...

2007

:
1
.I . E = \ : a b = a + b ab 2 :
2
.1 - . (a,b ) E 2 :

. a,b E 2

()

1
1
1
1

= a 2 1 b 2 1

2ab + 1 a 2 b 2 = a + b ab 2 = a b
2
2
2
2
1
- . (a,b ) E 2 a 2 1 0 :
a E a . b E b 2 1 0 :
2
1
1
1
(a 2 1)(b 2 1) 0 a 2 1 b 2 1 0 :
a b
=
. a b :
2
2
2
. a b E : . (a,b ) E 2 : a b E :

()

. E
.2 : . E
\ . E
. a E : a 0 = a 0 a = a : 0 . E

. a,b E 2 :

()

1
1
a 2 1 b 2 1 = 0

2
2

()

2 1 b 2 1 = 1

(a

a b = 0

1
a 2 1
1
=b 2

+1
a 2 1
a 2
=b 2

a 2 1
a
a b = 0
=b
a 2 1
1
a
1

=
a 2 = a 2 1 0 = 1 :
= b b E :
2
a 2 1
2
a
= b E .
a E
a 2 1
= b 2 1

( E , ) :

.II ( M2 ( \ ) , +,) :
( M2 ( \ ) , +,.) :
F

1 0

0 1

= I

) \ ( M2
2 a

: - 1 -

1 2 a
2 a

= ) M (a . a E

2007

18

 ...
1 1
= . A
:
1 1
1 1 1 1 2
1 1
2
A 2 = 2A
= . A2

=
= 2
.1 - = 2A :
1 1 1 1 2 2
1 1
1 0 a 1 1
a
a
1 2 a
a
= M (a ) :
M (a ) = I +
A .I+
= A
+

=
2
2
2 1 1
2 a
2 a
0 1

a
b
ab
a
b
M (a ) M b = I +
A I +
A =I + A2 +
A+
- . a,b E 2 A :
2
2
2
2
2

a
b
a
b
a + b ab 2
M (a ) M b = I +
A I +
A = I abA +
A+
A =I +
A
2
2
2
2
2

) (

) (

) A = M (a b
:

) (
(
. M (a ) M (b ) = M (a b ) F

M (a ) M b = M a b

.2 :

a b E

) ( F ,
) 6 (a ) = M (a

a b
2

M (a ) M (b ) = I +

) .1.I (

)( M2 ( \ ) ,

) ( E ,

- . (a,b ) E 2 (a b ) = M (a b ) = M (a ) M (b ) = (a ) (b ) :
: ) ( E , ) . ( F ,
. a E / B = (a ) :

B F / B = M (a ) :
E . F
a
b
a
b
(a ) = (b ) M (a ) = M (b ) I + A = I + A A = A a = b :
2
2
2
2
: E . F
) ( E , ). ( F ,

-
: 2

) ( E ,

} a ^ {i , i

) ( F , ) ( E ,

. a E

) ( F , .

.1 .I - ^ : z 2 (1 + a ) (1 + i ) z + 1 + a 2 i = 0 :

(a + i ) (1+ a ) (1+ i )(a + i ) + (1+ a 2 ) i

a 2 + 2ai 1 (1+ a ) (a + i + ai 1) + i + a 2i
2

= u 2 (1+ a ) (1+ i )u + 1+ a 2 i
=

= a 2 + 2ai 1 a i ai +1 a 2 ai a 2i +1+ i + a 2i
0

) (E

. . u = a + i : :

= u 2 (1+ a ) (1+ i )u + 1+ a 2 i

u = a + i : ) . ( E

: - 2 -

2007

18

 ...
- v ) . ( E :

b
) u +v = = (1 + a ) (1 + i
v = (1 + a ) (1 + i ) u
a
) v = (1 + a ) (1 + i ) (a + i
v = 1 + i + a + ai a i

v = 1 + ai

2
1
.2 . a = 1 : aa = a = 1 : :
a
1
u
u u a + i
a i a i 1 ai i (1 ai ) a + i u
= = \ :
.
=
=
=
=
=
- = :
v
a i i (a i ) 1 + ai v
v v 1 + ai 1 ai 1 i
a

=. a

- aa + 2ai = a 2 1 + 2ai = (a + i ) = u 2 :
2

. a (a a ) + 2i = a
)

