Text CH 5 Early Modern Europe

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Golly, its the beginning of another chapter

which means it is time for another exciting round of Remembering
Things We Have Already Learned. Lets begin!
Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section Onethe Renaissance
Remember how Greek and Roman art and literature were pretty
awesome? And then how the barbarians sacked Rome, and so a
lot of stuff was destroyed? And then how feudalism developed,
and people were busy just trying to stay alive, so there was a
European dark age in early Middle Ages? And how most Medieval
European art looked like it was drawn by six-year-olds? And then
how, thanks to the Crusades, trade revived in the later Middle
Ages, and the Europeans had more contact with other civilizations,
and started realizing that their no-trade-pathetic-art existence was
not optimal?
Of course you do. Youre smart, and have excellent teachers.
Hows your self-esteem doing? Well? Ours, too! Lets move on,
then, with more new information and with fewer question marks.
(aka
the Re-re-birth)
Renaissance literally
means re-birth. The
Renaissance was a
period in European
history from about 1350
and 1600 during which
there was a re-birth of
interest in Classical
Greek and Roman art,
literature, and
philosophy.
The Renaissance began
in Italy, in the city-state
of Florence, then spread
throughout Europe. It
began in Italy for several
reasons. First, due to its
location in the
Mediterranean Sea, Italy
was in a great location for trade, so Italians were exposed to lots of
people and products from other cultures. Second, all this trade
made for a wealthy merchant class in Italy. These merchants had
the cash to commission works of art, which helped to encourage
all text 2011 by Carrie Floyd Cagle
96
To commission a
work of art is to pay
in advance for a
custom-made
piece.
5.1
the Renaissance. Finally, Italy had been the center of the Roman
Empire, so there were lots of ruins around for people to study.
Since the Renaissance was a

time of renewed interest in Greek and Roman art and literature, it
makes sense that Renaissance art would have many of the same
characteristics as the art of the Greeks and Romans. The three
most important characteristics of Renaissance art were use of
To depict something perspective, use of shading, and realistic depiction of bodies.
is to draw, paint, or
otherwise make a
picture out of it. For
example, here is a
depiction of a
geometry class
cube, drawn using
linear perspective:
Have you ever

drawn a cube in
geometry class? In order
to make the cube look
three-dimensional, you
probably drew one
square, and then another
square a little bit to the
right and a little bit below
the first square, and then
used angled lines to
connect the two. If so,
youve used linear
perspective.
Linear perspective is a
technique for drawing
things so that they look
Notice the columns in this picture: as they
three-dimensional.
An
get further away, they get smaller, and
go back at an angle. This is an excellent
artist who is using
example of linear perspective.
perspective will draw
angled lines to show
distance, and make objects that are supposed to be far away
smaller than objects that are supposed to be close.
Another technique
Renaissance artists used to make
objects and faces look threedimensional was shading. When
combined with perspective, shading
can make a painting look almost as
realistic as a photograph.
5.1
Bodies in
Renaissance art tended to be wellproportioned and realistic. Many
Renaissance artists dissected corpses
so they could learn how the human
body worked, which led to
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use of shading in a portrait

by Hans Holbein
better depictions in art.

Many, many
artists created paintings and sculptures during
the Renaissance. Probably the most influential
of the Italian artists was Leonardo da Vinci. Da
Vinci was considered to be a Renaissance
Manthat is, a person who was talented in
many areas. In addition to painting, da Vinci
also studied anatomy, spoke several
languages, and designed many inventions,
such as a helicopter, submarine, and robot.
detail from the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo
anatomical drawing by da Vinci
equestrian statue by Donatello
The School of Athens by Raphael is often considered to be the quintessential

