HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

---------------------------------------

NGUYN VN TIN

NGHIN CU GII PHP A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA

THEO M TRONG TRUYN THNG QUANG KHNG DY

Chuyn ngnh: K thut in t

M s: 60.52.70

TM TT LUN VN THC S

H NI - 2012

Lun vn c hon thnh ti:

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: Ts. ng Th Ngc

Phn bin 1: Ts. Hong ng Huyn

Phn bin 2: Ts. Nguyn Ngc Minh

Lun vn s c bo v trc Hi ng chm lun vn thc s ti Hc vin Cng

ngh Bu chnh Vin thng
Vo lc:

8 gi 00 ngy 20 thng 01 nm 2013

C th tm hiu lun vn ti:

- Th vin ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng

M U
Truyn thng quang khng dy (FSO) l cng ngh truyn dn tn hiu
quang qua mi trng v tuyn (khng gian t do). Trong nhng nm gn y,
truyn thng quang khng dy ang c xem nh mt gii php ha hn thay th
cho cc kt ni v tuyn bng rng nh cc u im m n c c bao gm: tc
cao; chi ph hiu qu; khng yu cu cp php tn s; trin khai nhanh v linh
hot.
Nhm trin khai k thut FSO trong mng truy nhp, vic nghin cu gii
php a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA) trong truyn thng quang khng dy
ang thu ht c nhiu s quan tm nghin cu. H thng CDMA quang khng
dy (FSO/CDMA) l h thng a truy nhp phn chia theo m quang s dng
phng thc truyn sng nh sng qua khng gian t do kt ni gia cc thit b
pht v thu. a truy nhp c thc hin bng cch gn cc chui m khc nhau
cho cc ngi dng khc nhau. Nh , cc h thng CDMA quang khng dy c
hiu qu s dng ti nguyn cao, kh nng truy nhp khng ng b v kh nng an
ninh cao.
Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng u im, h thng CDMA quang khng dy
cng gp phi nhng thch thc cn phi vt qua l nh hng mnh ca tp
m, nhiu v cc yu t tc ng ca mi trng truyn lan khng gian nh ma,
sng m, khi, bi, tuyt v c bit l s nhiu lon khng kh. Do , vic
tin hnh nghin cu phn tch hiu nng ca h thng CDMA quang khng dy
nhm nh gi kh nng trin khai ca gii php CDMA trong truyn thng quang
khng dy l rt cn thit.
Mc ch nghin cu ca lun vn nhm a ra gii php a truy nhp phn chia
theo m quang trong truyn thng quang khng dy. Kt qu c th ca nghin cu
l a ra m hnh h thng FSO/CDMA v phn tch hiu nng ca h thng FSO
di s nh hng ca cc loi nhiu v nhiu lon khng kh.

Chng 1
TNG QUAN V TRUYN THNG QUANG KHNG DY
FSO
Chng ny tp trung gii thiu khi qut cng ngh truyn thng quang
khng dy FSO, cc c im ca h thng cng nh m hnh ca h thng FSO.
Cc thch thc v ng dng ca h thng FSO cng c cp

1.1 Gii thiu

FSO (hay truyn thng quang khng dy) l cng ngh vin thng s dng
s truyn lan nh sng trong khng gian truyn tn hiu gia hai im [18]. y
l cng ngh truyn thng bng rng tm nhn thng, trong tn hiu quang, thay
v truyn trong si quang, c pht i trong mt bp sng quang qua khng gian.
Mt mng truyn thng quang khng dy bao gm cc b thu-pht quang (gm mt
khi thu v mt khi pht) cung cp kh nng thng tin hai chiu. Mi khi pht
quang s dng mt ngun quang v mt thu knh pht tn hiu quang qua khng
gian ti khi thu. Ti pha thu, mt thu knh khc c s dng thu tn hiu,
thu knh ny c ni vi khi thu c nhy cao qua mt si quang. Mt tuyn
FSO bao gm hai b thu-pht c t trong tm nhn thng. Thng thng, cc b
thu pht c gn trn nc cc ta nh hoc sau cc ca s (Hnh 1.1). C ly hot
ng ca mt tuyn FSO t vi trm mt ti vi km.

Hnh 1.1: S khi h thng FSO thng thng

Cc c im c bn ca h thng FSO nh sau:

Bng thng iu ch rng; Bp sng hp; Khng yu cu cp php ph tn;
R; Trin khai nhanh chng; Ph thuc vo thi tit.
Ngoi cc im trn, cc c im khc ca FSO bao gm:
Li ch t truyn thng si quang hin ti; khng b nh hng ca nhiu
in t; khng ging nh h thng c dy, FSO l mt h thng khng c nh c
th thu hi ti sn; pht x phi nm trong gii hn an ton quy nh; trng lng
nh v nh gn; tiu th in nng thp; yu cu tm nhn thng v lin kt cht ch
nh l mt kt qu ca vic bp sng hp.

