!

"
*

! "
#$% & '
ataie@sharif.edu / , 0 , 123

)*$ + &*,
/- .!

#
$+ A* 45 $+ 6 2+ 7 2 ) ! 0 8 &9 ) 0 .: ) 8
! ; < = >! ? ! *$ 28 8 &* *3 .( 9 + ) @ +
0 12) 8 & ! E 0 F
+ B
0 ' *, 1=2 - +9 7 C % , ,! 7 :
9 *B + ) @ +
D ;,
M
&*
C ) 9E J 9
+ )@ + 9 %BK
I + I
2 L 0 & ! E 0 F A1) G H ) 9
2 I
O
A D < # + +
N@ + I < * ! +
$ %
#
( + ) A1) &* D U 0 T P$! & ( R0* K N + S=! + ! # + 4 )
2 6+
=) $+ G Q Q
P$+
7V #+ $ &* F D
7V #+ K
9) =
8 & &*( 70 ! 1) - '
* 9 ) = $ +9
!# + 4 )
0 L2$ ) @ + 7V #+ 9 & ) +
0 F D ;, 4( T @ + W F 7V #+ ( + - ! & ) A1) * 9 ) =
$=+
&* Z % 7V #+ *
* 9 ) = 9 ;% : X
= [*8 \ A* &* 6 < X + ! &* Y 3 9 ) = & &* Z % L2$ )
A D + F #+ 7V #+ - $=+
F #) ! * R*+ & ' 0 &* U R (
L2$ )
' ()*%
+, ./0 1 2
$&
#
9
@ + # +
1) 2 9 + ]
#+ L 0 G H ) 9 + ]
#+ 0 * + #+ Q ;+ &* *3 T : .% S 0
) 1 : &9 * 6 7V #+ 0 ' ) 3 #+ ;+
* + #+ Q A " #! +9
J + 7 % 12 + +0 &
E 0F
/1
! + * + 7V #+
A* + G H ) L + $ 0 L ! ($ ) 9 + S ;+
G H ) 9 +]
#+ 0 A1) *+ # + )
u + w z = 0

u t + u.u + wu z = p
wt + u.w + wwz = p z g

0 7 ( : 80 9 P$F % y 0 x ! C 2+ ) 0 1 : &9 * 6 '

#+ ^
6 '
#+
1 ) w A1) y 0 x ! C 2+ 1 0 1 )
' u
7V #+ - A1) z $# TU < 1
+ #+
#+
'
+ 3 8` 9A
+ " #! =( / x , / y) 7 _ ! C 2+ *# 0 S
0 +9 t R ) F p A1) z 1

/*
+ P$+ 9 7 % I ! ! L + $ 0 L ! ($ ) 9 + S
G 9 H ) A1) &* ` 9 1 ( 1=2 + 3
U 4 +
t + u. = w
on z =

p=0
/
ht + u.h = w

1
2

Submarine Landslide Generated Tsunamis

Impulse waves

on z = h

7 %-

L ! ($ ) 9 + ]

C ) 9 E J - +9 9
%

>2
!

@
-

&* ^

&* ^

+ )
E J - +9
9
+ )
E J - +9

+ )
&* ^
E J - +9

+ )
E J - +9
a

&* ^

+ )
&* ^
E J - +9

+ )
E J - +9
a

&* ^

&* ^

+ )
&* ^
E J - +9
-

&* ^

9 ) = 7 # + 6 ) *$ b( a & ( R0*
6

<$ 8

+, - $&

9
5

)*%
DS) +
4( &*
DS) +
* !
I.% T2
&*
+ 0V
W
* !
DS) +
I.% T2
+ 0V
4( &*
* !
DS) +
I.% T2
+ 0V
4( &*
2
0* !
\3;, J! *# )
@+

@ +* !
0
@
0
@
0
@

I.% T2

0
* !
DS) +
I.% T2
@+ 0V
4( &*
2
DS) +
@ + * ! \3;, J!
&*
W
DS) +
@ + * ! I.% T2
&*
W

@ +* !