Renaissance painting, because it includes all of the characteristics of Renaissance Art.
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Other Italian artists included Michelangelo, a

painter and sculptor; Donatello, a sculptor, and
Raphael, a painter. Influential Northern
If something is
described as
quintessential, it is
the best example or
representative of a
group of things of
that type.
5.1
artists included
Albrecht Drer,
a German
painter and
printer famous
for his
woodcuts;
To make a
Pieter Bruegel,
woodcut, an artist
would carve a
a Dutch artist
picture into a piece who painted
of wood. Then, he
scenes of daily
would dip it in ink
life; and Hans
and use it as a sort
Holbein, a
of stamp.
German
portraitist.
woodcut by Albrecht Drer
painting by Pieter Bruegel
In addition to being interested in the art of

the Greeks and Romans, early modern European scholars became
interested in Greek and Roman literature. They studied the
subjects that the Greeks and Romans deemed important: history,
languages, literature, and philosophy. Since they were so focused
on humans, these subjects were collectively referred to as the
humanities. Scholars who studied the humanities were known as
humanists.
If something is
described as
secular, it is worldly
and non-religious.
5.1
Some humanists were interested in purely secular

concepts. For instance, the humanist Petrarch admired the glory
of life in Classical Greece and Rome in his Letters to the Ancient
Dead. Another secular humanist, Machiavelli, wrote a book of
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advice for rulers, called the Prince.

Machiavelli was famous for the idea that
the ends justify the means. This meant that
it was okay for rulers to be ruthless and
cruel if it helped them to achieve their
goals of ruling a country well.
Naturally, all the trade that was

going on in the Renaissance put Europeans in contact with other
civilizations. This allowed new ideas regarding technology and
engineering to come into Europe. These new ideas, combined
with the study of some old ideas from the Greeks and Romans, led
to some pretty significant achievements in Western Europe.
A satire is a way of
making fun of
something by
imitating it poorly.
Some TV satires you
may be familiar with
are the Simpsons,
the Daily Show, and
South Park.
As we learned in Chapter Four, Chinese printers

had been using the printing press since the Tang Dynasty.
However, Europeans produced books by hand-copying them until
1456, when Johann Gutenberg used the first printing press in
Europe to print a copy of the Bible. This new development made
books cheaper and easier to produce, allowing information to
spread rapidly across Europe.
Naturally,
since the Romans were so good
at engineering, a rebirth of
interest in Classical learning
would lead to some engineering
innovations. One of the most
prominent of these innovations
was the Dome of the Cathedral
of Florence. Its designer,
Brunelleschi, studied the
techniques of Roman engineers
to figure out how to build a
dome which would not collapse.
As a result, the Cathedral of
Florence is one of the most
iconic examples of Renaissance
architecture.
Brunelleschis Dome
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5.1
Other humanists, called

Christian Humanists, tried to combine the
portrait of Machiavelli
teachings of the Catholic Church with the
ideas of Classical Greece and Rome. A Dutch Christian Humanist,
Erasmus, wrote In Praise of Folly. This book criticized the corruption
in the Catholic Church. An English Humanist, Thomas More, wrote
Utopia, which satirically described an ideal society.
The ends justify the

means is a famous
descriptive phrase
from Machiavelli.
The ends refer to a
goal; the means
refer to how the
goal is obtained. So
if the ends justify the
means, then it
doesnt matter how
a person reaches a
goal, as long as the
goal is reached
even if he has to
cheat, kill, or steal.
Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section Twothe Protestant Reformation
Opulence is
extreme luxury.
Memory Trick Look

at the root words of
Protestant
Reformation to help
you remember
what it was.
Protestant = people
who were
protesting;
Reformation = they
wanted to reform
the Catholic
Church.
As we learned in Unit 3, in the

latter part of the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church began to have
problems with corruption. For example, all monks and priests took
vows of poverty. However, some of the clergy were very wealthy
and lived lives of opulence. Two practices that allowed the
Catholic Church
to enjoy such
wealth were
simony and the
selling of
indulgences.
Simony referred
to the selling of
Church offices,
or jobs within the
Church.
Indulgences
were certificates
that lessened
the amount of
time a person
woodcut of Johann Teitzel selling indulgences in Germany
would be
punished for his
or her sins in the afterlife.
The Protestant Reformation was a time period in which many
people pointed out the problems in the Catholic Church and
proposed reforms to fix
these problems. This era
in religious history began
in 1517 and lasted until
about 1650, and
occurred around the
same time as the
Renaissance.
A reform is a
positive change. If
you look at the root
wordsre- and
form it literally
means to form
again.
To be incensed is to
be really, really,
really angry.
5.2
Martin Luther nailing the Ninety-Five

Theses to Wittenburg Cathedral
101
The
fact that the Church was
selling indulgences
incensed Martin Luther, a
German monk. He wrote
a list of reasons
explaining why the selling
of indulgences was
wrong, called the Ninety-Five

