cfgGb e"ld, j{ 33, c 8, 2062 dfu{zL{k"l{df -odl/k'lGx_

*f. ;fg'efOHo"s n]vs v)*g -2_

cfrfo{ wd{ jh ->Lw/ /f)ff_
clwNn cdf *f. ;fg'efO *=unHo"sf n]vx?s ;fdfGo ljj]rgf
k:t't uo= . ca a"=bfut ljj]rgfs ddf cfgGb e"lds Ho]i&s c -j{
33 c 2_ df lg:s]s pxf+s n]vnf n+b}%= .
pxf+n] eGg'ePs % ls a'$wd{n] cg]s= zfvfkzfvfn] ljeflht x'g]
ddf zfSod'lg a'$n] l;sfPsf d"ne"t l;$fGtx?nf t*d/* u/] . To;df
d"ne"t l;$fGt %'^fpg /fhf czss kfnfdf ag]s y]/jfbL uGy r'NnjUu
nf pxfn] cfwf/ agfpg'ePs % . t/ r'NnjUu :jo= y]/jfbs uGy ePsn]
o;sf cfwf/df y]/jfbnf d"ne"t l;$fGts jfxs zfvf dfGg' b"ws ;fL
lj/fn h:t x'g] ePsn] lgik Pj= zwd"ns dfGotfdf p egf v/ plqg
;Sb}g . clg s'g cfwf/df pxf+n] y]/jfb afx]s cGo lgsfon] ljs[lt leofPs
k'l ug'{x'G% < dxf;f=l#s cflb lgsfosf l;$fGt dlns / y]/jfbn] t*d/*
u/]s x'g g;Sg] sg} &;, P]ltxfl;s, k'/ftflTjs lgik kdf)f lbg ;Sg'x'G%
ls <
l/, la. lhggGbn] r'NnjUu af^ pbw[t u/]sf bzc^f s/fx?Bf/f
jHhLsf le'x?n] a'$ wd{nf ljst kf/]sfn] To;af^ arfpg t]; ;=ufog
ePs pNn]v ;fg'efOn] ug'{ePs % . y]/jfbs} kfln lgsfos ;'Q bL#
lgsfos dxfkl/lgAafg ;'Q s tyfutklR%d jfrfdf cfs=vdfg, cfgGb
;=# ddRro]g v'@fg'v@
' sflg l;Svfkbflg ;d"xgt' cyf{t\ x] cfgGb, ;=#n]
rfx]df d]/ d[To'kl% ;fgf dl;gf -'bcg''b_ lzfkbx?nf x^fP x'G%
eg]/ :jo= a'$n] cg'dlt lbPs pNn]v :k % . ca kZg %, s] Ps ;=#n] ;fgf
ltgf lzfx? a'$s} cg'dlt adlh= abNo / cs{ ;=#n] abNg rfx]g /
oyfl:yltjfbL g} /lx/fVg rfX -To klg ;fgf ltgf s/fx?df_ eGb}df
clgTotf l;sfpg] a'$ wd{df ljs[lt ePs dfGg ldN% < To;df klg l;F\\df g'g
n}hfg] ls gn}hfg], vfgf kl% dxL vfg] ls gvfg] h:tf tL bz s/fx?s
cfwf/df a'$wd{sf ljs[lt / z'$tf %'^fpg] x eg] a'$ wd{ g} sg :t/s wd{ /
bz{g x / ;dfhnf sg txs zflGt / b'Mvd'l b]nf eg]/ xfdLn] a'g] <