(
arg (u ) arg a (a a ) + 2i 2

arg (a ) + arg ( (a a ) + 2i ) 2

u 2 = a a a + 2i

) (

- arg u 2 2arg (u ) 2 : :

(a a ) + 2i = 2i m (a ) + 2i = 2 ( m (a ) +1) i

:
:

m (a ) a m (a ) 1 1 m (a ) 1 0 m (a ) +1 2

arg (a a ) + 2i 2

(a a ) + 2i = 2 ( m (a ) +1) , 2 :
:

arg (u 2 ) arg (a ) + 2

2arg (u ) arg (a ) + 2

. :

arg (u ) 1 arg (a ) +
2

. :

.3 : 1
:

+ v = u + iv u + iv

u +v 2

u + iv = a + i + i (1+ ai ) = 2i

u + iv = 2i = 2

: 2
. a = 1 : :

aa = 1

u + v = a + i + 1+ ai = a + i + aa + ai = a + i + a a + i = a + i + a + i a + i + a + i
:
:

) a + i + a + i = a + a + 2i = 2e (a ) + 2i = 2 (e (a ) + i

a + i + a + i = 2 e ( a ) + i = 2 ( e ( a ) ) + 1
2

.
.

: - 3 -

2007

18

 e ( a ) a

e ( a ) 1
1 e ( a ) 1

0 e ( a ) 1

1 1 + e ( a ) 2
2

) 1 1 + e ( a

) ) 2 2 1 + ( e ( a

2 a +i +a +i
u + v a +i +a +i

e ( a ) a

a +i +a +i 2

u +v 2
.II P

JJG JJG
. O ,e1,e 2 . m 2, +

) ( E m ) M (a P

.1 :

u + v = a +i + a i

) (

F i

. u + v = m :

) F ( i P

u + v = m a + i + a i = m MF + MF = m

= 2b 2c

i i

FF = z F z F = i i = 2i = 2 m = u + v 2

. m ( E m ) : FF O .

.2 a = x + iy :

( x , y ) \2

- :

u +v =m

) M (a ) ( E m

MF + MF = m
F ( 0,1) : ) F ( 0, 1 ) M ( x , y
JJJJJJG
JJJJJJG
MF ( x ,1 y ) : ) . MF ( x , 1 y
:
:

MF 2 MF 2 = 4 y

:
:
:

) MF 2 = x 2 + (1 y

) MF 2 = x 2 + (1+ y

( MF MF )( MF + MF ) = 4 y

MF + MF = m

m ( MF MF ) = 4 y
4y
. MF MF =
m

: - 4 -

2007

18

m
4
y
m

MF + MF
)(+

MF MF

m 4 y
m
m 2
y :
2 m

:

= MF

. :

) MF 2 = x 2 + (1 y

m2
4
2y + 2 y 2
4
m

) y 2 = x 2 + (1 y

m 2 2 y + 4 y 2 = x 2 +1 2 y + y 2
4
m2

MF 2 = m 2 y
m
2
m 2 2y + 4
.
2

m 2 + 4 y 2 = x 2 +1+ y 2
4 m2

x 2 + 1 42 y 2 = m 1

) ( E m :

2MF

( E ) (O , i , j
JJG JJG

m
a2
FF 2
x2 y2
= 2b = m b = = 1
+
=1
x 2 + 2 y 2 = a 2
2
2
2
b
a2 b 2
2
m2
2
2
2
2
2 m
2
= . c = b a a = b c = 12
1 :
4
2

x 2 + 1 42 y 2 = m 1

) ( E m :

- :

. ( E 4 ) : x 2 + 3 y 2 = 3 + y 2 = 1 :
2
4
2
3

a = 3 :
) ( E 4

b =2

=c

) (

. E4

. . c = b 2 a 2 = 22 3 = 1 :

:
-

. O

3,0-

( )

) F ( 0,1 ). F ( 0, 1

A A 3,0 ) B ( 0, 2 ) . B ( 0, 2

c 1
=
b 2

=e

: - 5 -

2007

18

 .3 : 1

y 2 = 7 1
4

8
7

: E

9 2 9
= y
16
7

x2+

4
. x 2 + 1 2
8

AB y y A x 3 = y 0 y = 2 3 x + 2 :
x xA
=
) (
2
xB xA y B y A
3
3
2 9 2 9
= y
x +