1.2 M hnh h thng FSO

S khi ca mt tuyn FSO in hnh c th hin trn hnh 1.2. Ging
nh bt k cng ngh truyn thng no, h thng FSO gm ba phn: B pht, knh
truyn v b thu.

Hnh 1.2: S khi ca h thng FSO

1.2.1 B pht
Phn t ny c nhim v chnh l iu ch d liu gc thnh tn hiu quang
sau truyn qua khng gian ti b thu. Phng thc iu ch c s dng rng

ri ti b pht l iu ch cng (IM), trong cng pht x ca ngun

quang s c iu ch bi s liu cn truyn i. Vic iu ch c thc hin
thng qua vic thay i trc tip cng ca ngun quang ti b pht hoc thng
qua b iu ch ngoi nh b giao thoa MZI. Vic s dng mt b iu ch ngoi
nhm m bo tc d liu t c cao hn so vi b iu ch trc tip. Cc
thuc tnh khc ca trng bc x quang nh pha, tn s v trng thi phn cc
cng c th c s dng iu ch vi cng vi d liu/thng tin thng qua vic
s dng b iu ch ngoi.

1.2.2

B thu
B thu h tr vic khi phc cc d liu c pht i t pha pht. B thu

bao gm cc thnh phn sau:

a) B thu tn hiu quang tp hp v tp trung cc pht x quang ti b tch
sng quang. Khu ( m) ca b thu ln s gip tp hp c nhiu pht x
quang vo b tch sng quang.
b) B lc thng di quang b lc thng di lm gim lng bc x nn.
c) B tch sng quang PIN hoc APD chuyn i trng quang n thnh tn
hiu in. Cc b tch sng quang thng c dng trong cc h thng truyn
thng quang hin nay c tm tt trong bng 1.2.
d) Mch x l tn hiu c chc nng khuch i, lc v x l tn hiu m
bo tnh chnh xc cao ca d liu c khi phc.

1.2.3 Knh v tuyn

Knh truyn dn quang khc so vi knh nhiu Gauss thng thng, tn hiu
u vo ca knh, x(t), th hin cng sut ch khng phi l bin . iu ny dn
ti hai iu kin rng buc trn tn hiu c truyn: i) x(t) phi khng m v ii) gi
tr trung bnh ca x(t) khng c vt qu mt gi tr quy nh

max

1
lim
T 2T

x t dt,

(1.1)

1.2.3.1 Tn tht cng sut

Khi mt bc x quang i qua bu kh quyn, mt vi photon b bin mt (hp
th) do cc thnh phn nh hi nc, kh CO2, sng m, tng Ozone v nng
lng chuyn thnh nhit nng trong khi cc thnh phn khc i qua khng mt
mt nng lng nhng hng truyn lan ban u ca chng b thay i (tn x). s
lan truyn ca mt trng quang thng qua bu kh quyn c m t bi nh lut
lut Beer Lambert. Chm sng cn b tri rng trong khi truyn do kch thc
chm sng nhn c l ln hn so vi kch thc b thu.

1.2.3.2 Tn tht knh truyn khng kh

a) Hp th
b) Tn x
c) nh hng ca s nhiu lon khng - S nhiu lon khng kh ph thuc
vo i) cao/p sut kh quyn; ii) vn tc gi; iii) s khc nhau ca cc ch
s khc x do s khng ng nht v nhit . Cc nh hng ca s nhiu
lon khng kh bao gm:
S lch chm sng; s nhy nh; s m rng ca chm sng; s nhp nhy
ca chm sng; s suy gim tnh nht qun trong khng; s bin ng phn.
d) M hnh s nhiu lon khng kh

1.3 Cc thch thc i vi h thng FSO

Sng m; S nhp nhy; S tri bp; Gi thng hng pht-thu khi ta nh
dao ng; S an ton cho mt

1.4 Cc ng dng ca h thng FSO

Truy nhp chng cui; D phng tuyn si quang; Kt ni back-haul cho mng t
bo; Cc tuyn tm thi/ khc phc s c;Mng truyn thng nhiu vng nh; Cc
vng a l kh khn.

Chng 2
K THUT A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO M
QUANG
Chng ny trnh by tng quan v phng thc a truy nhp phn chia
theo m quang - OCDMA. Khi nim v h thng OCDMA v phn loi cc h
thng OCDMA khc nhau cng c cp trong ni dung ca chng. Ni
dung cui cng ca chng trnh by v cu trc v tnh cht ca mt s cc loi
m thng c s dng trong cc h thng OCDMA cc loi nhiu trong h thng
OCDMA.

