- - 2008

abouzakariya@yahoo.fr
-(2 - ) . ( 2 ( \ ) ,

:
-(1 - ) ( , +, ) . ( 2 ( \ ) , +,
- O ( ( 0, 0 ) = O ) . :

) ( a, b ) ( c, d :
2

( a, b ) ( c, d ) = ( aI + bJ ) ( cI + dJ ) = acI + ( bc + ad ) J + bdJ

J 2 = I : :
) ( a, b ) ( c, d ) = ( ac bd ) I + ( bc + ad ) J = ( ac bd , bc + ad

- ) ( , \ 2 ) ( a, b ) ( c, d :

) . ( 2 ( \ ) ,

) ( a, b ) + ( c, d ) = ( a + c, b + d

. ( a, b ) + ( c, d ) :
) ( , +, ) . ( 2 ( \ ) , +,
- ) ( a, b :
3b
= aI + bJ
0

z = a + ib z ' = c + id *^ z z ' = ( ac bd ) + i ( bc + ad ) :

f .
) ( I,J :

) ( I,J . ) ( , \ 2 . I + J = O :

)}) ( ) ; ( !( a, b ) \ {( 0, 0
2

aI + bJ = ( a, b ) = f ( a + ib ) : :

1

3

= 3 = . = = 0 :

) ( I,J ) . ( , +,

f ^* , . * ,

/ = aI + bJ

) ( I,J .

f z z = ( ac bd , bc + ad ) :
'

) (

) ( I,J ) . ( , +,

1
= 0 :
3

- . f z z ' = ( a, b ) ( c, d ) = f ( z ) f z ' :

a 0 0
= ) ( a, b
+ 1
0 a 3 b

3 0 0
I + J = ( , ) : :
=
0 0

- f ^* , . * ,

) / = f ( a + ib ) = f ( z

) ^ ( ) ; ( ! z = a + ib
*

f *^ * .
-(3 ) ( , +, .
) ( , +, ) ( , + .

) ( ^ , f ) ( ^ , ) ( ,
) ( , .
*

- - 2008

abouzakariya@yahoo.fr
) \ ( 2 ) \ ( 2
.

- ) ( G :

) ( , +, .

) (

) = I f 1 J X 3 = f 1 ( I ) f 1 ( J ) f 1 X 3 = f 1 ( I
1

( ) (

) f 1 X 3 = f 1 ( X

3 i
3 +i
z1 =
z0 = i :
2
2

})

, 12

3
2

, 12 ;

1
1+ i
:
=
1 i
2

(1 + ia ) a

(ia ) a

. S = ( 0,1) = J ;
:

-I ^ . ( G ) : iz 2 + a + a i z a iaa = 0 :
-(1 - ) ( G :

( )

= a + a i + 4i a + iaa = a + a 2i a + a 1 + 4ia 4aa

2

= a 2 + 2aa + a 2ia 2ia + 4ia 4aa 1

= a 2 2aa + a 2i a a 1

= 1 + ia = a a

a : ) ( G ) . Re ( a ) = Im ( a
-(1 -II :

= z1

) a = ia Re ( a ) + i Im ( a ) = Im ( a ) + i Re ( a ) Re ( a ) = Im ( a

= . z2

J X 3 = I :
3
2

-(2 a ) ( G a = ia . 1 + ia = a

= a a i ^ :

) i a a a + a + i 2 (i a
=
= 1 + ia
= . z2
2i
2i

( X ) ; J X

f ( I ) = 1 : f ( J ) = i )
) X = ( x, y z = x + iy f ( X ) = z : :
i z = 1 z = i = i ( z i ) ( z + iz 1) = 0
3

i aa+aai
2a
=
= ia
2i
2i

-(4 . J X3 = I :

= a a 2i a a + i 2 = a a i

= Z ^ a ) . Re ( a ) Im ( a

(1 + ia ) a = 1 ia a = i + a ia = ( i 1) a i
=Z
ia a

ia a

a ia

) (

ia a

) (

) A ( a B ia ) C (1 + ia \ Z Z = Z
:

(1 + ia ) a = ( i 1) a i
ia a

ia a

(1 + ia ) a = ( i 1) a i

a a = 1 + i : (1 + i ) :
1
= ) 2i Im ( a :
2
2
1 i
2

. (1 + i ) = 2i :
2

= ) Im ( a

- - 2008

abouzakariya@yahoo.fr

1
-(2 :
2
- :

) . Im ( a

) ( zb z A ) b' a = i ( ia a

i 2

-I ] 2 . ( E ) : 35u 96v = 1 :