\3;,

[ B
0*C+

B d
4( T

Noda(1971)

[ B
0*C+

B d
4( T

ZUNI

Mader(1973)

[ B
0*C+
[ B
0*C+

B d
4( T

Raney/Butler
(1975)

[ B
0*C+
[ B
0*C+
[ B
0*C+

9+

L2$ ) K @ + TIME
B d
4( T
@
G B d
4( T
;2 3
e U R*+
^ '$

Goto/Ogawa
(1992)

;2 3

J!

*# L

0
* !
I.% T2
@+ 0V
2
J!

[ B
0*C+

B d
4( T
e U R*+
., a ; 8

Jiang/Leblond
(1992)

MOST

Titov(1997)

NasaVof2d

Rzadkiewicz et
al., (1997)

GW2D

Grilli et al.,
(1999)

Imran et al.,
(2001)

0* !
DS) +
I.% T2
@+
4( &*
0* !
I.% T2
*# )
@+

0* !
\3;,
@+

45

2
-

:;!

=-

"

+ ) @ + c _B

9+

4( T G

9+

;2 3

*# )

9+

DS) +
&*
W

9+

B TUNA
MI
BIEM

GEO
L2$ ) K @ + WAV
E
L2$ ) K @ +
e U R*+ BING
^ '$

Synolakis et al.,
(2002)
Grilli et al.,
(2002)
Watts et al.,
(2003)
Grilli/Watts(2003)

+ )
&* ^
E J - +9

0
* !
;,
@+ 0V

N@ +
EJ9
&* ^
8*) 9 >+

2
J!
\3

DS) +
4( &*

0* !
I.% T2
@+
0* !
;,
@+

&* ^

*# )

2
J!
\3

[ B
0*C+

L2$ ) K @ + COUL
WAV
V*$Q
E

L+$ 0 *8
;2 3
0 7 f

DR '
4( &*

[ B
0*C+

L2$ ) K @ +

Lynett/Liu (2004)

Panizzo et al.,
(2005)

Ataie/Jilani (2006)

,+ 0 +9
3
( " #! &* *3 T : .% 7V #+ A*8 + g (
9 + S 0 9 ) = * + 9 ( & ( ;,
3
(
$ ;6 2+ + 3 0 9
D& 0
+ +D
d ; .C! E0 9 & ) A*
+ *# 0* 7V #+ ; *=!
1=2 $# @ + B d F ' hB 9 *$! = ;6 2+ + 3 0 - A* D + L2$ ) &* Z % .% 7V #+ R _:
$+ E0
@ + &0 D
1 ) + 70 ! B + 3 A @ + R 5 G 4( 1=2 $# @ + g$ 3 '
+ 3 0 G 4(
@ + $+
@ + e 2 F - g>3 0 ". >+ 2 F
- 2> A1) &* D H ! [2] 0 [1] & ( b + 7 =) C+ E0 7 U A*8 +
6 6
/ D + - #! 9 7 % ^
6 #+ $=+ O( , ) =! 9 0 4( &*
DR ' 7 % T 2 ) T : .% #+

2EJ9
1

+ ) @ + 7V #+

( " #! 0 7 _ >+ T 2 )

9) =

* + a & ( ;,

ht + t + .{ ( + h)u 0

( 3 3 + h 3 ) A + 12 ~
z 2 ( + h) A 12 ( 2 2 h 2 )(.B) + ~
z 2 ( + h)(.B)
+ 4 [ 1 ( 5 5 + h 5 )(.A) 1 ( + h) ~
z 4 (.A) 1 ( 3 3 + h 3 )(.( ~
z 2 .A))

+ 2

1
6

120

24

12

+ 14 ( + h) ~
z 2 (.( ~
z 2 A)) + 241 ( 4 4 h 4 )(.(B)) 16 ( + h) ~
z 3(.(B))
1 ( 3 3 + h 3 )(.( ~
z B)) + 1 ( + h) ~
z (.( ~
z B))
6