2.1 Gii thiu

OCDMA l k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo m quang, theo , mi
ngi s dng s c cp mt m quang truy nhp vo mng thay v khe thi
gian nh trong k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) hay bc
sng nh trong k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo bc sng (WDMA). OCDMA
gip nng cao tc truyn dn, tng tnh linh hot v s lng ngi s dng v
tng tnh bo mt ca h thng [20]. OCDMA l cng ngh tim nng cho php
thay th cc cng ngh hin ti trong mng truy nhp quang.
Trong chng ny, u tin chng ta s xem xt cc cng ngh truy nhp
ang c s dng trong mng quang, c bit l mng truy nhp quang th ng
(PON). Tip theo, chng ta tm hiu v mt k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo m
(OCDMA), cch phn loi h thng OCDMA cng nh cc loi m hay c s
dng trong h thng CDMA quang. Cui cng, s v nguyn l mt h thng
OCDMA tiu biu, 2-D -t OCDMA s c gii thiu.

2.2 K thut a truy nhp phn chia theo m quang

Trong OCDMA, ti nguyn mng c chia s gia ngi s dng bng
cch gn cho mi ngi mt m thay v khe thi gian nh TDMA hoc bc sng
nh WDMA. Do , ngi dng c kh nng tip cn cc ti nguyn cng mt

bc sng, cng mt lc, nh th hin trong hnh 2.1. OCDMA c th thc hin
ghp knh chuyn mch v xen/r cc tn hiu a knh qua mng ng trc v
mng th (MAN), hoc kt hp ca TDM v WDM thng qua m ha v gii m
tn hiu quang trc tip.
Bc sng,
Ngi s dng 1

Ngi s dng 2
Ngi s dng 3
Thi gian, t
M, C

Hnh 2.1: Chia s ti nguyn da trn k thut OCDM

2.3 Cc h thng CDMA quang

Nu chng ta phn loi da vo s khc bit ca cc phng php m ha tn
hiu quang, ta c th chia thnh ba loi h thng OCDMA:

H thng OCDMA m ha trong min thi gian, trong bao gm h

thng tri ph truyn thng v h thng m ha pha theo thi gian.

H thng OCDMA m ha trong min tn s, bao gm bc m ha pha

ph (SPE) v h thng m ha bin ph (SEA).

H thng OCDMA m ha lai ghp s dng kt hp cc phng thc m

ha nu trn. V d chng ta c th c c m ha 2-D bng cch kt
hp m ha trong min thi gian v min bc sng, h thng OCDMA
tri thi gian/nhy bc sng (WH/TS). Nu m ha theo khng gian
c kt hp vi thi gian v bc sng ta s c c m ha khng
gian/ thi gian/bc sng.

Nu chng ta sp xp chng theo s lng ti nguyn (thi gian, khng gian,

bc sng) c s dng, ta c th c chia thnh cc h thng OCDMA mt

chiu (1D OCDMA), cc h thng OCDMA hai chiu (2D OCDMA) v h thng
OCDMA ba chiu (3D OCDMA). Nu s phn cc ny cng a vo m ha, ta c
th t c cc h thng bn chiu (4D OCDMA).
Nu chng ta phn loi cc h thng OCDMA theo s lng cc bc sng
c s dng m ha, chng c th c chia thnh cc h thng OCDMA n
bc sng v cc h thng OCDMA a bc sng.
2.3.1 Kin trc h thng OCDMA
Kin trc in hnh ca mt h thng OCDMA c minh ha trong Hnh
2.2. Tn hiu t K b pht c kt hp bng mt b kt hp v pht n tt c cc
b thu bng mt b chia quang. Mt si quang c s dng kt ni t pha pht
n pha thu v c chia s gia tt c cc ngi dng.

D liu
nh

B m
ha

.
.
.

D liu
nh

B phc
hi d
My thu #1

Si quang

B chia

B kt hp

My pht
#1

B gii
m

B m
ha

.
.
.
B gii
m

My pht # K

B phc
hi d
My thu # K

Hnh 2.2: S khi ca h thng OCDMA

2.4 M s dng trong h thng CDMA quang

Chui M; M Hadamard; M MQC; M nguyn t; M nguyn t 2-D

10

2.5 Nhiu trong h thng CDMA quang

2.5.1 Nhiu b thu
Hai loi nhiu chnh b thu l nhiu lng t v nhiu nhit. Hai loi nhiu
ny l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra s thng ging dng tch quang ti b thu, ngay c
khi cng sut tn hiu thu (Pin) khng i.
Bn cht ca nhiu lng t l do dng in tch quang c to ra t dng
chuyn ng ca cc in t m cc in t ny li c to ra mt cch ngu nhin
theo thi gian. V mt ton hc, s thng ging ca dng in do nhiu lng t
gy ra l mt tin tronh Poison dng, v c th xp x bi thng k Gauss. Phng
sai ca nhiu nhit c th biu din di dng [21]

sh2 2ePin B e

(2.11)

trong e l in tch in t. l p ng ca b tch sng quang. Be l bng

thng in (nhiu) hiu dng ca b thu. Gi tr thc t ca Be ph thuc vo thit
k b thu.