R1 ( B ) = B ' zB' z A = e

-(1 35 11 96 4 = 385 384 = 1 : ) (11, 4 ) . ( E

. b' = a i 2 a + ia = (1 + i ) a + a :

-(2 ) ( u,v ) ( E 35 ( u 11) 96 ( v 4 ) = 0 :

(*) 35 ( u 11) = 96 ( v 4 ) : 96 | 35 ( u 11) :

) R2 ( C ) = C ' zC ' z A = e 2 ( zC z A ) c ' a = i (1 + ia a

96 35 = 1 : 96 | ( u 11) :

. c ' = a + i a ia = i (1 a ) :

u = 11 + 96k / k ] :

b' = (1 + i ) a + a : ) . c ' = i (1 a

)*( v = 4 + 35k :

) ( E . S = { (11 + 96k , 4 + 35k ) / k ] } :

- c ' b' = i ia a ia a = i (1 2a ) a + a :
E ] [ BC :

) ) a = 1 2a + i ( a + a
2

z B + zC 1 + ia + ia 1 + i a + a
=
=
2
2
2

1+ i a + a
2

-II ` . ( F ) : x 35 2 [97 ] :
= zE

-(1 x ) . ( F
- 97 p p 2 97 :

= zE z A

'c ' b
2i ( z E z A ) = c ' b ' : = 2i :
zE z A
'c' b
) ' ( AE ) ( B 'C i\ :
zE z A

97

p :

48

. p 2 97

32

19

'c' b
' B 'C
'c ' b
. B C = 2 AE :
=
=
= 2i = 2 :
AE
zE z A
zE z A
'

13

97

- . d = x 97 :

'

97 d = 1 : . d = 97

- - 2008

abouzakariya@yahoo.fr

d = 97 97 = x 97 : 97 x
97 : x 35 x 35 0 [97 ] : ] . x 35 2 [97
d = 1 x 97 .

:
-I x \ + . f ( x ) = 2x e x :
2

-(1 - . lim ( f ( x ) 2x ) :
x +

- 97 x 97 = 1 x 97 1 1 [97 ] :

. lim ( f ( x ) 2x ) = lim e x = lim e t = 0 :

2

. x 96 1 [97 ] :
- 211 [97 ] :

) (

11

x 35 2 [97 ] x35 x 3511 211 [97 ] :

35 11 = 1 + 96 4 : x (1+964) 211 [97 ] :

x +

x +

) ( C + . y = 2x :
- ) : f ' ( x

= 2 + 2xe x = 2 1 + xe x

( x \ + ) ; f ' ( x ) = ( 2x ) ( x 2 ) e x
'

'

) ( x \ + ) ; f ' ( x ) > 0 : ( ( x \ + ) ; xe x 0 :
2

) x 96 1 [97 ] : ( x x (1+994) [97 ] :

. x 211 [97 ] :
-(2 x x 211 [97 ] : x 35 21135 [97 ] :

f \ + :
+

x
0
)f ' (x

35 11 = 1 + 96 4 : ] ) 2 97 = 1 296 1 [97 (
21135 2 [97 ] : x 35 2 [97 ] : x ) . ( F
-(3 ] x 211 [97 ) ( F .
211 = 2048 = 21 97 + 11 : . 211 11 [97 ] :
. x 211 [97 ] x 11 [97 ] x = 11 + 97 k / k ` :
.

= 0 lim f ( x ) = +
x +

x2

lim e ( lim 2x = +
x +

x +

- f \ + f \ + :

[J = f ( \ + ) = f ( 0 ) ; lim f ( x ) = [ 1; +
x+

0 J \ + . f ( ) = 0 :

1
f ( 0 ) = 1< 0 : f (1) = 2 > 0 . 0 < < 1
e

- - 2008

abouzakariya@yahoo.fr
F ] [ 0;x x : \*+

- ) f ( x ]. [ 0;1
f ] [ 0;1 0 < < 1 : :

c [ ]0; x . F ( x ) F ( 0 ) = x.F' ( c ) :

( x [ 0; [ ) ; f ( x ) < 0 . ( x ] ;1]) ; f ( x ) > 0

-(2 ) . ( C

x t2

e dt 0 = x.e c :

1 x t2
c2
:
=
e
dt
e
x 0
2

- x = 1 :

. x \*+ ; ( c ]0; x[ ) /

( c ]0;1[ ) / e t dt = e c
2

0 < c < 1 e c < e 0 = 1 : dt < 1 :

2

1 t2

e
0

-(2 - . ( x \ + ) ; g ( x ) = f ( t ) dt :
0

x t2

e dt = t 2 e t dt = g ( x ) :
2

f ( t ) dt = ( 2t ) dt

; ) . ( x \ +

- f \ + x 6 f ( t ) dt : \ +
0

( f ( t ) dt ) = f ( x ) :
'

