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HORMONILOR LOCALI
(Autacoizi)
Autacoizi - introducere
Autacoizi - clasificare
AMINE BIOLOGIC ACTIVE:
Histamina
Serotonina (5HT 5 hidroxitriptamina)
PEPTIDE ENDOGENE BIOLOGIC ACTIVE
sistemul renin-angiotensin-aldosteron
sistemul kinin-kalikrein
VIP (peptid vasoactiv intestinal)
ANP (peptid natriuretic atrial)
Endotelina
Neurotensina
Neuropeptidul Y
Substana P
CGRP (peptide nrudite genetic cu calcitonina)
Opioide endogene care formeaz sistemul
endorfinic enkefalinic al organismului
Autacoizi - clasificare
LIPIDE I PEPTIDE BIOLOGIC ACTIVE
calea ciclooxigenazei
prostaglandine (PGAPGJ)
tromboxani (TxA, TxB)
calea lipooxigenazei
leucotriene (LTA LTE)
lipoxine
hepoxiline
calea epoxigenazei
epoxiprostaglandine
dioli
calea radicalilor liberi (ion superoxid)
isoprostani
HISTAMINA
Structur chimic:
inel imidazol + grupare amino
legai de 2 grupri methylene
Sintez
Decarboxilare aminoacidului
L-histidina catalizat de
pyridoxal PO4-dependent
de L-histidine decarboxylase.
HISTAMINA
Metabolizarea histaminei
Ci principale
Dezaminare intestin subire, ficat,
rinichi i monocite
Metilare intestin subire, ficat,
piele, rinichi, timus i leucocite
Acidul N-methylimidazole acetic
principalul metabolit urinar
Metabolizarea histaminei
Farmacodinamie
H1 - postsinaptic
prezeni n musculatura neted, endoteliu, mucoasa
endotraheal, creier,
Histamina - funcii
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Efecte farmacodinamice
Sistem nervos
Sistem cardiovascular
Musculatura neted bronic
Tract GI
esut secretor
esut
CARDIOVASCULAR
Vascular
Tegument facial
antebra
Mucoas gastric
Arter carotid
Arter pulmonar
Arter Basilar
Arter Coronar
Alte arteriole pre &
post capilare
Venule Postcapilare
Inim
Aciune
Receptor
RVP
Vasodilataie
Fluxul sanguin
H1, H2
H2
H1, H2
H2 (?)
H1
H2
H2
H1
H1
H2
H2
esut
RESPIRATOR
Muchi neted
broniolar
GASTROINTESTINAL
mucoas oxyntic
Musc. neted GI
Musc. neted vezicii
biliare
Aciune
Receptor
H1
H2
H2
H1
H2 (?)
TERMINAII
durere & prurit
NERVOASE CUTANATE (special la muctura de
(Senzoriale)
insecte & ineptura de ac)
H1, H2 (?)
MEDULOSUPRARENALA
Eliberarea de adrenalin
H1
BAZOFILE
H2
triplul rspuns
prin injectare intradermic de histamin se
obine edem, roea, vasodilataie,
prin aciunea histaminei pe:
Agoniti histaminergici
2 Methylhistamine (H1)
Betazole (H2)
Impromidine (Agonist H2 i antagonist H3)
Utilizri clinice:
testarea funciei pulmonare
testarea secreiei gastrice
Antagoniti ai Histaminei
antagoniti fiziologici
Adrenalina
inhibitori ai eliberrii
Cromoglicatul de sodiu
Nedocromil
Antagonisti ai receptorilor H2
Blocani H2
Antagoniti ai receptorilor H1
Antihistaminice
Antihistaminice
Aciuni ce nu sunt n legtur cu blocada
receptorilor histaminici
Sedare
Antiemetice
Anticolinergice
Antiparkinsoniene
Antiadrenergice
Antiserotoninice
Anestezic local
A doua generaie
Terfenadine
Astemizole
Loratadine
Fexofenadine
Terfenadina
Cetirizine
Hydroxyzine
Clasa chimic
Prima Generaie:
1. Ethanolamine
Prototipe
Diphenhydramine
Caracteristici
Activitate antimuscarinic
Semnificantiv
Sedare, somnolen
Incidena simptomelor GI
eficace ca antiemetic & n ru
de micare
2.Ethylenediamine/
Ethylamine
Pyrilamine
Mepyramine
Pyranesamine
Antagonist selectiv H1
activitate anticholinergic
slabe efecte pe SNC
Somnolen
3. Alkylamine
Chlorpheniramine
Pheniramine
Chlorphenamine
4. Piperazine
Chlorcyclizine
Clasa chimic
Prototipe
Hydroxyzine
Caracteristici
Aciune prelungit
Larg folosit pentru
alergii cutanate
Deprimant SNC
Aciune antipruriginoas
mai intens
Cyclizine
Indicat n ru de
micare (primar)
Meclizine/Meclozine
Indicat n ru de
micare & antiemetic
Clasa chimic
5. Phenothiazine
Prototip
Promethazine
Caracteristici
Anticolinergic
sedare intensa
indicat n ru de miscare,
antiemetic
A doua generaie
1. Piperidine
Terfenadine
2. Alkylamine
Acrivastine
3. Piperazine
Cetirizine
Rinite, urticarie
(-) traverseaz BHE
ANTAGONITI AI RECEPTORILOR H1
Farmacocinetic:
Utilizri Clinice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
dermatite
rinite alergice
ru de micare
greuri i vrsturi n sarcin
boala Parkinson