2.5.2 Nhiu a truy nhp

Nhiu a truy nhp (MAI) l mt trong nhng ngun nhiu chnh trong cc
h thng OCDMA, l nguyn nhn chnh gy suy gim cht lng ca h thng.
Nh cp trong chng 1, MAI gy ra bi cc ngi s dng hot ng ng
thi trong mng, cc xung MAI l cc xung quang xut hin ng thi v c cng
bc sng vi xung mong mun. Mc nh hng ca MAI c quyt nh bi
hai tham s chnh: (1) s lng ngi dng cng hot ng trn mng v (2) gi tr
tng quan cho gi cc chui m phn b cho cc ngi dng trn mng.
gim bt nh hng ca MAI, cc loi m c gi tr tng quan cho nh
thng c s dng. iu ny ng ngha vi vic cn cc chui m c di ln,
v d m nguyn t. Gii php th hai l s dng phng thc iu ch v tr xung
PPM [5]. Tuy nhin, c hai gii php nu trn u dn ti lm hp rng xung
quang v h thng s b nh hng mnh hn bi tn sc.

11

Chng 3
H THNG CDMA QUANG KHNG DY
Chng 3 phn tch mt cch ton din v cc nh hng ca nhiu lon
khng kh bao gm s thng ging cng v nh hng ca dn xung ln hiu
nng h thng FSO/CDMA s dng PPM v MWPPM. Kt qu th hin rng MPPM vi M >16 khng nn c s dng v yu cu gi xung hp, do b nh
hng mnh bi dn xung. Bng vic s dng MWPPM, nh hng ca c thng
ging cng v dn xung c th c gim nh, do BER h thng gim.
Ngoi ra, chng ta nhn thy rng hiu nng h thng c ci thin ng k v
t c BER thp bng vic s dng APD vi li trong khong t 80 ti 100.

3.1 Gii thiu

nh hng chnh ln hiu nng h thng FSO l s nhiu lon ca khng kh,
hin tng ny xut hin nh l mt kt qu ca cc thay i trong ch s khc x
do s khng ng nht v nhit v p sut [9]. Nhng ch s khng ng nht c
th gy ra s suy gim cht lng tn hiu v c th gy ra s thay i c v cng
v pha ca tn hiu thu. Nhng bin ng ny c th dn ti s gia tng xc sut
li bit v hn ch hiu nng ca h thng FSO [10]. Hn na, s lan truyn ca cc
xung c th b nh hng bi s dn rng ca xung do s nhiu lon. Hai nguyn
nhn gy ra s dn rng xung ny l do tn x v tn sc [11].
gim thiu nh hng ca s nhiu lon khng kh, cc nghin cu v h
thng FSO/CDMA trc y thng s dng phng thc iu ch v tr xung (MPPM) do y l mt phng php t hiu sut cao v mt nng lng [3] [7]. MPPM cng gip trnh c yu cu iu chnh ngng thch nghi trong OOK.
Nhng nghin cu trc y cho thy rng khi b qua nh hng ca dn xung, MPPM rt hiu qu trong vic lm gim s nh hng ca thng ging cng tn
hiu. Tuy nhin, c oc s phn tch hiu nng h thng FSO/CDMA mt cch
ton din chng ta nn nh ra nh hng ca s dn xung. Hn na, nh hng
ca dn xung l ng k v khng th b qua khi cc h thng FSO truyn thng tin

12

tc cao v c bit cc h thng FSO/CDMA s dng M-PPM yu cu gi thng

tin tc chip cao (xung ngn) qua knh nhiu lon khng kh.
Trong lun vn ny, ti xut s dng mt m hnh lan truyn xung Gauss
phn tch ton din nhng tc ng ca s nhiu lon khng kh ln hiu nng
ca h thng FSO/CDMA s dng PPM. M hnh ny s c th phn tch tt c cc
nh hng ca s nhiu lon khng kh, bao gm s thay i ca cng tn hiu,
s dn xung v suy hao truyn dn. Ngoi ra, cc loi nhiu bao gm nhiu n,
nhiu nn, nhiu nhit v nhiu a truy nhp (MAI) cng s c tnh n trong
phn tch hiu nng.