16
7

. (*) :
) ( AB E 8 :
7
y = 2 3 x + 2

+ 9 = 9 49x 2 42 3x + 27 = 0 (7x -3 3)2 = 0

7
4

2 3x +2
2
3
y =
y =
x +2
+2
3

= 373
=8
7

7 2 3
3x
x2
4
*
2 3

y = 3 x

)(

x
*
y

)(

: - 6 -

2007

18

) ( AB

8
7

3 3 , 8
7 7

9
9
= : x 2 + y 2

16
7

E 8

x x 0 + 9 yy 0 = 9 x 3 3 + 9 y 8 = 9
7
7 16 7 7
16

3 3x + 9 y = 9
7
7
14
2x + 3y = 2 3

) ( AB

8
7

3 3 , 8
7 7

: 2

4
x 2 + 1 2
8

16 16 2
9 2 9
2
y = 7 1 x 2 +
: E 8
y = y =
x
7
7 9
4
16
7

3 7 3 7
16 16 2
,
. x
g x :
= ) : g (x
7
7
7 9

x 3 y 0
AB 2 3 x + 2 :
=
y =
) (
2
3
3

) ( AB

2 3

g ( x ) =

8
7

3 7 3 7
,
x :
E

7
7

8
7

2 3
3

g (x ) =

x
2 3
3 3
16
= x
g (x ) =
:
3
9 16 19 2
7
x
9

g (x ) =

3 3 8
.y =g
=
7 7

3 3 8
, E
7 7

8
7

E :

3 3 9 8 9
9
2 3
+ y = 3 3x + y = 9 y =
x +2
7 16 7 7
2
3
) . ( AB

) ( AB

8
7

. E

: - 7 -

2007

18

3 3
8
2 3
3 3
. y = g
x =
g ( x ) = =
7
3
7
7

3 3 8
E 8 :
, E 8
7
7
7 7

3 3 9 8 9
9
2 3
y = 3 3x y = 9 y =
x 2
7 16 7 7
2
3
) ( AB ) ( AB .
. x

.1 ]2: 195x 232 y = 1 :

- : 1

) (E

195 = 3 5 13 : . 232 = 23 29
:

232 195 = 1

: - 8 -

2007

18

 : 2

232 195 = 1

. .Bezout

- :

232 / x + 69

Gauss

) 232 / 195 ( x + 69

. :

h \ / x + 69 = 232h

. h \ / x = 69 + 232h : )*(
. 195 232h = 232 ( y + 58) 195h = y + 58 y = 58 +195h
( x , y ) = ( 69 + 232h , 58 + 195h ) : ] . h :
) ). ( x , y ) = ( 69 + 232 + 232 ( h 1) , 58 + 195 + 195 ( h 1
( x , y ) = (163 + 232 ( h 1) ,137 + 195 ( h 1) ) : k = h 1 k ] :
) ( x , y ) = (163 + 232k ,137 + 195k ] . k
) (163 + 232k ,137 + 195k ] k ) ( E
}] S = {(163 + 232k ,137 +195k ) / k
) ( E :
:

- d 232
m ] / 195d 232m = 1 :

) (d , m ) = (163 + 232k ,137 +195k

0 d .195d 1 232
. .1 :

k ] /

: - 9 -

. :

d = 163 + 232k

. k ] /

2007

18

0 d 232 0 163 + 232k 232

163 232k 69
163
69

k
232
232
163
69
0,70
. k = 0 : . d = 163 :
k ] : 0,29
232
232
.2 . N = 233 :
N = pq + r ; 0 r < p
2
p
q
r
p
4
2 116 1
3 77 2
9
5 46 3
25
7 33 2
49
11 21 2
121
13 17 12
169
17 13 12 289
Stop
N = 233 .
2
) q < p .( p > N
.3 ` . A = 0,232 f : A A a A ) f (a

) f (a

a195

\ {0} : a 232 1 233

233

. a A

: n a ` \ {0} : a n 1 1 n :

- (a,b ) A 2
:

f (a ) = b

a195 f (a ) 233

0 f (a ) < 233

a195163 b 163 233

] . k :
:

) f (a

. :

a195 b 233

0 b < 233

. 195 163 1 232 : 195 163 = 1 + 232k :

a1+232k b 163 233

a1+232k 1 233

a195

233

. :

a 232 1 233

a b 163 233

. :

1 233

. a 232k

. 0 a 232 < 233

a b 163 233

- .3 f A A f 1 : A A
b A f b f b b 163 . 233

) (

) (

.I g

.1 \ x
:

= 1 e x + xe x

) = 1+ ( x 1)e x

\ g :
\
x 6 g ( x ) = 1 + ( x 1)e x
. g (x

. g ( x ) = (1 + ( x 1)e x ) = e x + ( x 1)e x = xe x ) g ( x x

g ( x ) = xlim
1 + ( x 1)e x = +
+

lim

x +

g ( x ) = xlim
1+ x e x e x = 1

: - 10 -

lim

2007

18

 0 g \ . x \ : g ( x ) 0 :
.2

( 0) = 0
g
g

. g :

x < 0 g ( x ) > g ( 0) g ( x ) > 0

. ,0 :
. 0, + ) > 0 :

x > 0 g ( x ) > g ( 0) g ( x

x \* : g ( x ) > 0

.II f \

.
.

; x 0

( x ) = e xx1
f ( 0) = 1

1
x
x
x
1
lim f ( x ) = lim x lim x = 0 : = 0
=
= 0 .1
lim
x
x
x +
x + e 1 x + e
x + e
x + e
1
1 x
e
x
x
xe
lim f ( x ) + x = lim x lim xe x = 0 : . lim e x = 0
+ x = xlim
= 0 =0
x
x e 1
x
x
e x 1 0 1
e x 1
x
1
. lim
xlim = 1 :
f ( x ) = xlim
= lim
= 1 = f ( 0 ) .2
0
0 e x 1 x 0 e x 1
x 0 x
. lim

x
f . 0
.3 - *\ x :

) g (x

)(e x 1

1 ( x 1)e x
2

)(e x 1

(
)

x
x
x x e 1 x e 1
e x 1 xe x
f (x ) = x
=
=
=

2
2
e 1
e x 1
e x 1

- ) f ( x *\ ) . g ( x f \
x
= +
x e 1
x

lim f ( x ) = lim :
x

lim e x = 0
x

: - 11 -

2007

18

J ( x ) = te t dt : x \ .4
x

u (t ) = e

v (t ) = 1

J(

u (t ) = e t

: -

v (t ) = t

: . \ v u :
x
x
x
x
x = te t dt = 0 u (t )v (t ) dt = u (t )v (t ) 0 0 u (t )v (t ) dt
0

x
x
x
J ( x ) = te t 0 0 e t dt = xe x 0 e t 0 = xe x e x + 1
J ( x ) = e x e x 1 x

J ( x ) = te t dt
x

0
t

x \

0 t x x t 0 e x e t 1 te x te t : x \ +

.
x

te x dt

te t dt

0 t dt e
x

t 2
t 2
x 2 x

J
x

e J (x
( ) 2

2
2 0
0
x +x

) x

x x

x2 2
x2
J (x ) e 2
e
:
.
2
2
. t 0 x t 0 0 t x 1 e t e x te x te t t : x \
0

te x dt

te t dt

x2
e
2

x +x
2

x t dt e
0

J (x )

x2
e
2

x x
2

x \ :

x2
e
.
2

1 x
e e
2

x +x
2

x +x
2

) x2

x2
x2
J ( x ) e x :
2
2
. x = 0

x2
e
2

x +x
2

x x

J (x )

x2
e
2

x x
2

x2
J ( x ) e 2 J ( x ) = e x e x 1 x : x \* -
2
x x
x +x
x x
e x 1 x 1 x 2
x2 2
x2 2
x
x
e

e e
e (e 1 x ) e
:
:
2
2
2
x2
.

