DISEASE CAUSING VIRUSES

VIRUS STRUCTURE

A virus is not made

of cells
It is nucleic acid
(DNA or RNA)
surrounded by
protein coat
(Capsid)

VIRAL REPRODUCTION

Virus cant reproduce

unless it is inside a
living cell
The virus uses the cells
enzymes and ribosomes
to make DNA and
protein
New viruses either bud
off of the cell or the cell
bursts, releasing lots of
viruses

BACTERIA VS VIRUSES
BACTERIA

VIRUS

Made of cells

Not made of cells

MUCH SMALLER THAN
CELLS
Cant be killed by
antibiotics
Example of diseases
caused by viruses are AIDS
(HIV), Smallpox, Influenza

Can be killed by
antibiotics

Examples of
disease caused by
bacteria is strep
throat

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS IN DISEASE

Malaria

PKU

Lung
Cancer

Diabetes

Skin
Cancer
Light skinned
people dont
have the natural
melanin
protection of
darker skinned
people

Overexposure
to sunlight can
trigger the
changes that
lead to skin
cancer

Individuals who
have the sickle
cell trait
(heterozygous)
arent as
affected as
homozygous
individuals

Individuals who
have PKU cant
break down
phenylalanine
If it builds up it
can cause
mental
retardation

Lung cancer is
uncontrolled
growth of cells
in the lungs

Diabetes results
from when the
pancreas fails
to make enough
insulin

Mosquitoes
transmit malaria

Keep
individuals with
PKU on a diet,
they dont have
brain damage

Individuals who
smoke are more
likely to get
lung cancer

Individuals who
are overweight
and who dont
exercise seem
to be more
affected

IMMUNITY
B-cells
White
blood cell
Make
antibodies

T- helper
cells
White
blood cell
Help
coordinate
immune
response

T-killer cells
White
blood cell
Kill virus
infected
cell

PASSIVE VS. ACTIVE IMMUNITY

ACTIVE IMMUNITY
PA S S I V E I M M U N I T Y

Person does NOT make

memory cells or
antibodies
Antibodies only are
transferred
Doesnt provide longterm protection
Natural: from
breastfeeding
Artificial: Rabies
shot

Person DOES make

antibodies AND
memory cells
Provides long term
immunity

Natural: you have

disease
Artificial you get a
VACCINATION

BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS
B E H AV I O R I S A N Y T H I N G A N A N I M A L D O E S .
A N I M A L B E H AV I O R S A L S O H E L P A N I M A L S
SURVIVE AND/OR REPRODUCE.

o Innate behavior is also

called inborn behavior.

o It is programmed in DNA
o Innate behaviors include
reflexes and instincts
o Examples
o human suckling.
o spiders spinning webs
o Migration: birds flying
south for the winter
o Hibernation dormant
when cold
o Estivation dormant
when hot

LEARNED BEHAVIOR

Imprinting
Learning
who your
Mother is
Lorenz
geese

Conditioning

Habituation

Pairing
stimuli
Pavlovs
Dogs

Learning to
ignore
Dog no
longer
sees
human as
threat

Trial
and
Error
Learning
by trying

SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

Communication
Can be with words, signals
or chemicals (pheromones)

Courtship
Behavior to get a mate
Dances, songs

Territorial
Fighting fish