Hnh 3.1: Cc phng php iu ch: 4-WSK, 4-PPM v 2-2-MWPPM

3.2 M hnh knh FSO

3.2.1 M hnh knh nhiu lon khng kh
Mi trng kh quyn khng phi l mt knh truyn thng l tng. S
khng ng nht v nhit v p sut ca kh quyn dn ti s thay i ch s
khc x theo tuyn truyn dn, m thng c gi l s nhiu lon khng kh. N
to ra mt lot cc hin tng nh suy hao la chn tn s, hp th, tn x v s
khng n nh (nhp nhy). Khi chm tn hiu quang lan truyn qua mi trng
khng kh, cng tn hiu quan st c ti pha thu thay i mt cch ngu
nhin. iu ny c gi l nhp nhy, v n cng l nhc im chnh ca cc h
thng truyn thng FSO.

13

Rt kh xc nh hm mt xc sut cho s thay i cng tn hiu

theo cc iu kin kh quyn ty v cc tham s ca chm tn hiu. Tuy nhin,
da trn s liu thng k hin tng nhp nhy, cc m hnh ton hc khc nhau
c xut nh hm Log-normal [13], phn b Gama [14] hay Gama-Gama [15].
Trong chng ny chng ta xem xt kch bn v s nhiu lon yu da trn m hnh
phn b Log normal.
Mt bin ngu nhin B c mt phn b Log-normal nu bin ngu nhin A =
lnB c mt phn b chun (v d Gauss). Do , nu bin ca li tuyn ngu
nhin B l I, cng quang I = B2 cng c phn b bi hm Log-normal trong
trng hp ny. Do , h s knh fading c trng cho m hnh knh t pha pht
ti pha thu, c cho bi cng thc 3.1.

I
exp 2 X
Im

(3.1)

Trong Im l cng tn hiu nh sng thc t ti b pht khi khng c s

nhiu lon; I l cng tn hiu nh sng thc t ti pha thu khi c s nhiu lon.
LogX (X: bin ) l bin ngu nhin phn b chun vi gi tr trung bnh x v
phng sai x c th c biu din nh sau:
X x 2
1
fx X
exp

2 x2
2 x

(3.2)

m bo rng fading khng lm suy gim hay khuch i cng sut trung
bnh ca tn hiu, thng thng chng ta coi h s fading l E(h) = 1, iu i
hi phi la chn x = - x2. Thay th cng thc (3.1) vo cng thc (3.2), phn b
ca fading cng nh sng bi s nhiu lon theo hm Log-normal, c th c
m t nh:
ln h 2 2 2
1
x

fI h
exp
2

8 h x
x

Trong , x2 trong iu kin nhiu lon yu c cho bi [16]

(3.3)

14

x2

2
0.124

11

z 6 Cn2

(3.4)

Trong l bc sng v z l khong cch tuyn. Cn2 l vit tt ca h s

cu trc ch s khc x.

3.2.2 M hnh truyn lan xung

c c cc biu thc biu din s dn rng xung nh sng trong min
thi gian khi xung truyn lan qua mi trng nhiu lon khng kh, chng ta gi
thit rng cc dng sng u vo l xung Gauss. Bin ca xung Gaussian c
cho bi:
t2
Ai t Pp exp 2
T0

(3.5)

Trong Pp v T0 tng ng l cng sut nh v na rng (ti im 1/e)

ca xung u vo.
Xem xt cc tn tht gy ra bi s hp th v tn x nh sng cng nh s
phn k chm sng, bin xung quang ti v tr u thu nm khong cch z (km)
t b pht c th c m t nh sau [11]:

t2
T0
A
Ar t Pp 2 2 exp z exp 2
z
Tb
Tb

(3.6)

Trong A l m ca b thu. v tng ng l gc phn k ca chm

tia v h s suy hao. Tb T02 8 l mt na rng xung thu c. Tham s
c cho bi:
5

0.3908Cn2 zL0 3

c2

(3.7)

Trong l tham s c trng cho mc gin xung khi xung quang

truyn qua mi trng kh quyn. L0 l quy m bn ngoi ca s nhiu lon v c l
vn tc nh sng, z (m) l khong cch tuyn.

15

3.3 iu ch v tr xung a bc sng

Nh cp trong phn 3.1, L-M-PPM l s kt hp ca L-WSK v MPPM, trong L l s bc sng v M l s mc iu ch ca PPM. Trong k thut
iu ch ny, mi khi b = log2N bit s liu c nh x vo mt trong s N k hiu
(s0, s1, , sN-1). Trong mi khi b bit, log2L bit u tin c s dng cho WSK,
cc bit cn li (log2M bit) c s dng cho PPM nh minh ha trong hnh 3.2.
Khong thi gian ca mt k hiu (Tw) c chia thnh M khe thi gian. Ty
thuc vo k hiu pht, xung quang c pht i ti mt trong s M khe thi gian
trong khi cc khe thi gian cn li c b trng. ng thi, xung quang ny s
chim mt trong s L bc sng. Kt qu l, nh s dng L bc sng cho M-PPM,
kch thc ca khng gian tn hiu s tng L ln so vi M-PPM.

