a&TOa'gif;

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

a&TOa'gif;

rmwdum
1/ wpfuRef;jyefwpfa,muftrI armifpH&Sm; pHkaxmufyHk

...4

2/ armifpH&Sm;onf tb,faMumifh vlysdKMuD;vkyf aeygoenf;

. . .50

3/ ESpfxyfausmh

. . .94

4/ tqdyfaomufaoonfqdkaom trI

. . .108

5/ xl;qef;aom vlowfrIMuD;

. . .121

6/ ola|;uawmfwpfOD;trI

. . .132

7/ udk,fhudk,fudkowfjcif;avm olwpfyg;owfjcif;avm

. . .147

8/ ajrydkif&Sif vifr,m;trI

. . .162

9/ xl;qef;aom ajrbkwfbDvl;trII armifpH&Sm; pHkaxmufyHk

. . .175

10/ OD;atmif'Gef;udk b,folowfovJ

. . .189

11/ w&kwfujym;rav; rusifjrdKiftrI

. . .204

12/ rif;wdkifyiftrwfwpfOD;\trII armifpH&Sm;pHkaxmufyHk

. . .221

13/ ,pfrsdK;pHkaxmufwpfa,muf aoqHk;rI

. . .236

14/ pdefvk,ufrI pHkaxmufyHk

15/ xl;qef;aomtarGrIMuD; armifpH&Sm;pHkaxmufyHk
16/ touftmrcH ukrPDtrI
17/ eef;pOfywjrm;trII armifpH&Sm;pHkaxmufyHk
18/ rdk;ukwftarGtrI armifpH&Sm; pHkaxmufyHk
19/ tdEd,jynf? rdkufpdk;e,f r[m&mZmapmfbGm;\ eef;wGif;ywjrm; aysmufqHk;rI
armifpH&Sm;pHkaxmufyHk
20/ udk,fhudk,fudk owfaoonfqdkonfhtrI pHkaxmufjcif;
21/ aumfydka&;&Sif;Ou| aysmufrIpHkaxmufyHk
22/ xl;qef;aom tdk;jcrf;yJh txdrf;trSwfrI pHkaxmufyHk
1

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

23/ wl0&D;ESpfa,muf\ xl;qef;aom trI pHkaxmufjcif;

24/ bk&ifcHuawmfykvJykwD;aysmufrI pHkaxmufyHk
25/ wd, odkuform;wa,muftrI
26/ ya&mfzufqm q&mMuD;OD;xGef;azESifh &ifqdkif&jcif;
27/ ya&mfzufqm q&mMuD; OD;xGef;azESifh armifpH&Sm;
28/ ukvm;"m;jytoif;MuD;ESifh pHkaxmufarmifpH&Sm;
29/ pHkaxmufarmifpH&Sm;onf vlqdk;wdkU pufuGif;odkU oufqif;&yHk
30/ pHkaxmufarmifpH&Sm;tm; vkyfMuHMuyHk
31/ a&eHacsmif; wGif;pm;&dk;wpfa,muf\trI
32/ tpdk;& pmcsKyfrsm; aysmufqHk;rI OD;pH&Sm; pHkaxmufyHk
33/ usm;avm vlavm
34/ pdefa0vQH aysmufqHk;rI
35/ MoZmoHk;aphtrI
36/ bdkujym;rav;wpfa,muf\trI
37/ ausmif;om;wpfa,muf aysmufqHk;rI
38/ rouFmaom vifr,m;
39/ pHzJtavmif; awGUrI
40/ tarG ray;vdkaom yaxG;trI
41/ aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm;ESifh mPfupm;onfhtrI
42/ pifwmazm0yf abmorm;aysmufrI
43/ mPform; armifarmifOD;
44/ tmZmenftoif;trI
45/ yifv,furf;ajc vlowfrI pHkaxmufyHk
46/ avSolMuD; OD;rdk;oD;

a&TOa'gif;

47/ av;yGifhqdkif
48/ &Sdrf;rum;&Gm vlowfrI
49/ OD;pH&Sm;toufudk vkyfMuHrI
50/ ausmufpD "m;ajrmif aysmufqHk;rI
51/ bHkeef;&dyfom tdrfBuD;ESifh ywfoufaomtrI
52/ aysmufaomol &SmvQif awGU
53/ bk&ifcHuawmf\ pmaysmufrI
54/ yef;qdk;wef; vlowfrI
55/ v,f0ef OD;omvlESifh ZeD; rcifwifh owfrI
56/ xl;qef;aom tqdyfcwfrI
57/ ayGvDtif;acG;MuD;trI

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

1/ wpfuRef;jyefwpfa,muftrI armifpH&Sm; pHkaxmufyHk

wpfaeUaom we*FaEGaeU armifpH&Sm;onf tdrfa&SU {nfhcef;wGif xdkifvsuf zefbl; zefcGuf
zefjyGefrS p ud&d,m wefqmrsm;ESifh "mwfowKrsm;udk rdrd 0goemtavsmuf cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm prf;oyf
vsuf&Sdae&mrSud&d,mrsm;udk &kwfw&uf csxm;NyD;vQif ukvm;xdkifwGifrSDumtysif;ajy vdrfNyD;aemuf
]NyD;ayNyDAsm? eufjzefrSyJ usefwJhtwGuf qufNyD; vkyfawmhr,f? 'gxuf udkodef;armifa&U?
tckwavm w,fNyD; usKyfESifh qdkifwJh trIrsm;u eJyguvm;As? bmr[kwfwJh trIEkuav;awGcsnf;
yJ awGUae& w,f? usKyfu cifAsm; odwJh twdkif; trIr&jyefrSjzifh ysif;jyefa&mAs? pdwfudk tvum;
rxm;wwf bJ[mudk; udkodef;armif&JU? ysif;vSw,fAsm? vrf;avQmufMuOD;pdkUvm;}
[k ajymvsuf xdkif&mrS xrnf yonfwGif avScg;rS ajcoHMum;vdkuf&m armifpH&Sm;vnf;
&kwfw&uf jyef xdkifNyD;vQif
}aumfNyDAsdKU? aumfjyefNyD/ trIonfESifh wlw,f? ajcoHu w,frjyif;vSbl;? rdef;rajcoHESifh
wlw,f}
[kajym rqHk;rD wHcg;udk tjyifrS acgufoHMum;&av\/
xdktcg armifpH&Sm;vnf; ]0ifcJhav} [k ajymvdkufonfwGif oli,fr wpfa,mufvnf; tcef;wGif;
odkU r&Jw&J 0ifvm
]udkpH&Sm; [kwfyg&JUvm;&Sif} [k ar;ojzifh armifpH&Sm;onf [kwfygaMumif;ESifh ajymqdkNyD;vQif
&dkaoorI yonfh trlt&mESifh aumif;rGefpGm ae&mxdkifcif;ay;av\/
if;oli,frrSm touf ESpfq,ft&G,fcefUrQ &Sdvsufusufoa&&SdvSaoma`Eodum
ESifhvnf; aumif;? vGefrif;pGm aumif;rGef awmufyjcif; r&SdbJvsuf oifhwifh&HkrQ &Sdaom
t0wfwefqmrsm;udk uspfvpf odyfonf;pGm 0wfqifvsufvnf;aumif;? tvGefw&m csdKat;
Munfvif Ek,OfvSpGmaom rsufESmxm; jzifhvnf;aumif; jynfhpHkvSayonf jzpf&um; uRefawmfrSm
rQavmuf cspfcifzG,f aumif;vSaom oli,fruav;udk touf t&G,fwdkifa&mufatmif
wpfBudrfwpfcgrQ rawGUjrifbl; ayNyDwum;[k pdwf rSwfxifrdygaMumif;/
tcsdKUaom oli,fruav;wdkUonfrSm rsufESmxm;tm;jzifh vSywifhw,f IcsifpzG,f &SdMuay
\/ tcsdKUrSmvnf; udk,fvHk;udk,fayguftm;jzifh tqif;twuf ajyjypfnDnGwfjcif;ESifh jynfhpHkMuay
\? odkU&mwGif cspfcifzG,faumif;jcif;? a,mufsm;wdkU\ pdwfESvHk;udk El;nGwfatmif jzpfapjcif; tp&Sd
onfht&mXmerl if;rdef;uav;xufxl;uJaomrdef;uav;wdkUrSm &SmawGUEdkifrnfr[kwfawmh acs/
rdef;uav;onf tenf;i,f wkefvIyfaom trlt&mESifh armifpH&Sm;u cif; ay;aom ukvm;xkdif
wGif xdkifNyD;aemuf
]vGefcJhwJh oHk;ESpfavmufuuRefrrdwfaqGwpfa,mufa':oif;Munfqdkwmudkonfu tudkMuD;
u ulnDapmifrzl;wJhtwGuf uRefrudk vrf;nTefvdkufavawmh uRefrudkvnf; xkdenf;twl ulnDvdrfh
r,fvdkU ajrmfvifhNyD; vmcJh&ygw,f tudkMuD;&Sifh} [k armifpH&Sm;tm; tvGefw&m tm;xm; vSaom
rsufESmxm;jzifh ajymavvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; pOf;pm;onfh rsufESmjzifh
4

a&TOa'gif;

]a':oif;Munf? a':oif;Munf? aMomf owd&NyDAsdKU? [kwfw,f [kwfw,f usKyfenf;enf;

ulnDzl;w,f? odkUaomfvnf; olUtrIu w,fMuD; reufvSygbl;? cyf&dk;&dk; cyf&Sif;&Sif;ygyJ}
]tudkMuD;rSmom &Sif;ygw,f&Sif? cjrmrSmjzifh [dkwHk;u Iyf&SmvGef;vdkU rMuHwwfatmif jzpfNyD;
aevdkUrdkU tudkMuD; ulnDwmrsm; ajymvdkUawmif rqHk;Edkif&Smygbl;&Sif? odkUaomfvnf; olUtrI[m
uawmh b,fvdkyif&Sif;onfjzpf,ck uRefrvma&mufcJh&wJh trI[mujzifh tifrwefvnf; xl;qef;
tifrwef vnf; IyfaxG;wJh trI ygyJ tudkMuD;&Sifh} [k ajymvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; tvGefw&m
ESpfouf tm;&&SdS aom rsufESmxm;ESifh oli,frtm; MunfhNyD;vQif ]udkif; rdef;uav; trI ajymjyprf;
Asm} [k ajymvsuf em;pdkufum &Sdaeav\/
xdktcg uRefawmfvnf; uRefawmf\ a&SU rdef;uav;onf pum;pHkvifpGm ajym&rnfudk
aMumuf&GHUrnfpdk;ojzifh xdkif&mrS xrnfyavvQif oli,fru
]udpr&Sdygbl;&Sif? xdkifomxkdifyg? wpfqdwfuav; tudkMuD;u awmif;yefay;yg&Sif? tudkMuD;
rdwfaqG jzpfcJhvdkU&SdvQifuRefrtrIudkESpfa,mufvHk;Mum;Mu&ifomNyD;aumif;ygvdrfhr,f&Sif}
[kajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf; jyef xdkif&av\/ if;aemuf rdef;uav;u
]udkif; uRefr twdkcsKyfNyD; ajymyg&ap&Sif? uRefr tazu yxruawmh ausmif;q&m
vkyfNyD;aecJh? vGefcJhwJh ppfMuD;twGif;rSm ausmif;q&mtvkyfudk pGefUNyD; toufyifMuD;aomfvnf;
toufudk avsmhayghajymNyD; ppfrIxrf;&GufzdkU ppfxJudk vdkufoGm;&yga&mh&Sif? uRefr rdcifuawmh
uRefr i,fi,fuav;uyJ? aoqHk;NyD; oGm;&Sm? uRefrrSm a':a':wpfa,mufESifh twlwuG
aexdkifNyD; t*Fvdyfpmrsm;udk oifMum;cJh? 7wef;ESifh q&mjzpf y&dkifrm&D pmar;yGJudk atmifjrifNyD;
ausmif;q&mtvkyfESifh udk,f0rf;udk,fcg;udk xdef;ausmif;cJh&ygw,f&Sif/}
]onfhaemuf ppfMuD;NyD;ajrmufavawmh uRefrwdkU taz jyefvmr,fvdkU pmrsm;&wmESifh
uRefrrSm apmifhqdkif;NyD; aecJh? wpfaeUoawmh jyefvmaMumif; owif;Mum;wJhjyif rdwfaqG
wpfa,muf tdrfrSm wnf;cdkaexdkifaMumif; owif; Mum;&yga&m&Sif? onfawmh uRefrrSm uRefr
taz[m jyefvm &ufESifh uRefrudkrS EIwfrqufao;bJ olwpfyg;tdrfrSm wnf;cdk&ufavjcif;vdkU
pdwfxJrSm rcHcsif aomfvnf; taz&Sd&m oGm;NyD; wpfreufcif;rSm ar;yga&m&Sif? ar;awmh olUwnf;
tdrfu vlawGu uRefrtaz[m nuwnf;u xGufoGm;vdkufwm ,ckwdkif jyefrvmao;aMumif;
Mum;&yga&m&Sif? 'gESifh uRefrvnf; wpf&ufwpf&ufESifh apmifhvdkufwm ig;&ufavmufMumawmh
bmrsm; jzpfavovJ vdkU pdwfrcswmESifh ykvdyfudk wdkifcsufay;yga&m&Sif? onfawmh uRefrvnf;
ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;u tBuHay;csuft& owif;pmxJrSm xnfhNyD;aMumfjim? ykvdyfpHkaxmufrsm;udkvnf;
pHkaxmufzdkUajym? trsdK;rsdK; uRefr MudK;pm;aomfvnf; b,fenf;ESifh vkyfvdkUrS owif;r&bl;&Sif?
onfawmh}
&Sm;/ /]aeygtHk;rdef;uav;&,f? &ufpGJ ajymprf;yg? b,f&ufu jyefvmovJ}
rdef;uav;/ /]1919 ck? azaz:0g&Dv 12 &ufaeUu jyefa&mufygw,f&Sif}
&Sm;/ /]b,fESpf&ufaeUu aysmufoGm;ovJ}
rdef;uav;/ /]aemufwpf&ufyJ aysmufoGm;w,f&Sifh? 13 &ufaeU}
5

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]wpfESpfausmfoGm;ygNyDaumAsm? 'gxuf olUypnf;rsm;aum rusef&pfbl;vm;}

rdef;uav;/ /]rsm;rsm;rusef&pfygbl;&Sif? t0wftpm;uav; eJeJESifh pmtkyfuav; oHk;av;
tkyfESifhonfhjyif wdkvDrdkvDypnf;uav; eJeJyg;yg;ygyJ&Sif}
&Sm;/ /]&efukefNrdKUxJrSm olwnf;wJh tdrfrSwpfyg; onfhjyif rdwfaqGrsm; &Sdao;ovm;}
rdef;uav;/ /]onfhjyif rdwfaqGwpfa,mufom &Sdw,fvdkU uRefr Mum;zl;ygw,f&Sif? onf
rdwfaqGu uRefrwdkUtazESifh twlwl ppfxJrSm trIxrf;NyD; rrmvdkU jyefvmwm? olu ajcmufv
avmuf t&ifa&mufESifhygw,f&Sif? olUtdrfudkvnf; uRefr oGm;NyD; ar;ygw,f? ar;awmh olu
uRefrwdkU tazjyefa&mufvmw,f qdkwmawmif ol rod&ygbl;wJh}
&Sm;/ /]olUemrnfu b,folwJhvJ}
rdef;uav;/ /]OD;xGef;ausmfwJh&Sif}
&Sm;/ /]bm&mxl;vJAs? ppfxJrSm}
rdef;uav;/ /]*sr'gygwJh&Sif}
&Sm;/ /]oli,fr tazuaum twlwlyJvm;}
rdef;uav;/ /][kwfygw,f&Sif? *sr'gygyJ? trnfuawmh OD;om[efygwJh}
&Sm;/ /]udkif; onfhjyif ajymprf;ygOD;Asm}
rdef;uav;/ /] 'gESifh uRefrvnf; owif;rMum;avawmh pdwfnpfnpfeJU vufavQm h&r
vdkjzpf aewkef; ajcmufvavmuftMumrSm wpfaeUoawmh owif;pm wpfapmifxJrSm *sr'g
OD;om[ef orD;wpfa,muf[m b,ft&yf b,fa'orSm aexdkifaMumif; if;owif;pmxJrSm
jyefMum;ajzqdk vQifjzifh aus;Zl;&Sdygvdrfhr,fwJh ygvmwmudk;&Sifh? onfawmhuRefru uRefr a':a':
udkwdkifyifNyD; rMumrD twGif;yJae&yfESifhwuG vdyfudk ajzMum;vdkufyga&m&Sifh? onfvdkvJ owif;pm
xJuaeNyD; ajzvdkufyg a&m aemufwpfaeUrSm uRefrtrnfESifh txkyfuav;wpfxkyf a&mufvmyg
a&m&Sifh? 'gESifh uRefr jznf Munfh awmh tifrwef ta&mifaumif;wJh ykvJMuD;wpfvHk; awGUyga&m
&Sif? onfhjyifawmh pmvnf; ryg? bmvJ ryg? b,fu ydkUvdkufvdkU b,fvdk tMuHtpnfESifhrSef;vnf;
uRefr rod&ygbl;&Sif? 'gESifh onfykvJudk pdefwdkufu bmblrsm;udk oGm;jyawmh tbdk; oHk;&m
xdkufwefw,fvdkU tzdk;jzwf vdkufygw,f&Sif? jzwfvdkufayr,fh b,fvdk tMuHtpnfESifh ydkUvdkufrSef;
rodavawmh uRefrvnf; ra&mif;bl;&Sifh? &wJh vcuav;ESifhyJ uspfuspfuav; pm;aomuf
aecJhygw,f? 'gESifh tJ'DaeUu pNyD; vqef; wpf&ufaeUwkdif; wpf&ufaeUwdkif; onfykvJrsdK;
wpfvHk;wpfvHk; a&muf a&mufvmygw,f&Sif? ,ck 12 v&SdvdkUrdkU ykvJ 12 vHk; uRefrqD
a&mufygNyD&Sif? t&G,fuvnf; nD ta&mifuvnf; nDyg bdoESifh Munfhygawmh&Sif} [k ajymvsuf
oli,frvnf; uEkurmjzifh yvkyfxm;aom aowmi,ftwGif;rS ykvJ 12 vHk;udk uRefawmfwdkUtm;
xkwf jyav\/
armifpH&Sm;vnf; ykvJudk aocsmpGmMunfhINyD;aemuf
6

a&TOa'gif;

]aumif;ygw,f? aumif;wJh ykvJMuD;awG? wpfvHk; 400 xufreJwefyg&JUAsm/udkif;udkif;

onfhjyif ajymygOD;Asm}
rdef;uav;/ /]'gESifh onfvdk vpOf ykvJ wpfvHk; wpfvHk; &NyD;vmcJh? onfuaeUawmh
tcgwdkif;vdk ykvJ ra&mufvmbJESifh a[m'Dpmwpfapmif a&mufvmygw,f&Sif} [k ajym
pmwpfapmif udk xkwf jy&m armifpH&Sm;u ]pmtdwfygay;Asm} [k ajym pmtdwfyg ,l MunfhNyD;
aemuf
]tif; pmwdkufwHqdyfu MunfhjrifwdkifwHqdyf? &ufpGJu pufwifbmv 1 &ufaeU? pmtdyf
axmifhu vufr&mMuD;[mu pmydkUukvm;&JUvufr&myJESifh wlw,f?pmtdyfuvnf; pmtdyfaumif;?
pma&;puL uvnf; puLaumif;? tenf;qHk; wpf&mudk oHk;usyfavmuf ay;&r,f/ pmxJrSm
vufrSwfvnf; rxdk;bl;? ae&yfvnf; rygbl;? &ufpGJvnf; rygbl;? udkif; udkif; pmxJrSm bmygovJ
Munfh&atmif}
[k ajymvsuf armifpH&Sm;vnf; atmufygtwdkif; zwfav\/
],aeUn 8em&D tcsdefwGif ypfcsm;yJavpfh t&dyfjyyGJ&Hka&SUodkU tazmfESpfa,mufESifh vmcJhyg
av/ rdef;uav;rSm rsm;pGm tepfemcH ae&ygojzifh uREfkyf wwftm;orQ ulnDvdkygonf/
odkU&mwGif ykvdyfrsm;udkjzifh rac:cJhygESifh/ ykvdyfrsm; ygcJhvQif uREkfyfESifh awGUawmhrnf r[kwfyg}
rdwfaqGwpfa,muf
if;pmudk zwfNyD;aemuf armifpH&Sm;u }tif; awmfawmf aumif;yHkay:wJh trIuav;yJ? udkif;
udkif; rdef;uav;emrnfu rESif;nGefU [kwfvm;}
nGefU/ /][kwfygw,f&Sif}
&Sm;/ /]udkif; onftrIrSm rESif;nGefU b,fhES,fvkyfzdkU MuHpnfovJ}
nGefU/ /]uRefrjzifh b,fhES,fvkyf&r,f rodwwfvdkU tudkMuD;qD vm&jcif; jzpfygw,f&Sif}
&Sm;/ /]udkif; usKyftMuHtwdkif; vkdufrSmjzifh olrSmwJhtwdkif; usKyfwkdU oGm;Mur,f? tazmf
ESpfa,muf ac:cJhqdkw,f r[kwfvm;? ae&musNyD; onfu udkodef;armifESifh usKyfESifh vdkufMur,f
b,fhES,fvJ}
nGefU/ /(uRefawmfhbufodkU vSnfhvsuf) ]vdkufcJhygOD; tudkMuD;&Sif? uRefr aus;Zl;rarhyg
bl;&Sif}
uRefawmf/ /]uRefawmfvdkufvdkU rdef;uav;rSm aus;Zl;&Sdr,fqdk&if onfvrf;ruygbl;?
b,fvrf;rqdk uRefawmf vdkufygw,fAsm}
nGefU/ /]aus;Zl;MuD;vSygw,f tudkMuD;wkdU&Sif? uRefruukyfukyfuav; aewwfavawmh
tod rdwfaqGqdkvdkUvJ w,fMuD; r&SdvSbl;&Sifh? tdrfrSmvJ rdef;rom;awGcsnf;yJ? onfawmh tudkMuD;
wdkU ESpfa,muf vdkuf&ifjzifh tifrwef aus;Zl;MuD;ygyJ&Sif? uRefr 'gjzifh 7 em&DcGJ a&mufatmif
vm&if awmfNyDrSwfw,f}
7