Theses. On October 31, 1517, he
posted them on the door of his
local church for everyone to read.
Soon,
Luther further developed his
ideas of religion. His three most
important ideas were those of
salvation by faith alone, the Bible
as the only source of religious
truth, and the priesthood of all
believers.
Salvation by faith alone meant
that all a person had to do in
order to be saved, or go to
Heaven, was to have faith.
According to Luther, only faith
not actionsdetermined
whether a person would be
saved.
A sect is a small
group within a
larger religion.
To disseminate
information is to
spread it around.
A heretic is a person
whose beliefs go
against the official
teachings of the
Catholic Church.
To recant is to take
back something a
person has said or
argued.
Martin Luther
Martin Luther King.
Martin Luther lived
in the early 1500s in
Germany; Martin
Luther king lived in
the mid 1900s in
America.
This Lutheran symbol summarizes

some of Marty Lus main ideas.
The Bible as the only source of religious truth meant that all a
person needed to know about religion was in the Bible. If
something was not in the Bible, it should not be part of religion
even if the pope said so.
Additionally, Luther endorsed the idea of the priesthood of all
believers. This meant that a person did not need a priest to
interpret the Bible for him. Rather, every person could act as his
own priest, and should read the Bible and interpret it for himself.
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5.2
Martin Luther didnt mean to start a

whole new religious secthe just
wanted the Catholic Church to
correct some of its problems.
However, thanks to the printing
press, the Ninety-Five Theses were
quickly disseminated throughout
Europe and caused a huge uproar.
The Catholic Church called Luther
a heretic and ordered him to
Martin Luther, thinking about how
recant. Luther refused, and
much he hated indulgences
decided to formally break with the
Catholic Church. This marked the beginning of a new kind of
Christianity, called Protestantism.
A denomination is a
branch of a
religion. Some of
the more influential
Protestant
denominations
include Lutherans,
Episcopalians,
Baptists, Methodists,
and Presbyterians.
The vernacular is
the daily language
used by most
people in a
country. (So our
vernacular would
be English; Frances
vernacular would
be French, and so
on.) In the Middle
Ages, Bibles were
only written in Latin,
and only very
educated people
spoke Latin, so not
everyone could
read them.
A theocracy is a
city or country that
is ruled by a
religious group.
This led to the creation of many, many

Protestant denominationsbecause when
people read the Bible for themselves, they
tended to have different interpretations of
it. It also caused many Bibles to be printed
in the vernacular languages of Europe.
A Swiss reformer, John Calvin,
took Luthers main ideas and added his
own ideathat of predestination.
According to the doctrine of
predestination, before anyone was born,
God had already decided whether that
person would be saved or damned.
cover of a 16th-century Nothing a person could do in life would
change his fate. Calvin set up a theocracy
German Bible
in Geneva, a city in Switzerland. In this city,
he enforced his religious ideas with strict regulations and harsh
punishments.
The ideas of Luther, Calvin, and other
Protestant reformers spread quickly throughout Europe. In many
places, arguments over whether to continue with Catholicism or
adopt Protestantism led to violence. For example, Spain tried to
force Protestants in the Netherlands to revert to Catholicism, which
led to the Spanish Netherlands Revolt in 1568. Additionally, in
France, Protestants called Huguenots were slaughtered at the St.
Bartholomews Day Massacre in 1572. Most notably, the Thirty
Years War, which began in Germany and involved nearly every
country in Europe, was waged from 1618 to 1648. This war led to
the deaths of about 33% of Europes population.
the St. Bartholomews Day Massacre

5.2
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With all the critiques that had been

leveled at it, naturally the Catholic Church needed to make an
effort to enact some reforms. The movement within the Catholic
Church to address the issues that had caused the Protestant
Reformation is called the Counter-Reformation.
A critique is a
criticism.
To counter is to go
against.
In order to deal with the attacks that had been made on the
Church, the Council of Trent in the mid-1500s. The council refuted
most of Luthers arguments, arguing that faith and good works
were necessary for salvation,
and that the Bible and the Pope
were sources of religious truth.
Additionally, a new order of
monks was created, called the
Jesuits. The main goal of the
Jesuits was to educate people
about Catholicism. Many
Jesuits traveled to the newly
discovered Americas to serve as
missionaries to Native
Americans, in hopes of further
strengthening Catholicism.
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To refute an idea is
to argue against it.
Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits
5.2
the Council of Trent
Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section ThreeMesoamerican Civilizations
You may be thinking

