPLATE Xt cipal NeNsenNPacNAMENRD ACOIREPTACONFESTION EXMGLIINSAMNICDS moUERMACEUSINITR, HMlosAsiatiorouncens SUOSECH Return U Tautucrene cere mur * favs Tosupuemancan es SISPUCMMEMODA OD -QUCTREBISEAMONT NOWONT AWEXERERUPRAIIO AYACONE RM KER IONEPLATE x1 Av TUSCURO PE SINUS I YW Yacrocensssmis merpre mores Z|. pamcan ler pone somplecr _prticen-miones seas x wt FpEsEnaM MeO epsposse conan “tale phous LOemag eon, Messe Axcomea: ges EEN AEE: } yam gue sstiomans snp tocyns dos pecschesese HK eine moseedonn, Thymus. sms fo ablostes seuceteeeneeam cl -zvs ethos: pam stm pps een pam nao comanonsabst osname coppers se ‘e8ng moypremoneibus mexcprams chs ones. cus hom: Jomres pas 4 Leos hone epesrpen us evlano: cescront-perescebr-qtots™ ‘mons pr ndas cassopset chao pes sell eprlopes molost copes qnos codons: weesiserprrlaaen, Wi OF Stus — TeRTIVS. Se of cannon (im pusniam capen Chedirepec cons feram txapalams fm num mowerae acacut mbyrpinott fea. -nopollconet fompheredesrss Compranaf ere crebrtnabalir mae Ger fadpremebas eum compfinersifiene eumbe pergrenzromne rum pererat pol? fem eannenft pugmae-wolgreniqee arab farmom {5 ceduenalnmbacreumncomp am irbem excer frene fine coheamne “cnadiee arb poene pricefdhameyAccepaia thyidacomn Seq tmpeds moat relcat exerci pctrcomagont reqromf eufarbet drdefis caf sbremeanit accipert stele oneal cea Ipfeperagraicom pans mare forum paicoppugncaairofnesspalier ere mide pation ninfidet iplergquectufinews a finofpocalerquac ‘ eePLATE XIV \oDeviens EXP. Ln GDS MESSALINE.ude Ait Sear antpe tad quite acsepet. “@ muote gre puguacene a0 portent tye rats eam. File! anaaniie, “russe una poteiie. Shoes romanes taut qual canes steers” eae ages sem an ae ii Ham wt meas ett Amat dunt fe et satin. Cant apd noetoreiie Pe mmm lf int feope Tepe ara greta pe ‘of ancaten tifa. Gla grmnqus opt ge nee sel gra eine fyrslnt dunt Setenmbahisopt cum equal” sngepormns faltooe ages Meat ats fe rman enter Am mata weborE uns onant put igi pig et AN guy"Tame m-mec pF Cafampretes tere ang fawerne comendo wohl gama mem lima pofert fanfre prey nd [Afatuec nazeam adcugwaré-fewtqur heros flo ‘uf prsto contr onsere oneness defame sane 7 popular de wht con Seite decor nary erg de _arbif rehab cleampereaciberare eth fare’ de unser op -ecerte cian serait sta frame, Hatbrfeumconfulem quis pareve we fC deo nontnaa aaque Rareeraat quand sen daferdene yo apm prea ote FIMIS. LIBAL, ScairsiT.rosgivs Romar. Sibi tl 1x av"