cfgGb e"ld, j{ 33, c 8, 2062 dfu{zL{k"l{df -odl/k'lGx_

;fg'efOn] pbw[t u/]s 2500 Years of Buddhism df la. lhggGbn] n]v]s

ToxL n]vd} atfOPs % ls kldL b]z, cjGtL / bl)f b]zsf hDdf 148 hgf
cx{tx?n] cxuf kj{tdf hDdf e oL &Ls x'g ls a]&Ls eg]/ %nn ubf{
lg)f{o ug{ uf eP/ /]jt dxf:ylj/n] a]&Ls eGg] lg)f{o lbPsf lyP /] . 'bfg''b
ljo geP/ oL kd'v s/f ePsf eP cx{t e};s]sf 148 hgfx?nf lg)f{o ug{
sg} s&LgfO x'g] lyPg lsgls ;a}n] :k ?kd} unt eGg] b]Vg ;lsxfNy] .
ptf a]&Ls eGg] lg)f{o lbg] Pshgf cx{t dfqs egfOsf cfwf/df 148 hgf
cx{ts lg)f{o kefljt ePs % . o;af^} :k x'G% ls y]/jfbn] Pshgfs
dts lg)f{on] g} oL s/fnf hjh{:tL unt &fg]/ rNb} cfPs /x]% . To;/L klg
ljs[lts lg)f{o x'g ;S% < 148 hgf cx{tx?s cGondf sg} ;Totf lyPg
eg]/ clxn] xfdLn] s;/L &sjf ug{ ;lsG% < p n]vdf lhggGbn] klg tL
s/fnf kfln ;t cflbsf cfwf/df k:t't u/]sf %g, t/ a'$wd{s} ljslt eg]/
st} klg atfPsf %}gg ha ls ;fg'efOHo"n] &sjf u/]/} ljs[lt elglbg'eo
To;nf pxf+n] :k kfg'{kg]{ lyo .
p lstfas kyd ;=:s/)f 1959 s ePs x'gfn] / ToeGbf cufl*
kfln ;t afx]s c? ;ts /fd cWoog geO;ssn] To;sf n]vsx?
clwsf=z ldlt k'lu;s]sf k'/fgf cfnhd{g ;d"xsf %g / lhggGbn] klg
To;s} a(L cg';/)f u/]sf %g .
*f. ;fg'efOHo"n] p cdf l/ dxf;f=l#sn] a'$nf dfg'L Jolaf^
nsQ/ Jols ?kdf k:t't u/] eg]/ ljslt NofPs eGg vHg'ePs % .
a'$nf pxf+n] dfg'L Jols ?kdf sg cfwf/df lglt ug'{x'G% < c=u'Q/
lgsfos rSs jUus b)f;'Q -1.4.36_ df t a'$ :jo=n] d dfgj xOg
eg]/ :k} atfpg'ePs b]Vg kfOG% . d dxfdfgj x'
+ eg]/ a'$n] cf"nf
atfPs sg} ;t nf kfg'{ePs % ls < dg'io olgdf hGd]s sf/)fn] ?k
dg'ios eP klg !fg / u')fs sf/)fn] pxf+ dg'io geP/ Ps a'$ x'g'x'GYo eGg]
s/f t p ;'Qsf pxf+s} jrgx? a'$lt o= af)f wf/]lx cflbaf^ a'lG% .
pxf+n] :jo= g} cf;jx? kxf)f e};s]sn] d dg'io, b]j, uGwj{ cflb sxL xOg,
dnf t a'$ eg]/ a' eGg'ePs % / sdndf kfgL gnfu] h:t} d nsdf
pklnKt %}g eGg'ePs % . h:t},

cfgGb e"ld, j{ 33, c 8, 2062 dfu{zL{k"l{df -odl/k'lGx_

k')*/Ls= oyf jUu', to]g g'klnKklt

g'klnKkld ns]g, t:df a'$l:d af)ff=lt -c=u'Q/ lgsfo 1.4.3737_
To;/L nsd} g^f+l;Psf Jolnf nsQ/ gdfg]/ nlss g} &fGg' of
dfGg' a'$nf g} ga'g' / glrGg' x . a o k a'$wd{s ljslt x .
dxf;f=l#ss b[lnf s;/L ljs[t eGg] <
clewDdsf cg';f/ klg ;t cfkGg e};s]s Jol ;d]t nsQ/ x'G%
eg] Ps cx{t / c ;DoS;Da'$ nlss} eO/xg' s;/L o'l;=ut % <
;Dk"{ kfn lgsfodf sxL+ klg Ps cg'R%]b klg To:t e]l^+b}g hxf
a'$nf sjn Ps dfgj dfq of Ps dfg'L Jol dfqs ?kdf k:t't ul/Ps
x; . a w]/} cg'R%]bx? o:tf %g h;n] tyfut dxfk' eGbf klg a(L, pQd
k' eGbf klg a(L, ;j{Qd b]j / dg'iox?eGbf klg dfy eg]/ :k zAbdf
pNn]v u/]sf %g . -c=u'Q/ lgosf 2.11, Discerning The Buddha; Lalmani Joshi,
pp. 160_

To:t} pxf+nf cQ/ lgsfod} cKkdf a'$, cKkd]o, cdt:; bftf

clrlGtof cflb elgPs % ofg] a'$ ckdf %g, ckd]o %g, cd[tsf bftf
%g, clrGTo %g elgPs % . y]/fkbfgdf a'$ljo clrGt]o cyf{t
a'$ljo clrGTo % elgPs % . wDdkbdf t=a'$= cgGtur/= -179, 180_
cyf{t tL cgGt ]q ePsf a'$nf elgPs % . dlHdlgsfo -2.82_ df
tyfut uDeL/, cKkd]o b'Kkl/oufx ;]oylk dxf;d'@ cyf{t tyfut
uDeL/, ckd]o / dxf;d'b h:t} kf/ kfpg g;lsg] x'g'x'G% elgPs % . s] o:t
Jolnf s]jn dfg'L Jol dfq eGg ;lsG% <
;fg'efOn] pbw[t ug'{ePs cg'sn rGb aghL{s All these conceptions
led to the deification of the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas..... s ;jfndf k. *f.