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]7 em&DcGJwdwd a&mufatmifvmayawmh? aemufrusapESifhaemf? 'gxuf usKyfwpfck

ar;yg&apOD;? onfpma&;wJh vufa&;ESifh ykvJrsm;udk ydkUpOftcg vdyfwyfNyD;ay;wJh vufa&;
twlwlyJvm;}
nGefU/ /]atmf [kwfayom;? uRefrrSm ygcJhw,f&Sif? txkyfrSm vdyfwyfNyD;ay;wJh vufa&;awG
ygcJhygw,f&Sif} [k ajymvsuf rdef;uav;vnf; pm&Gufi,frsm;udk xkwf armifpH&Sm;tm; jyav\/
&Sm;/ /(pm&Gufrsm;udk vSrf;,lvsuf) ]w,fawmfwJh oli,fryJ? w,fNyD; aphpyfygayw,fAsm?
onfvdkvlrsdK; trIvdkuf&rS usLyfu udufwmuvm;? udkif; udkif; MunfhMu&atmif} [k ajymvsuf
vufa&;rsm;udk EdIif;,SOfMunfINyD;aemuf
]txkyfrSm vdyfwyfwJh vufa&;awGuawmh zsufNyD;a&;wJh vufa&;awGyJ? pm&Gufu vufa&;
uawmhjzifh trSeftwdkif;a&;wJh vufa&;yJ? odkUaomf vlwpfa,mufxJ a&;aMumif; xif&Sm;w,f?
Munfhprf;AsdKU udkodef;armif? cifAsm;vl b,fvdkyJ zsufNyD;a&;ayr,fh towfawGowfyHk wpfacsmif;iif
qGJyHkuawmh rwlbl;vm;Asm? udkif; udkif; wpfckxJ ar;yg&apOD;awmh rESif;nGefU? rESif;nGefUtaz
vufa&;ESifh onfvufa&;awGESifh wlw,frsm; xifovm;Asm}
nGefU/ /]rwlygbl;&Sif? eJeJuav;rS rwlygbl;}
&Sm;/ /]usKyfvnf; onfvdkyJ xifwmyJ? udkif; udkif; 7em&DcGJxuf aemufrusapESifhaemf? ,ck
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Munfhcsifygao;w,f? aemufrusapeJUaemf rESif;nGefU}
nGefU/ /]pdwfcsyg&Sif? rusap&ygbl;? udkif;? uRefrjyefacsygOD;r,f&Sif} [kajymvsuf
csdKomvSpGmaom rsufESmjzifh uRefawmfwdkU ESpfa,muftm; EIwfqufNyD;vQif tdrfay:rS qif;oGm;
av\/ rdef;uav; qif;oGm;avvQif uRefawmfvnf; tdrfa&SU jywif;aygufrS &yfvsuf oGm;&mvrf;
udk rsufaphwpfqHk; arQmfMunfhum &SdaerdygaMumif;/
if;aemuf rdef;uav;onf vrf;auGUrS csdK; oGm;ojzifh rjrif&onfhtcgrS uRefawmfonf
jywif;aygufrSjyefvm
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&Sm;/ /(aq;wHaomufvsuf pOf;pm;ae&mrS) ][kwfuJhvm;? usKyfjzifh owdrxm;rdygblAsm}
uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm;rsufpdrsm;u b,fa&mufaeygvdrfhrvJAsm? rsufpdygvdkUrSvnf; jrifwwf
wJh vl r[kwfbl;? onfavmuf cspfcifzdkUaumif;wJh rdef;uav; b,frSm &SmvdkU awGUOD;rvJAsm
&Sm;/ /(tenf;i,f yH;&,fvQuf) ]w,fqdkwJh pmygvm;Asm? usKyfwdkUrSmawmh udk,fhtrIonf
acsmw,f vSw,f t&kyfqkd;w,fqdkwm rMunfhtm;bl;As? trIudkom Munfh&w,f? trIonfudk
MunfhrdrSjzifh trIudk qifjcif&mrSm vrf;rSm;wwfw,fAs? [dkwavmu udk,fhuav; udk,fowfNyD;
touftmrcHaiG xkwf,lvdkU trIjzpfwJh rdef;r[mvnf; tifrwefacsmvSwJh rdef;rwpfa,mufayghAs?
[dkwpfaeUu vltdk&HktwGuf aiGig;axmif xnfhvdkufwJh rdef;rMuD;[mvnf; tifrweft&kyfqdk;&Sm
wmuyJ? onfawmh}
8

a&TOa'gif;

uRefawmf/ /]odkUaomfvnf;onf rdef;uav;[muawmh olU&kyfolU&nfESifh vdkufatmif

tusifh pm&dw vnf;}
&Sm;/ /]rajymwwfao;bl;? NyD;rS odr,f? 'gxuf udkodef;armif vlUvufa&;udk MunfhNyD;
tusifhpm&dwudk cefUrSef;wJhenf; cifAsm; wwf&JUvm;? udkif; onfvlUvufa&;MunfhNyD; cifAsm;
odoavmuf usKyfudk ajymjyprf;Asm}
uRefawmf/ /(vufa&;rsm;udk aocsmpGm MunfhINyD;aemuf) ]vufa&;ujzifh NyDow,f?
nDnGwf w,f? aoaooyfoyf aewwfxdkifwwfwJhvlESifh wlw,f}
&Sm;/ /(OD;acgif;udk ,rf;vsuf) ]a&;csyHkawG? wpfacsmifiifyHkawG MunfhAs? yrsm;awmif
armufcs rcscsifbl;? 0dkif;cs cscsifw,f? awmfawmfysif;wJhvlyJ? wpfacsmif;iifawGvnf; Munfhvdkuf
prf;? ajcaxmufawmif rygbl;? 0vHk;qGJyHkawGuvnf; pdwfoabmw,fNyD; ckdifrmwJh vuPm
r&Sdbl;? ,&pfqGJyHkawG towf owfyHkawGuawmh udk,fhudk,fudk txiftjrif awmfawmfMuD;yHk&wJh
vlESifh vuPm wlw,f? udkif; udkif; usKyfoGm;p&muav; &Sdao;w,fAsdKU? cP oGm;vdkuftHk;r,f?
a[m'D pmtkyf zwfprf;Asm? tifrwefaumif;w,f} [kajymvsuf pmwpftkyfudk ay;NyD;vQif
armifpH&Sm;vnf; xGufoGm;&m uRefawmfrSm jywif;aygufteD;wGif xkdifvsuf pmtkyfudk
zwfygaomfvnf; uRefawmf\ rsufESmESifh pmtkyf\ tMum;wGif oli,fr\ rsufESmonf uGufceJ
uGufceJ ay:vmonf jzpfaom aMumifh aemufqHk; pmtkyfudk ypfcsNyD;vQif oli,fr\ cspfcifzG,f
aumif;vSaom rsufESmuav;\ taMumif;udkomvQif pOf;pm;pdwful;um &Sdaerdav\/
nae ig;em&DausmftcsdefcefUwGif armifpH&Sm;vnf; 0rf;omtm;& &Sdaom rsufESmxm;ESifh
jyefvmNyD;vQif
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uRefawmf/ /]'gjzifh cifAsm; awG;rdNyDayghav}
&Sm;/ /]taotcsmMuD;vnf; r[kwfvSao;bl;Asm? odkUaomfvnf; oJvGefp uav;awmh
enf;enf;&NyD? &ayr,fh vdkufzkdU awmfawmfvdkao;w,f? ta&;MuD;wJh tcsufwpfck odcJh&wmu
oli,fr&JU taz OD;om[ef&JUrdwfaqG *sr'g OD;xGef;ausmf[m 1919 ck Mo*kwfvrSm ao&SmNyDwJhAs}
uRefawmf/ /]onf[m bmta&;MuD;ovJAsm}
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ajymovdk Munfhprf;? oli,fr&JU taz OD;om[efrSm &efukefrdU tjcm;rdwfaqG r&Sd/
*sr'gOD;xGef;ausmf wpfa,mufyJ &Sdw,f? oloGm;NyD; [dkwkef;u rdef;uav;u ar;awmhvnf;
OD;om[efa&mufvmaMumif; olrod&ao;ygbl;vdkU ajymw,f? ajymNyD; ajcmufvavmuf tMumrSm
OD;xGef;ausmf aow,f? aoNyD;vdkU av;ig;&uf twGif;rSmyJ rESif;nGefUxH ykvJxkyf a&mufvmw,f?
a&mufwmrSvnf; wpfMudrfru vpOf vpOf wpfxkyfwpfxkyf a&mufvmw,f? a&mufvmNyD;
wJhaemuf ,ckaemufqHk; pmrSmvnf; rdef;uav;rSm tepfemcHae&wJh taMumif;vnf; ygw,f?
onfawmhcg rdef;uav;rSm tepfemcH&wJh tcsufqdkwm b,ftcsufjzpfr,fvdkU awG;p&m&SdovJAs?
cjrmrSm tazwpfa,muf qHk;&&SmwJh tcsufyJ jzpfr,f r[kwfvm;? NyD;awmhvnf; ykvJawG[m
OD;xGef;ausmf aoNyD;wJh aemuf av;ig;&uftwGif;rSmyJ a&mufvmw,f? onf[m bmjzpfvdkU
9

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

a&mufvmovJwJh? OD;xGef;ausmf&JU tarGcH tarGpm;rsm;u rdef;uav;rSm tepfemcH&aMumif;odvdkU

avsmfaMu;tjzpfESifh ydkUvdkufwJh ykvJawG jzpf&r,f r[kwfbl;vm;As? udkif;Asm onfvdk rawG;&if
b,fvdkrsm; cifAsm; awG;zdkU &Sdao;ovJ}
uRefawmf/ /]'gawmh [kwfygapawmhAsm? odkUayr,fh avsmfaMu;ay;yHku xl;qef;vS acs
uvm;As? NyD;awmhvnf; pma&;wmu [kdwkef;u ra&;bJ wpfESpfausmfvmwJhtcgrSm a&;&ovm;
Asm? onfhjyif vnf; 'Drdef;uav;rSm tazqHk;jcif;tm;jzifh epfemjcif; cH&&Smw,fqdk&if onfuJhodkU
epfemjcif;rS vGwfuif;atmif ulnD&atmif[m ,ckwdkif olUtaztouf&Sifvsuf &SdEdkifygOD;rvm;Asm}
&Sm;/ /]udkif;av [kwfygw,f? odkUaomfvnf; onftcsufawGawmh onfuaeUn &Sif;vif;
vdrfhrayghAs? udkif; udkif; rdef;uav; ra&mufvmcif usKyfwdkU xrif;uav;wpfvkwfESpfvkwf
pm;vdkuf MuOD;pdkUAsm}
uRefawmfwdkUonf npmxrif;pm;aomufMuNyD;aemuf pum;tenf;i,f ajymqdkvsuf &SdMu
ojzifh 7 em&DausmfausmfrQ &SdavvQif jrif;&xm;wpfpD;vnf; tdrfa&SU &yfNyD;aemuf wpfcPrQ
MumvQif rESif;nGefUvnf; tdrfay: odkU wufvmav\/
&Sm;/ /]udkif; tcsdefvnf; eD;NyD/ oGm;rS awmfr,f xifw,f? uJ udkodef;armif vkyfAsm?
t0wfrsm; vJyg? wkwfcyfrmrm ,lcJhAsdKU? rodEdkifbl;? udk,fhudk,fudk uG,fumxm;&if aumif;w,f?
aMomf 'gxuf rESif;nGefUudk usKyf ar;p&muav; enf;enf;&Sdao;w,f} [kajymvsufar;cGef; tenf;
i,f ar;jref;&m rESif;nGefUu
][kwfygw,f&Sif? uRefrwdkU tazESifh OD;xGef;ausmfESifhu tifrwef uRrf;0ifMuwJh vuPm
&Sdygw,f? ppfajrjyifu a&;NyD; taza&;ay;wJh pmxJrSm OD;xGef;ausmf taMumif;rsm;vnf; cPcP
ygw,f&Sifh? aMomf 'gxuf uRefrwdkU taz om;a& aowmtdwfykef;xJu pm&Gufwpf&Guf uRefr
awGUcJhjyefNyD&Sifh? [dkwkef;uawmh onftdwfudk rjrifrdbl;? onfuaeUrS aoaocsmcsm arTaESmufNyD;
&Smaeavawmh onftdwfykef;udk awGUrdw,f? tdwfykef;xJ EIdufNyD; Munfhawmh a[monf pm&GufMuD;
wpf&Guf acgufNyD; xnfhxm;wm uRefr awGU&ygw,f? uRefrvnf; bmawGa&;xm;rSef; em;rvnf
ygbl;/ tudkMuD;jzifh odrvm;vdkU uRefr ,lcJhygw,f} [k ajymvsuf rESif;nGefUvnf;
pm&GufacgufMuD; wpfckudk armifpH&Sm;tm; ay;&m armifpH&Sm;vnf; pm&Gufudk jzefU rSefbDvl;jzifh
aocsmpGm MunfhI NyD;aemuf
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jzpfwJh rdkif;udkifpuLESifh cyfqifqif rwlbl;vm;AsdKU? udkodef;armifonfpuL[mwpfcgwkef;u
puLcsyf jym;rSm uyfNyD; wG,ftyfESifh wG,fxm;zl;vdkU wG,ftyf&mawGawmif axmifhav;axmifhrSm
&Sdaeao; w,f? tif; bmawGvJAsdKU? a&;xm;wm? tvdk tdrfyHkpHESifh wlyguvm;? tifrwefMuD;wJh
tdrfMuD;AsdKU? tcef;MuD;awG tcef;uav;awG avScg;awG? aqmiful;cef;rMuD;awG jynfhaewm
ygyJuvm;? onftem; u bmvJAsdKU? rifeDMuufajccwfuav; jyxm;yguvm;? atmufem;uawmh
cJwHESifh a&;xm;wmu bmvJ? ]vuf0Jbufudk av;vSrf;oGm;} wJh?onf[mu bmqdkvdkovJ?
a[matmufem;u Muufajccwf uav; vlemrnfawGAsdKU? armifrdk;oD;? rmrufqif? 0g[pfcef;?
exyfqifwJh? av;a,mufom; emrnfawGyguvm;? uJ uJ &SdapOD;? &SdapOD;? tckawmhjzifh b,fyHk
oufqkdifw,fqdkwm usKyf rajymEdkifao;bl;? odkUaomfvnf; onfajryHk[m ta&;MuD;wJh
ajryHkESifhwlw,f? onf[m usKyf ,lxm; vdkufr,faemf/ rESif;nGefU onftrIu usKyf
10

a&TOa'gif;

xifoavmufrubl; xifw,fAsdKU? awmfawmf IyfvdrfhOD;r,f xifw,f? udkif; udkif; 7 em&Dvnf;

cGJoGm;NyD? oGm;MurS awmfr,f}
uRefawmfwdkUvnf; armfawmfum;wpfpD;udk ac: rESif;nGefUudk tvnfrSxm;NyD;vQif
xGufvm Mu&m rESif;nGefUrSm cspfvSpGmaom zcif\ trItwGuf jzpfonfvnf; wpfaMumif;?
tcsdefrJh ntcg jzpfonfvnf; wpfaMumif;/ rnfuJhokdUaom yk*KdvfrsdK;u rnfuJhodkUaom
tMuHtpnfESifh ac:iifonf udk rod&Smao;onfvnf; wpfaMumif;aMumifh wkefvIyfvsuf&Sdonfh
trlt&mESifh vdkufygvmcJh &Smav\/
&Spfem&D xdk;csdefeD;ojzifh ]ypfcsm;yJavhpf} t&dyfjyyGJ&HkteD;odkU a&mufavvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf;
armfawmfum;udk &yfapNyD;aemuf
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apmifhae&pfaemf? igwdkU jyefrvm&ifvnf; eufjzef ightdrf rif;vmcJh? apmifhaewJh twGufygig
ay;r,f} [k armfawmfum; armif;ol oli,ftm; rSmxm;cJhNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkUonf rESif;nGefUudk
tvnfrSm xm; t&dyfjy&Hk &Sd&modkU avQmufvmcJhav\/ &Hka&SUodkU a&mufavvQif arSmif&dyfrS
vlwpfa,mufonf &kwfw&uf xGufay:vmNyD;vQif uRefawmfwdkU &Sd&modkU csOf;uyfvmNyD;aemuf
oli,frtm;
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nGefU/ /][kwfygw,f&Sif}
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nGefU/ /][kwfygw,f&Sif} [k ajymvQif xdkolvnf; uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;wdkUtm;
twefMum atmif pdkuf MunfhNyD;aemuf
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ykvdyf t&m&Sdrsm; r[kwfbl;aemf}
nGefU/ /]r[kwfygbl;&Sif? pdwfcsyg}
xdktcg xdkolvnf; yg;pyfudk vufjzifh uyfNyD;aemuf oHk;MudrfrQ avcRefvdkufonfwGif
trdk;tumwdkUjzifh vHkcHpGm tkyfrdk;um&Hvsuf &Sdaom armfawmfum; wpfpD;onf &kwfw&uf
qdkufa&muf vmNyD;vQif uRefawmfwdkU\ teD; &yfav\/ if;aemuf xdkolvnf; armfawmfum;
armif;olESifhtwl a&SUrS xdkifvsuf uRefawmfwdkUtm; wuf&ef vufjyonfwGif uRefawmfwdkU
oHk;OD;vnf; armfawmfum; twGif;odkU 0ifa&mufMu&av\/ if;aemuf armfawmfum;vnf;
vsifjrefpGm armif;ESif oGm;&m uRefawmfwdkUrSm rnfonfh udpESifh rnfonfh t&yfodkU
oGm;a&muf&onf rodbJ rsufpdrSdwfvsuf vdkufyg oGm;Mu&av\/
armfawmfum;vnf; xGufvmonfESifh wydifeuf ajrmuft&yfodkU rsufESmrlvsuf
xGufvmcJh&m Munfhjrifwkdifudk ausmfvGef MuHawmoif;csdKif;odkU vGefNyD;aemuf ukwfudkif;uefodkU
a&SUIwlI rsufESmrlvsuf vmcJhav\/ ,if;uJhodkU tif;pdefodkU oGm;aom vrf;rBuD;twdkif;
armif;ESifvmcJh c&D;twefi,f aygufa&mufcJhavvQif armfawmfum;onf &kwfw&uf
11