+ ( h )C ( + h) ~z C
1
2

1) 4(
&*
' ' 7 %
$=+ *$8 + ; , !
D ) 7V
7V #+ ( + 9 & ) A1) ! C 2+
F #) ! 4( &*
DR ' 0H )
A1) F D

] } = O(

,6)

6F ) 0 1 : &9 * 6 #+ (8
+0
#+ I < '
#+ 0
#+ T 2 ) &*+ +
+0
#+ 0
#+ A* + 1)
97 %
*# 0 * + 0 4( &*
DR ' 7 %
N@ +
0
&* *3 * ; .C!
*# 0 7 %
* R*+ L 0*C+ 7 N ! E0
D , 0 g80i3 - &*+ 1)
< 2 6+ + 8 ' +9 8 D&9 * 9 j ) 7 5 +
9 ;% : X
1)

u 0t + (.u 0 )u 0 + w1
2

[
[u

+ u 1t
+

(
+ (P

+ w2

+ " #! 9

PC 8

z =0

)u

0z

( ))u + (.u )(u ). + (w )u + (w )(u

))u + (.(u ))(u ) + (.u )(u )
+ ((u
)(u ) + (w )(u )]
) = O( , )

z =0

+ (. u 1

2t z = 0
z =0

2 z =0

1 z z =0

1 z =0

z =0

z =0

2I

1 z =0

1 z =0

2 z =0

1 z =0

0z

1 z =0

1 z z =0

)]

2 z =0

2z z = 0

*+

h( x, t ) = h0 ( x) 0.5T 1 + tanh

B 0 1 #< + 9 & ! .% F
x xl (t )
S

1 tanh

& ( ;, 7 % 7 _ >+ T 2 ) W F

x x r (t )
S

xl (t ) = xc (t ) 0.5T cos( ),
x r (t ) = xc (t ) + 0.5T cos( ),
S = 0.5 / cos( )

FD

<&

+ l F S 0 xc(t)
A* + 1)
S (t ) = S 0 . ln cosh

t
t0

+ 6 - $Y(8 0 xr(t)
;, ! _ >+ 8 C+
S0 =

u t2
a0

and

1) 1() 0 xl(t) & ! kQ 1()

; *=! 0
9 +9 PC 8
t0 =

ut
a0

=15, T/B=0.052, h0C/B=0.261, t=1(s)

=15, T/B=0.052, h0C/B=0.261, t=2(s)

=15, T/B=0.052, h0C/B=0.261, t=3(s)

6 1 #< + A*
+
& ! + 1 #< + A1)

". >+
S0 9

! +

+9 ^ D *$Q

2 C ) 9E J 9

: 7 _> + - - #!

u t = g .B .

A1)

( 1)
2C d

. sin

+ )@ +

0G

a0 0 G H ) 9

, a0 = g.

1
+ Cm

9) = X

a & ( ;,

J & ! m *:

1 ) ut l F 7V #+
/ & ) 9

sin

G wave guage

G wave guage

Surface Elev. (m)

Surface Elev. (m )

1
0

0
-1

-2

-2

-4

-3
-6

-4
-8

-5
-6

-10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70
Time (s)

80

10

20

30

40

50

60

70
Tim e (s)

80

50

60

70
Tim e (s)

80

G wave guage

G wave guage
Surface Elev. (m )

Surface Elev. (m)

