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27.5.

2014

Kramers-Kronig Transform
Burak lgt, PhD

Criteria For Valid EIS


Linear: The system obeys Ohms Law, E = iZ.
The value of Z is independent of the magnitude
of the perturbation. If linear, no harmonics are
generated during the experiment.
Stable: The system does not change with time
and returns to its original state after the
perturbation is removed.
Causal: The response of the system is due only
to the applied perturbation.

27.5.2014

Kramers-Kronig Transform
The K-K Transform states that the phase and magnitude in a
real (linear, stable, and causal) system are related.
Apply the Transform to the EIS data. Calculate the magnitude
from the experimental phase. If the calculated magnitudes
match the experimental magnitudes, then you can have some
confidence in the data. The converse is also true.
If the values do not match, then the probability is high that your
system is not linear, not stable, or not causal.
The K-K Transform as a validator of the data is not accepted by
all of the electrochemical community.

Mathematically
Theoretically, it is possible to calculate the
imaginary part from the real part (or vice
versa)
However, one would need the entire set of
data from f=- to f=

27.5.2014

What can we do?


We can take the most generic component
that is K-K transformable and use that to fit
the data piecewise.
Voight element
R/CPE in parallel with the CPE exponent
varying from -1 to 1.

Standard Randles Data

27.5.2014

K-K Transform

Another Data Set

27.5.2014

Bad K-K

K-K shows that the data below 1Hz is


unusable.
This is a coating that developed a bad
defect during the experiment

To sum up
Do a K-K transform every time you have a
new data set you are working on.
Any feature in the data that is not
transformable is either an instrumental or
an experimental artifact and does not
contain actual usable information.

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