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An Overview on Pervaporation
(An Advanced Separation Technique)
(S.M. Khan et al)
Submitted by:
Zeeshan Ahmed
2nd Semester
Submitted to:
Contents
1. Preface
2. Introduction
3. PV Process A Green Separation Process
4. What is Membrane
5. Membrane Material
6. Application of Membrane
7. Membrane Separation Techniques
8. History of Membrane Separation
9. Membrane Separation
10. Characteristics of Membrane Separation
11. Transport in Membrane
12. Type of Membrane Processes
13. Pervaporation
14. Advantage and Disadvantage of PV
15. Application of PV
16. Conclusion
17. Glossary
18. References
Preface
Introduction:
separation, but only a selective membrane, it does not discharge any hazardous effluent
stream, it is not going to become a part of global warming, no air, water or ground
pollution involved in the process, a noise free process.
What is membrane?
1. Any thin pliable or flexible sheet of material
2. The possible definition is its a region of discontinuity interposed between two
phases Based on the above definitions, the membranes can be gas, liquid or solid,
or combination of these phases
Diagram:
Explanation:
The above illustration tells us that a membrane is placed in a vessel so that two
compartments, i.e. upper and lower compartments, are established. As a feed stream of
a fluid mixture containing constituents of A and B flows along the membrane in the
upper compartment, one of the constituents permeates selectively and is enriched in the
permeate stream.
Membrane Material:
Application of membrane:
Distinct features of membranes are responsible for the interest in using them as
additional unit operation for separation processes in fluid processes. Some advantages
noted include:
Membranes are used with pressure as the driving processes in membrane filtration of
solutes and in reverse osmosis. In dialysis and pervaporation the chemical potential
along a concentration gradient is the driving force. Also pertraction as a membrane
assisted extraction process relies on the gradient in chemical potential.
However, their overwhelming success in biological systems is not matched by their
application. The main reasons for this are named
Scale up risks
Membrane Separation:
Characteristics:
Distillation vs. gas permeation: energy of separation for distillation is usually heat,
but for gas permeation is the shaft work of gas compression
Emerging (new) unit operation: important progress is still being made for efficient
membrane materials and packaging
Membrane separator vs. other separation equipment- more compact, less capital
intensive, and more easily operated, controlled, and maintained- usually modular in
construction: many parallel units required for large-scale applications
Desirable characteristics of membrane
1. good permeability,
2. high selectivity,
3. chemical and mechanical compatibility,
4. stability, freedom from fouling, and useful life,
5. amenability,
6. ability to withstand large pressure differences
Transport in Membranes:
2. Microfiltration:
Micro filtration (MF) is the process of removing particles or biological entities in the
0.025 m to 10.0m range from fluids by passage through a micro porous medium such
as a membrane filter. Although micron-sized particles can be removed by use of nonmembrane or depth materials such as those found in fibrous media, only a membrane
filter having a precisely defined pore size can ensure quantitative retention
3. Reverse Osmosis:
Reverse osmosis (RO) separates salts and small molecules from low molecular weight
solutes (typically less than 100 daltons) at relatively high pressures using membranes
with NMWLs of 1 kDa or lower. RO membranes are normally rated by their retention of
sodium chloride while ultrafiltration membranes are characterized according to the
molecular weight of retained solutes. Millipore water purification systems employ both
reverse osmosis membranes as well as ultrafiltration membranes. Reverse osmosis
systems are primarily used to purify tap water to purities that exceed distilled water
quality. Ultrafiltration systems ensure that ultrapure water is free from endotoxins as
well as nucleases for critical biological research.
4. Dead-end Filtration:
The most basic form of filtration is dead-end filtration. The complete feed flow is forced
through the membrane and the filtered matter is accumulated on the surface of the
membrane. The dead-end filtration is a batch process as accumulated matter on the
filter decreases the filtration capacity, due to clogging. A next process step to remove
the accumulated matter is required. Dead-end filtration can be a very useful technique
for concentrating compounds.
5. Cross-flow Filtration:
With cross-flow filtration a constant turbulent flow along the membrane surface
prevents the accumulation of matter on the membrane surface. The membranes used in
this process are commonly tubes with a membrane layer on the inside wall of the tube.
The feed flow through the membrane tube has an elevated pressure as driving force for
the filtration process and a high flow speed to create turbulent conditions. The process
is referred to as "cross-flow", because the feed flow and filtration flow direction have a
90 degrees angle. Cross-flow filtration is an excellent way to filter liquids with a high
concentration of filterable matter.
6. Hybrid-flow Filtration:
The hybrid flow process combines the dead-end and the cross-flow principle. As in the
cross-flow filtration tubular membranes are with the filtration layer on the inside wall
are used. The filtration process has two phases: the production phase and the flushing
phase. During the production phase, the tubes are closed on one side and a dead-end
filtration is performed. During the flushing phase, the tube is open on both sides and
the fraction that did not pass through the membranes is removed in order to clean the
membrane surface as in cross-flow filtration. This filtration technique is especially
suitable for treating water streams containing suspended solids in low concentrations
(polishing).