psihoze bipolare faz maniacala,
schizofrenii
7. Insomnie
8. Reacii adverse alergice
Efecte Adverse
1. SNC: sedare, agitaie, nervozitate, delir,
tremurturi, incoordonare, halucinaii,
convulsii mai frecvent la prima generaie excitaie i convulsii la copii
Efecte Adverse
3. Cefalee, slabiciune
4. Constricie toracic, palpitaii,
hipotensiune
5. Tulburri de acomodare vizual
6. Hematologic - leucopenie,
agranulocitoz, anemie hemolitic
7. Aritmii cardiace
8. Efecte teratoge
ANTAGONISTS AI RECEPTORILOR H2
Farmacodinamie
inhib secreia acid gastric
(-) efect pe motilitatea gastric, timpul de
evacuare, sfincterul esofagian, secreia
pancreatic & mucoas
Utilizri:
treatmentul ulcerului duodenal
gastrite induse de stress
ulcer peptic
Ageni:
Cimetidine
Ranitidine
Famotidine
Nizatidine
Efecte Adverse
Cimetidina:
cefalee, ameeal
constipaie, diaree
rash cutanat
alterri ale funciei hepatice
tulburri nervoase (btrni & IR)- insomnie,
halucinaii
rar depresie medulara granulocitopenie,
anemie aplastic
creterea prolactin serice - ginecomastie
disfuncii sexuale, scderea
spermatogenezei
Ranitidina:
creterea prolactinei serice
Interaciuni medicamentoase
Cimetidina inhib cyt P-450
warfarin, phenytoin, theophylina,
propanolol, diazepam,phenobarbital
Ranitidine slab inhibitor
Nizatidinea i Famotidina nu
inhib cyt P 450
Serotonina (5-Hydroxytryptamina)
Sintez
Tryptophan
5-hydroxytryptamine
Stocare:
esut nervos
esut enterochromafin
plachete
SEROTONINA
Sours:
plante (banana, ananas, prine)
animale (molute, arthropode, mamifere (plachete,
nu in mastocite).
Biosintez:
Hydroxylarea tryptophanului, apoi decarboxylare la
serotonin (5-hydroxy tryptamine;5-HT).
Rapid absorbit in granule secretorii
Acumulat in plachete
degradat prin deaminare oxidativ
SEROTONINA
Receptori
5-HT1 (5HT1A, 5HT1B, 5HT1D, 5HT1E, 5HT1F)- SNC scderea AMPc:
vasoconstricie
SEROTONINA
Receptori
Farmacologie clinic
Agoniti serotoninici :
Buspirone
Sumatriptan
Cisapride
5-HT1A
5-HT1D
5-HT4
anxiolitic
- antimigrenos
- tulburri GI
Antagoniti Serotoninici :
Cyproheptadine 5-HT2
Ketanserin
Ondansetron
- dumping syndrome
5-HT2, 5-HT1c - Hipertensiune
5HT3
- greuri, vrsturi
PEPTIDE BIOGENE
ANGIOTENSINA
PEPTIDE BIOGENE
ANGIOTENSINA
Efecte
Vasoconstricie puternic
LOSARTAN
efecte similare cu ale ACEI cu excepia
faptului c nu interfer catabolismul
bradikininei
primul reprezentant al grupului
produce vasodilataie
blocheaz secreia de aldosterone cu scderea
ulterioar a TA i scderea reteniei de Na+ i
ap
Inhibitori ai ACE
CAPTOPRIL
ENALAPRIL
LISINOPRIL
FOSINOPRIL
RAMIPRIL
MOEXIPRIL
QUINAPRIL
BENAZAPRIL
PERINDOPRIL
TRANDOZAPRIL
TEPROTID
CILAZAPRIL
ALACEPRIL
ALTIOPRIL
FENTIOPRIL
PIVALOPRIL
ZOFENOPRIL
DELAPRIL
SPIRAPRIL
Efecte farmacodinamice
mediaz nocicepia (durerea)
Regleaz TA (vasodilator)
Crete permeabilitatea capilar
Regleaz echilibrul hidroelectrolitic
Stimuleaz contractilitatea intestinului
Stimuleaz sinteza prostaglandinelor
Produce leziuni tisulare n inflamaie infecii
virale, reacii allergice
Contract musculatura neted
Prekallikrein
(Plasma)
1.
(Bradi)kininogen
(alpha-2 globulin
High and low m.w.
Kallikrein
(plasma &es.)
Bradykinin, Kallidin
Kallikrein
(nonapeptid)(decapeptid)
(Activated by peptidases)
Prostaglandinele
Phospholipids
Phosphatidylinositides
Phospholipase A2
Arashidonic acid
lipoxygenase
leukotriene
Epoxygenase
Epoxide
Cycloxygenase(cox I ,II)
PGs
TXs
Efecte farmacodinamice
Cardiovascular
plachete i celule sanguine
PGI2, PGE2, TXA2
rinichi
organe reproductive
Feminine (PGE2 PGF2 aciune ocitocica
puternic)
masculine (PGE PGF n materialul seminal
fertil)
Efecte farmacodinamice
sistem nervos
febr (PGE1,2)
somn (PGD2)
neurotransmisie (PGE inhib eliberarea de NE)
ochi - PGE, F
Farmacologie clinic
Avort
Dinoprostone (vaginal, gel, PGE2)
Carboprost (injecie intra-amniotic PGF2 )
Facilitarea travaliului
Dismenoree ( AINS)
Disfuncii Erectile
lprostadil (PGE1)
Farmacologie clinic
Hipertensiunea pulmonar
Epoprostenol (Prostacycline)
Farmacologie clinic
snge
sistem respirator
sistem GI
Misoprostol
inflamaie, durere, febr
INHIBITORI LEUKOTRIENICI
INHIBITORI LEUKOTRIENICI