-II g \ + :

1 x t2

( x ) = 0 e dt ; x > 0
x
e dt
( 0 ) = 0

x t2

. g(x) = x

-(1 F : u 6 e t dt \ + \*+ :
2

. ( x \*+ ) ; F' ( x ) = e x

g \ + ) . ( x \ + ) ; g ' ( x ) = f ( x

- ( x ] ;1[ ) ; g ' ( x ) = f ( x ) > 0 : g

[] ;1

) ( x \ +

( t [0; [ ) ; f ( t ) < 0 g ( ) = f ( t )dt < 0

dt < 1 g (1) = 12 e t dt > 0

2

t2

e
0

[ ] ;1 . g ( ) = 0 :

- - 2008

abouzakariya@yahoo.fr
-(3 - .

'

x \*+
t ] [ 0; x x 2 t 2 0 : e x e t 1 :
2

1dt :

x t2

e dt

x t2

e dt x :

1 x t2
e dt 1 :
x 0

2 2 x2
:
xe
x

x 0

2 x 2 t2
- t e dt :
x 0

u ( t ) = e t
u ' ( t ) = 2te t
:
:

'
v ( t ) = 1
v ( t ) = t
x

x t2

e dt = te t + 2 t 2 e t dt :

0
0
2

2 x 2 t2
t e dt
x 0
-

1

x

'

2
:
x

\ . x

; ) . ( x \ +

t ] [ 0; x e t 1 : t 2 :
2

t 6 t 2 e t \ + x 6 t 2 e t dt \ +
t e dt = x 2 e x :

2
; (x) = 2
x
'

*
+

. ([ 0;1]) [ 0;1] :

x3
-(4 - :
t e dt
3

x 2 t2

'

x 2 t2

. ( x ) = e x +
2

*
+

0 < (1) = e t dt < 1 : (1) ;1 [ 0;1] :

0
2

x \*+ ; ( x ) = e x + .

t e dt +

2
x2

( x \ ) ; ( x ) = 2xe x

. ([ 0;1]) = (1) ; ( 0 ) = (1) ;1 :

lim+ e x = 1 lim+ ( x ) = 1 = ( 0 ) :

x 2 t2

( ( x \*+ ) ; ' ( x ) < 0 :

*
+

) ( x \ ) ; ( x ) = ( e
'

- ] ) [ 0;1 \ +

( x \ ) ; e x

x 0

t e dt :

t e dt

t e dt +

x 2 t2

. xe x

= ) (x

dt

x x2

x 2 t2

2
x

x 2 t2

'

2
+
x

'

x2

*
+

; ) . ( x \ +

x 6 x 6 e x \*+ \*+

t3
x3
:
= = t dt
3
3 0
x 2 t2

- t e dt :

x 2

x 2 t2

t e dt

( t [0;x ]) ; t e t
2

; ) . ( x \ +

( x \ ) ; ( x ) = x2

'

x3
:
t e dt
3

x 2 t2

*
+

2
; ) ( x \ +
x2

2
x :
3

) . x \*+ ; ' ( x

- - 2008

abouzakariya@yahoo.fr

2
2
2
:
) ) . ( x ]0;1[ ) ; ' ( x :
x
3
3
3

[( x ]0;1

u n :

- x \*+ :
x

e t dt = x e t dt = x 2 x 2 e t dt = 0 g ( x ) = 0
2

u n +1 = ( u n ) ( ) :

2
un
3

(x) = x

. x \*+ ; ( x ) = x g ( x ) = 0 :

2
u n
3

-(5 ( u n )n 0 :

2
3

) (un ) (
n +1

2
. u n +1
3

= u 0 ) . ( n ` ) ; u n +1 = ( u n

- . ( n ` ) ; 0 u n 1 :

2
. ( n ` ) ; u n :
3
- ( u n )n 0 .
n

2
n = 0 1 :
3

2
2
0 < < 1 lim = 0 :
n + 3
3

= . 0 u0

0 u n 1 :
([ 0;1]) [ 0;1] : u n +1 = ( u n ) [ 0;1] :

. 0 u n +1 1 :
. ( n ` ) ; 0 u n 1 :

2
( n ` ) ; u n : ( u n )n 0
3
.
:
.
.

- n = 0 :
0

2
2
] u 0 = [ 0;1 ] [ 0;1 . u 0 1 0 = 1 = :
3
3
n

2
. u n :
3
g ( ) = 0 : -(4 - . ( ) = :