something like this right now: What? This chapter is called Early
Modern Europe. Why is this section about early Mesoamerican
civilizations?
Well, its hard to fit in Mesoamerican civilizations into units in History
classes. The Mayans could go with Classical civilizations,
chronology-wise, and the Aztecs and the Incas were pretty much
Postclassical civilizations. Even though they were contemporary
with the civilizations weve studied, they had no contact with any
of them. So the reasoning for putting these three civilizations in the
Early Modern Europe chapter is that Europeans were not aware of
these civilizations until the early modern period. Its kind of an
Ethnocentrism refers ethnocentric approach, but hey, at least were aware of it.
to the study of
history from the
point of view of a
particular ethnic or
cultural group.
Commonalities are
things that two or
more individuals or
societies have in
common.
Draft animals are

work animals used
for pulling heavy
loads, like horses or
oxen.
Maya is
pronounced MYuh.
5.3
Mesoamerica literally means middle America. It

refers to numerous civilizations in Mexico, Central America, and
South America. Though they were quite diverse, these civilizations
had several important commonalities.
First, unlike all of the other early civilizations we learned about,
none of them developed near a river valley. As a result, they had
to find creative ways to interact with their environments so they
could live comfortably and provide enough food for their societies.
Additionally, they created complex civilizations with huge
monuments. This is especially impressive considering that they had
no contact with any European, African, or Asian civilizations, and
had no draft animals.
Since Mayan civilization was at its peak between 205
and 900 CE, obviously the Europeans did not encounter inhabited
Mayan cities when they
arrived in the Americas
in the early 1500s.
However, Mayan
civilization influenced
later Mesoamerican
civilizations;
additionally, it was one
of the most advanced
ancient civilizations in
the Western
Hemisphere.
105
Mayans lived in presentday Southern Mexico (on

the Yucatan peninsula),
Guatemala, and Belize.
There were two main
types of terrain in this
area: volcanic
mountains and forests.
Due to this difficult
terrain, the Mayans
practiced slash-and-burn
agriculture. This is a type
of agriculture that is used
in forested areas.
Farmers would cut down
Mayan temple at Tikal, Guatemala
trees and other plants,
then burn them. This served two functions: clearing land for
planting, and fertilizing it. (The ash created by the burned plants
served as a fertilizer.) They then cultivated crops such as corn,
beans, and squash.
Like Ancient Greek civilization, Maya
civilization was not politically unified. Rather, it was composed of
a group of city-states which shared cultural and linguistic
attributes. Each city-state was ruled by a hereditary monarch,
called an ajaw. In order to take power, a potential monarch had
to capture a captive in war, and then use the captive as a human
sacrifice in his crowning ceremony.
Of all the preColumbian civilizations in the
Americas, Mayan civilization was the
only one to develop a true written
language. Mayans produced books
made from tree bark, called codices.
They also inscribed their language into
monuments to commemorate
historical events.
Around 900 CE, the
image and script from
Maya abandoned their cities.
the Dresden Codex
Historians are not really sure why, but
some speculate that they may have overburdened the food
supply or that civil wars may have caused the cities decline.
Though the cities themselves were no longer inhabited, Mayan
culture and language have persisted throughout Southern Mexico
and Central America until modern times.
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Codex is the
singular form of
codices.
5.3
Around 1250,
the ancestors of the Aztec
migrated into northern Mexico and
established a group of culturally
linked city-states. According to
Aztec legend, the gods told the
Aztecs to settle in the place where
they found an eagle perched atop
a cactus with a snake in its mouth.
The Aztecs found this in the middle
of Lake Texcoco in 1323, and thus
built the city of Tenochtitlan there.
(Today, Mexico City is in this
location. Because the Spanish
conquerors pillaged Tenochtitlan
to build their own city, there are
not many ruins left for historians to
study.)
Tenochtitlan is
pronounced tenoach-teet-LON.
To pillage is to rob
or destroy a town in
a time of war.
A tributary state
makes payments or
gives gifts to a
country with a
stronger military in
return for
protection.
the founding of Tenochtitlan
Eventually, the city-state of