3.4 H thng FSO/CDMA s dng L-M - MWPPM

Hnh 3.3: H thng FSO/CDMA s dng L-M-MWPPM

H thng FSO/CDMA s dng L-M-MWPPM c minh ha trong hnh 3.3
bao gm b pht, knh truyn v b thu.
pha b pht, d liu u vo trc tin c iu ch bi mt b iu
ch MWPPM. Mi khi bit d liu b = log2N c nh x ti mt trong s N k
hiu (s0, s1,, sN-1), trong N = LxM = 2b. Tip theo xung quang th hin cho mt
k hiu MWPPM c m ha bi mt b m ha OCDMA, ti n c m ha

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thnh mt chui chip 0 v 1. Chip 1 c biu din bi mt xung quang

trong khi chip 0 tng ng vi vic khng c xung quang no c pht i.
S lng cc chip c trong mt chui m bng di ca t m c to ra bi b
to m.
Gi s rng xung quang i din cho mt chip 1 l xung Gauss c bin
c th hin nh cng thc 3.5, cng sut nh ca xung l Pp c th c tnh
nh sau:
Pp

2Ts
Pc
T0

(3.8)

Trong , Pc l cng sut pht trung bnh trn chip. Chi tit v cng thc 3.8
c th hin trong ph lc 1.
Vi tc bit s liu l Rb, rng k hiu c tnh nh sau: Tw = log2
N/Rb, v rng ca mi khe thi gian l Ts = Tw/M. Vi F chip c pht trong
mi khe thi gian, rng chip c th hin bi Tc = Tw/F. Vi T0 = Tc/(4ln2) [11],
rng na xung (T0) c th c biu din nh sau:
log 2 N
T0

Rb
MF 4ln 2

(3.9)

H thng FSO/CDMA chu nh hng bi nhiu a truy nhp (MAI), n l

mt trong nhng ngun nhiu chnh gy suy gim cht lng ca h thng. MAI
gy ra bi cc ngi s dng hot ng ng thi trong mng, cc xung MAI l cc
xung quang xut hin ng thi v c cng bc sng vi xung mong mun. Mc
nh hng ca MAI c quyt nh bi hai tham s chnh: (1) s lng ngi
dng cng hot ng trn mng v (2) gi tr tng quan cho gi cc chui m
phn b cho cc ngi dng trn mng. H thng FSO/CDMA trn gm c K
ngi dng, tham s hi trn c trng cho h s truyn t ca knh v tuyn
(knh fading) do cng sut tn hiu pht ra c nhn vi hm truyn t ca
knh. Hm truyn t ny l bin ngu nhin gy ra s thng ging cng tn
nhiu

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gim bt nh hng ca MAI, cc loi m c gi tr tng quan cho nh

thng c s dng. iu ny ng ngha vi vic cn cc chui m c di ln,
v d m nguyn t. Gii php th hai l s dng phng thc iu ch v tr xung
PPM. Tuy nhin, c hai gii php nu trn u dn ti lm hp rng xung quang
v h thng s b nh hng mnh hn bi tn sc. Do h thng trong h thng
FSO/CDMA c xut s dng phng php iu ch v tr xung a bc sng
L-M-MPPM, bng vic s dng phng php ny s nh hng ca vic thng
ging cng v gin xung c gim nh.
Ti b thu, tn hiu pht t K ngi s dng khc nhau c kt hp li bi
mt b cng sau c a ti mt b gii m OCDMA. B gii m ny c
iu khin bi b to m. Cc tn hiu thu c khng ch bao gm tn hiu t b
pht mong mun m cn c c cc tn hiu t cc b pht gy nhiu, nhiu ny l
nhiu a truy nhp (MAI). Tip theo, APD chuyn tn hiu quang thu c sang
dng tn hiu in. Dng tch quang t l thun vi cng tn hiu thu c ti
b thu bi p ng R (A/W). Cui cng, ti b gii iu ch MWPPM, tp hp cc
dng quang in trn N u vo b gii iu ch, tng ng vi N k hiu, c so
snh vi nhau. u vo vi dng in cao nht c la chn quyt nh k hiu
pht v t d liu nh phn s c khi phc.

