We are free to

choose x , y or
z as direction of
propagation
We choose z
as direction of
propagation

Since both TM
and TE waves exist
in rectangular
wave guides, we
expect them to
exist in
rectangular
cavities too
But designation
of their modes is
not unique in
resonators

TM Modes

Waves get reflected after striking the walls of the cavity and
propagates in opposite direction
Superposition of these waves result in standing wave of
types sin Az or coz Az
Using Boundary conditions we need to find whether its sin
or cos term
Consider the transverse component Ey ( x,y,z)
Boundary conditions at the conducting surface require that
it be zero at z=0 and z= d
This means that z dependence must be of sin Az type and
A=p / d where p= 1,2,3,4,
Recalling the appearance of factor - is the result of
differentiation with respect to z
Components not having - term is give n cos Az term
= -p / d

Resulting Equations are

Similarly we obtain the cut-off frequency

Or

TE modes
Similar to TM modes
Using Boundary conditions we need to find whether
its sin or cos term
Consider the transverse Electric field component
Boundary conditions at the conducting surface
require that it be zero at z=0 and z= d
This means that z dependence must be of sin Az
type and A=p / d where p= 1,2,3,4,
Recalling the appearance of factor - is the result of
differentiation with respect to z
Components not having - term is give n cos Az term
= -p / d

The Equations become

where

The expression for resonant frequency

remains same as that obtained in TM
modes
Different modes having same resonant
frequency are called degenerate modes
Thus TM & TE modes are always
degenerate if none of the mode indices
is zero
The mode with lowest resonant
frequency for a given cavity size is
referred to as dominant mode