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

t&SdefowfNyD;aemuf 0if;jcHBuD; wpfck twGif;odkU 0if tvGefw&m aumif;rGefBuD;rm;aom

bdktdrfMuD; wpfaqmif\ a&SU &yfwefUav\/ armfawmfum; &yfonfESifh wpfydifeuf ukvm;vlrsdK;
tapcH wpfa,mufvnf; tdrfjyifodkU xGufvm ocifu apmifhqdkif;vsuf &SdaMumif; ajymqdkNyD;vQif
uRefawmfwdkUtm; ac:iifoGm;&m uRefawmfwdkUvnf; ukvm; tapcHESifh tdrfwGif;odkU 0ifoGm;Mu
NyD;aemuf wpfckaom tcef;wGif;odkU qdkufa&mufMuav\/
if;tcef;wGif;um; tvGefw&m aumif;rGefvSaom bD&dkMuD;? aumfaZmMuD; cef;qD;MuD;
tp&SdonfwdkUonf awmufypGm xGef;vif;vsuf &Sdaom "mwfrD;a&mifwGif tvGefw&m om;em;pGm
&Sdaeonfjzpf&m wpfckaom yufvufukvm;xdkif xkdifvsuf&Sdaom vlwpfa,mufvnf; uRefawmf
wdkUtm; ]MuGMuyg cifAsm;? xdkifMuygcifAsm;} ponfjzifh ae&mxdkifcif; ay;um {nfhcHav\/ xdkolrSm
toufyif rMuD;vSao;aomfjim;vnf; OD;acgif;tvnf qHyifwdkUonfwpfyifrQ raygufbJ
awmufy ajymifvufpGm &Sdvsuf pum;ajymaomtcgvnf; rsufESmudk IHrJhum ajymqdkwwf
avonf/ xdkolrSm EIwfcrf;wGJwGJ oGm;acgacgESifh &Sdaeonfjzpf&m &,farmonfhtcg rdrd\
oGm;rsm;udk vljrifrnfpdk; onfh vuPmjzifh vufwpfzufjzifh yg;pyfudk zHk;uG,fum &,farmavh
&Sd\/ uRefawmfwdkUonf ukvm;xkdifwpfckpDwGif xdkifMuNyD;aemuf xdkolu
]rESif;nGefUqdkwm rSwfw,f? Mum;zl;yg&JU cifAsm? vludkom ,ckrS jrifzl;&ygw,f? uRefawmfh
emrnfuawmh armifbdk;uJygwJh cifAsm? *sr'gOD;xGef;ausmf&JU om;ygyJ? om;csif; orD;csif; rawGU
rjrifbl;Muaomfvnf; tzcsif;uawmhjzifh tifrwefrS tuRrf;w0if&SdcJhMuzl;ygw,f rESif;nGefUAsm?
rESif;nGefUvnf; odNyD;yJxifyg&JU}
nGefU/ /]odygw,f&Sif}
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nGefU/ /]rSefygw,f&Sif? onfu OD;pH&Sm;wJh? onf[mu OD;odef;armifwJh}
uJ/ /]uRefawmfay;vdkufwJh pmudk &&JUaemf}
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uJ/ /]wjcm;udp r[kwfbl;As? rESif;nGefU taz OD;om[ef udpaygh? OD;om[efawmhjzifh
r&Sd&Sm bl;? odkUaomfvnf; rdef;uav; &oifh&cGifh &Sdoavmufudkawmh usKyftpfudk udkbdk;&GJu
b,fvdkyif uefUuGufaomfvnf; usKyfu r& &atmif vkyfay;ygr,fAsm? pdwfomcsyg? rdwfaqGrsm;
ygvmMuwm vJ cyfaumif;aumif;ygyJAsm? uRefawmfajymorQudk oufaotjzpfESifh em;axmif
rSwfom;awmfrlMuyg? odkUaomfvnf; cifAsm;wdkU ykvdyfjzifh r[kwfMubl;aemf? ykvdyfyg&ifjzifh bdk;&GJu
ajymvdkU r&aybl;As? olu vlodrSm tifrwef pdk;w,f}
&Sm;/ /]pdwfcsyg rdwfaqG? usKyfwdkUtwGufawmhudk? tifrwefpum;vHkwJh vlawGygAsm}
uJ/ /]aumif;ygavAsm? aumif;ygav&JU? onfvdk cifAs? a&S;OD;pGm rESif;nGefUxH uRefawmf
pma&;NyD; ydkUcJhpOftcgu uRefawmfae&yfudk wpfcgwnf; xnfhNyD; a&;ay;vdkufr,fvdkU BuHpnfrdyg&JU?
odkUaomf IyfIyf&Suf&SufvlrsdK;awG ac:NyD;vmrSm uRefawmfu pdk;&drfvdkU ae&yfudk wpfcgwnf; rajym
ao;bJ auseyfatmif uRefawmfhvlu MunhfNyD;wJhtcgrS ac:cJhzdkU pDrHwmudk;cifAs? wjcm;aMumifh
12

a&TOa'gif;

r[kwf ygbl;cifAsm? uRefawmfu qlqlnHnH IyfIyf&Suf&Suf udufwJhvl r[kwfbl; cifAs? ykvdyfawG

ac:vmcJhrSjzifh tvum; qlqlnHnH jzpfukefMurSm uRefawmfu pdk;&drfvdkUygcifAsm}
nGefU/ /]aumif;vSygNyD&Sif? odkUaomf tcsdefu enf;enf; vifhvdkUrdkU udpu
dk jrefjref wqdwf
avmuf ajymjyyg&Sif? awmif;yefyg&ap}
uJ/ /]pdwfcsyg ajymyghr,f? odkUaomf enf;enf;awmh tcsdefMumvdrfhr,fAs? onf;cHawmh?
rESif;nGefUrSmvnf;tazmfawGygom;uyJ?onfuudpN yD;vQiftudkMuD;bdk;&GJqDoGm;Mu&OD;r,fAs?uRefa
wmfh tudku tifrwef avmbMuD;wJh vlwpfa,mufyJ? reJppfwdkufMu&OD;r,f? pdwfxGufNyDqdkrSjzifh
usKyftpfudku tifrwef aMumufp&maumif;wJh vlcifAs? b,fvdkrsm; tajymtqdkMuyfwJh vlwpf
a,mufrSef; rodbl;}
uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm; tpfudku b,ft&yfrSmvJ}
uJ/ /]rdUywfvrf;rSm cifAs}
uRefawmf/ /]udkif; 'gjzifh oGm;&rJh twlwl wpfcgwnf; oGm;MupdkU? vmAsm}
uJ/ /]onfvdkvnf; rjzpfbl;cifAs? cifAsm;wdkUudk zef;ueJ uRefawmfu ac: oGm;NyD;&if olu
bmajymOD;r,f uRefawmfvnf; rodwwfbl;? onfhjyifwpfcsufuvnf; onftjzpftysufawGudk
uRefawmfvnf; tukeftpif rodao;bl;? odavmufom uRefawmfodw,f? onfawmh uRefawmf
odoavmufudk uRefawmfu ajymjyNyD; b,fyHkb,fenf; pDrHMur,fqdkwm rdwfaqGwdkUu qHk;jzwf
Muapcsifygw,f cifAsm}
&Sm;/ /]udkif;Asm? ajymp&m&Sdwm jrefjref ajymprf;yg}
uJ/ /]ajymygr,f cifAsm? uRefawmfwdkU tazu vGefcJhwJh ppfMuD;twGif;rSm ppfrIxrf;
&GufcJhygw,f cifAsm? ppfjzpfonfhtcgu tazrSm toufyif BuD;aomfvnf; a&S;jrefrmrif;
vufxuf uwnf;u ppfrsdK;ppfEG,fjzpfavawmh tpdk;&rif;rsm;u toufyifMuD;aomfvnf;
trIxrf;cGifhy cJh ygw,f cifAsm? 'gESifh uRefawmfwdkU taz vdkufNyD;oGm;/ ppfajrjyifrSm rusef;rrm
&SdwmESifh ppfBuD;rNyD;cif ajcmufvavmufrSmyJ jyefvmcJh&ygw,f cifAsm? ppfxJrSm trIxrf;&GufpOf
tcgu vcrsm; b,favmuf &w,f rajymwwfygbl;? jyefvmawmhjzifh aiGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;BuD;
ygvmwJh vuPm &Sdw,fcifAs/ jyefvdkU cPavmufMum&ifyJ rdUywfvrf;rSm tdrfBuD; wpfaqmif
0,f? onfu NcHudkvnf; 0,f? 0,fNyD; tifrwef crf;crf;em;em; aexdkifcJhygw,fcifAsm?
uRefawmfwdkUvnf; ppfrIxrf;&Gufw,fqdkwm wpf0rf;wpfcg;vSvS pm;EdkifaomufEkdif&Hkavmuf
xifygw,f? tazrSmawmh aMu;aiGawG ygvSacsuvm;vdkU tHhMordyg&JU? tHhMoaomfvnf; b,fenf;
ESifh &&av? aumif;aumif; rGefrGef ae&xdkif&vdkU vSvSyy oHk;pGJ&&if NyD;a&mvdkU bmrS ar;jcif;
jref;jcif; rvkyfcJhbl; cifAs? uRefawmfwdkUrSm nDtpfudk ESpfa,muf&Sdygw,f cifAsm? bkd;&GJwJh bdk;uJ
wJh? t>rm arG;cifAs? 'gESifh uRefawmfwdkUtazh rdwfaqGOD;om[efwpfa,muf aysmufqHk;oGm;w,fvdkU
owif;pmawGxJrSmawGUawmh b,fenf;ESifhaysmufjcif;rvSaysmuf&avovJvdkUtazha&SUrSm uRefawmf
wdkU nDtpfudkESpfa,muf wdkifyifESD;aESmMuawmh tazuvnf; bmrS 0ifNyD; rajymbl; cifAs?
ajymawmh ajymyg&JUav? olvJyJ rodwJh [efESifh wpfcGef; ESpfcGef; 0ifNyD; ajymyg&JU? odkUaomfvnf;
OD;om[ef aysmufqHk;wJh taMumif; [m bmaMumifh aysmufqHk;rSef; uRefawmfwdkU taz
od&SdaMumif;udk uRefawmfwdkUjzifh enf;enf;rS r&dyfrdbl;cifAs? odkUaomfvnf; uRefawmfwdkU wpfckawmh
13

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&dyfrdw,f cifAs? bmvJqdkawmh uRefawmfwdkU taz[m ppfxJu jyefvmNyD;wJhaemuf

wpfpHkwpfckaom ab;Oyg'ftE&m,fudk tpOfrjywf aMumuf&GHU aewJh vuPm &Sdw,f?
bm&,fvdkUawmh rqdkEkdifbl;? wpfpHkwpfckudkawmh ol trSefaMumufaewJh vuPmyJ? bmaMumifh
uRefawmfwdkU odovJqdkawmh uRefawmfwdkUtaz[m t&ifwkef;u tifrwef owdaumif;aomfvnf;
ppfxJu jyefvmNyD;wJhaemuf wpfa,mufxJawmifrS vrf;ravQmuf0Hhbl; cifAs? NyD;awmhvJ
qdk;ayhqdkwJh acG;MuD;rsm;udkvnf; 0,fNyD;arG;xm;w,f? aoewfvdkifpifudkvJ r&&atmif avQmuf
awmif;NyD; cg;ydkufxJu b,ftcgrS rcsbl;? onf[mawG jrifawmh uRefawmfwdkU nDtpfudk
ESpfa,muf tusdK;taMumif;udk ar;? ar;ayrJh rajymbl; cifAs? NyD;awmhvJyJ uRefawmfwdkU tazu
opfom;ajcaxmufESifh vlrsm; jrif&if tifrwef vefUwwfw,f cifAs/ [dkwavmu vlwpfa,muf
rD;&xm;eif;rd&SmvdkU ajcaxmufrSm opfom;MuD;wyfNyD; awmif;pm;ae&&Smwm? taz jrifwmESifh
bmrsm; atmufarhw,f rajymwwfygbl;cifAsm? ajcmufvHk;jyL;ESifh oGm;ypfvdkufwm uHaumif;vdkU
rrSefayvdkU? 'gawmif uRefawmfwdkUrSm ykvdyfawG bmawG aiGawG xdk;vdkuf&wm awmfawmf
ydkufqHukef oGm;ao;w,f? [dkwkef;uawmh onfopfom;ajcaxmufudk bmaMumifh taz
onfavmuf rkef;ygvdrfh rwkef;vdkU atmif;arhrdw,f? aemufusawmhrS onft"dyg,f
&dyfrdwmudk;cifAs? 'gESifh ajym&OD;r,f? onfu rESif;nGefU&JU taz OD;om[ef aysmufqHk;aMumif;
uRefawmfwdkU od&NyD;wJhaemuf oHk;vavmuf tMumrSm wpfaeUo xrif;pm;NyD; aeMuwkef;
tazhemrnfESifh pmwpfapmif &w,f cifAs? pm&vdkU zGifhNyD;vnf; zwfua&m tazvnf; rsufESmrsm;
rnf;NyD; wkefwkef,if,ifESifh tajcysuf oGm;vdkufwm uRefawmfwdkUu bmtaMumif;vJvdkU
ar;vdkUvnf; r&bl; cifAs? onfuaeUupNyD; uRefawmfwdkUtaz rusef;rrmjzpfvdkufwm
toufodkUom wdkifyga&m cifAsm? onfpmvJ uRefawmfwdkU rjrif&ygbl;? onfvdkESifh wjznf;jznf;
wydefydef wamfmfESifhjzpfNyD; ESpfvavmuf tMumrSm tdyf&mxJ vkH;vHk;vJyga&m cifAsm? 'gESifh
wpfaeUoawmh uRefawmfwdkUtazrS tarmMuD;qdkufNyD; aor,fvdkU qJqJ jzpfaeavawmh
uRefawmfwdkU nDtpfudk ESpfa,mufvnf; tem;u rcGmbJ ypkaecJhMu? n &Spfem&Dausmf
tcsdefavmufrSm wHcg;awG tydwf cdkif;NyD; uRefawmfwdkU ESpfa,mufudk tem;ac:NyD; ajymyga&m
cifAsm? uRefawmfwdkU nDtpfudkESpfa,mufvnf; ckwif wpfbuf wpfcsufu 'l;axmufNyD; em;axmif
aeMuw,f cifAs}
&Sm;/ /]bmrsm; ajymovJAsm? ajymprf;yg}
uJ/ /]onfvdkcifAs? ighom;rsm;&,fwJh? tazhrSm ,ckpdwfrat;wJh tcsufwpfck &Sdw,fwJh?
onftcsufu bmvJqdkawmh OD;om[ef&JU orD; rESif;nGefUuav;udk tazu rw&m;ojzifh epfem
atmif yusifhcJhrdw,fwJh? tazhrSm ypnf;b@mawGrsm;pGm &SdwJhteufu rESif;nGefUuav;u
wpf0uf rQ &xdkufaomfvnf; tazu avmbxGufNyD; wpfjym;wpfcsyfrS cGJa0NyD; ray;bJ aecJhrd
w,fwJh? avmb? avmb w,fcufyguvm;wJh? ukd,fvnf; ukefatmif roHk;Edkif/ olrsm;vnf;
cGJa0NyD; ray;&uf? w,fcufyguvm;wJh ajymNyD; acgif;tHk;atmufu uEkurmaowmuav;wpfvHk;
xkwf,ljyNyd; onftxJrSm ykvJaumif; ykvJjrwf 30 rQudk rESif;nGefUxJ ay;ydkUzdkU tazBuHcJhaomf
vnf; ay;cgeD;us&if vufwkefwkefNyD; ray;&ufEkdifbl;wJh? onfawmh igr&SdwJh aemufudk rif;wdkUu
ay;ydkU&pf MuyguG,fwJh? NyD;awmhrSwpfcg tazu rESif;nGefUESifh igwdkUESifh qufoG,fyHk
taMumif;ajymjyOD;r,fwJh? rESif;nGefUtaz OD;om[efu ESvHk;a&m*gpGJaew,fwJh? pGJuyfayrJh
onftaMumif; b,folrS rodbl;? igwpfa,mufom odw,f? olvnf; cyfayghayghESifh
aecJhwmayghav? 'gESifh ppfajrjyifrSm twlwuG xrf;&GufaeMuwkef; igwdkU ESpfa,mufypnf;
b@mrsm;pGmwdkUudk twlwuG &&SdMuw,f? b,fyHk b,fenf;ESifh &w,fqdkwmudkawmh tazajymjyzdkU
14

a&TOa'gif;

tcsdef r&Sdbl;? 'gESifh tazu t&ifjyefESifhvdkU ypnf;awG ,lNyD; vmESifhcJh? aemuf ola&mufvmawmh
olUtwGuf tpk olvmNyD; awmif;wmayghav? awmif;vmawmh igwdkUESpfa,muf ta0rnDMubl;aygh?
ta0rnDavawmh wpfa,mufwpfa,muf rdk;vm;uJvm;ESifh pum;rsm;NyD; aeMuwkef; zef;ceJqdk
oli,fcsif; armifom[efu a'gowMuD;ESifh xdkif&mu xvdkufyga&muG,f? xvdkufonfESifh
wpfydifeuf olU&ifbwf olESdyfNyD; a&SUxdk;toGm;? igvnf; qD;NyD; qGJvdkufr,fvkyfwkef;
rqGJrdbl;a[h? rsufESmESifh usoGm;&SmNyD; oHaowmESifh acgif;ESifh aqmifhoGm;NyD; Murf;ay:rSm
yufvufMuD; pif;aeyga&ma[h? onfawmh tazu xlr,fvdkUvnf; vkyfyga&m toufvnf;
r&Sd&Smygbl;? ckeifu ajymwJh ESvHk;a&m*gESifhyJ ao&Smavovm;? aowmESifh aqmifhrdvdkU
ao&Smavovm;? tazjzifh rajymwwfbl;uG,f? odkUaomf tazhvufcsufaMumifh ao&Smwmjzifh
r[kwfygbl;uG,f? tazvnf; aocgeD; ighom;rsm;udk vdrfNyD; rajymygbl;? 'gESifh tazvnf;
b,fhES,f vkyf&r,frod? 'gESifh thHtm;oifhNyD;aewkef; tdrfrSm cdkif;wJh tapcH ijym;u tcef;xJ
0ifNyD; vmwmudk;uGJ? vmvmjcif; olu wHcg;udk ydwfwJhNyD q&ma&U bmrS rpdk;&drfESifh?
uRefawmfwpfa,mufvHk; &Sdao;w,fwJh? q&m owfaMumif; b,folrS rodap&bl;? uRefawmf
EIwfvHkygw,f q&m&JUwJh? onfawmh onftavmif;udk tomuav; ryfypfvdkufvQif NyD;a&m
r[kwfvm; q&m&,fwJh? ajymwmudk;uGJ/ onfawmh igu ig rowfaMumif; ajymawmh olu
uRefawmf odygw,f q&mwJh/ q&mwdkU vufOD; pum;rsm;a&m? rsm;NyD; q&mu &dkufvdkufwJhtoH
uRefawmfMum;ygw,f? ruG,fygESifh q&m? uRefawmfhudk ,HkMunfhyg? EIwfvHkygw,f? udp r&Sdygbl;?
wpftdrfvHk;vnf; tdyfukefMuygNyD? tavmif;udk tomuav; vlrodatmif ryfypfvdkufvQif NyD;a&m
r[kwfbl;vm;wJh? ajymwmudk;uGJU? onfawmh udk,fhtapcHuawmif udk,fowfw,f xifaeNyD; Opm?
&Hk;usvQifvnf; ighpum;ukd ,HkMur,f r[kwfacsbl;? r,HkrSjzifh ig cufacs&JUvdkU atmif;arhNyD; ijym;
tBuHtwdkif; vdkufemNyD; tavmif;udk q&mwynfhESpfa,muf nwGif;csif; 0if;xJrSm wl;NyD;
ryfvdkufMuwmudk;uGJU} [k armifbdk;uJuajym&m rESif;nGefUvnf; zcif\ taMumif;rsm;udk Mum;od&
onfESifh rsuf&nf rqnfEdkifatmif &Sdae&Smav\/
if;aemuf armifbkd;uJvnf; qufvuf ]udkif; onfawmh onftrIrSm uRefawmfwdkU tjypf
r[kwfaMumif; xif&Sm;NyD r[kwfvm;cifAsm? 'gESifh tazu ajymwm qufNyD; uRefawmf
ajymyg&apOD;?
]igwdkUvJ tavmif;udk wl;NyD; ryf? ryfNyD;awmh avb xGufvmjyefwmudk;uGJU?
onftavmif;udk zHk;zdEkdifvQif ypnf;udkvnf; igrzHk;zdEdkifbl;vm;wJh? onfawmh onfypnf;awG
qdkif&m tarGcH tarGpm; rsm;udk cGJa0NyD; ray;bJ igcsnf; wpfa,mufwnf; ,l&vQif b,folu
odEdkifOD;rSmvJwJh? aAGazmufvm jyefwmudk;uGJU? udkif; udkif; ajymae pum;&Snfaea&mhr,f? ig
touf&SifpOftcg avmbEdkifiHvdkufNyD; ay;oifhonfh ypnf;rsm;udk olUorD;uav;tm; ray;bJ
&SdcJhaomfvnf; igaoNyD;wJhaemuf rif;wdkUu repfem&atmif ypkapmifha&Smuf&pfMuyguG,f?
ighom;rsm; ypnf;rsm;teufu wpf0ufudk olUorD;xH ay;ydkUvdkufMuygbduG,f? uJ uJ
ypnf;xm;wJhae&m taz ajymjyOD;r,f em;axmif? rif;wdkUem; tazyg;pyfem; uyfMuprf;uG,f?
ypnf;xm;wJh ae&muav;vdkU ajymum &Sdao;w,f? zef;ueJqdk rsufvHk;MuD;awG jyL;NyD;vmwmudk;
cifAs? vmNyD; vSJae&mu vufaxmufNyD; xrvdkUvkyf&m jywif; aygufqDudk vufdI;xdk;NyD;
[dktaumif r0ifygapESifh? vkyfMuyguG,f&dkU? [dktaumif r0ifygapESifhvdkU aMumuftm;vefUtm;ESifh
[pfNyD; atmfwmudkcifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfwdkUvnf; jywif;ayguf&Sd&m zef;ceJ Munfhvdkufawmh
vm; vm; cifAsm? jywif;ayguf tjyifbufu vlwpfa,muf rSefjywif;ESifh rsufESmESifh uyfNyD;
uRefawmfwdkU&Sd&m Munfhaewm awGU&wmudk; cifAs? onfvlUrsufESmu EIwfcrf;arG; aumif;aumif;
15