3.5 Phn tch hiu nng h thng FSO/CDMA

Trong phn ny, chng ta trnh by cc phng php tnh ton t l li bit
(BER) ca h thng FSO/CDMA s dng L-M-MWPPM v APD. Cn ch rng
M-PPM l mt trng hp c bit ca L-M-MWPPM vi L = 1. Vi Pe l gi tr
xc sut li k hiu, t l li bit ca h thng c th c tnh nh sau:
BER

M
Pe
2 M 1

(3.10)

Chng ta gi thit rng d liu c truyn l ln cc k hiu c xc

sut truyn nh nhau. Khng mt tnh tng qut, chng ta cng gi s rng k hiu
s0 c truyn i. Xc sut li k hiu tc thi trong trng hp h thng c K
ngi s dng c th c m t nh [7].

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M 1

M 1

Pe Pr I 0 I u s s0 M 1 Pr k1 l1 Pr I 0 I1 s s0 , k1 l1
u 1

(3.11)

l1 1

Trong , s l k hiu c pht, k1 l tng s xung gy nhiu ti k hiu s1.

I0 v I1 l dng tch quang i din tng ng cho s0 v s1.
Cc xung gy nhiu l cc xung t cc ngi s dng gy nhiu c v tr
trng vi mt chip 1 ca t m thu c. Do k1 c th c m hnh ha nh
l mt bin nh phn ngu nhin vi xc sut c/F, trong c l tng quan cho
gia hai t m ca ngi s dng. Do , thnh phn th nht trong cng thc 3.11
c th c tnh nh sau:
l

K 1 c 1 c
Pr k 1 l1
1
l
F
1 F

N 1 l1

(3.12)

Thnh phn th hai ca cng thc 3.11 c tnh ton nh sau:

(3.13)
Trong Q(.) l hm Q. I0, 2I0, I1 v 2I1 l gi tr trung bnh v phng sai
tng ng ca I0 v I1.
Trong e l in tch in t; kB l hng s Boltzmann; T l nhit tuyt
i; RL in tr ti. R v g tng ng l nhy v li trung bnh ca APD. Hd
v hk biu th h s knh fading ca ngi s dng mong mun v ngi s dng
gy nhiu th k. w l trng lng m. Pb th hin cng sut nn quang v f = Be/2
l rng bng thng nhiu hiu dng vi Be = MRb/log2N. Fa h s nhiu d ca
APD c cho bi:

1
Fa g 2 1 ,
g

(3.14)

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Trong biu th h s ion ha. Cui cng, Pc(b), cng sut trung bnh trn
chip xem xt nh hng dn xung v tn tht cng sut, c th c tnh ton nh
sau:
b

Pc

Tc

Tc / 2

Ar t dt.

(3.15)

Tc /2

3.6 Kt qu kho st BER, nhn xt v nh gi

Trong phn ny, chng ta kho st t l li bit (BER) ca h thng
FSO/CDMA s dng MWPPM v b thu APD. c c s so snh cng bng
vi cc h thng khc, phn tch c xem xt trn c s cng sut pht trung bnh
trn bit k hiu l Ps. Mi quan h gia Pc v Ps c a ra bi Pc = M(log2N)Ps/w.
Chng ta s dng m nguyn t (prime code) cho h thng FSO/CDMA v
y l loi m n gin v c s dng rng ri trong h thng CDMA quang.
Mi t m trong mt t hp m, c cu trc t m s nguyn t (ps), c di t
m F = ps2, trng lng t m ca w = ps, v tng quan cho gia hai m bt k c
= 2 [17].
Hnh 3.4 th hin BER ca cc h thng FSO/CDMA s dng M-PPM v LM-MWPPM theo cng sut pht trn mi bit khi z = 2 km, K = 32 ngi s dng v
Rb = 1 Gbps. Cc kt qu nghin cu trc y ch ra rng, BER gim khi mc iu
ch ca M-PPM tng, tuy nhin iu ny khng phi hon ton ng i vi h
thng FSO/CDMA s dng M-PPM. Thc t, nh th hin trn hnh 3.2, BER ch
gim khi M tng t 2 ln 8. Vic s dng 16-PPM v 32-PPM khng gip ci thin
hiu nng ca h thng. BER ca h thng FSO/CDMA s dng 32-PPM thm ch
cn xu hn s dng 8-PPM. iu ny l do h thng s dng 32-PPM c tc
chip cao hn v do nh hng ca dn xung mnh hn so vi nh hng ca
thng ging cng tn hiu.
Hn ch ca M-PPM c th c khc phc bng cch s dng L-MMWPPM v n c kh nng lm gim ng thi nh hng ca thng ging cng
tn hiu v cc nh hng ca dn xung..