18

t 2
t 2
x 2 x
e J ( x
J ( x )
2
2 x
2 x

\* :

2007

1e
2

x x
2

x
e 12 x 1 e
2
x

x +x
2

- 12 - :

x +x
- 2 :

x
e 12 x 1 e
2
x

x x
2

1
1
x \* : e =
2
2

x x
2

x +x
2

1
1
xlim =
e

02
2

1
lim e
x 0 2

e x 1 x 1
=
x 0
2
x2

lim

x
1
x
x
x
)f ( x ) f ( 0
e 1 = lim x e + 1 = lim e 1 x 1 = 1 :
lim
=
lim
x 0
x 0
x 0 x e x 1
e x 1
2
x 0
x
x2
( ) x 0
x

0 :

.5 - *\ x

)) (e x 1

1
2

f ( 0) =

g ( x ) (e x 1)2 + g ( x ) (e x 1)2 xe x e x 1 2 + 2e x g x
(

g
x
=) (
= ) f ( x
=
4
2
4
e x 1
)(e x 1
e x 1

)
(

)) ( x (e 1) + 2g ( x

ex

) 1

)xe x (e x 1) + 2e x g ( x ) (e x 1
2

(e

) (e x ( x 2) + 2 + x

+ x + 2 + 2 ( x 1) e x

ex

)(e x 1

- \ x h (x ) = e x ( x 2 ) + 2 + x :

)1

(e

( xe

ex

)1

(e

= ) f ( x

= ) f ( x

= ) f ( x

h (x ) = (e x ( x 2) + 2 + x ) = e x + e x ( x 2) + 1 = e x ( x 1) + 1 = g ( x ) 0

h \ . h ( 0) = 0

)x 0 h ( x ) h ( 0

) h (x
- :
e x 1

h (x ) 0

ex

)(e x 1

) f ( x *\

*\ x

= ) x \* : f ( x

) h (x
e x 1

)x 0 h ( x ) h ( 0
h (x ) 0

. :

: - 13 -

2007

18

e x >1 h (x ) > 0

e x <1 h (x ) < 0

x >0

e x 1 > 0 h ( x ) > 0
) h (x
>0
e x 1
f ( x ) > 0

e x 1 < 0 h ( x ) < 0
) h (x
>0
e x 1
f ( x ) > 0

x \* : f ( x ) > 0

x <0

- ) ( C P ) (O , i , j
JJG JJG

lim f ( x ) = 0

= 0

)+x

x +

) ( Cf +

lim f ( x
x

) ( Cf

: - 14 -

y =0

y = x

2007

18

 .III `(u n )n

u0 =1

) u n +1 = f (u n

` ; n
.1 *\ x

. :

x
=x
e 1
x
x =0
x
e 1
1

1 = 0
x x
e 1
1
x = 0 _ x
=1
e 1
e x 1 = 1
x

f (x ) = x

ex = 2
x = ln 2

f (x ) = x

. f ( 0 ) = 1 0 x = ln 2 f ( x ) = x \
.2 -

x \+ 0 :

) g (x

)1

1 ( x 1)e x
2

ex

. x \* : f ( x ) > 0 : f

)1

ex

= ) f ( x

. \ +

x 0 f ( x ) f ( 0) f ( x ) 1
:
2
1
1
1
. x \ + : f ( x ) 0 : : f ( x ) :
2
2
2
1
:
. x \ + : f ( x )
2
.

- f
:

ln 2 x

. :

\+

. 0, +

) x \ + ; c \ + / f ( x ) f ( ln 2 ) = f (c ) ( x ln 2 c
1
) f (c f ( ln 2 ) = ln 2
. f ( x ) f ( ln 2 ) = f (c ) x ln 2 :
2

1 x ln 2
2

\ + : f ( x ) ln 2

` n u n \+ f ( \ + ) = 0,1 \ +

. x

. :

ln 2

(u ) ln 2 12 u
n

.f

n ` : u n +1 ln 2 1 u n ln 2

- :