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

cifAs/ aumif;qdkcifAsm? *smrefbk&ifudkifZm EIwfcrf;arG;rsdK;ygyJcifAs? rsufvHk;uvnf; jyL;wJhtay:rSm

tifrwef rkef;xm;wJh pdwfESifh uRefawmfwdkUudk pdkufNyd; Munfhaewmudk; cifAs? onfvljrifawmh
uRefawmfwkdU nDtpfudkESpfa,mufvnf; zef;ceJqdk xNyD; ol&Sd&m jywif;aygufudk ajy;oGm;Mu?
tem;vnf; a&mufua&m olvnf; r&Sdbl; cifAs? 'gESifh uRefawmfwdkUvnf; tazckwifem;
jyefvmMu? a&mufvn;f a&mufua&m tazvnf; touf r&Sdygbl; cifAsm? 'gESifh onfnu tazh
tavmif;jyifNyD; tdyfMuawmh reufusawmh uRefawmfwdkU tazhaowmawG pm;yGJ tHqGJawG?
om;a&tdwfawG tukefvHk; arTxm;vdkufwm yGaewmyJ cifAs/ NyD;awmhvnf; tazhtavmif; rSm
wG,ftyfESifh pm&Gufuav; wpfckudk xdk;vdkU? pm&Gufudk Munfhawmh ]av;OD;om; vufcsuf} vdkU
a&;xm;wmudk awGUw,f cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfwdkUvJ onf[mawG[m {uE nu
jrifvdkuf&wJh vl vufcsufyJ qdkwmawmh awG;rdyg&JU? olU b,fqD&Sm &r,fvJ rawG;wwfbl; cifAs}
&Sm;/ / ]bmypnf;rsm; aysmufao;ovJ}
uJ/ / ]uRefawmfwdkU odoavmufjzifh bmypnf;rS raysmufbl; cifAs? uRefawmfwdkU wpfckjzifh
awG;rd&JU? nu tazESifh uRefawmfwdkU jrifvdkufwJhvl[m taz wpfoufvHk; aMumufNyD;
aewJhvlyJudk; qdkwmawmh awG;rd&JU cifAs? odkUaomf bmaMumifh aMumufrSef;awmh uRefawmfwdkU
rawG;rdbl;cifAs} [k ajym armifbdk;uJvnf; aq;vdyfudk Sd aomufNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkU\
tHhMoaom rsufESmrsm;udk MunfhIum oabmusonfh trlt&ESifh &SdaeNyD;aemuf qufvuf
ajymjyefonfrSm
]udkif; onfawmh tazvnf; aooGm;NyD? ypnf;awGvnf; b,ft&yf b,fae&mrSm
0Sufxm;cJhw,fqdkwm ajymvnf; roGm;bl;? onfawmh onfypnf;[m{uE0if;jcHtwGif; wpfae&m
&mrSm ryfNyD; xm;rSmyJvdkU oabm&wmESifh tazhpsmye udpNyD;NyD;jcif; wpf0if;vHk; wpfNcHvkH;
wl;vdkuf qGvdkufMuwmqdkwm bmajymaumif;rvJ cifAs? wpf0if;vHk; jywltHkusoGm;wmyJ?
onfvdkESifh &Smvdkuf Muwm oHk;av;vom &SdoGm;yga&m cifAsm? ypnf;qdk bmtpterS
rawGU&bl; cifAsm? onfawmh uRefawmfwdkUrSm ajymcgeD;qJqJuav;rSmrS taz toufxGuf
oGm;&avjcif;vdkU tifrwef ,lusHK;r& jzpfNyD; rcsdrqefU jzpfaewmudk;cifAs? onf ypnf;awG[m
b,favmuf tzdk;wefr,f rwefr,fqdk wmawmh oljycJhwJh aowmuav;wpfck Munfh&HkESifh
odEdkifavmufwmudk; cifAs? onfykvJawG twGufvnf; uRefawmf tpfudkESifh uRefawmfESifh
pum;rsm;Mu&ao;w,f cifAs? tpfudku tazvdkyJ tifrwefavmbxGufwJh vlwpfa,mufyJ cifAs?
aemufrS uRefawmf twefwef ajymEdkifvGef;vdkU rdef;uav;rSm riwfrGwf rqif;&J&atmif ykvJawGudk
wpfvHk;pD vDNyD; ydkUzdkU ol oabmwlwmudk; cifAs? &&JU r[kwfvm;Asm rESif;nGefU}
nGefU/ /]&ygw,f&Sif? ykvJ q,fhESpfvHk; uRefr &ygw,f? onftwGufvJ aus;Zl;wifyg
w,f&Sif}
uJ/ /]aus;Zl;wifp&m r&Sdygbl; rESif;nGefU? uRefawmfwdkUu Opmxdef;yg? rESif;nGefUu
Opm&Sifyg? uRefawmfwdkUrSmawmh onfypnf;rsm;teuf b,favmufxkwfNyD; taz oHk;pGJcJhrSef; rod?
NcHajrtdrfajrvnf; awmfawmfyJ usef&pf&Smygw,f cifAsm? onfu rESif;nGefUrSmawmh wpfjym;
wpfcsyfrS oHk;pGJ&&Smao;w,f r&Sd? onf[mavmufuav; uRefawmfwdkU wifydkUvdkufwmrsm;
aus;Zl;wifzdkU r&Sdygbl; cifAs? odkUayr,fh tpfudkMuD;uawmh uRefawmfvdk oabmrxm;bl;As?
w,fNyD; olrsm; OpmESifh olrsm; ay;&wmawmif ESpfajrmwJh vlyJ? 'gESifh uRefawmfvnf; onftdrf
ajymif;vmcJhyga&m cifAs? onfvdkESifh wpfa,mufwpftdrf aexdkifvdkufMuwm raeUuawmh
16

a&TOa'gif;

owif;xl; wpfck Mum;&yg a&m cifAs? Mum;avawmh rESif;nGefUxH uRefawmf taMumif;Mum;?

tpfudkMuD;vnf; tnDtrQ cGJa0,lMuzdkU ajymcJhNyD;yJ? odkUaomf vlpdwfu cPcP
ajymif;vJwwfavawmh bmrsm; ajymjyefOD;r,f rodao;bl; cifAs? uRefawmfwdkU onfuaeUn
vmMur,fvdkUvnf; uRefawmf ajymcJhw,f? arQmfawmh arQmfaerSmyJ? ta0nDMur,f rnDMur,fawmh
uRefawmf rajymwwfbl;? ukdif; 'gygyJcifAsm} [k ajymNyD; aemuf armifbdk;uJvnf; uRefawmfwdkUtm;
rsufESmuJcwfvsuf &SdavvQif uRefawmfwkdUrSmvnf; txufyg xl;qef;vSaom tjcif;t&mrsm;udk
Mum;&ojzifh awG;awmum &SdaeMu&mrS armifpH&Sm;vnf; xkdif&mrS x
]awmfygayw,fAsm udkbdk;uJ? cifAsm; oabm &dk;ajzmifhyHk csD;rGrf;rdygayw,f? udkif; udkif;
cifAsm;vnf; cifAsm; odoavmuf ajymNyD;ayNyD? cifAsm;? r&Sif;vif;wJh tcsufuav;rsm; usKyfwdkU
ulNyD; &Sif;Edkifrvm; rodao;bl;? uJ vmMuAsm? nOfhvnf; awmfawmf eufoGm;NyD? udpNyD;atmif[m
udkbdk;&GJtdrfudk oGm;vdkufMuOD;pdkU}
xdkaemuf armifbdk;uJvnf; t0wfrsm; vJvS,f uRefawmfwdkU av;OD;om;onf ,cifu
armfawmfum;ESifh xGufvmcJhMujyefav&m vrf;c&D;wGif armifbdk;uJvnf; yg;pyfudk acwrQ ydwf
raebJ r&yfrpJ pum;ajymvsuf &Sdav\/
]uRefawmfhtpfudku onfypnf;ukdk &SmwJhae&mrSm tifrwef ZGJaumif;wJh vlwpfa,mufyJ
cifAs? 0if;NcHxJrSm ESHUaeatmif vdkufNyD;wl;vdkU rawGUawmh b,fES,fvkyfovJ odovm;? tdrfxJrSm
[dkeH&H acguf onfeH&Hazmuf [dkMurf;acgufonfMurf;azmufESifhaemufqHk;usawmhtdrfay:rSm ypnf;
ta[mif; awG bmawGxm;wJh tcef;tay:u rsufESmMuufxJrSm oGm;NyD;awGUw,fqdkuyJ cifAs?
rsufESmMuufrSm taygufuav; vlwpfa,muf 0ifom&Hk azmufNyD; tHusatmif ydwfxm;wmqdkudk;
cifAs? ypnf;awG [m uRefawmfhtpfudk rSef;csuft&awmhjzifh ig;odef;avmufwefvdrfhr,fvdkU
ajymw,f} [k ajymavvQif uRefawmfwdkUrSm tHhtm;oifhvsuf &SdaeMu&av\/ ,if;uJhodkU
ajymajymqdkqdkESifh vma&mufcJhMu&m wpfcPrQMumvQif armfawmfum;vnf; rdUywfvrf;&SdtdrfMuD;
wpfaqmiftwGif;odkU0if qif0ifatmuf &yfwefUav\/ xdktcsdefum; nOfh q,fem&DausmfcefU
&SdNyD; jzpfav&m uRefawmfwdkU qdkufa&muf NyD;aemuf armifbdk;uJu
]udkausmfvS? AsdKU udkausmfvS} [k ac:vdkufonfwGif touf av;q,fausmf t&G,fcefU
vlwpfa,mufvnf; vufqGJrSeftdrfudk qGJudkifvsuf xGufvm armifbdk;uJudk jrifavvQif
]tvdk q&mvm; cifAsm? 0rf;omvdkufwm cifAsm? tcefUoifhvdkufwm? uRefawmfjzifh
tMuyfusaevdkU b,fhES,fvkyf&rnf rodjzpfaewkef; q&ma&mufvm tcefUoifhvdkufwm cifAsm} [k
ajymNyD;vQif uRefawmfwdkUtm; tdrfwGif;odkU ac: tdrfatmuf{nfhcHcef;wGif ae&m
xdkifcif;ay;av\/ if;aemuf tapcHudkausmfvSvnf; armifbdk;uJudk ac: acwrQpum;wD;wdk;
ajymqdkNyD;vQif udkausmfvS vnf; armifbdk;uJudk tdrfay: odkU ac: oGm;av\/
wpfcPrQ MumavvQif armifbdk;uJvnf; rsufvHk;jyL;jyL; rsufqHjyL;jyL; ESifh avScg;rS
ajy; qif;vmNyD;vQif
]vmMuygOD; cifAs/ MunfhvSnfhMuygOD; cifAsm? tpfudkMuD; bmjzpfrSef; rodygbl; cifAsm} [k
ajymvsuf &SdpOf tapcH udkausmfvSonf aemufrS vdkufvm ]udkif; wqdwfuav; tdrfay:wufNyD;
MunfhMuygOD; cifAsm} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmfwdkU tm;vHk;onf tdrfay: odkUwufoGm;Muav\/
avScg;twufwGif udkausmfvSu
17

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

]uRefawmf q&mudkbdk;&GJu onfuaeU wpfaeUvHk; olUtdyfcef;xJu rxGufbl; cifAs/

uRefawmfvn;f rac:0hHwmESifh rac:bl;? xrif;pm;csdefu uRefawmfoGm;NyD; tcef;wHcg;udk
acgufaomf vnf; rxl;bl;cifAs? uRefawmfjzifh pdwfav;vdkufwm cifAsm? b,fhES,f
rsufESmxm;MuD;ESifh vkyfNyD; aerSef;rodygbl; cifAsm} [k ajym&if; qdk&if; uRefawmfwdkUonf
armifbdk;&GJ tdyfcef;0odkU qdkufa&mufMuav\/ xdkcP armifbdk;uJvnf; aMumufwwfaom
olwpfa,muf jzpfonfESifh oGm;rsm; ckdufckdufwkefvsuf &Sdae&m armifpH&Sm;vnf;
]onftcef;yJ r[kwfvm;} [k ajymvsuf wHcg;ywmMum;rS acsmif; tcef;wGif;odkU
wpfcPrQ MunfhNyD;aemuf &kwfw&uf aemufodkU jyefqkwf
]tvdkav; bk&m; bk&m;? b,fhES,f[mvJ a[h} ajymvsuf pufqkyfaom rsufESmxm;ESifh
&SdaeonfwGif uRefawmfvnf; xdkenf;twl ywmMum;rS iHkU MunfhvdkufonfwGif tonf;ESvHk;
wkefvIyfzG,f tjcif;t&mrsm;udk awGUjrif&av\/
if;tcef; wpfckaom jywif;aygufonf yGifhvsuf &Sdonfjzpf va&mifonf
tcef;wGif;odkU xdk;0ifvsuf&Sd&m if;va&mifwGif vlwpfa,muf\ rsufESmonf uRefawmf&Sd&m
bufodkU wnfhwnfh vSnfhvsuf atmufydkif;rSmrl va&mifrxdk;ojzifh arSmifrnf;vsuf&Sdae&
um;rsufESmonfomvQif wGJ&&GJqGJ vsuf &Sdonfudk awGUjrif&av\/ if;rsufESmrSmvnf;
xdyfajymifajymif &Sdojzifh armifbdk;uJ\ rsufESmESifh tvGefwlonfjzpf&m uRefawmfrSm armifbdk;uJyif
jzpfavoavm[k uRefawmf teD; &yfaeol armifbdk;uJudkyif prf;oyf Munfhrdav\/ if;\
rsufESmrSm tvGefw&m &TifjyvS onfht[efjzifh uRefawmfwdkU &Sd&mbufodkU vSnfh yH&,fae
bdouJhodkU &Sdonfudk va&mifwGif jrif&onfhtcg IHrJh aeonfxufyifvQif aMumufrufzG,f
aumif;vSay\/ xdkaMumufrufzG,f tjcif;t&mudk awGUjrif&avvQif uRefawmfvnf; aMumuf&GHU
wkefvIyf vSonfESifh
]aMumufp&m aumif;vSacsuvm; udkpH&Sm;Asm? b,fhES,f[mMuD;vJ? b,fhES,f vkyfNyD; tcef;
xJ 0ifrvJAs? wHcg;vJ twGif;bufu ydwfxm;w,f}
&Sm;/ /]wHcg;udk ydwfxm;vQif twif; zGifh&rSmayghAs} [k ajymvsuf armifpH&Sm;vnf; udk,fESifh
ypfvSJ twif;wGef;ygaomfvnf; wHcg;rSm vIyf&HkrQom &Sdav\/ xdktcg uRefawmf armifbdk;u
ESifhwuG tapcH armifausmfvSwdkUvnf; 0ifa&muf ulnDMuNyD;vQif ]1-2-3} [k tcsufay;vsuf
av;a,mufom;wdkUonf wpfnDwpfnmwnf; ajy;0ifwdkufcdkufMuonfwGif wHcg;vnf; vuf&Suf
ywf twGif;bufodkU uscg yGifhoGm;av\/
,if;uJhodkU wHcg;yGifhoGm;ojzifh uRefawmfwdkUvnf; tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifMuavvQif rESif;nGefU
uav;rSm aMumuf&SmvSonfjzpfaomaMumifh cdkufcdkufwkefvsuf &Sdae&m uRefawmfrSm if;\ vufudk
qkwfudkifvsuf tm;ay;pum;ajymMum;&av\/ xdkodkU&SdpOf uRefawmfwdkUonf armifausmfvS
udkifpGJvsuf &Sdaom vufqGJrD;tdrf\ tvif;a&mifjzifh tcef;\ tajctaeudk Munfh&IMu&m
wpfckaom axmifhum; uw↦ xnfh xm;aom oHpnfwpfck arSmufvsuf &Sdonfjzpf
uw↦ wkdUonf Murf;ay: zdwfvsuf &Sdojzifh if;\ teHUonf wpfcef;vHk;wGif tESHUtjym;
ysUHvGifhvsuf &Sdav\/ if;tcef;wGif tjcm;aom axmifhwpfck rsufESmMuufwGif vlwpfa,muf
0ifomHkrQ&Sdaom taygufi,fwpfckvnf; &Sdav&m if;taygufrS tkef;qHud;wpfud;onfvnf;
wGJ&&TJusvsuf &Sdav\/ if;ud;us&m teD;pm;yGJwpfckwGif uyfvsuf ukvm;xdkifwpfckvnf;
18

a&TOa'gif;

&Sdav&m if;ukvm; xdkifay:um; armifbdk;uJ\ tpfudk armifbdk;&GJonf ausmjzifh cyf,drf;,drf;

rSDvsuf
OD;acgif;onf
wpfbufodkU
iJhNyD;vQif
rsufESmrSm
yH;&,fbdouJhodkU&Sd
xdkifvsufaoaeaomtavmif;udkvnf; awGU& av \/ armifbdk;&GJ\ tavmif;rSm xdktcg
awmifhvsuf &SdNyDjzpf aoonfrSm twefMumNyD[l cefUrSef;zG,f&Sdav&m pm;yGJay:vnf;
pm&Gufi,fwpfckwGif ]av;OD;om;wdkU vufcsuf} [l cJwHjzifh a&;xm;onfudk awGUojzifh
armifpH&Sm;vnf;
]Munfhprf;AsdKU udkodef;armif? olwdkU vufcsufyJ}
uRefawmf/ /]b,folwdkUvJAs}
&Sm;/ /]armifbdk;uJ ajymwkef;u cifAsm; em;raxmifbl;vm;}
uRefawmf/ /]aMomf [kwfNyDAsdKU? 'gxuf bmyvdkU aoovJAsm}
&Sm;/ /]vlowfvdkU aowmayghAs/ aMomf Munfhprf;AsdKU udkodef;armif? usKyf xifwJh twdkif;yJ?
onfrSm onfrSm? em;aemufrSm Munfhprf;yg} [k ajym jyojzifh uRefawmfvnf; jy&modkU
Munfhvdkuf &musm;&Smql;ESifh oPmefwlaom ql;i,fwpfacsmif;onf pdkufvsuf &Sdonfudk awGUjrif&
av\/
uRefawmf/ /]ql;uav; r[kwfvm;Asm}
&Sm;/ /][kwfygw,fAs? onfql;aMumifh aowmyJ? udkif; EIwfvdkufprf;? udkodef;armif
owdxm; aemf? vufrpl;apESifh tqdyfvl;xm;w,f}
uRefawmfvnf; if;ql;i,fudk owdESifh EIwfvdkuf&m ql;rSmrsm;pGmtm;rpdkuf&bJvsuf
ygvmNyD; vQif tom;wGif aoG;pdkUkHrQ t&mxifvsuf &Sd&pfav\/
xdktcg uRefawmfvnf; tHhMovSonfESifh
]b,fES,fhvJudkpH&Sm;&,f?xl;qef;vSacsuvm;As?onftrIuMumavIyfavukd;As? ,fhES,fvJ}
&Sm;/ /]b,fu Mumav Iyfav&rSmvJAs? Mumav &Sif;avayghAs} [k ajymvsuf &SdpOf
armifbdk;uJu kwfw&uf
]NyD;ygNyDAsm? ypnf;awG ygoGm;ukefNyD q&mwdkUa&? ypnf;awG ygoGm;NyD cifAs? rsufESmMuuf
taygufjrif&JUvm;? onftaygufu olwdkUcsNyD; ,loGm;wmyJ? [kwfygNyD [kwfygNyD? raeUnu
uRefawmfESifh olESifh MunfhMuao;w,f}
&Sm;/ /]b,ftcsdefavmufvJ}
uJ/ /]q,fem&Davmuf &SdygNyD cifAsm? NyD;ygNyD cifAsm? uRefawmfawmh rTwfygNyD cifAsm/
uRefawmfvnf; jyefaoGm;a&m olvnf; taygufydwfNyD; twGif;rSm ae&pfw,fcifAs? uRefawmfrsm;
ykvdyfawGu txifvGJukefawmhr,fxifyg&JU cifAsm? wqdwfuav; cifAsm/ cifAsm;wdkU b,fhES,f
xifMuovJ? wu,fvdkU uRefawmf owf&ifjzifh cifAsm;wdkUudk uRefawmfac:NyD; vmyghrvm;
19

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

pOf;pm;MunfhMuygOD; cifAsm} [k wkefwkef,if,if &Sdaom toHjzifh ajymavvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf;

armifbdk;uJ\ ykcHk;udk ukdifvsuf
]rpdk;&drfygESifh armifbdk;uJ? usKyfwdkU wwfEdkiforQ ulnDyghr,f? udkif; ukdif; 'gxuf usKyfwdkU
0w&m;&SdwJh twdkif; y&vdrfhr,f armifbdk;uJ? wqdwfavmuf armfawmfum;ESifh csufjcif;oGm;NyD;
teD;qHk; XmerSm wdkifcsufay;ayawmh? usKyfwdkU 'Duapmifhaer,f} [k ajym apvTwfvdkufavvQif
armifbdk;uJvnf; ysm,D;ysm&mESifh tdrfay:u qif;oGm;av\/
armifbdk;uJ qif;oGm;avvQif uRefawmfwdkUonf q&mr rESif;nGefUtm; ukvm;xkdif
wpfckwGif xdkifapNyD;aemuf armifpH&Sm;vnf; tcef;wGif; pBuavsmufvsuf ajymonfrSm
]udkif; udkodef;armif? ykvdyfawG ra&mufcif usKyfwdkU em&D0ufavmufawmh tcsdef&Sdao;w,f?
onftcsdefuav;udk tcsnf;tESD; rzef;wD;MuESifhOD;? 'gxuf trIu tckMunfh&yHkawmh cyf&Sif;&Sif;yJ
As? odkUaomf}
uRefawmf/ /(tHhMopGmESifh) ]cyf&Sif;&Sif;vm;Asm? bmrsm; &Sif;vdkUvJAsm}
&Sm;/ /]&Sif;yHk usKyf ajymOD;r,f? xkdifyg xkdifyg cifAsm; rxprf;ygESifh? ajc&mawG Iyfukef
ygvdrfhr,f? udkif; onfvdkAs? yxra&S;OD;pGm pOf;pm;zdkUu onfvlpk[m b,fvrf;u b,fvdk
0ifvmNyD; onftcef;wGif;u b,fyHk xGufoGm;Muw,fqdkwm pOf;pm;zdkU &Sdw,f? wHcg;uawmhjzifh
raeUnxJu ydwfxm;ao;w,fqdkwm od&NyD r[kwfvm;? onfawmh jywif;aygufudk zGifhMunfhprf;?
tem;rSm a&>yefvn;fr&Sdbl;/ trdk;uaeNyD; qif;vdkUvJ rrDEdkifbl;? odkUaomfvnf; wpfpHkwpfa,muf
[m onfjywif;aygufuae wufNyD; onftcef;xJ 0ifaMumif;awmh xif&Sm;w,f? raeUnu
rdk;uav; zGJzGJusw,f? NyD;awmh jywif;aygufaygifrSm Munfhprf;? vlajc&mwpfck awGUw,f? a[m'DrSm
awmh 0dkif;0kdif; t&mMuD;wpfck? a[m'DrSmvJ 0dkif;0dkif; t&mBuD;wpfck awGUjyefNyD? udkif; cifAsm;
b,fhES,f xifovJ? onf 0kdif;0kdif; t&mBuD;awG Munfhprf;}
uRefawmfonf if;t0kdif;BuD;rsm;udkMunfhNyD;aemuf]uRefawmfjzifhajc&m&,fvdkU rxifygbl;Asm}
&Sm;/ /]ajc&mxuf tzdk;wefawmh rayghAsm? onf[mBuD;awG[m opfom; ajcaxmuf&mAs?
wpfzufajc&muawmh ajc&mykyk Asufus,fus,f? wpfzufuawmh opfom;ajcaxmuf&myJ}
uRefawmf/ /]'gjzifh onfvl[m wpfzufu opfom;ajcaxmuf wyfNyD; xm;wJh vlayghav}
&Sm;/ /]'gayghAs? odkUaomfvnf; olUtazmf &Sdao;w,f? tazmf[mu awmfawmfBuD;udk xl;wJh
tazmfyJAs? udkif; udkodef;armif atmufiHkU MunfhvSJUprf;? onfeH&Hudk wG,fNyD; onfjywif;ayguf
a&mufatmif cifAsm; wufEdkifyghrvm;} [k ar;ojzifh uRefawmfvnf; if;eH&Hudk va&mifwGif
Munfh&m tjrifhrSm 18 ayrQ &Sdonfhjyif wpfpHkwpfckaom ae&mrQ ajcukwf&ef Munfh rjrifEdkifaom
aMumifh rwufEdkifaMumif;ESifh jyefajymavvQif
&Sm;/ /]ulrJhvl r&SdvQif rwufEdkifbl; rSefw,f? odkUaomfvnf; onfuaeNyD; wpfa,mufu
a[m[dk tkef;qHud;udk csNyD;ay;r,fqdkvQif cifAsm; wG,fNyD; rwufEdkifaybl;vm;Asm}
uRefawmf/ /]wufEdkifp&m &Sdygw,fAsm}
20