Tenochtitlan began to dominate the other city-states. These other
city-states became tributary states (much like Korea and Vietnam
were in relation to Ming China). In order to keep the other citystates under their control, the emperors of Tenochtitlan were
almost constantly at war.
As you
can imagine, its
pretty hard to build
a city in the middle
of a lake. In order
to grow food, the
Aztecs created
artificial islands
called chinampas.
Chinampa is
pronounced chee- On the chinampas
NOM-puh.
they grew many
crops, though corn,
beans, and squash
were the main ones.
They also set up a
complex system of
canals to use as
transportation
throughout the city.
chinampas in Lake Texcoco
Like many early civilizations, the Aztecs were

5.3
107
Huitzilipochtli is
pronounced WEETzee-lee-poachtlee.
polytheistic. Their chief

god was called
Huitzilipochtli. According
to Aztec teachings,
Huitzilipochtli had to battle
the forces of evil each
night, and if he won, the
sun would rise. In order to
give him strength to fight
so that the sun would rise
each morning, he needed
the sacrifice of a human
heart. Because they
needed to sacrifice
someone each day, the
Aztecs were constantly at
war (since most of the
sacrificial victims were
prisoners of war).
The Aztecs believed that their main god

needed human sacrifices in order to
have the strength to fight evil.
Aztec society fell when Spanish explorers

led by Hernan Cortes conquered Tenochtitlan in 1521, which you
will read about in the next section.
The Incas established a civilization in Peru in the
early 1200s. Then, in the 1400s and early 1500s, they incorporated
or conquered other nearby cultures to form an the Inca Empire,
which stretched throughout most of western South America.
Much of the Inca Empire was in the
Andes Mountains, which made farming difficult. In order to grow
their crops, the Incas used a form of farming called terracing.
Terraces were flat strips of land carved into the side of a hill or
mountain. Walls made of stone would be built along the edges of
terrace farming in the Andes Mountains

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5.3
the terraces to keep the soil from washing away.
Like all empires, the Inca Empire was ruled by

an emperor, called the Sapa Inca. Like an Egyptian pharaoh, the
Sapa Inca was considered to be both a god and the political and
religious ruler of the land. The Sapa Inca had absolute power and
owned everything. The government had a very organized chain
of command, with chieftains ruling over designated areas.
The capital of the Inca Empire was Cuzco, which is located in
modern-day Peru. In order to rule efficiently over the huge empire,
the Incas built a system
of roads, which
spanned more than
12,000 miles. They used
the roads in much the
same way as the
Roman Empire had.
Communicating the
emperors commands
throughout the empire
and moving the army
swiftly in times of need
were the primary
an Inca road near Machu Picchu, an
functions of the road
Incan archaeological site in Peru
system.
Quipu is
pronounced KEEpoo.
Inca government official

with a quipu
5.3
Considering the
extreme efficiency with which the
Inca ran their government, it should
not be surprising that the Inca kept
detailed records. They did this on
sets of knotted strings, called quipu.
Other areas in which the Incas
excelled were metallurgy and
medicine. Inca healers were able to
successfully perform skull surgeries,
and also used primitive forms of
anesthesia and antiseptics. (This is
especially impressive in comparison
to European medicine at the time,
which still relied on bleeding,
cupping, and poultices!)
Around 1525, a civil war broke out among

the Inca, due to the death of the Sapa Inca, who had not named
a successor. This weakened the Inca Empire just before the
Spanish, led by Francisco Pizarro, arrived in 1532 to conquer the
Incas.
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Near the end of the Middle Ages, the

European economy changed its focus. As you will remember, in
the earlier part of the Medieval period, there was very little trade in
Western Europe. Instead, manors produced everything they
needed to survive, and land was the main form of wealth. This
type of economy was called manorialism.
Several aspects of the Commercial Revolution led Europeans to

embark upon what is often referred to as the Age of Exploration,
from the mid-1400s to the early 1600s. These include a search for
new trade routes, the development of new technology, and the
economic policy of mercantilism.
Mercantilism is
pronounced MURcan-teel-ism.
There was a general demand in Europe for luxury

goodslike silk, tea, and spicesthat could only be obtained
through trade with Asia. In order to trade with Asia, Europeans
had to go through Muslim traders, who controlled the
Mediterranean. They wanted to find ways to get to Asia that
110
5.4
Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section FourMotives for European Exploration
But, starting with the Crusades, Western Europeans began to focus

more on a commercial economy. In this type of economy, trade
was important, and cash was the most useful form of wealth. This
gradual change from manorial economy to a commercial
economy is known as the Commercial Revolution.
Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section FourMotives for European Exploration
bypassed the Mediterranean.