4
2

-2

-2

-4

-4

-6

-6
-8

-8

-10

-10

-12

-12

-14

-14

-16

10

20

30

! =) C+ * + 9 h> +

40

50

60

70
Tim e (s)

8 ' +9

80

8 & 0 aaa

10

20

30

9) = X

40

2 6+

& ( ;,

&* &
& ( ;,
8 + 3 ) A1) G c _>+ 90 & ! c _>+ 90 1=2 0 I * +
J & !R 5B
A1) F D < 9 ) = 1C! &* F #+ * R*+ 9 & ) G H ) &*
N@ + 2
J - $Q
< W F A*
1+ >N 0 B R 5
4F 1=2 2 I 0 9 /1) &* D T P$! 9 7 %
9 ) = 9 .: + $=+ 7 5

h0C
J & ! ;6? + 6 ^ G 4( n
2
J & ! 2
+ 0
I! ! T
J & !
I ! ! 0 E J C+ 0 G3 ! G0 X$) @ + Q A n 0 n I ! !
Cm & 0 F ^ 0 Cd 23 0 I N +
& ( ;, ". >+ +9 ^ D *$Q
* 9 ) = X A* F D <
J & ! ;6? + 6 9 +
0
% 6F ;% F
* ;: 9 ;% : 6+ - 4 < 2 6+ A*
+ &*8 + ; <
N@ +
0 C ) )
' 'Q ;, - A1) &* U
Y 9 * R*+ X I) $+ 0 3 A1) &* &
& ( ;,
5 + ( 0 ^ h> + 6 Q
8 ' +9 8 & 0
0 6 9 * 0
+ P: +
' (8 A1) &*8 + ; < \+ ;,
&*+ 1)
2, S
&* ^ 7 +9 9
7 (
( P$+
* ! + & ($
P: + ; < J! &* U * * R*+
8 ' +9 0 * X
+ 70 !
N@+
+ g F @ + S) ! &* 5 .% F
+9 : X
1< =! g F A*
* R*+ $=+ 7V #+ @ + $ 3 hB 9 V =!
- $Y(8 0 G H ) 9 ! m *: 0 ;< *: 6+ S
+ (!
,$ -(N A1) 4 6C! F #) ! * R*+ 8 hB .( 9 *
A
8 ' +9 8&
=< ; < , &*
@ + = 6! 3
? >' #
+ )V + F A* & #) ! C ) 9 E J - +9 9
N @ + 9) =
!
B d +
* R*+ L 4 6C! )V + F - 0 &*+ 1)
X 1< g F [*8 V =! 7 (
( P$+ 0
d ; .C! E0 9 & ) R*+ & )
F #) ! R*+ A* D * ;: 4( &*
' ' 0H )
*# 0 $# *# ) = S
0*C+ [ B * E0 9 & )
U
* R*+ ,$
A1) &* F D
& j ) 0 U - 66C+ ) S) !
] + 8&
8 ' +9 ( L
;% :
=< ; < + X *8 + < 9 ) =
+T
=! 9 L 8 @ + $ 3 0 B d F
_B
4 6C! - &*
( 2 6+ A1)
+
B
! V 5 ;% F @ +
+9
c B 5 * * R*+ X
= 0&
*% 9 ( 0
N@ +K !
*%
0*: + &* U R*+
B + m *: $ ) + 8 ' +9 (
8&
A*$ + 0*C+
3
A!<
<#
+ N : 6+ ! 0 4 6C! - ^
0 7 90 80i3 8 Z 5 F - $Y(8 0 "
#$% & '
80i3 ^ C+ 1 0 #+ = 3
A D + <
*<
45 #
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bottom boundary: applications to submarine landslide tsunami waves Intl. Jl. for Numerical Methods
in fluids, (in Press).
[2] Ataie-Ashtiani B., and Najafi-Jilani A., (2006). Prediction of Submerged Landslide Generated
Waves in Dam Reservoirs: An Applied Approach Jl. of Dam Engineering., (in Press).
[3] Enet F., Grilli S.T., and Watts P., (2003). Laboratory Experiments for Tsunami Generated by
Underwater Landslides: Comparison with Numerical Modeling 13th Intl. Conf. on Offshore and
Polar Engrg, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, pp 372-379.
[4] Fritz H. M., Hager W. H., and Minor H. E., (2004). Near field characteristics of landslide generated
impulse waves, Jl of Waterway, Port, Coast. and Ocean Engrg, ASCE, Vol. 130, pp 287-302.
[5] Gobbi M. F., Kirby J. T., and Wei G., (2000). A fully nonlinear Boussinesq model for surface waves.
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[6] Goto, C., and Ogawa, Y., (1992). Numerical method of tsunami simulation with the leap-frog
scheme, Translated for the TIME project by N.Shuto, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Tohoku
University.
[7] Grilli S. T., Vogelmann S., Watts P., (2002). Development of a 3D numerical wave tank for
modeling tsunami generation by under water landslides Jl of Engrg Analysis with Boundary
Elements, Vol. 26, pp 301-313.
[8] Grilli S. T., and Watts P., (2003). Under Water Landslide Shape, Motion, Deformation and Tsunami
Generation Jl of Intl Society of Offshore and Polar Engrs, ISBN 1-880653-5, pp 364-371.