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/ /]tJ [kwfNyD? wpfa,mufu onftaygufu ud;ESifh wG,fNyD; wuf? wufNyD;vdkU olwdkU
udpNyD;awmh onfuyJ jyefNyD;qif;? usefwJh wpfa,mufu ud;udk jyefNyD; wif? wifNyD;
jywif;aygufudk twGif;uaeNyD; ydwf? ydwfNyD; oluawmh a&S;OD;pGm vmwJh vrf;u ol jyefa&mAs?
'gxuf opfom;ajcaxmufESifhvlu onfud;ESifh jyefNyD; tqif;rSm vufacsmfoGm;vdkU vufrSm
ta&awG yJhNyD; ud;rSm aoG;enf;enf; pGef;ae&pfwm usKyf awGU&w,f}
uRefawmf/ /]'guawmh [kwfygNyDwJhAsm? odkUaomf a&S;OD;pGm wufwJh wpfa,muf vluawmh
b,fvrf;u wufvdkU onftcef;xJ b,fES,fha&mufovJAs}
&Sm;/ /][m 'g [kwfw,f? onfwpfa,muf[mu awmfawmf xl;qef;wJh yk*dKvfAs? ol
xl;qef;wJhtwGuf tJonf trI[m awmfawmfuav; xl;qef;aywmyJ? onfjynfrSm onfvlrsdK;
usKyfwpfcgrS rawGUzl;bl;? odkUaomf tdEd,jynfrsm;rSmawmh onfvlrsdK; taMumif; usKyf
zwf&zl;w,f}
uRefawmf/ /] zwfzl;wm rzwfbl;wm tyxm;NyD; b,fyHk b,fenf;ESifh onfvl
onftcef;a&mufatmif wufw,fqdkwm ajymjyprf;ygOD;Asm? wHcg;vnf; ydwfxm;w,f? jywif;
aygufuvnf; wufvdkU ra&mufEdkifbl;? 'gjzifh b,fyHk wufvmovJAsm}
&Sm;/ /]cifAsm;u usKyf cPcP ajymaewJh enf;udk toHk;yNyD; rMunfhbJudk;As?
taMumif;wpfckudk qifjcifwJhtcgrSm tu,fpifppf rjzpfEdkifwJh tcsufawGudk z,fxkwfvdkufvQif
usefwJhtcsuf[m b,fvdkyif jzpfyHkray:aomfvnf; jzpf&r,fvdkU wGuf,l&r,fAs? udkif; onfawmh
onfvl[m jywif;aygufuvnf; rwufEdkifbl;? wHcg;uvnf; ydwfxm;vdkU r0ifEdkifbl;?
wHcg;rydwfcif tcef;xJrSm ykef;atmif;NyD;ae&rSmuvJ tcef;u usOf;usOf;? ykef;p&muvJ r&SdvdkU
rjzpfEdkifbl;? onfawmh ol b,fhES,f 0ifrvJAs? tcef;xJ a&mufatmif}
uRefawmf/ /]rsufESmMuufu taygufu ol 0ifr,f xifw,f}
&Sm;/ /]xifraeESifhAs? tppfyJ? udkif; udkif; onftaygufu usKyfwufNyD; Munfhprf;r,f?
wqdwfavmuf rD;jyprf;Asm/ udkodef;armif} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf; rD;tdrfudk ajrmuf
jyonfwGif armifpH&Sm;onf pm;yGJay:wGif ukvm;xdkifwpfckudk wifNyD;aemuf ukvm;xkdifay: odkU
wuf jzwfvwf ayghyg;aom olwpfa,mufjzpfonftwdkif; ckef qGJiifNyD;vQif bm;ay: odkU
wufonfh tvm;uJhodkU taygufi,frS aumhvdrf wufoGm;av\/ if;aemuf
&Sm;/ /]udkif; udkodef;armif? rD;tdrfay;vdkufAsm? cifAsm; wufEkdif&JU r[kwfvm;? prf;Munfhprf;?
wufom wufygAsm? usKyf qGJwifygr,f? aMomf 'gxuf rESif;nGefU ae&pf0Hh&JUvm;? udkausmfvSvJ
&Sdom;yJ}
nGefU/ /(owd&Sdaom oli,fr wpfa,mufjzpfonftwdkif; ) ]ae&pf0Hh ygw,f&Sif} [k
ajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf; armifpH&Sm;\ enf;wl taygufi,frS wuf tay: odkU a&mufavvQif
tcef;i,fozG,f&Sdaom taqmuftOD;wGif;odkU a&mufav&m tvsm; 10 ay? teH 6 ay tjrifhrSm 5
aycefUrQ &Sdojzifh uRefawmfwdkUrSm iHkUvsufomvQif aeEdkifMuav\/
armifpH&Sm;vnf; trdk;udk wD;acguf MunfhonfESifh wHcg;i,fwpfckudk awGU zGifhMunfh
vdkuf&m if;rSm trdk;ay: odkU a&mufaom taygufjzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&ojzifh
21

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

]jrifvm; udkodef;armif? wpfa,muf[mu onfvrf;u vmNyD; onfvrf;u jyefwJh olyJAs?

udkif; udkif; olUajc&mvuf&mrsm; bmrsm;usef&pfovJ MunfhMu&atmif Asm} [k ajym armifpH&Sm;
vnf; Murf;wGif rD;tdrfESifh Munfh&I&m Murf;jyifrSmrl ESpfv rsm;pGmu pkyHk aeaom jrLrIHwdkUjzifh
zHk;tkyfvsuf &Sd&um; tuav;\ ajc&m yrmPrQ &Sdaom ajc&mrsm;udk jrif&ojzifh uRefawmfrSm
rsm;pGm tHhMopGmESifh ]b,fES,fhvJAsm udkpH&Sm;? tuav;ajc&mawGyg uvm;As xl;qef;vSacsuvm;
Asm}
&Sm;/ /][kwfw,fAsdKU? usKyfawmifrS kwfw&ufawmh tHhMooGm;rdw,f? odkUaomfvnf;
tckawmh usKyf &dyfrdygNyD? a[m[dk[mu aowmvm; bmvm; xm;wJh t&myJ? aowmawmh
,loGm;NyD? t&mavmuf &Sd&pfawmhw,f? udkif; udkif; qif;MupdkUAsm? 'gygyJ? onfhjyif Munfhp&m
r&Sdygbl;}
tavmif;&Sd&m tcef;wGif;odkU a&mufjyefvQif uRefawmfu
]tuav; ajc&mawG awGUyHku cifAsm; b,fhES,f xifovJAsm? uRefawmfjzifh ajc&mMunfhNyD;
rSef;&rSm ajcmufESpfom;t&G,favmufyJ &Sdao;w,f xifw,f}
&Sm;/ /]udkodef;armifuvJAsm cifAsm; usKyfenf;awG od&ufESifh onfenf;awGrsm; toHk;yNyD;
pOf;pm;rSayghAs}
uRefawmf/ /]uRefawmfujzifh rpOf;pm;wwfatmif jzpfaeygNyDcifAsm}
&Sm;/ /]udkif; udkif; rpOf;pm;wwfao;&if xyfNyD; MunfhMuOD;pdkU? onftcef;xJrSmawmh
bmrsm; awGUOD;rvJ? aoaocsmcsm Munfh&OD;r,f} [k ajymNyD;vQif armifpH&Sm;onf rSefbDvl;wpfckudk
tdwfrS xkwf rdrd yjrJjzpfonfhtwdkif; Murf;ay: 0yfxGm;um t&m0wKwdkUudk aocsmpGm
MunfhIvsuf vnf;aumif;? wdkif;xGmvsuf vnf;aumif; twefMumatmif &SdaeNyD;aemuf
]usKyfwdkU w,fNyD; uHaumif;w,fAsdKU? onfrrIrSm 'kursm;rsm; pdkufzdkU r&Sdbl;? yxr wufwJh
vl[m a[m'DrSm zdwfaewJh uw↦xJrSm olUajcaxmuf csoGm;w,fAs}
uRefawmf/ /]csoGm;awmh bmjzpfovJAs}
&Sm;/ /]csoGm;awmh olUudk usKyfwdkU rdwmayghAs? onfvdk uw↦ eHUrsdK;rsm;&wJhaemuf
r[myx0DajrBuD; tqHk;wdkifatmif ajy;aomfvnf; rvGwfEdkifatmif teHUcHNyD; vdkufEdkifwJh
acG;wpfaumif usKyf odw,fAs? a[m 'gxuf ykvdyft&m&SdawG ajcoH rSwfw,f? udkif; udkif; olwdkU
rvmcif onftavmif; cifAsm; prf;Munfhprf;} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmfonf prf;oyf Munfh&m
&Sm;/ /]b,fhES,faeovJ}
uRefawmf/ /]awmifhaewmayghAs}
&Sm;/ /]onfhjyif vlaorsm; cifAsm; udkifzl;vm;}
uRefawmf/ /]udkifzl;ygw,f}
&Sm;/ /]awmifhyHkcsif; b,fhES,faeovJ}
22

a&TOa'gif;

uRefawmf/ /(aocsmpGm prf;oyfNyD;aemuf) ]onfhvdkyif vlaorsm;uawmh awmihf&HkyJawmihf

w,f? onf[muawmh taMumawGudk rmNyD; wif;aew,f}
&Sm;/ /]tppfyJAs? udkif; onfu taMumawG wif;wHk;&,f? rsufESmxm;u aocgeD; NzD;jyyHk
&,f aygif;NyD; Munfhvdkufawmh b,fyHk awG;csuf&ovJ}
uRefawmf/ /]jyif;xefwJh qdyfvl;jrm;rsm;ESifh xdrSefNyD;aowJh vlrsm;vnf; onfvdkyJ
aew,fvdkU Mum;zl;w,fAsm? awGUawmh rawGUbl;aybl;}
&Sm;/ /]tppfyJAs onfwdkif;yJ? 'gaMumifh tcef;xJ 0ifvmvmjcif; b,fenf;ESifh
onftqdyfudk oGif;vdkufygvdrfhrvJvdkU 'Pf&mudk vdkufNyD;&Smw,f r[kwfvm; &Smawmh bmawGU
ovJ/ em;aemufrSm ql;av;awGUw,f? ql;rSefwJh 'Pf&muvJ onfvl xdkifaeyHkESifh Munfhvdkufawmh
rsufESmMuufrS azmufxm;wJh taygufqDuaeNyD; ypfvdkufwJh 'Pf&mESifhyJ wlw,f? udkif; udkif;
ql;udk Munfhprf;AsdKU}
uRefawmf/ /(ql;udk aocsmpGm MunfhNyD;aemuf) ]awmfawmf qef;wJh ql;yJAsdKU}
&Sm;/ /]onfql;rsdK; cifAsm; jrifzl;&JUvm;}
uRefawmf/ /]rjrifzl;bl;}
&Sm;/ /]b,fjrifbl;rvJAs? usKyfwdkUqDrSm onfql;rsdK; &SdrS r&SdbJ? a[m ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;
a&mufvmMuNyD}
xdkcP tpdk;&ykvdyf tifpydwfawmf wpfa,mufESifh ykvdyfom;wdkUonf tcef;wGif;odkU
0ifvmMu&m if;tifpydwfawmfrSm &efukefodkU ajymif;a&TUvmonfrSm rMumao;onfvnf;
wpfaMumif;? if;a&mufvmonftwGif; armifpH&Sm;rSm trIwpfckrQ pHkaxmuf&ao;onf
r&Sdonfvnf; wpfaMumif;aMumifh xdkolonf armifpH&Sm;\ tpGrf;udk Mum;zl;&HkrQ &Sdaomfvnf;
rsm;pGm ,HkMunftm;xm;onfh vuPm r&Sdacs/
tifpydwfawmfvnf; tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvm awmifajrmuf av;yg;wdkUudk MunfhINyD;aemuf
[efMuD;yefMuD;&Sdonfh trlt&mESifh uRefawmfwdkUtm; MunfhI
]tif; tif; w,faumif; w,fvS? vufonf ray:bl;[kwfp? 'gxuf onf[mawGu
b,folawGvJAs? ajc&mawG bmawGESifh b,fhES,faMumifh 0ifNyD; IyfESifhMuwmwkef;}
&Sm;/ /]tifpydwfawmfrif;? uRefawmfhukd rjrifbl;ao;rSwfw,f? uRefawmf armifpH&Sm;ygyJAsm}
tifpydwfawmf/ /]aMomf [kwfyg&JUvm;? 0rf;omygw,f cifAsm oduRrf;&wm? Mum;awmh
Mum;zl;yg&JU? vlcsif;awmh onfwpfcgrS awGU&w,f? uRefawmfemrnf armiftkef;ckdifygwJhAsm? tif;
tif; w,faumif;? w,fvSwJh trIuav;ygyJ? vufonf ray:bl;ayghav? [kwfp? 'gxuf
bmaMumifh aow,f cifAsm; xifovJAsm? cifAsm;taMumif; Mum;zl;yg&JU? onfwpfcg odMu
a&myav}
&Sm;/ /]uRefawmf ajymzdkU vdkygzl;Asm? cifAsm;vnf; odEdkifygw,f MunfhygOD;awmh}
23

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

ckdif/ /]aMomf onftrIawmh cifAsm; mPfrrSDEdkifbl; rSwfw,f? cifAsm; pHkaxmufyHkawG

uRefawmfvnf; Mum;awmh Mum;zl;yg&JU? odkUaomf cifAsm; pOf;pm;yHkawGu mPfaumif;vdkU
onfavmuf r[kwfbl; uHaumif;vdkU ay:wmawG xifw,fAs? usKyfwdkU pum;yHk &Sdw,f
r[kwfvm;/ Muufuef;qeftdk;awGUqdkwmrsdK; vdkayghAs} [k ajymvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; uRefawmftm;
Munfhum rodrom yH;&,fvsuf rnfodkUrQ rajymbJ &Sdaeav\/
tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;cdkifvn; wkyfcdkifcefUjim;ojzifh ykvdyfom;yDyD &Sdaom udk,fMuD;jzifh
&ifaumhum acwrQ pBuavQmufNyD;aemuf ]tbdk;aiG ig;odef;avmufwefwJh ausmufoHywjrm;
rsm;vnf; aysmufqHk;w,f? wHcg;vnf; twGif;bufu ydwfxm;w,f? jywif;aygufuaumAsm}
&Sm;/ /]jywif;aygufvnf; twGif;u ydwfxm;w,f? odkUayr,fh jywif;aygufabmifay:rSm
ajc&mawG awGUw,fAs}
ckdif/ /]jywif;aygufudk twGif;u ydwfxm;wmawGU&ifjzifh abmifay:rSm ajc&mawGUayr,fh
bmqdkifovJAs? onfvlaowmu avemNyD; aocsif aor,f? wufNyD; aocsif aor,f? odkUaomf
ausmufoHywjrm;awG aysmufaew,fqdk wmu cufaew,f? aMomf usKyf tBuH&NyDAsdKU? udkif; ukdif;
bdk;rSDwdkU tcef;jyif xGufMuprf;? udkif; udkpH&Sm; usKyfu onfvdk xifw,fAs? olUnDarmifbdk;uJu
olajymcsuft& raeUnu onftcef;xJrSm olUtpfudkESifh ESpfa,mufwnf; &SdMuw,fqdk
r[kwfvm;? onfawmh tpfudkarmifbdk;&GJu avema&m*gESifh aow,f? aoawmh armifbdk;uJu
ypnf;awG ,lNyD; xGufoGm;w,f? udkif; usKyfawG;yHk b,fES,fvJAsm? w,fr&dkif;bl; r[kwfvm;}
&Sm;/ /][kwfyHkay:yg&JU? onfawmh armifbdk;uJvnf; xGufoGm;a&m? vlaouvnf;
xkdif&mu xNyD; tcef;wHcg;udk twGif;u aeNyD; uefUvefUcsvdkufua&m onfvdkvm;Asm}
cdkif/ /][m [kwfayw,f? onftcsufu &Sdayao;w,f? ukdif; 'gjzifh onfvdk aumAsm/
bdk;uJ[m bdk;&GJ nDtpfudk awmfw,f? olwdkUESpfa,muf[m rMumrDu pum;rsm;Muzl;w,f? onf[m
usKyfwdkU od&w,f r[kwfvm;? onfhjyifvJ tpfudk bdk;&GJ[m ao&Smw,f? ypnf;awGvnf;
aysmufoGm;w,f? 'gvnf; usKyfwdkU od&w,f? raeUnu bdk;uJjyefoGm;NyD;wJhaemuf bdk;&GJ[m
b,folESifhrSvJ rawGU&bl;? olUtdyf&mrSmvnf; tdyfwJh vuPm r&Sdbl;? bdk;&GJ aoyHk rsufESmxm;
Munfh&wmuvJ tif; w,fNyD; r[efvSbl;? Munfhaemf usKyf bdk;uJtay: owKusatmif
vkyfvdkufr,f em;axmifMuAs}
&Sm;/ /]aeygOD; rdwfaqG? 'gxuf cifAsm;u tusdK;taMumif; pHkvifatmif rodao;bl;As?
a[m'D ql;uav;[m vlao em;&Gufaemufu awGUw,fAs? tqdyfvl;xm;wJh vuPmvnf;
&Sdw,f? tavmif;rSm a[m'D pm&Gufvnf; awGUw,f? udkif; onfawmh cifAsm; awG;yHkESifh
udkufyghvm;Asm}
ckdif/ /]udkufygaomfaum rdwfaqG? bmyvdkU rudkuf&rSmvJ? onfu tqdyfvl;xm;wJh
ql;[m bdk;uJ&JU ql;r[kwf&if b,folUql; jzpfEkdifOD;rSmvJAs? onfpm&Gufu bmvJ? av;OD;om;
vufcsufwJh? onf[mu tvum; bdk;uJu xifa,mifxifrSm; jzpfatmif mPfqifwJh tvHk;
awGygAsm? ykvdyfvkyfaeNyD; onfavmufrS ryg;&if cufaea&maygh? odkUaomfvnf; bdk;uJ[m
olUtpfudkudk olowfNyD; b,fvrf;u xGufoGm;ovJwJh? onf[m wpfckyJ ta&;MuD;w,f? aMomf
rsufESmMuufrSm taygufBuD;yguvm;AsdKU}
24

a&TOa'gif;

if;aemuf tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;ckdifvnf; ol\ udk,fum,ESifh rvdkufatmif jzwfvwf

ayghyg; jcif; &Sdaom trlt&mESifh pm;yGJay:rS wuf rsufESmMuuftaygufrS wufoGm;NyD;vQif
tay:rS ae
]atmifr,f onfuaeNyD; trdk;ay:wufwJh tayguf &Sdyguvm;AsdKU? cifAsm;wdkU awGUMu&JU
vm;? [kwfNyD? [kwfNyD? usKyfxifwJh twdkif;ygyJ} [k ajym atmufodkU wpfzef qif;vmNyD;aemuf
]a[h bdk;rSDwdkU}
]tcef;jyifrSm bk&m;}
ckdif/ /]udkif; armifbdk;uJudk ac:cJhMua[h? udkif; armifbdk;uJ armifrif;udk uREfkyf armifbdk;&GJ
owfrIESifh ,ck zrf;qD;&vdrfhr,f}
uJ/ /]udkif; uRefawmf rajymbl;vm; cifAsm? 'gaMumifh uRefawmf rajymbl;vm; cifAsm?
uRefawmfhudk xifygvdrfhr,fvdkU uRefawmf txifom;uyJ cifAsm}
&Sm;/ /]udp r&Sdygbl; armifbdk;uJ? raMumufygESifh? onftrIudk usKyf wwftm;orQ ulnDNyD;
&Sif;vif;atmif vkyfay;ygr,f? pdwfomcsaeyg? rpdk;&drfygESifh}
cdkif/ /]w,fNyD;vnf; tmrcH r&JESifhAsaemf? awmfawmfMumawmh udk,hfpum;ESifh ukd,hfywf
qdkwmvdk jzpfaer,f? r&JbJESifh uRJrpD;ESifhAs? udkpH&Sm;}
&Sm;/ /]pdwfcsyg udktkef;cdkif? ukdif; cifAsm; odcsif&if onftcef;wGif;udk raeUuvmwJh
vlESpfa,mufteuf wpfa,muftaMumif;udk trnfemrESifh wuG usKyfajymjyvdkufr,f? olUemrnf
uawmh armifrdk;oD;ygwJhAsm? onfvl[m pmaumif;aumif;rwwfbl;? jzwfjzwfvwfvwf?
vufsmbuf ajcaxmufu opfom;ajcaxmuf wyfxm;w,fAs? toufuawmhjzifh vlvwfxJuyJ?
tom; cyfdkdk?axmifrsm;vnf; uszl;w,f? onftcsufawG&,f? olUvufz0g;rSm tom;enf;enf;
pkwfNyD;aew,fqdkwJh tcsuf&,f? pkaygif;NyD; xnfhvQif onfvludk cifAsm; &SmzdkU rcufvSbl;
rSwfw,f? onfhjyif wpfa,muf[muawmh...}
cdkif/ /(ajymifavSmifvdkaom rsufESmxm;ESifh) ]udkif; qdkygOD;wJhAsm? onfhjyif wpfa,mufvnf;
ygao;owJhudk;? qdkygOD;Asm}
armifpH&Sm;vnf; udktkef;ckdif\ Mum;jzwf ajymaom pum;udk trIrxm;aom rsufESm
xm;ESifh qufvuf
]onfhjyif wpfa,mufvl[muawmh awmf awmf xl;qef;wJh vlwpfa,mufyJ? odkUaomf
rMumrDtwGif; olwdkUESpfa,mufvHk;ESifh awGU&atmif usKyf pDrHEdkifp&m &Sdyg&JUav? udkif; 'gxuf
udkodef;armif/ cifAsm;ESifh pum;uav;wpfcGef; ajymyg&apAsm} [k uRefawmftm; ajymojzifh
uRefawmfvnf; armifpH&Sm;ESihf twltcef;jyifodkU vdkufoGm;avvQif
&Sm;/ /]udkif; udkodef;armif? cifAsm;vnf; onfudprSm wpfae&mu aqmif&Guf &vdrfhr,fAsdKU}