As a result, monarchs began sponsoring
explorers who looked for new trade
routes to make the journeys to Asia faster.
Portuguese explorers, such as de Gama
and Dias, discovered new ways to get to
Asia and Africa. Additionally, explorers
who were sponsored by Spain, such as
Columbus and Magellan, sailed to the
Western Hemisphere and began to stake
claims in North and South America.
a Portuguese caravel
To facilitate is to
make easier. (Latin
root facil = easy.)
Something that is
finite is only
available in a
limited supply.
Ferdinand Magellan
an astrolabe
Along with the desire to find new trade routes came

the desire to develop new technology for sailing and exploration.
The astrolabe, which helped to determine latitude at sea, and the
caravel, a new type of sailboat, facilitated the Europeans
voyages of exploration.
A new economic policy, called mercantilism,
developed as part of the Commercial Revolution. According to
mercantilism, the best measure of a countrys wealth was gold and
silver. Countries would do whatever they could to increase the
amounts of precious metals they had in their treasuries. Another
aspect of mercantilism was the idea that wealth was finite, and
that in order for one country to gain wealth, it must take it away
from another country.
Both of these aspects of mercantilism helped to motivate and
support European exploration. There was only so much gold and
silver in Europe, so mercantilist countries looked to exploration to
find new sources of precious metals. Also, the idea that wealth
must be taken from other people helped to justify the Europeans
conquest of the native peoples they encountered in their travels.
5.4
111
In order to achieve their goals, Europeans conquered native

societies, such as the Aztecs and Incas. These conquistadors
were able to prevail over the natives, even though the Europeans
were badly outnumbered and unfamiliar with the terrain of the
Americas. The Europeans possessed three advantages: guns,
germs, and steel.
Alliteration is a
literary device in
which all of the in a
phrase start with the
same sound.
Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section FiveEuropean Conquest and Colonization
Historians frequently use an

alliterative phrase to describe the motives of the Europeans who
first visited the Western Hemisphere: Gold, God, and
Glory. (Guess which one they cared about the most?) For the
most part, European explorers saw the Native Americans they
encountered as sources of free labor. They also hoped to find
gold and silver mines in the New World. Others saw an opportunity
to convert the Indians to Christianity.
Conquistador is
Spanish for
conqueror.
Pizarros conquest of the Incas in 1532
The guns and

steel part of the formula are pretty selfexplanatory. The Europeans had guns
and steel weapons, while the Native
Americans used mostly bows and arrows,
spears, and swords made of softer metals.
The germs part is a little less obvious.
Europeans had developed epidemic
diseases that the natives had not. (A
historian named Jared Diamond wrote a
whole book about it, but in a nutshell, in
112
Cortes meeting the Aztec

ruler Moctezuma
5.5
order to develop
epidemic diseases,
a geographic area
has to have a large
population density
that the Americas
didnt have.)
So the Europeans
were immune to the
germs they carried
with them from the
East, but the Native
Americans were
Aztec illustration of the victims of smallpox
not. As a result,
huge portions of the native population died of diseases like
smallpoxwhich made it easier for the Europeans to conquer
them.
Europeans referred
to the Americas as
the New
World (because it
was new to them)
and to Europe as
the Old World.
5.5
Thanks to these advantages, Spaniards led by Hernan Cortes

conquered the Aztecs in 1521. Francisco Pizarro led another group
of Spaniards to conquer the Incas in1532. Spain then began to set
up colonies in present-day Mexico and South America. Later on,
the British and the French also established colonies in North
America.
This interaction between the people of
the New World and the Old World led to an exchange of foods,
animals, and microorganisms called the Columbian
Exchange. (In this case, Columbian refers to Christopher
113
Columbus, not the country of Columbia, because the Columbian