[9] Grilli S. T., Watts P., Kirby J. T., Fryer G. F., and Tappin D. R., (1999). Landslide Tsunami Case
Studies Using a Boussinesq Model and a Fully Nonlinear Tsunami Generation Model Jl of Natural
Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 3, pp 391-402.
[10] Imran, J., Parker, G., Lacat, J. and Lee, H., (2001). 1D Numerical model of muddy subaqueous
and subaerial debris flows, Jl of Hyd. Engrg, November, pp 959- 968.
[11] Jiang L., and Leblond PH., (1992). The coupling of a submarine slide and the surface waves
which it generates, Jl of Geophysical Researches, Vol. 12, pp 731-744.
[12]
Lynett P., and Liu P. L., (2002). A numerical study of submarine-landslide-generated waves and
run-up, Phil. Trans. Royal society, London, U.K..A458, pp 2885-2910.
[13] Lynett P., and Liu P. L.-F., (2004). A multi-layer approach to wave modeling, Proc. Royal
Society, London, A, Vol. 460, pp 2637-2669.
[14] Mader, C. L., (1973). Numerical simulation of tsunamis, Tsunami research report of university
of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, University of Geophysics.
[15] Noda, E. K., (1971). Water waves generated by a local surface disturbance, Jl of Geophysical
Research, Vol. 76(30), pp 7389-7400.
[16] Panizzo A., Girolamo P. D., Risio M. D., Maistri A., and Petaccia A., (2005). Great landslide
events in Italian artificial reservoirs, Jl of Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 5, pp
733-740.
[17] L. Shemer, H. Jiao, E. Kit, and Y. Agnon, (2001), Evolution of a nonlinear wave field along a tank:
experiments and numerical simulations based on the spatial Zakharov equation, Journal of Fluids
Mechanics, Vol. 427, pp 107-129.
[18] Raney D. C., and Butler H. L., (1975). A numerical model for predicting the effects of landslide
generated water waves U.S. Army Engrg Waterway and Reservoir Report, No. H-75-1.
[19] Rzadkiewicz, S.A., Mariotti, C., and Heinrich, P., (1997). Numerical simulation of submarine
landslides and their hydraulic effects, Jl of Waterway, Port, Coast. and Ocean Engrg, ASCE,
July/August, pp 149-157.
[20] Synolakis, C. E., Bardet, J, P, Borrero, J. C., Davies, H. L., Okal, E. A., Solver, E. A., Sweet, S.,
and Tappin, D. R., (2002). The slump origin of the Papua New Guinea tsunami, Royal society of
London, A, 458, pp 763-789.
[21] Titov V. V., (1997). Numerical modeling of long wave run-up Ph.D. thesis, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 141 pp.
[22] Watts P., Grilli S. T., Kirby J. T., Fryer G. F., and Tappin D. R., (2003). Landslide Tsunami Case
Studies Using a Boussinesq Model and a Fully Nonlinear Tsunami Generation Model Jl of Natural
Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 3, pp 391-402.