25

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

uRefawmf/ /]rESif;nGefU\ trIjzpfojzifh wpfae&m ruygbl;Asm? q,fae&mu aqmif&Guf

qdk&if aqmif&Gufygr,f}
&Sm;/ /]udkif; 'gjzifh onfvdkvkyfayawmh? onftrIudk usKyfwdkU ylylaEG;aEG; udpNyD;atmif
aqmif&GufMurS awmfr,f? &ufa&TUae&if ae&mrusbl;? rESif;nGefUudk ac:NyD; olUtdrfa&mufatmif
vdkufydkU? ydkUNyD; Munfhjrifwdkif abmf*gwef; OD;MuD;qdkwJh tbdk;BuD;tdrfudk oGm;? oGm;NyD; acG;wpfaumif
,lcJh? ol ay;vdkufvdrfhr,f? usKyfvnf; pma&;ay;vdkufr,f? usKyfwdkUu usKyfwdkUbmom udk,fhenf;
ESifh udk,fvkyf? onfu udktkef;cdkifwdkUuvnf; olwdkUenf;ESifh olwdkU vkyfMuvdrfhr,f? aMomf aeOD;?
onfu udkbdk;uJ armfawmfum; ,loGm;ayawmh? rMumapESifhaemf? tckem&Djyef wpfcsufawmif
ausmfoGm;NyD/ rvif;cif pNyD; vdkuf&&if aumif;w,f}
if;aemuf uRefawmfvnf; armifpH&Sm;ay;aom pmudk ,l rESif;nGefUESifhtwl if;\tdrfodkU
armfawmfum;ESifh vdkuf ydkUNyD;vQif MunfhjrifwdkifodkU oGm;a&muf rSmxm;onfhtwdkif; acG;udk
,lcJhNyD;vQif em&Djyef ESpfcsufausmfausmfcefUwGif armifpH&Sm;xH jyefa&mufav\/0if;wGif;odkU
jyefa&mufvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; avScg;ay:rS qif;vm
]acG;ygovm;AsdKU? aMomf ae&musNyDAsdKU? 'gxuf udktkef;ckdifjzifh jyefoGm;NyDAsdKU? armifbdk;uJwif
rubl;? onftdrfu tdrfapudk udkausmfvSa&m? xrif;csufwJh rdef;rMuD;a&m tukef zrf;oGm;av
&JUAsdKU? wpftdrfvHk;udk &Sif;oGmNyD? olxm;cJhwJh ykvdyf wpfa,mufyJ &Sd&pfayawmhw,f? udkif; vmyg
OD;As? tdrfay:udk}
uRefawmfwdkUvnf; acG;udk tdrfatmufwGif csnfaESmifxm;cJh ,cifu tcef;wGif;odkU
a&mufMuavvQif tavmif;rSmrl t0wfwpfckjzifh zHk;tkyfvsuf&Sd&m ykvdyfwpfa,mufvnf; tcef;0
pBuavQmufum &Sdaeav\/ armifpH&Sm;vnf; ykvdyfom;xHrS usm;rsufvHk;rD;tdrfudk iSm;,lNyD;aemuf
]udkif; udkodef;armif onfum;csyfudk vnfyif; wqdwf qGJay;prf;ygAs? tJ [kwfNyD? udkif;
usKyf zdeyfESifh ajctdwfvJ cRwf&OD;r,f? cifAsm; vufudkifyk0g ygovm;? tJ a[m[dku uw↦
rSm ESpfprf;Asm? [kwfNyD? udkif; rsufESmMuufay: cifAsm;? cPavmuf vdkufcJhygOD;Asm}
uRefawmfvnf; armifpH&Sm;ESifhtwl rsufESmMuufay: odkU wufoGm;MuNyD;aemuf jrLrIHrsm;wGif
xifvsuf&Sdaom ajc&mrsm;udk MunfhINyD;vQif
&Sm;/ /]onfajc&muav;awGudk aoaocsmcsm cifAsm; xyfNyD; Munfhprf;ygOD;Asm? bmrsm;
xl;jcm;wm awGUovJ}
uRefawmf/ /]uRefawmfjzifh xl;jcm;wm rawGUvSygbl;Asm? uav; ajc&mvm;? odkUr[kwf
tifrwef ajcao;wJh rdef;rajc&mvm; rSwfwmygyJAsm}
&Sm;/ /]aMomf cifAsm;u i,fvdkU ajymwmudk/ udkif;Asm? ao;i,fwJhtjyif bmrsm;
xl;jcm;ao;ovJAsm}
uRefawmf/ /]uRefawmfjzifh t&G,fi,fwJh tjyifawmh xl;jcm;yHk rawGUygbl;Asm}

26

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/ /]cifAsm;u rMunfhwwfyJwmudk;As? onfrSm Munfhprf;As? onf[mu vufsmbuf

ajc&m r[kwfvm;? a[mMunfh usKyfu onfbufu ajc&m wpfck csvdkufr,f? udkif; usKyfajc&mESifh
olUajc&mESifh EdIif;,SOfMunfhprf;? bmrsm; xl;jcm;ovJ}
uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm; ajc&muawmh ajcacsmif;uav;awG[m pkNyD; aew,f? olUajc&muawmh
ajcacsmif;wpfckESifh wpfck tifrwef a0;NyD; uGJuGJjym;jym; &Sdw,f}
&Sm;/ /]tJ [kwfw,fAs? onftcsufyJ ta&;MuD;wm? onftcsuf cifAsm; rSwfxm;aemf?
rarhapESifh? udkif; a[m[dku trdk;ay:wufwJh taygufu abmifpGef;udk erf;Munfhprf;? ay; ay;
cifAsm; vufudkify0g usKyfudk ay;xm;cJh}
uRefawmfvnf; armifpH&Sm;apckdif;onfh
xGufvsuf &Sdonfudk awGU&Sd&av\/

twdkif;erf;Munfh&m

uw↦teHU

jyif;pGm

&Sm;/ /]tJ'g [dkwpfa,muf ajcaxmufcsoGm;wJh ae&myJAs? udkif;onf ajc&mudk cifAsm;awmif

teHU&&if [dkacG;qdk&if bmajymp&m&SdrvJAs? uJuJ cifAsm; tdrfatmuf qif;oGm;NyD; acG;zwfxm;NyD;
0if;xJu usKyfudk apmifhaeESifhAsdKU}
uRefawmfvnf; tdrfatmufodkU qif;oGm; acG;udk zwfNyD;aemuf 0if;wGif;rS apmifhqkdif;vsuf
&Sd&m armifpH&Sm;rSm tdrfrdk;ay: odkU a&mufNyD;aemuf trdk;wpfavQmuf w&G&G wGm;vsuf&Sdonfudk
awGUjrif&av\/ tdrfpGef;wpufrdwfodkU a&mufvQif
&Sm;/ /]udkodef;armifvm; AsdKU}
uRefawmf/ /][kwfw,f}
&Sm;/ /]onftem;wdk;cJhAsm? usKyf atmufwnfhwnfhu rnf;rnf;[m bmvJAsdKU}
uRefawmf/ /]pnfBuD; axmifaewmAsdKU}
&Sm;/ /]jrJ&JUvm;}
uRefawmf/ /(vIyf MunfhNyD;aemuf) ]NrJygw,f}
&Sm;/ /]avScg;rsm; rjrifbl;vm;}
uRefawmf/ /]rjrifbl;AsdKU}
&Sm;/ /]tif; awmfawmf pGefUwJh vlyJAsdKU? udkif; ol qif;Edkif&if usKyf bmyvkdU rqif;Edkif&rvJ?
udkif; vmavAsdKU}
armifpH&Sm;vnf; ayghyg;aom vlwpfa,muf jzpfonfhtwdkif; tdrfrdk;pGef;rS pnfay: odkU
jzwfvwfpGm ckefcs pnfay:rS wpfzef ajray: odkU oufqif;NyD;aemuf uRefawmf\ vufrS
ajctdwfESifh zdeyfudk vSrf;,l pGyfNyD;vQif

27

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

]tdrfrdk;ay:rSm usKyfwdkU vlu a[m'D[muav; csypfcJhw,fAsdKU? usKyfawGUvdkU aumuf,l

vmcJhao;w,f} [k ajymNyD;vQif jrufjzifh ,ufxm;aom tdwfi,fwpfckudk uRefawmftm; jyav\/
uRefawmfonf jruftdwfi,fudk vSrf;,l zGifhMunfh&m tdwftwGif;um; tqdyfvl;vsuf &Sdonfh
,cifu ql;i,faygif; q,fckrQudk awGU&Sd&av\/
&Sm;/ /]owdESifh udkifAsdKUaemf udkodef;armif? vufpl;oGm;&if bdk;&GJvdk cifAsm; jzpfNyD;om;yJ?
onftdwfuav;awGUwmvnf; usKyfwdkU uHaumif;aumif;yJ? onftaumifrSm onfvufeuf[m
tukefyJ rSwfw,f? onfhjyif &SdyHkray:bl;? onfvufeuf olwdkUrSm &Sdae&if olwdkU zrf;zdkU
cyfusyfusyfyJ? udkif; udkodef;armif c&D;awmfawmfa0;a0; vrf;avQmufEdkifygOD;rvm;}
uRefawmf/ /]avQmufEdkifygao;w,fAsm}
&Sm;/ /]udkif; vm 'gjzifh ay;ay;? usKyfudk acG;ay;} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf;
acG;vnfywfwGif csnfxm;aom oHud;udk ay;vdkuf&m armifpH&Sm;vnf; ,cifu uw↦vl;
xm;aom vufudkifyk0gudk acG;\ ESmacgif;odkU uyfNyD;aemuf
]udkif; abmfbD? erf;prf;a[h? erf;prf;? teHU&&JUvm;} [k acG;tm; em;vnfbdouJhodkU
ajymavvQif acG;vnf; em;vnfbdouJhodkU jznf;Sif;pGm toHjrnfvsuf &Sdav\/
if;acG;rSm uRefawmfwkdU jrefrmjynf aygufzGm;aom acG;rsdK; r[kwf t*Fvef jynfayguf acG;rsdK;
jzpfav&m EIwfoD;cRefcRef em;&Gufzm;zm;ESifh aysmufMum;aom udk,f&Sdvsuf tvGefw&m odwwf
aom wd&dpmefrsdK; jzpfavonf/
if;aemuf armifpH&Sm;vnf; vufudkify0gudk ta0;odkU ypfvdkufNyD;aemuf acG;udk pnf&Sd&modkU
,loGm; pnfay: odkU teHUcHapNyD; if;pnf\ xdyf0 xdkolajccs oGm;aom ae&mjzpfojzifh
uw↦eHU jyif;pGm xGufvsuf &Sdonf jzpfaomaMumifh abmfbDonf em;vnfonfh vuPmESifh
w[D[D jrnfNyD;vQif xdkoloGm;aom ajc&mudk cH vdkufoGm;&m uRefawmfwdkUrSm oHud;udk udkifvsuf
acG;aemufrS vdkufygoGm;Mu&av\/
xdktcsdefum; tkPfwufNyD jzpf ta&SUt&yfrS &J&JeDvsuf vif;a&mif tenf;i,f
vmvsuf &Sd&m acG;vnf; tdrf0if;aygufrS xGufNyD;aemuf taemufpl;pl; teHUcHvsuf vdkufoGm;ojzifh
uRefawmfwdkUonf aemufrS vdkufygvmcJhMu&av\/
,if;uJhodkU acG;aemufrS oHud;udk qGJumvdkufygojzifh acG;vnf; taemufodkU csdK;csnfwpfcg
awmifodkU auGUcsnfwpfvSnfhESifh a&SUrS vsifjrefpGm ajy;oGm;vsuf&Sd&mbufywpfaumvdyfausmif;teD;
"mwf&xm;vrf;odkU a&mufavvQif acG;onf awmifbufodkU vdkufrnfvdkvdk ajrmufbufodkU
vdkufrnfvdkvdk ra0cGJEkdifatmif &Sdaeonfh vuPmESifh uRefawmfwdkU\ rsufESmudk armhum armhum
&Sdaeav\/ if;aemuf ajrodkU acwrQ teHUcHjyefNyD;vQif acG;vnf; teHUcHrdonfh vuPmESifh
ajrmufpl;pl;odkU pGwf tNrD;ESHUum vdkufoGm;jyefav\/
,if;uJhodkU "mwf&xm;vrf;wpfavQmuf vdkufvmMupOf uRefawmfu
]aeygOD; udkpH&Sm;&,f? onftrIrSm uw↦uvnf; tcef;xJrSm zdwfaejyef? Onfvlu
vnf; trSwfwrJh uw↦rSm ajcaxmufcsrdjyef? 'gaMumifhom usKyfwdkU ajc&mcHEdkifawmh
wmyav/ onfvdk r[kwfvQifjzifh tcufom;uyJ}
28

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/ /]bmcufvdrfhrvJAs? onfenf;u tvG,fqHk;rdkUvdkU? usKyfwdkU vdkufwmudk;As? onfvdk

uw↦eHUESifh ajc&mcHNyD; vdkufzdkU r&Sdbl;qdk&ifvJyJ onfjyifenf;ESifh usLyf vdkufOD;rSmayghAs}
uRefawmf/ /]'gxuf opfom;ajcaxmufESifh vlqdkwJhtaMumif; cifAsm; b,fhES,faMumifh
aoaocsmcsm odovJAsm? uRefawmfjzifh aumif;aumif;em;rvnfao;ygbl;Asm}
&Sm;/ /]bmcufovJAsm? t&Sif;BuD;uyJ? jrefrmppfrIxrf;ESpfa,muf[m ppfajrjyifrSm
ppfrIxrf;vsuf &SdpOf ppfom;rsm;teufrS jypfrI usL;vGefwJh vlrsm;udk apmifhMuyfzdkU wm0efusw,f?
onftwGif;rSm ypnf;rsm; ryfESHxm;wJh taMumif;udk olwdkU wpfenf;enf;ESifh odw,f? odawmhum
olwdkUtwGuf armifrdk;oD; qdkwJh vlu ryfxm;wJh ae&mudk ajryHkrsm; qGJNyD;jyw,f? onfawmhum
onfu armifrdk;oD;qdkwJh olu olukd,fwkdif bmyvdkU wl;r,lbJ olrsm;udk ajryHkqGJNyD; jyygovJwJh?
jyrSmayghAsm? oludk,fwdkifuawmh tusOf;csKyfcHae&avawmh wl;EdkifwJh t&m&Sdrsm;udk ae&mESifh wuG
a&;NyD; jywmudk;As? jyawmh *sr'gOD;xGef;ausmfESifh OD;om[ef ESpfa,mufvHk;yJvm; odkUr[kwf
wpfa,mufwnf;yJvm; oGm;NyD; ypnf;rsm;udk wl;,lw,f? ,lNyD; wpfpHkwpfck olu uwdxm;cJh
onfhtwdkif; raqmif&GufbJ xdkvlawG ypfxm;cJhNyD; olzmom jrefrmjynfudk jyefajy;vmcJhwmudk;As}
uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm; Opmu awG;vHk;yJ &Sdwmudk;As? [kwfw,f r[kwfbl;qdkwm wyftyf
ajymEdkifwmrS r[kwfyJ}
&Sm;/ /]wyftyfrS wu,fh wyftyfBuD;ayghAsm? onfenf;r[kwf&if onfhjyifenf;rsm;
jzpfEdkifOD;rvJAs? 'gESifh bdk;uJwdkU bdk;&GJwdkU taz *sr'g OD;xGef;ausmfu ypnf;awG ,lvmcJhNyD;
csrf;csrf;omomESifh aexkdifwkef;rSm pmwpfapmif &wmudk;As? onfpmu bmpmwJhvJ? oljypfrSm;cJhwJh
vlawG[m axmifu vGefukefMuNyD qdkwJh taMumif; pm&wmudk;As? 'gaMumifhvnf; onfvl
onfavmuf wkefvIyfwmayghAs}
uRefawmf/ /]qdkygOD;Asm}
&Sm;/ /]onfpm &NyD;wJhaemuf opfom;ajcaxmufESifh vlrsm; jrif&if tifrwef aMumufwwf
w,fvdkU armifbdk;uJu ajymw,f r[kwfvm;? usKyfwkdUjynfrSm opfom;ajcaxmufwyf&wJh
vlvnf; t&Sm;MuD;ygAsm? usKyfjzifh wpfa,mufyJ jrifzl;ygw,f? rD;&xm; eif;rdvdkU 'l;qpfu jzwfNyD;
opfom;ajcaxmuf wyf&&Smw,fqdk xifyg&JU? tJ'Dvludk olu olUvlrSwfvdkU aoewfESihf oGm;typf
rSm 'PfaiGawmif awmfawmf avQmfvdkuf&ao;w,fqdk r[kwfvm;? usKyf ajymwJhvl[m jrefrmAsaemf?
rSwfxm;}
uRefawmf/ /][kwfuJhAsm}
&Sm;/ /]udkif; ckeifu ajryHkrSm vufrSwfxkd;wJh vlav;a,mufteuf wpfa,mufxJom jrefrm
ygw,fAs? onfhjyif [mawGu [dELawG? rlqvifrefawG csnf;yJ [kwfp}
uRefawmf/ /][kwfygw,fAsm}
&Sm;/ /]onfawmhum opfom;ajcaxmufESifh jrefrm[m armifrdk;oD; r[kwf&if b,fol
[kwfEdkifrvJAs}
uRefawmf/ /][kwfygayw,fAsm}
29