7. Submerged Filtration:
With submerged membrane filtration the membranes are submerged in the liquid that
has to be filtered. The filtration is performed from the outside to the inside of the
membrane (filtering layer is on the outer side of the tube or plate). Sheer forces along
the membrane surface are created by a flow of air bubbles along the surface. In some
cases the airflow also results in a liquid flow created by the airlift principle. The driving
force is a vacuum applied on the inner side of the membrane.
Diagram 1:
Diagram 2:
Explanation
The above Diagram Shows that when we feed liquid through feed pump into PV
membrane module, the Permeate liquid is that which crosses the membrane
module.
The permeate liquid is condensed in vacuum condenser. That gives us
condensed permeate liquid.
The Retentate liquid is that which does not crosses the membrane. The Retentate
liquid is purified liquid.
Applications:
Pervaporation has a large list of industrial applications for the separation of liquid
mixtures. Although it is a developing industrial membrane separation process but still
its leading perspectives have compelled the industrialist to fabricate pervaporation
plants which are effectively playing their role in production. Typical separations being
conducted by pervaporation technique are separation of azeotropic mixtures in
chemical process industries, organic-organic separation, separation of dissolved
organics from water, separations in petroleum and petrochemical industries, increasing
distillation column efficiency by hybrid pervaporation unit, increasing reaction yield by
Perstillation and water and waste water treatment etc.
Conclusion:
By studying the pervaporation process description, advantages & disadvantages,
descriptive comparison, diagrammatic comparison, areas of application and its
environmental impacts comparison with other competitive separation techniques,
Pervaporation proves itself an economic, efficient and green separation technique. It
possesses leading perspectives as compared to the other conventional separation
system.
Glossary:
1. Permeate:
In a Filtration process the part of a solution that crosses the membrane.
2. Retentate:
In a Filtration process the part of a solution that does not cross membrane (as
opposed to diffusate).
3. Diffusate:
Material which, in the process of catalysis, has diffused or passed through the
separating membrane.
4. Catalyst:
Is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction of one or more reactants due to
the participation of an additional substance called a catalyst.
5. Azeotrope:
It is mixture of two liquids which has constant boiling point and composition
throughout distillation process.
6. Nonvolatile Mixture:
The compounds which can evaporate easily at room temperature called as
volatile while the compounds which cannot evaporate easily at room
temperature called nonvolatile.
8. Relative volatility:
Relative volatility is a measure comparing the vapor pressures of the
components in a liquid mixture of chemicals. This quantity is widely used in
designing large industrial distillation processes.
9.
Entrainer:
o The entrapment of one substance by another substance.
o The movement of one fluid by another.
o (Chemical engineering) an additive that forms an azeotrope with one
component of a liquid mixture to aid in otherwise difficult separations by
distillation, as in azeotropic distillation.
10. Downstream processing:
Downstream processing refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic
products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or
plant tissue or fermentation broth, including the recycling of salvageable
components and the proper treatment and disposal of waste.
11. Ongoing process:
The definition of ongoing is something that is still going on at the present time
and that is going to continue.
12. Adsorption:
Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or
dissolved solid to a surface.
13. Extractive Distillation:
Is defined as distillation in the presence of a miscible, high boiling, relatively
non-volatile component, the solvent, that forms no azeotrope with the other
components in the mixture
14. Distillation of Azeotropic Mixtures
In chemistry, a mixture of liquids that has a constant boiling point because the
vapor has the same composition as the liquid mixture. The boiling point of an
azeotropic mixture may be higher or lower than that of any of its components.
The components of the solution cannot be separated by simple distillation.
15. Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Liquid-Liquid extraction is a method by which a compound is pulled from
solvent A to solvent B where solvents A and B are not miscible. The most
common method of liquid-liquid extraction is performed using a separatory
funnel.
References:
1. Introduction from research paper (An Overview on pervaporation)
2. PV Process A Green Separation Process from research paper( An Overview on
pervaporation)
3. What is Membrane from (Membrane Science and Membrane Separation
Processes Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology
Imperial Collage London)
4. Membrane Material from (Wikipedia)
5. Application of Membrane from research paper (An Overview on pervaporation)
6. Membrane Separation Techniques from (Wikipedia)
7. History of Membrane Separation from (Wikipedia)
8. Membrane Separation from (Wikipedia)
9. Characteristics of Membrane Separation (Wikipedia)
10. Transport in Membrane from (Wikipedia)
11. Type of Membrane Processes from (Dead End Membrane Filtration Laboratory
Feasibility Studies in Environmental Engineering)
12. Pervaporation from (Membrane Science and Membrane Separation Processes
Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology Imperial
Collage London)
13. Advantage and Disadvantage of PV from research paper (An Overview on
pervaporation)
14. Application of PV from research paper (An Overview on pervaporation)
15. Conclusion from (An Overview on pervaporation)
16. Glossary from (Wikipedia)
17. References from (related topics)