nfndlHo" o; eGg'x'G% y]/jfbL kfn lk^sn] dfg'L utd s

cfw'lgs ldysnf cf* lbg] cfbz{nf lsgf/f nufOlbG%g / cdfGo t'Nofp+%g

/ kfn lk^ss a'$ jos cWoog -Buddhology_ klg P]ltxf;s a'$nf
k%s a'$wd{n] b}jLs/ -deification_ u/] eGg] nslko t/ cy{xLg cfw'lgs
cjwf/f;+u j$ % . zb]v g} g t Toxf b}jLs/ ePs % g t
cdfg'Ls/ -dehumanization_ ePs % .
3

cfgGb e"ld, j{ 33, c 8, 2062 dfu{zL{k"l{df -odl/k'lGx_

a'$nf hlxn] klg g t d'gio g b]jtfs ?kdf sNkgf ul/Ps % . oL b'j}

zAbx? a'$ zAbs j$ %g / a'$ s cy{nf tn fg]{ sfd ub{%g
-Discerning The Buddha; Lalmani Joshi, pp. 169_. o:t dfg'L a'$s wf/fnf
Richard Gombrich / Gananath Obeye Sekere n] Buddhism Transformed eGg] lstfadf

k^]:^])^ a$ wd{ -Protestant Buddhism_ ofg] cfw'lgstfjfbn] lxsf{OPs

k^]:^])^ llZrog zfn] kefjt eP/ JoVof ul/Ps a'$ wd{ eg]/ gfds/
u/]sf %g -pp. 202-204_.
cs{ s'/f, ;fg'efOHo"n] 2500 Years of Buddhism sf] cg'sn rGb aghL{s
n]vaf^ cg'R%]bx? pbw/ ubf{ sltko &fp+df c=u]hL zAbs unt cg'jfb

u/]/ ed kfl/lbg'ePs %, h:t} self-possessed nf cfTdslGbt eg]/ cg'jfb

ug'{ePs % ha ls p zAbs Toxfs cekfo kzfGt of :j:yrQ jfnf
x . cfTdslGbt eg]/ self-centered nf a'G% . l/ jfT;Lk'qLo afx]s c
sg} klg a$ lgsfon] cfTdfs cl:tTjnf g} gdfGg] ePsn] To cy{ lbg'
prt b]v+b}g . To:t} always in the state of samadhi s cg'jfb ;w}= ;dfwdf
nLg /xg] eg]/ ug'{ePs %, ha ls ;dfwdf nLg eg]s zdy s cj:yf
x . t/ Toxf t ;dfwdf nLg geg]/ ;dfws cj:yfdf /xg] eGg'kYo{
h;n] jkZogfs cj:yfnf hgfp+% . x]bf{ p:t} nfu] klg oL w]/} d;gf s/fx?
x'g / Toxf ulx/ eGgtf % h;nf ;fg'efOHo"n] Vofn} gu/L ld;fOlbg'eo .
l/ dosetically zAbs klg pxfn] pRr:yfg eg]/ cg'jfb ug'{ePs %
h;s p zAb;+u ;DaGw} %}g . o t llZrog wfld{s zAb x h;s cy{
:ju{df cfg jf:tjs ?k eP/} tn cfg %fof h:t ?k k&fP/ eGg] x'G%
g ls pRr :yfg . To:t} deification nf jz'$ eg]/ cg'jfb ug'{eo ha ls
To;s cy{ b}jLs/ ofg] b]jtf h:t agfpg' x .
oL ;a} s/fx? n]Vbf cg'sn rGb aghL{n] sjn dxf;f#sn] o:t
eG%g eg]/ n]Vg'ePs % g ls To:t dfGg' jslt x eg]/ . t/ ;fg'efOHo"n] tL
n]vs cekfonf jslt s ?kdf k:t't ug'{ePs % h;s kfdflstf
sxL klg lbg'ePs %}g . pxf cfn] g} jslt eg]/ &sjf ug{ c# ;g'{ePs
x ls -kfn k/Dk/fs cjwf/f;+u ldn]g eGb}df jslt eGg g;lsg] s/f o
eGbf c#Nn cdf k. s~h] cflbs egfOnf pbw[t u/L atfO;ssf %= ._

cfgGb e"ld, j{ 33, c 8, 2062 dfu{zL{k"l{df -odl/k'lGx_

ca xfdL cff(s cs jodf a"+bfut jj]rgf ug]{%= .

dzM