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]udkif; udkif; usKyfwdkU udk,fudk armifrdk;oD; ae&mrSm xm;NyD; Munfhvdkuf MuOD;pdkU?
armifrdk;oD;[m axmifu vGwfvmNyD;wJhaemuf ol&xkdufaom ypnf;rsm;udk jyef&&efwpfaMumif;?
olUtay: rw&m;ojzifh yusifhoGm;wJh vlrsm;udk vufpm;acs&efwpfaMumif; vmcJhw,f? vmNyD;
*sr'g OD;xGef;ausmf aexdkifwJh t&yfudk olar;jref;pHkprf;vdkU awGUa&m? awGUawmhum twGif;vl
wpfa,mufESifh ol yl;aygif;a&m? yl;aygif;NyD; twGif;pum;rsm;&atmif wD;acgufMunfh? Munfhayr,fh
ypnf;ryfxm;wJhae&m ol rodbl;As? 'gESifh onfvdkaewkef; OD;xGef;ausmf renf;jzpfaew,fvdkU ol
owif;&a&m? &awmh OD;xGef;ausmfrsm; aooGm;&if ypnf;awG olr&&pfrSm pdk;&drftm;BuD;vGef;wmESifh
t&JpGefUNyD; 0if;xJ0if? 0ifNyD; jywif;aygufu acsmif;em;axmifaewkef;rSm aocgeD;qJqJ OD;xGef;ausmf
jrifoGm;w,f r[kwfvm;As? OD;xGef;ausmf aoNyD;wJhaemuf onfnrSmyJ tdrfxJudk olazmufNyD;0if?
0ifNyD; ypnf;awG arTaESmuf&Sm? &Smayr,fh rawGUavawmh tavmif;rSmawmif pmuyfNyD;
xm;cJhao;w,f r[kwfvm;As? rSwfrdw,f r[kwfvm;}
uRefawmf/ /]rSwfrdygw,f}
&Sm;/ /]udkif; OD;xGef;ausmf aoa&m? aoawmh onfu armifrdk;oD;u bmvkyfovJ? olu
wjcm;uaeNyD; ypnf;rsm;udk [dkolawG &Smwm? awGUw,f rawGUbl;qdkwmowif;em;axmif aewm
udk;As? aemufawmh ypnf;awG rsufESmMuufay:rSm awGUw,fqkdwm ol owif;&a&m? &awmh olu
awmh opfom;ajcaxmufBuD; rpGrf;roefjzpfavawmh tazmfwpfa,muf ac:NyD; tBuHtpnfy? ywJh
tBuHtwdkif;vnf; atmifjrifygay&JU? odkUaomf tazmfvkyfwJh vl[mu uw↦xJrSm ajccsrdvdkU
cuf&SmMuwmudk;As}
uRefawmf/ /]bdk;&GJudk owfwmu armifrdk;oD;u owfwmvm;? tazmfvkyfwJh vl[mu
owfwmvm;As}
&Sm;/ /]armifrdk;oD;u owfr,f r[kwfbl;? tazmf[mu owfw,f xifw,f? rdk;oD;u
&efid;BuD;wmu bdk;&GJwdkU taztay:rSmom &efid;BuD;wmudk;As? tcef;xJrSm olUajc&mawG eif;xm;
yHkMunfh&wmawmh olUtazmfu bdk;&GJudk owfxm;ESifhvdkU rdk;oD;u pdwfaygufNyD; Murf;ay:rSm
aqmifhBuD;atmifhBuD;ESifh eif;xm;wJh vuPmyJ? odkUayr,fh vGefNyD;wJh trIrdkU olrwwfEdkifavawmh
tavmif;udk tomxm;cJhNyD; ypnf;awG,lNyD; xGufoGm;Muwmudk;As? ukdif; onfhjyif cifAsm; bmrsm;
odcsifao;ovJ}
uRefawmf/ /]olUtazmftaMumif;ajymygOD;Asm?olUtazmf[mu vlxl; wpfa,mufyJ xifw,f}
&Sm;/ /]xl;ygaomfaumAsm? tifrwef xl;wJh vlaygh? odkUaomf olUtaMumif;cifAsm;
aemufawmh odygvdrfhr,f} [k ajym&if;qdk&if;ESifh avQmufvmMuojzifh MunfhjrifwdkifodkU a&mufvm
Mu&m if;t&yfum;vrf;topf jyifqifcif;usif;vsuf&Sdojzifh acG;vnf; eHab;rS avQmuf
ajy;oGm;av\/ wpfcPrQ MumavvQif acG;vnf; vrf;eHab;wGif &yfvsuf &Sdaom vSnf;i,f
uav;odkU ajy;oGm; vufajcwdkUjzifh ukwfjcpfum jrnfatmfvsuf &Sdav\/ if;vSnf;i,frSm
tjcm;r[kwf &efukefrdUay: vrf;rsm; jyifonfhtcg uw↦rsm;udk xnfh t&nfusdKaom
vSnf;i,fuav;yif jzpfavaMumif;/
uRefawmfwdkUvnf; rQavmuf tyifyef;cH vdkufvmNyD;aemufrS uw↦
vSnf;i,fwGif vrf;qHk;vsuf &Sdonfudk awGU&ojzifh armifpH&Sm;rSm tvGefw&m pdwfIyfaom
rsufESmxm; ESifh&SdonfwGifuRefawmfvnf;wpfcgrSavSmifajymif&eftcGifhay:ojzifh avSmifajymifum
30

a&TOa'gif;

&,farmvsuf &SdpOf armifpH&Sm;vnf; uRefawmftm; ta&;r,lbJ acw OD;acgif;udk azsmufcg

pOf;pm;awGa0pGm &SdaeNyD;aemuf
]aMomf odNyDAsdKU? vm vm ckeifu bufywpfaumvdyfausmif;em;u vrf;qHkrSm abmfbD
tpOf;pm;& usyfaewJhae&m odw,fr[kwfvm; tJ'Du pNyD; olrSm;vmwmyJ} [k ajymNyD;vQif
uRefawmfwdkUvnf; acG;udk ac: ,cifu ae&modkU jyefoGm;Mu&av\/
xdkae&modkU a&mufvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; acG;udk teHUcHapjyef&m abmfbDvnf; vrf;qHk&Sd
ajrBuD;rsm;udk erf;Iyfum teHUcHNyD;aemuf ,cifuuJhodkU ajrmuf&yfodkU roGm;bJ awmifpl;pl;odkU
ajy;vTm; vdkufoGm;jyefav\/ ,if;uJhodkU awmifpl;pl;odkU "mwf&xm;vrf;twdkif; vdkufvmMujyef
ojzifh armfwifvrf; odkUa&mufvQif abmfbDvnf; wpfckaom wdkufa&SU ywfcsmvSnfh ajr
teHUcHNyD;aemuf taemufodkU vSnfh a&qdyfodkU qif;ajy;av\/ a&qdyfodkU a&mufvQif abmfbD
vnf; a&pyfodkU a&mufatmif ESmacgif;ESifh ajrBuD;ESifh uyfum ajy;oGm;NyD;aemuf a&pyfodkU
a&mufonfESifh wpfydifeuf ajc&maysmufoGm;onfh vuPmESifh uRefawmfwdkU\ rsufESmudk
armfMunfhum rBuHwwfatmif &Sdaeav\/
xdktcg armifpH&Sm;u ]vmAsdKU? udkodef;armif? usKyf &dyfrdNyD} ajym ,cifu acG;&yf
ywfcsmvSnfhum &SdcJhaom wdkufodkU oGm;&m if;wdkufum; ]armfawmfbkwfiSm;&ef &Sdonf} [laom
qdkif;bkwfwpfckudk awGUav\/
xdktcg armifpH&Sm;vnf; if;wdkufwGif;&Sd ukvm;r,m;ESifh oPmefwlaom rdef;rBuD;
wpfa,muftm; ar;jref;MunfhIojzifh od&Sd&onfrSm if; \ cifyGef;ty'lvmrSm raeUreuf
rvif;ciftcsdefuyif vlwpfa,mufu iSm;&rf;oGm;ojzifh armfawmfbkwfESifh vkdufygoGm;aMumif;?
armfawmfbkwfiSm;vmolrSm opfom;ajcaxmufwpfbufwyfvsuf &SdaMumif;/ raeUuwnf;u
xGufoGm;onfrSm ,ckwdkif jyefrvmao;ojzihf pdwfrat; &SdaeaMumif;? if;opfom;ajcaxmufESifh
olrSm roGm;rD wpf&ufuyif vma&muf armfawmfbkwf tvdk&SdaMumif;udk ajymNyD;vQif p&HaiGay;
xm;ESifhaMumif; if;ESifhtazmf wpfa,mufygonfudk rdrd rjrifaMumif;? armfawmfbkwfrSm
t0ga&mif aq;okwf xm;onfjzpfaomaMumifh tjcm;armfawmfbkwfrsm;ESifhrwl? tvG,fwulESifh
odjrifEdkifaMumif;rsm;ESifh rdef;rBuD;u ajymqdkavvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; if;\ uav;tm; rkefUzdk;
ESpfusyfrQay;NyD;aemuf xGufvmcJhav\/
vrf;c&D;wGif uRefawmfu ]udkif; b,fES,f vkyfrvJAsm}
&Sm;/ /]cifAsm;jzifh b,fES,fh vkyfrvJ}
uRefawmf/ /]uRefawmfjzifh onfhjyifarmfawmfbkwfwpfpif;iSm;NyD; vdkufrSmaygh}
&Sm;/ /]onfenf; raumif;ao;bl;As? onfhxufaumif;wJh enf;&Sdao;w,f}
uRefawmf/ /]'gjzifh tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;cdkifukd ajymNyD; a&aMumif;bufykvdyf armfawmf
bkwf ESifh vdkufr,fAsm}
&Sm;/ /]onfvdkvnf; usKyf rudufbl;? usKyfu usKyfenf;ESifh usKyf vdkufNyD; aemufqHk;
aocsmaygufa&mufrS ykvdyfudk ac:csifw,f}
31

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

uRefawmf/ /]'gjzifh b,fhES,fvkyfrvJAsm}

&Sm;/ /][dkt&ifu &Srf;jynfe,fu reef;pdefwdkU trIwkef;u usKyfvufaxmufav;awG
rSwfrdao;w,f r[kwfvm;}
uRefawmf/ /]a*:&if*sDukvm;uav;awG[mvm;}
&Sm;/ /]tppfyJAs? olwdkUuawmh usKyfwdkU ra&mufEdkifwJhae&m olwdkU a&mufEdkifw,f? usKyfwdkU
r0ifEdkifwJh ae&mrSm olwdkUu tifrwef toHk;usw,fAs? udkif; udkif; nu wpfnvHk;vnf;
rtdyf&bl;? onfuaeU we*FaEGaeUaemf? awmfygao;&JU? cifAsm; tvkyfoGm;zdkU r&Sdbl;? uJ vmAsm
tdrfjyefNyD; tarmtyef;ajzMuOD;pdkU&JU}
tdrfodkUa&mufvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf;tapcHwpfa,mufukdapvTwfvdkufNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkU
vnf; qmavmifrGwfodyfvSonfhtavsmuf eHeufpm pm;aomufNyD;MuonfwGif avScg;rS qlnHpGm
toHMum;NyD;aemuf? ESpfq,fcefUrQaom a*:&if*sDukvm;uav;wdkUonf tdrfay: odkU ajy;wufvm
Muav\/
xdktcg armifpH&Sm;u acgifvlMuD; a*:&if*sDukvm;uav;tm;
]a[h tmyem; vmcJhOD;? aemufudk ig ac:&if rif;wpfa,mufom tdrfay:wufcJh? Onfhjyif
vlawG wdkufatmufu apmifhaeyap? Mum;vm;? udkif; udkif; onfwpfcgawmh tm;vHk;wufvmwm
cyfaumif;aumif;ygyJav? udkif; rif;wdkU tm;vHk; em;axmifMu} [k ajymojzifh ukvm;uav;
wdkUvnf; pDwef;um &yfwefUvsuf &SdMuavvQif
&Sm;/ /]armfwifvrf; odovm;}
ukvm;uav;rsm;/ /(wydifeuf oGufvufpGm) ]odw,f tpfudk}
&Sm;/ /]at; armfwifvrf;u pNyD; jrpfaMumif;rSm txufbufukd vl q,fa,muf?
atmufbufudk vlq,fa,muf cGJNyD; armfawmfbkwf wpfpif;udk awGUatmif vdkuf&Sm&r,f?
armfawmfbkwfu aq;t0ga&mif okwfxm;w,f? armif;wJhukvm;emrnfu ty'lvmwJh? Mum;&JU
vm;}
ukvm;uav;rsm;/ /(wydifeuf) ]Mum;w,f tpfudk}
&Sm;/ /]rif;wdkU awGUatmif &Sma&mh? awGU&if [dkrSm wpfa,muf tapmifh xm;NyD; ighqDvm
csufjcif; vmajym? Mum;vm;}
]Mum;w,f tpfudk}
&Sm;/ /]udkif; oGm;Muawmh} [k ajymvdkufvQif ukvm;uav;wdkUvnf; aysmf&TifpGm qif;ajy;
Buav\/
if;aemuf uRefawmfrSm wpfnOfhvHk; rtdyf&onfjzpf yufvufukvm;xdkifay:
tdyfaysmfrd&m armifpH&Sm;rSmrl tenf;i,frQ tdyfcsifpdwf r&SdbJ owif;pmjzwfydkif; ta[mif;rsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? A[kokw pmtkyfBuD;rsm;udk vnf;aumif; vSefavSmum &SmazGvsuf &Sdav\/
32

a&TOa'gif;

nae oHk;em&DcefU &Sdojzifh uRefawmfvnf; tdyf&mrS Edk;avvQif armifpH&Sm;rSm yufvuf

ukvm; xdkifay: aq;wHaomufumpOf;pm;pdwful;vsuf &Sdonfudk awGU&Sd&onf jzpf&m uRefawmf
Ekd;onfudk jrifonfESifh
&Sm;/ /]udkodef;armif tdyfa&;0NyDvm;}
uRefawmf/ /]0ygNyDAsm}
&Sm;/ /]cifAsm; tdyfwkef;u usKyf tcsnf;ESD; rjzpfbl;AsdKU}
uRefawmf/ /]bmrsm; awGUovJAsm}
&Sm;/ /(t*Fvdyfowif;pmzdkifa[mif;wpfckudk uRefawmftm; vSrf; ay;NyD;aemuf) ]a[m'D
rsufESmrSm zwfMunfhprf;} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf; zwfMunfh&m jrefrm t"dym,frSm
atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygaMumif;/
ppfajrjyif vlowfrI jzpfyGm;jcif;taMumif;
vGefcJhonfh {NyDv 11 &ufaeUwGif rufqdkydkawrD,m; ppfajrjyif jrefrmppfom;wpfa,muf
ESifhtdEd,wdkif;om; ukvm;ppfom; oHk;a,mufwdkUonf &efolvlrsdK; jzpfaom wl&uDolaX;
wpfOD;udk wdwfwqdwf vuf&zrf;qD;NyD;vQiftxuft&m&SdwdkUxH ydkUojcif; rybJ if;olaX;
BuD; udk wdwfwqdwf owfjzwf if;\ypnf;Opmrsm;udk vk,uf,liifMuaMumif;? tqdkyg
w&m;cHav;a,mufudk qdkif&mu ppfaq;ar;jref;&m jypfrIxif&Sm;onf jzpf if;av;OD;udk
wpfuRef;odkU10ESpfpDrQuscHap&efpD&ifcsufcsrSwfvdkufaMumif;/ ypnf;rsm;rSmtzdk;rsm;pGmxdkuf
wefaMumif;od&Sd&aomfvnf;w&m;cHwdkUuodk0Sufxm;NyD;NyDjzpfaomaMumifhppfaq;aomfvnf;
ray:aygufaMumif;/
uRefawmf/ /]onfowif;pm 1917 ckESpfu owif;pmyguvm;As}
&Sm;/ /][kwfw,f/ trIqdk&ifjzifh vufonfay: ray: usKyfu owif;pm jzwfydkif; xkwfNyD;
zdkifwGJxm;wm cifAsm; odw,f r[kwfvm;As? onfzdkifwGJxJrSm ,ckwdkif vufonfray:wJh trI 50
ausmfavmuf &Sdw,fAs? tckvdk wpfcgwpfcgawmh usKyf zdkifwGJ[m tifrwef toHk;usw,f}
uRefawmf/ /]aumif;ygayAsm? 'gxuf onftrIrSm trIonf ESpfa,mufteuf [dkwpf
a,muf taMumif; ajymprf;ygOD;Asm? ajryHkrSmygwJh ukvm; oHk;a,mufteuf wpfa,muf[mvm;Asm}
&Sm;/ /]bmvJAs? [dELukvm;xJu rSwfvdkUvm;? [dELukvm;jzifh onfavmuf ajcaxmuf
ao;yghrvm;As? udkif; udkif; usKyf zGifhajymr,f/ cifAsm; awG;Munfhprf;? onfvl[m ajcaxmuf
tifrwef ao;w,f? zdeyfvnf; b,fawmhrS pD;zl;wJh vuPm r&Sdbl;? tifrwefvnf;
oefpGrf;w,f? tqdyfvl;jrm;vnf; toHk;yw,f? udkif; b,fvdkvlxJuvJAsm}
uRefawmf/ /]aumif;aumif; rawG;wwfygbl;Asm}

33

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]udkif; udkif; cifAsm; awG;ae&if Mumaea&mhr,f? MuGufavQmufay:u [dkpmtkyfBuD;

vSrf;prf;ygOD;Asm} [k ajymojzifh uRefawmfvnf; ]*ZufwD,m}ac: A[kokwtrsdK;pHk yg&Sdaom
pmtkyfMuD; vSrf;,lay;urf;vdkuf&m armifpH&Sm;vnf; pmtkyfudk vSefavSm&SmazG&if;
]usKyfwdkU armifrdk;oD;u wpfuRef;jyefAsaemf? [kwfp? ukdif; wpfuRef;u vl&dkif;rsdK;rsm;
jzpfrvm; Munfhprf;&atmif? a[m awGUNyDAsdKU? udkif; em;axmif} [k ajym armifpH&Sm;vnf; pmtkyfrS
zwf jy&m jrefrmt"dym,frSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygaMumif;/
]tef'refac: wpfuRef;om;vldkif;rsm;taMumif;}
tif'refuRef;om; vlkdif;rsm;wdkUonf t&yf 3 ayrS 4 ayrQtwGif;omvQif &Sdonfjzpf
urmay: tao;i,fqHk;aom vlrsdK;[l ac:qdkxdkufayonf/ if; vldkif;rsm;rSmrl
tvGefw&m cufxefMurf;uwfvSonfjzpf&m t*Fvdyf tpdk;&wdkUonf if;wdkUtm;
,Ofaus;aom trlt&mrsm;udk oifMum;jyoygaomfvnf; rwwfEdkifonf jzpf
aemufqHk; vufavQmhMu&av\/ odkU&mwGif xdkvldkif;wdkUrSm aus;Zl;wifwwfaom
vlrsdK;jzpfojzifh rdrdwdkUtm;aus;Zl;yzl;aom olwdkUtm;rl tvGefpGJNrJpGmcspfcif
wwfMuavonf/ xdkolwdkUonf tqdyfvl;aom jrm;ql;rsm;udk ajymif;wHjzifhrIwf
&efolrsm;udkvnf;aumif;?awmow0grsm;udkvnf;aumif;owfjzwfzsufqD;wwf
Muavonf/ xdkvlrsdK;wdkUrSm ao;i,fojzifh tcsdK;tpm;rusaom OD;acgif;rsm;
vnf;aumif;? &ufpuf Murf;uwf[ef&Sdaomrsufpdrsm;vnf;aumif;?
ao;i,faom vufajcrsm; vnf;aumif; &SdMuavonf/
&Sm;/ /]udkif; b,fhES,fvJ udkodef;armif}
uRefawmf/ /][kwfNyDAsdKU? onf armifrdk;oD;uvnf; wpfuRef;jyefqdkawmh [dkuRef;u
vldkif;wpfa,mufrsm; olESifh twl ygcsifygvmr,f}
&Sm;/ /]tif; wnfhwnfhajym&if cifAsm; &dyfrdw,fayghav}
uRefawmf/ /]&dyfrdwm r&dyfrdwm tyxm;ygOD;Asm/ 'gxuf tyem;wdkUqDu bmowif;rsm;
Mum;ao;ovJ}
&Sm;/ /]rMum;ao;bl;As? odkUaomfvnf; Mum;ygvdrfhr,f raeygbl;}
uRefawmf/ /]'gxuf usKyfwdkU udk,fwdkifvdkuf&&if raumif;bl;vm;}
&Sm;/ /]rvdkygbl;Asm? aeygap}
34

a&TOa'gif;

uRefawmf/ /]udkif; 'gjzifh cifAsm; ae&pfOD;Asm? usKyfawmh vrf;avQmufacsOD;r,f}

&Sm;/ /]b,fvJAs? rESif;nGefUwdkUqDudkvm;}
uRefawmf/ /(tBuHudk odoGm;ojzifh rsufESmylylESifh) ]a&mufaumif; a&mufygvdrfhOD;r,f
rSwfw,f? bmrsm; rSmvdkufOD;rvJ}
&Sm;/ /]rSmp&m r&Sdygbl;Asm? 'gxuf rdef;rawGudk pum;ukefrajymESifhAsaemf? abmfbDvnf;
ac: oGm;ygAsm? jyefydkUvdkufyg/ rvdkygbl;}
if;aemuf uRefawmfvnf; acG;udk ac:cJh MunfhjrifwdkifodkU jyefydkUNyD;vQif rESif;nGefUtay:
,cifu xkwfazmfa&;om;cJhNyD;onftwdkif; arwmpdwfpl;pdkufvsuf &Sdonf jzpfaomaMumifh
,dk;r,fzGJUum taMumif;&Sm tdrfodkU 0ifNyD;aemuf trItaMumif;rsm;udk jzef;oef;um &,farm
ajymqdk aerdcJhygaMumif;/
tdrfodkU jyefa&mufonfhtcg 7 em&DausmfcefUrQ &SdNyDjzpf&m armifpH&Sm;\ aq;wHwdkESifh
pmtkyfrSmrl ukvm;xdkifay:wGif &Sdaeaomfvnf; armifpH&Sm;udk rjrifonfjzpf &SmazG&m armifpH&Sm;rSm
eufeJaom trIwdkU qifjcif pOf;pm;NrJ jzpfonfhtwdkif; acgif;tHk;rsm;udk ukvm;xdkifay:wGif pkyHkum
aeomatmif cif;usif;NyD;rS if;wdkUtay:rS aq;wH tdk;&SnfBuD;udk aomufIvsuf wpfnywfvHk;
rtdyfrae pOf;pm;pdwful;vsuf &Sdav\/
eHeufvif;ojzifh vufzuf&nf aomuf&if; uRefawmfu ]b,fES,fvJ udkpH&Sm;? cifAsm;
wpfnvHk; rtdyfygyJuvm;}
&Sm;/ /]cifAsm; odwJhtwdkif;yAsm? usKyfu tNyD;rowfrjcif; tNidrf aewwfwJhvl r[kwfbl;?
dkif;vdkufavw,fAsm/ bmr[kwfwmuav;ESifh vmNyD; xpfaew,f? vludkvnf; odNyD?
olwdkUpD;oGm;wJh armfawmfbkwfudkvnf; odNyD/ 'gESifhawmif udpacsmNyD; rjzpfwm? usKyf
cHjyif;vSw,fAs? odkUaomfvnf; onfenf;ESifh r&vQif onfhjyifenf;ESifh vkduf&rSmayghav?
wwfEdkifygbl;}
if;aeU nae uRefawmfvnf; tvkyfwdkufrS jyefvmvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; tdrf
r&SdESifhonfjzpf pm;yGJ &SmazG MunfhI&m uRefawmftwGuf atmufyg twdkif; pmwpfapmif
a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&ygaMumif;/

rdwfaqGMuD; udkodef;armif
trI pdwfrcsonfjzpf usKyfudk,fwdkif vdkufacsNyD/ usKyf rjyefvmrD taMumif;xl;
onfjzpfap? tyem;jyefvm taMumif;Mum;onf jzpfap cifAsm; mPf&Sdoavmuf pDrHESifhygav/
armifpH&Sm;
if;nOfh uRefawmfonf trI\ taMumif;udkaomf vnf;aumif;? vufOD; trI&Sifjzpfol
q&mr rESif;nGefU\ taMumif;rsm;udk vnf;aumif;? rdwfaqG armifpH&Sm;\ taMumif;rsm;udk
35