Exchange began with Columbus arrival in the Americas.)
Items like wheat, rice, horses, chickens, cows, and microorganisms
(smallpox in particular) accompanied the Europeans when they
came to the Americas. When they returned to Europe, they took
such things as coffee, potatoes, tomatoes, corn, chocolate, and
tobacco back with them.
By the mid-1600s, many Europeans had come to

the Americas to live in the Spanish, English, and French colonies.
These colonies had mostly agricultural in economies. Colonists
grew many different crops, like cotton, tobacco, and coffee, on
plantations.
Of course, any kind of farm or plantation requires laborers. The
Europeans had originally planned to use the natives as a source of
labor, but since the Native Americans were susceptible to
European diseases, this didnt work out so well.
In the 1400s, the Portuguese came to control much of the trade
along the African coast. They had found that it was very
profitable to transport slaves from one trading post to another.
Later, the demand for labor in the Americas led to the
development of a
triangular pattern of
trade among Africa,
the Americas, and
Europe.
From Africa, slaves
were exported to the
Americas. From the
Americas, raw
materials and crops
were shipped to
Europe. And from
Europe, manufactured
goods (such as guns)
were transported to
the Americas and
Africa.
To be susceptible
(pronounced suhSEPT-uh-bul) to a
disease is to have a
tendency to get it
and suffer greatly
from it.
Triangular Trade
114
5.5
Many of the new foods, like the potato, were very easy to grow,
even in places with bad soil or a difficult climate. The introduction
of these foods led to a population explosion in Europe.
(Remember, historically, any time there is more food, the
population will grow.) And like weve already discussed, the new
microorganisms caused the native population in the Americas to
decline.

http://mrsproule.blogspot.com/2011/09/wednesday_28.html
http://www.abcgallery.com/H/holbein/holbein25.html
http://www.artofeurope.com/raphael/rap5.htm
http://www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/animals_in_art/durer/albrecht_durer.htm
http://jkpcblogs.blogspot.com/2010/10/much-before-i-write-word-in-this-blog-i.html
http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/bruegel/bird-trap.jpg
http://probaway.wordpress.com/2008/07/14/machiavelli-the-prince-discourses-and-doomsdayinevibability/
http://www.lutheran-resources.org/images/who_is_luther_1_&_2/Luther%27s%20German%20Bible.jpg
http://www.archelaos.com/popes/image.aspx?id=169
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11xs9mFKObs&feature=related
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http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/video/Fifth_World.html
http://historystuff.net/chinampas/
http://media.photobucket.com/image/recent/chortravel/2010-Mexico/04-25.jpg
http://www.pbase.com/image/74258371
http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/incaroad/
http://andyroscoe.com/peru/reference.html

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Golly, its the beginning of another chapter

Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section Onethe Renaissance

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Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section Onethe Renaissance

Since the Renaissance was a

Have you ever

use of shading in a portrait

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better depictions in art.

detail from the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo

anatomical drawing by da Vinci

equestrian statue by Donatello

The School of Athens by Raphael is often considered to be the quintessential

Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section Onethe Renaissance

Other Italian artists included Michelangelo, a

Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section Onethe Renaissance

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woodcut by Albrecht Drer

painting by Pieter Bruegel

In addition to being interested in the art of

Some humanists were interested in purely secular

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advice for rulers, called the Prince.

Naturally, all the trade that was

As we learned in Chapter Four, Chinese printers

Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section Onethe Renaissance

Other humanists, called

The ends justify the

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Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section Twothe Protestant Reformation

Memory Trick Look

As we learned in Unit 3, in the

Martin Luther nailing the Ninety-Five

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wrong, called the Ninety-Five

This Lutheran symbol summarizes

Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section Twothe Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther didnt mean to start a

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Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section Twothe Protestant Reformation

This led to the creation of many, many

the St. Bartholomews Day Massacre

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With all the critiques that had been

Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits

Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section Twothe Protestant Reformation

the Council of Trent

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Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section ThreeMesoamerican Civilizations

You may be thinking

Draft animals are

Mesoamerica literally means middle America. It

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Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section ThreeMesoamerican Civilizations

Mayans lived in presentday Southern Mexico (on

Chapter FiveEarly Modern Europe; Section ThreeMesoamerican Civilizations

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the founding of Tenochtitlan

Eventually, the city-state of