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Hnh 3.4: BER theo cng sut pht trn bit vi z = 2 km,
g 60 , K = 32 v Rb = 1 Gbps

Hnh 3.5 th hin mi quan h gia BER v khong cch tuyn khi Ps = 0
dBm, g 60 v K = 32 ngi s dng. Mc iu ch c c nh bng 16 v thay
i s lng bc sng trong MWPPM. Kt qu cho thy, khong cch tuyn tng
ln khi s lng bc sng tng, hay s lng v tr xung gim. iu ny c th
hin trong cng thc 3.17, khi gim s lng v tr xung (M) gip lm tng rng
xung v vy nh hng ca dn xung tn hiu.

Hnh 3.5: BER theo khong cch tuyn z vi Ps = 0 dBm,

g 60 , K = 32, v Rb = 1 Gbps

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Tip theo, trong hnh 3.6, BER c kho st theo tc bit trn ngi dng
vi z = 2 km, K = 32 ngi dng v Ps = 0 dBm. Chng ta c th quan st s nh
hng ca nhiu lon khng kh ( Cn2 ) n tc bit ca ngi dng. Khi Cn2 tng,
tc bit s gim.
Ngoi ra, kt qu cng cho thy, h thng FSO/CDMA s dng L-MMWPPM c th h tr tc bt ngi dng cao hn so vi vic s dng M-PPM.
C th, khi Cn2 = 10-14, tc bit ngi dng ca h thng FSO/CDMA s dng 16PPM c th c h tr (ti mc BER = 10-6) l khong 1.35 Gbps. Bng vic s
dng 4-4-MWPPM, tc bit ngi dng tng gp i ln ti 2.7 Gbps. Khi
-6

Cn2 2 1014 , Rb (ti mc BER = 10 ) ca h thng s dng 16-PPM rt xung

di 1 Gbps, trong khi , Rb vn cao hn 1 Gbps i vi h thng s dng 4-4MWPPM.

Hnh 3.6: BER theo tc bit trn ngi dng vi Ps = 0 dBm,

g 60 , z = 2 km, v K = 32

Cui cng, trong hnh 3.7 th hin BER ngi dng so vi li APD trung
bnh vi Ps = 0 dBm. C th thy rng BER ca h thng FSO/CDMA s dng
APD gim ng k so vi mt h thng khng s dng APD ( g 1 ). H thng t
c BER nh khi li APD nm trong khong 80 ti 100. Khi li APD ln

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hn 100, nhiu n ca APD tr nn nh hng mnh, do hiu nng h thng b

gim, BER tng.

Hnh 3.7: BER theo li trung bnh APD ( g ) vi Ps = 0 dBm,

z = 2km, K = 32, v Rb = 1 Gbps

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KT LUN

H thng CDMA quang khng dy (FSO/CDMA) l h thng a truy nhp

phn chia theo m quang s dng phng thc truyn sng nh sng qua khng
gian t do (FSO) kt ni gia cc thit b pht v thu. Trong nhng nm gn y,
cc h thng FSO/CDMA v ang thu ht c nhiu quan tm nghin cu do
cc u im m c cng ngh FSO v CDMA quang em li.
Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng u im, h thng FSO/CDMA cng gp phi
nhng thch thc cn phi vt qua l nh hng mnh ca tp m, nhiu v cc
yu t tc ng ca mi trng truyn lan khng gian nh ma, sng m, khi,
bi, tuyt v c bit l s nhiu lon khng kh. Nhng yu t nu trn lm suy
gim mnh m hiu nng ca cc h thng FSO/CDMA.
Trong phm vi ca lun vn, lun vn tp trung trnh by cc c im chnh
sau:
Trnh by tng quan cng ngh truyn thng quang khng dy.
Trnh by tng quan cc k a truy nhp phn chia theo m quang.
Nghin cu cc nh hng ca mi trng truyn dn v nhiu ti pha
thu ln hiu nng h thng CDMA quang khng dy (FSO/CDMA).
ng gp chnh ca lun vn l a ra m hnh h thng FSO/CDMA v
phng thc phn tch hiu nng ca h thng FSO/CDMA theo cc tham s di
nh hng ca cc loi nhiu, tp m v s nhiu lon khng kh.

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KIN NGH CC HNG NGHIN CU TIP THEO

Trn c s kt qu kho st v nh gi hiu nng, lun vn xut phng
thc ci thin hiu nng ca h thng FSO/CDMA nh sau:
1. xut s dng cc phng thc m ha CDMA, loi m ph hp
nhm ci thin hiu nng h thng FSO/CDMA.
2. xut s dng cc phng thc x l tn hiu, k thut iu ch, tch

tnh hiu, phn tp, m ha nhm hn ch cc nh hng ca cc

loi nhiu v nhiu lon khng kh t gip ci thin hiu nng h
thng.