\+

. x

u 0 ln 2

1

2

n ` : u n ln 2

: - 15 -

)*(

2007

18

 )*( . n = 0

` n )*( n n + 1
n

1
2

u n + 2 ln 2 u n +1 ln 2 : u 0 ln 2

1

2

u n ln 2
n +1

1 1
u 0 ln 2 :
2 2

. u n +1 ln 2 u 0 ln 2 :
n

u 0 ln 2

1
2

1

2

. u n +1 ln 2

n ` : u n ln 2

1
1
1
- n ` : u n ln 2 1 ln 2 : . 1 < < 1 lim = 0
n + 2
2
2

`(u n )n

.IV F \

:
:

t
dt ; x 0
e 1
F ( 0) = 0

) = x

2x

.1 - *\ . x f \

x >0

) f ( 2x ) f (t ) f ( x
2x

2x

x t 2x
2x

) x f ( 2x ) F ( x ) x f ( x

2x 2
x2
F
x

( ) e x 1
e 2x 1

) f ( x ) f (t ) f ( 2x

f ( x )dt f (t )dt f ( 2x )dt

F ( x

f ( 2x )dt f (t )dt f ( x )dt

x <0

= ln 2

lim u
n + n

2x

2x

2x t x
x

2x

) xf ( x ) F ( x ) xf ( 2x

2x 2 F x x 2
( ) e x 1
e 2 x 1

2x 2
x2
F (x ) x
: 2x
e 1
e 1

: - 16 -

\ x

2007

18

 - :

2
2
x \* : 22xx F ( x ) xx

e 1

2x 2
2x
0
= lim x
=
=0
2
x
x 0 e
1 x 0 e 1 (e x + 1) 1 2

:
:
- :
:

lim

) lim F ( x ) = 0 = F ( 0

x2
x
0
= lim x
= =0
x
x 0 e 1 x 0 e 1 1
lim

x 0

2
2
2
x
x
*

F
x

:
.
( ) x
2x

e 1
1
2x F ( x ) F ( 0) x
x \* : 2x
x 0
e x 1
e 1
e

2x
2
2
= lim x
=
= 1 :
0
x

e 1 x
1 2
1
)(e + 1

lim

x 0 e 2 x

= 1 :
.2 -

)F ( x ) F ( 0

*\ x

x 0

x
1
1
= lim x
= =1
x

0
e 1 1
1

lim

x 0

f : t 6 tt

e 1

lim

x 0 e x

F (0) = 1

x ,2x 2x , x

x x ,2x 2x , x ) \* : ( x ) = f ( x
2x
2x
t
) (t ) = ( 2x ) ( x
= ) . F (x
dt
=
:

x
x e t 1
x 6 2x *\ *\ . x \* : 2x
F : *\ *\ x :
2x
ex
4

= x
) f (x ) f (x
x
2x
e 1 e 1 e + 1

. x

F ( x ) = ( ( 2x ) ( x ) ) = ( 2x ) ( 2x ) ( x ) = 2

4
3 e x

f
x
) f (x

1
=
(
)

x
e x +1
e +1

= ) F ( x

e f x
x \* : F ( x ) = 3
x
) ( e +1
x

- f . , +
. f , + = xlim \ : f ( x ) > 0 :
f ( x ) , xlim
f ( x ) = 0, + :

3 e x
x \* : F ( x ) = x ) F ( x *\ ) . ( 3 e x
) f ( x
e +1
3 e x = 0 e x = 3 x = ln 3

F : ln 3, + 0,ln 3
. ,0
.

: - 17 -

2007

18

x2
2x 2 F x x 2 :
*
=

\
:
( ) e x 1
e x 1
e 2 x 1
2x 2
1 t2
1t2 1
lim
lim 2x
= lim
=
xlim = 0 :
F ( x ) = :
x + e

1 t + 2 e t 1 t + 2 e t 1 1

lim
x

= 0

lim e x
x

et

t = 2x = 0 :

2
x
x 2 1 = 0 :
lim x :
= lim x
x + e 1 x + e
1

ex

2
2
2u
= lim u = lim u
u + e
u + e

F \

t2
t
t = t lim
1
+

e
2t
e
lim F ( x ) = 0

x +

lim
t +

2
t
3
dt = - ( ln(3) ) - di log(9) + di log(3) 0,4385061927
2
e 1

dt :

ln t

1 1- t

= ) di log(x

) ( CF +

t 6 ln t
1- t

2ln3

= )F ( ln 3

ln3

) (
. y = 0

lim F x = 2x F ( x ) x
) (
x
x
e x 1
1

) F (x
= + :
x x
) : ( CF

1
2

u = t

lim

e 2x

x \* :

) ( CF

: - 18 -

2x
= +
e 1
2x

lim
x

2007

18