B6 FUELS DATA The data for solid, liquid and gaseous fuels is taken from Jenkins, ‘The Changing Market of Fuel for Cement Manufacture’. B6.1 Typical Data for Solid Fuels (% as recd/mineral-matter-free) Coal A Coal B Coal C Coal D Lignite Coke Shale Sludge Refuse 6% 828 784 820 825 66.0 926 77.8 530 50.2 H% 45 48 62 43 06 36 95 77 68 N% 186 154 082 191 1.20 101 020 500 1.25 5% 035 052 082 070 040 1.21 1.70 080 0.20 0% 104 146 101 105 318 15 108 335 416 cl, % 007 - : : ooo & ae Ash, % 80 30 368 129 161 04 471 370 208 H20, % 7s 3.0 43 3.2 45 07 2.0 0.2 28.2 Volatiles, % 27.2 387 220 281 430 108 S14 - - FixedC,% 573 553 41.2 57.1 409 860 1.5 - - GOV ke alikg 6520 7100 4550 6500 5880 8730 2900 4440 2470 NCVkcallkg 6280 6840 4220 6270 5850 8540 2710 4030 2170 Air req) Hardgri Ref: wired* 10.9 104 114 108 7.1 19 121 81 73 ove 60 5 GS #00 BBD | : - Coal A - Blair Athol, Australia Coke - Green delayed Coal B- EI Cereon, $ America Shale - Oil shale, Lithuania Coal C- CCL, India Sludge ~ Dried sewage, UK Coal D - Amcoal, S Africa Refuse ~ Domestic, USA *Air required is theoretical mass ratio. Gross produ Proximate analysis: H20 + Vol + Fixed C* + Ash = 100% Ultimate analysis: C+H+N+S+O*+Ash = 100% (Vol = % volatiles) (* not normally determined; obtained by difference) Gross Heat, kcal/kg = 80.8C + 22.455 + 339.4H - 35.90 Net Heat, kcal/kg = 80.8C + 22.455 + 287(H - 0/8) - 6(W where W is H20 content, % Gross -Net = 51.5H* where H’ is total % Hz including H20 Heat is the theoretical heat of combustion which assumes that water iced is condensed. In practice, water is usually released as vapour so that only Net Heat is recovered. Cement Plant Operations Handbook © 251 VLvd S1andB6.2 Typical Data for Liquid Fuels Kerosene Gas Heavy Vacuum Orimulsion Blended Oil Fuel Oil Residue Waste C% 858 86.1 85.4 86.8 61.4 70.1-83.3 H, % 141 13.20 114 99 65 5% 01 07 28 © 1.05.5 29 0,% 05 N% 0.40 0.46 0.40 cl, % 4.06.7 Ash, % 0.04 0.20 0.22 H20, % 030 29.8 V, Ni, etc, ppm. 5-70 70-500 460 SG (water=1) 0.78 0.83 0.96 1.00-1.05 1.01 —(0.80-1.00 Viscosity, St 148 33 862 1000-3200 600 15-50 @38'C @38'C O38 @100°C. @s0'c @38'c GCY, kcal/kg 11,100 10,250 10,250 10,200 7,260 NCV, kcal/kg 10,390 9,670 9,670 9,610 6,740 5-10,000 Solids 100%-200p Airrequired 147 138 138 13.5 93 93-126 API Gravity = (141.5/SG) - 131.5 1BBLoil = 42 gals (US) B6.3 Typical Data for Gaseous Fuels North WaAust LPG BlastFurn Coke Digester Landfill SeaNG NG Gas OvenGas Biogas Gas O 05 co» 0.2 75 40 38.0 9 14-17 co 24.0 40 He 25 30.0 No 15 uw 56.0 40 0-47 He 944 986 520 57.0 25-60 Calm 39 03 100 55 HS 5.0 GCV kcal? 9050 8930 22,430 760 8070 5730 2400-5730 NCV kcal? 8270 8050 20,640 740 7260 5180 2150-5160 SG(ir=1) 0.6 06 15 1.0 06 10 0.94.0 Airrequired* 9.8 94 238 06 82 58 1957 Flamespeed 34.0 337 39.7 = 105 59.8 23.9 223-246 *Air required is theoretical Volume ratio Flame speed, M/sec 252 * Cement Plant Operations HandbookGross kcal/M? = 90.3CHg + 159.2CoHe + 229C3He + 301.9CaHi0 + 373.8CsHi2 + 57.6H2S Most natural gas is free from sulphur but, if it occurs, is usually removed before delivery. Liquified gases yield the following: 1 litre liquid Methane — — 606 litres gas Propane > —139 litres gas Butane > 119 litres gas. B6.4 Tyres Tyres may be used whole, shredded or pyrolysed. Typical data for used tyres is: Weight: Composition: Passenger tyre, used 9-10kg Rubber 84% new 13kg Steel belt &bead 10% Fabric 6% Proximate (dry basis, less steel): Ultimate (dry basis, less steel): Ash 5% Ash 5.0% Volatiles 67% c 84.2% Fixed carbon 28% H 7.1% N 0.25% s 1.25% O (by difference) 2.2% Heat: GCY, whole tyres 13,500BTU/Lb ‘TDF (shreds) 16,000BTU/Lb Ash (less steel): Zn0 35.0% Fe203 2.4% SiOz 35.0% K20 1.0% Al203 13.0% NazO 0.9% SO3 6.7% cl 12% cao 3.0% Mg, PCr, Cd, F, Pb Trace Cement Plant Operations Handbook ° 253 vVivd S14an4Pyrolysis is the heating of carbon- or hydrocarbon-containing material in an oxygen deficient atmosphere: C+CHn+[0] + CO + CHetGHs+..... + char C+[0] = CO + 26.5kcal/mole C+ 02 = Oz + 93.7kcal/mole ‘The total heat content of the tyres can be utilised and supplied to the kiln continuously as gas (mainly CO) or char (mainly fixed C). The resulting combustion is more controlled than is the intermittent heat release from injecting whole tyres direct to the kiln. eee 254 © Cement Plant Operations Handbook