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

vnf;aumif; pOf;pm;pdwful;vsuf tdyfaysmfNyD;aemuf tdyfrufxJ uRefawmfvnf; rESif;nGefU\

vufudk udkifqGJum olckd;rsm;\ aemufodkU twif; ajy;vTm;vdkufygoGm;ojzifh armyef;onftcgrS
vefU Edk;vmygaMumif;/
eHeufvif;vQif uRefawmfonf wpfnOfhywfvHk; armifpH&Sm; rjyefvmonfjzpf ylyifaom
pdwfjzifh wdkufa&SU &xm;armif;oGm;onfhtcgwdkif; armifpH&Sm;trSwfESihf arQmfvifhvsuf&Sd&m 8
em&DtcsdefcefUwGif jrif;&xm;wpfpD;onf wdkufa&SU &yfNyD;aemuf tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;cdkifonf
,refaeUuuJhodkU rdrdudk,fukd txiftjrifBuD;vsuf [efBuD;yefBuD; r&SdbJ twefi,f dI;i,faom
rsufESmxm;ESifh uRefawmftm;
]armifpH&Sm;wpfa,muf rvmao;bl; rSwfw,f}
uRefawmf/ /]r&Sdbl;Asm? apmifhygOD;av? vmvkygNyD rSwfw,f? xdkifygOD;Asm}
ckdif/ /]xkdifao;wmayghav? 'gxuf usKyfraeUu onftrIrSm xifjrifcsufudk cifAsm;
Mum;rdw,f r[kwfvm;? tckawmh r[kwfjyefbl;AsdKU? bdk;uJwdkUvnf; vTwfvdkuf&NyD? usKyfawG;yHk
rudkufao;bl;? 'gxuf cifAsm; rdwfaqG udkpH&Sm; wpfa,mufu awmfawmh awmfwJh oli,f
wpfa,mufygyJ? wpfcgwpfavawmh enf;enf;uav; t,ltq t&ifvdkw,f rSwfw,f? odkUaomf
olU[mu rSefwmu rsm;aew,fAs? ck reufyJ olUqDu w,fvDzkef; &w,f? tdrfu apmifhaeygwJh?
ol vmcJhr,fwJh? wpfckckawmh ajc&mcHrdNyD rSwfw,fAs} [k ajymqdkvsuf &SdpOf avScg;rS ajcvSrf;
av;av;jzifh wpfvSrf;jcif; wufvmonfh vlwpfa,muf\ ajcoHukd Mum;NyD;aemuf wHcg;udk
acgufoHMum;ojzifh ]0ifcJhav} [k uRefawmfu ac:vdkuf&m touf ig;q,fausmft&G,fcefUrQ&Sd
t0wfrsm; pufqDrsm; pGef;ayvsuf &Sdonfjzpf pufarmif;orm;ESifh wlaom ukvm;tbdk;BuD;
wpfa,mufonf armBuD;yef;BuD;&Sdonfh trlt&mESifh tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvm ]armifpH&Sm; qif[dkif;}
(armifpH&Sm; &Sdyg&JUvm; ) [k [dEKpwefeDbmomjzifh ar;jref;avvQif uRefawmfvnf; r&SdaMumif;ESihf
ajymqdk udpukd ar;jref;&m ukvm;BuD;vnf; rdrdrSm tjcm;r[kwf? pufq&m ty'lvmjzpfaMumif;
armifpH&Sm;u awGUvdkonf qdk vma&muf&aMumif;ESifh rajymvdk ajymvdkESifh ajymqdkav\/ xdktcg
uRefawmfu trIESifh oufqdkifaMumif;ESifh ajymqdkojzifh tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;ckdifvnf; ukvm;BuD;
tm; odvdktm;BuD;ESihf ar;jref;&m ukvm;BuD;u
]qAvkyf tjcm;edrf;? armifpH&Sm; qAudk [rf'pfpae; ref;uwm;? armifpH&Sm;qyfudk uREkfyf
ajymr,f? cifAsm;wdkUudk uREkfyf rajymbl;}
ckdif/ /] 'gjzifh apmifhOD; bdkif}
ukvm;BuD;/ /]uREfkyf rapmifhEdkifbl;? uREkfyf ,ck jyefr,f? olodcsif&if olUbmom ol
vmayap? uREkfyf jyefr,f} [k ajym wHcg;&Sd&modkU oGm;rnfyavvQif tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;ckdif
vnf; trIESifh ywfoufaMumif; odonfjzpf tusdK;taMumif; odvdkvSonfESifh pdwftm;BuD;pGm
xdkif&mrS x ukvm;BuD;\vufarmif;udk qGJudkifum
]aeOD; bmblBuD;? trItaMumif; uREkfyfukd ajym&r,f/ rajymbJ roGm;&bl;? ajymNyD;rS
oGm;&r,f? jyefcsif&if jrefjrefajym} [k ajymavvQif ukvm;BuD;vnf; tenf;i,f z,fkef;NyD;aemuf
r&aMumif; odonfESihf
36

a&TOa'gif;

]aumif;NyD? cifAsm;wdkU uREkfyfudk twif;qGJxm;w,faemf? usKyf rrHbl;? w&m;pGJr,f?

aumif;NyD} [k ajym ukvm;xdkifwpfckay:wGif armifpH&Sm;tm; apmifhOD;rnft[efESifh NidrfoufpGm
xdkifvsuf &Sd&m uRefawmfESihf OD;tkef;ckdifwdkUvnf; aq;vdyfrsm;udk aomufIum axG&mav;yg;
pum;wdkUukd ajymqdkvsuf &SdMuav\/
xkdcP ]aq;vdyfwpfvdyf ay;Muprf;Asm} [k ajymoHudk Mum;vdkufojzihf uRefawmfwdkU
tHhMopGmESifh armf MunfhvdkufMu&m ,cifu ukvm;BuD;rSm ukvm;r[kwf? armifpH&Sm; jzpfaMumif;udk
tHhMopGm awGUjrifMu&av\/
xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;vnf; [uf[ufyufyuf &,farmvsuf
]usKyfudk,fusKyf kyfzsufenf; awmfawmfwwfw,fvdkUawmh xifrdyg&JU? odkUaomf onfavmuf
awmif aumif;rSef;awmh r&dyfrdaybl;Asm}
ckdif/ /]awmfygayw,fAsm/ usKyfwkdU ykvdyfrsufpdawmif vdrfEdkifygayw,f? cifAsm; toHxm;
yHku wuJhudk ae&musw,fAsdKU? toHu tufvdkU uGJvdkU? wu,fh tbdk;BuD; oHyJ? odkUaomf cifAsm;
rsufpdMunfhyHkawmh usKyf&dyfrdovdkvdk enf;enf;awmh &Sdvdkufyg&JU? awmfygayw,fAsm}
&Sm;/ /]w,fvDzkef;uae ajymwm cifAsm;vm;}
ckdif/ /][kwfygw,f}
&Sm;/ /]b,fhES,fvJ cifAsm;trI}
ckdif/ /]ae&m rusygbl;? [dkESpfa,muf zrf;xm;wmvnf; vTwfvdkuf&ygNyD}
&Sm;/ /]ESpfa,muf vTwfvdkuf&vQif onfu ESpfa,muftpm; &vdrfhrayghAsm? rylygESifh?
'gxuf a&aMumif; ykvdyfbufu armfawmfbkwf jrefjref wpfpD; onfuaeUn vdkcsifw,fAsdKU}
cdkif/ /]uRefawmfhwm0efxm;ygAsm? &ygaphr,f}
&Sm;/ /]NyD;awmh ykvdyfESpfa,muf cyfawmifhawmifhxJu a&G;ac:cJhAsddKU}
cdkif/ /]pdwfcsygAsm? ygygaphr,f? onfhjyifaumAsm}
&Sm;/ /]onfhjyifawmh armifrdk;oD;udk usKyfzrf;vdkU &SdvQif olESifh usKyfESifh r&Sif;vif;wJh tcsuf
uav;rsm; ar;zdkU usKyftdrfrSm em&D0ufavmuf cGifhy&vdrfh,f}
cdkif/ /]pdwfomcsygAsm? vlom rdygap? em&D0uf ruygbl;? wpfem&D ajymcsifwm ajymaeyg}
&Sm;/ /]udkif; 'gjzifh onfuaeUn 7 em&DcGJavmuf armfawmfbkwfESifh xGufMu&atmif? 6
em&DcGJavmufudk cifAsm; onftdrf a&mufatmifvmcJhAsm? udkif; 'gygyJ}
if;aeU nae uRefawmfonf tvkyfrS jyefvmNyD;aemuf armifpH&Sm;ESihf twlwuG
xrif;pm;aomufNyD;Mu ajcmufem&DausmfcefU &SdavvQif tifpydwfawmf OD;tkef;cddkifvnf; a&mufvm
&m
37

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]b,fhES,fvJ jyifqifxm;cJhNyDvm;AsdKU}

cdkif/ /]NyD;cJhygNyDAs? armfawmfbkwfu yef;qdk;wef;qdyfrSm}
&Sm;/ /]OD;tkef;cdkif? ajcmufvHk;jyL;rsm;yg&JUvm;AsdKU}
cdkif/ /]ygygw,fAsm}
&Sm;/ /],rf;awmifhrsm; aoaocsmcsm MunfhNyD; xnfhxm;AsdKUaemf}
cdkif/ /]pdwfcsygAsm}
&Sm;/ /]udkif;? usKyfwdkU vufzuf&nf wpfcGufpD aomufzdkU tcsdef&Sdygao;w,f 0rf;aEG;atmif
aomufvdkufMuOD;pdkUAsm}
7 em&DausmfcefUwGif uRefawmfwdkUvnf; yef;qdk;wef;qdyfurf;odkU qdkufa&mufMuavvQif
armifpH&Sm;vnf; armfawmfbkwfudk aocsmpGm MunfhNyD;aemuf
]eHab;u rD;pdrf;BuD;[m ykvdyfavSrSef; odomvSw,f? xkwfypfvdkufAsm} [k ajym ajymonf
twdkif; vdkufemNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkU oHk;a,mufESifh ykvdyfESpfa,mufwdkUvnf; armfawmfbkwfay:
odkU wufMuav\/
if;aemuf armfawmfbkwf armif;orm;tm; armifpH&Sm;u
]udkif; 'vbufudk armif;a[h} [k ajymojzifh armfawmfbkwfvnf; xGufvmcJhav\/
if;aemuf {&m0wDukrPD oabFmusif;odkU a&mufavvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; armfawmfbkwfudk
tHhBuD;buf acsmif;0wGif &yfap rD;rsm;udk Nidrf;apNyD;vQif Nidrf0yfpGm apmifhqdkif;vsuf &SdMuav\/
xdkaeUonfum; vjynfhausmf 10 &ufjzpfojzihf vrxGufao;onfESifh wpfjrpfvHk; arSmifrnf;vsuf
&Sd&m wHkuif;rsm; qGJaom oabFmi,fwdkUvnf; rD;wxdefxdefESifh jrpfaMumif;wpfavQmuf ul;oef;
oGm;vmvsuf &SdMuav\/ xdktcg uReffawmfvnf; ysif;ysif;&SdonfESifh armifpH&Sm;tm;
]udkif;? udkpH&Sm;? cifAsm; ajc&mcHyHkuav; wpfqdwf ajymjyprf;ygOD;Asm}
&Sm;/ /]aMomf? [kwfayw,f? onfvdkAs? usKyfu usKyfukvm;uav;awG t&Smcdkif;awmh
onfarmfawmfbkwf[m aq;a&mifuvnf; xl;xl;jcm;jcm;rdkUvdkU teD; tem;rSm &SdvQifjzifh {uE
olwdkU awGU&r,fvdkU usKyf ,HkMunfw,f? usKyf taumifuav;awGuvnf; usKyf oifNyD;xm;vdkU
tifrwef rsufpdpl;w,fAs? NyD;awmhvnf; armfawmfbkwfukvm;&JU rdef;r ajymcsuft& vif;cgeD;rS
olwdkUxGufoGm;w,f ajymavawmh usKyfwdkU vl[m rvif;cif c&D;oGm;NyD; rdk;vif;wJhtcgrSm ykef;ckdNyD;
aer,fqdkvQif {uE c&D;a0;a0;BuD; ra&mufEkdifbl;? c&D;a0;a0; ra&mufao;vQifvnf; rkcs
usKyfvlpk awGU&r,f? ,ck bmaMumifh rawGUygvdrfhrvJvdkU pOf;pm;Munfhawmh tBuHwpfck
&wJhtwdkif; ukvm;vdk 0wf oabFmusif;xJ oGm;NyD; axmufvSrf;pHkprf;Munfhawmh rif;bk&m;rsm;u
armfawmfbkwf aq;t0ga&mifudk tdka&mif jzpfatmifajymif;NyD; okwfxm;ESifhwmudk;As? onfawmh
armfawmfbkwfawmh usKyf 'vacsmif;xJrSm awGUa&m? awGUpOftcgu armfawmfbkwfay:rSm
vlwpfa,mufrQ r&Sdbl;? r&Sdavawmh ty'lvm &Sdwwf&mudk pufHku ukvm;awG ar;jref;NyD;vdkuf?
vdkufNyD; t&ufuav; bmuav;wdkuf? wdkufNyD; ar;Munfhawmh onfuaeUn c&D;oGm;r,fq
38

a&TOa'gif;

wJhtaMumif; od&wmudk;As? [dkvlpk taMumif;awmh usKyfar;vdkU r&bl;? b,frSm &Sdw,fqdkwmvJ

olvnf; odyHk ray:bl;}
cdkif/ /]'gjzifhvJAsm? usKyfvdkawmh olwdkU armfawmfbkwfay:wuf&rJh ae&mu apmifhNyD;
zrf;a&maygh}
&Sm;/ /]bm&rvJAsm/ armifrdk;oD;u omrnvl r[kwfbl;? vlyg;As? onfvdkrsm; armfawmf
bkwfem;u apmifhr,fqdkvQif b,fawmhrS vmawmhrSm r[kwfbl;}
cdkif/ /]'gjzihfAsm ty'lvmudk ZGwfwG,fNyD; olwdkU &Sd&m vdkuftydkUcdkif;r,fAsm}
&Sm;/ /]onfenf;vJ r&bl;As? ukvm;u ydkufqHrsm;rsm;&wmESifh at;NyD; aew,f? olUvlawG
b,frSm aew,fqdkwm olUta&;vJ r[kwfbl;? wu,fvJ rodbl;? olUuyfvdkU tvum; &SdrSm
ayghAsm}
ckdif/ /][kwfyg&JUav? cifAsm;enf; taumif;qHk;ygyJ? aemufqHk;usrd&ifvJ NyD;wmygyJav?
rdomrdygap qkawmif;&wmyJ? b,fhES,fvJAsm/ 9 em&Dausmf oGm;NyDaum? ray:vmao;yguvm;}
[k ajymqdkvsuf &SdMupOf armfawmfbkwfwpfpD;vnf; 'vacsmif;0rS vsifjrefpGm xGufvm
&efukefbufodkU ul;rnfyav&m armifpH&Sm;vnf; rD;jzifh kwfw&uf xdk; MunfhvdkufonfwGif
tdka&mif&Sdonfudk jrifojzihf uRefawmfwkdU\ armfawmfbkwfarmif;orm;tm; if;\ aemufodkU
rDatmif vkduf&ef trdefUay;av\/
,if;uJhodkU rD;a&mifjzifh xdk; MunfhvdkufonfwGif if;armfawmfbkwfvnf; uRefawmfwkdU\
tBuHtpnfudk &dyfrdonfh vuPmESifh &efukefbufodkU rul;bJ jrpfnmodkU qefwufav\/
,if;uJhodkU uRefawmfwdkU\ tBuHtpnfudk &dyfrdaMumif; od&SdavvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf;
ykvdyf"mwfrD;udk if;armfawmfbkwfodkU wnfhwnfh xdk;apvsuf rsufajcrjywfatmif aemufrS ajc&mcH
vdkufap&m if;armfawmfbkwfrSm pufukef ckwfvsuf &Sdojzifh tvGefvsifjrefpGm a&ay:ysH
oGm;bdouJhodkU &Sdojzihf uRefawmfwdkUrSm rDygrnfavm[k pdk;&drfruif; &SdaeMu&av\/
xdktcg armifpH&Sm;vnf; uRefawmfwdkU\ armfawmfbkwfudk pufukef ckwfaponfjzpf&m
avSi,fvnf; a&xJ xdk;oGm;ojzifh a&yef;wkdUonf avSOD;rS yef;xGufvsuf a&wGif
epfryfrnfuJhodkU aMumufrufzG,f ckwfESif vdkufav\/ ,if;uJhodkU ESpfpif;vHk; tpGrf;ukef
ckwfESif oGm;Muojzifh yxr tawmif ESpf&mcefUa0;&mrS tawmif wpf&mrQom usef&Sdawmh
onfjzpfaomaMumifh uRefawmfwdkU\ avSonf if;wdkU\ avSxuf vsifjrefaMumif; xif&Sm;vsuf
wa&GUa&GU wjznf;jznf; eD; eD; vmcJh&m tawmif ig;q,fcefUrQ usefawmhonfhtcgwGif
oabFmwpfpD;onf wHkuif; ESpfpD;udk ud;jzifhqGJvsuf uRefawmfwdkU armfawmfbkwf ESpfpD;tMum;rS
jzwf 0ifoGm;av\/
xdktcg uRefawmfwdkU\ avSrSm oabFmi,fudk 0if wdkufrnfqJ qJ&SdonfwGif
rwdkufrdap&ef vsifjrefpGm auGUvdkuf&m armfawmfbkwfuav;rSm a&wGif epfryf wpfcgwnf;
tpwHk;acsawmhrnf[lyif xifrSwfavmufatmif apmifhiJh oGm;av\/ ,if;odkU jzpfavvQif
tifpydwfawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;wkdUvnf; tvGefw&m pdwfaygufvsuf wHkuif;rsm;udk ausmfuGif;

39

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

wzef a&SUarmfawmfbkwfaemufokdU vdkufMujyef&m xdktcgrl tawmif ESpf&mausmfcefUrQ uGmjcm;

oGm;jyefonfudk awGU&av\/
odkU&mwGif uRefawmfwdkUvnf; pdwfrysufbJ rdvQifrdap rrdvQif a&epf aoap[k
atmufarhMuvsuf pufukef ESifjyefNyD;vQif vdkufjyef&m armfawmfbkwf ESpfpD;vnf; eD; eD;
vmjyefojzifh aemufqHk;tawmif ESpfq,fcefUrQomvQif uGmjcm;avawmh\/ xdktcg tifpydwfawmf
OD;tkef;cdkifvnf; rD;a&mifudk wnfhwnfh xdk;apvsuf armfawmfbkwfOD;rS ae if;armfawmfbkwfukd
&yfwefU&ef taMumif;ESifh [pfatmfum trdefUay;vsuf &Sd&m vlwpfa,mufvnf; if;armfawmf
bkwfay:rS aemufodkU vSnfh uRefawmfwdkUtm; vufoD;udk qkyfumjyav\/ xdkcP ajrmuftdkESifh
wlaom vlykuav;wpfa,mufvnf; xdkol\ teD; xdkifae&mrS uRefawmfwdkUbufodkU vSnfh
Munfhvsuf&Sd&m
&Sm;/ /][dktaumif ykuav;jrifMu&JUvm;? 'Dtaumif vufrsm;vIyfvdkU &Sd&if cifAsm;
ajcmufvHk;jyL;ESifhom ypfvdkufAsdKUaemf? OD;tkef;cdkif}
if;aemuf pufukefESif vdkufjyefojzihf avSwpfpD;pmrQom uGma0;MuavvQif ,cifu
vlykuav;vnf; kwfw&uf xdkif&mrS xNyD;vQif uRefawmfwdkUbufodkU vSnfh a`yGESifh
o@mefwlaom t&mwpfckudk yg;pyfwGif awhNyD;vQif rIwfvdkufonfwGif OD;tkef;ckdif\ ajcmufvHkjyL;
vnf; 'dkif;ceJ jrnfNyD;aemuf vlykuav;vnf; vufudk ajrmufNyD;vQif vnf oGm;NyD;rS jrpfxJodkU
usoGm;av\/
xdkcP if;wdkU\ armfawmfbkwfvnf; kwfw&uf urf;bufodkU OD;vSnfh ckwfoGm;&m
uRefawmfwdkU\ avSOD;ESifh if;wdkU\ avSyJhrSm wpfaycefUrQomvQif vGwfoGm; tonf;at;cref;
oDoDrQvGJ oGm;av\/
if;aemuf uRefawmfwdkUvnf; if;wdkUaemufodkU vdkufMujyef&m if;wdkU\ armfawmfbkwf
onf urf;odkU OD;jzifh wnhfwnfh xdk;0ifav&um; xdktcg 'Da&usvsuf&Sdonf jzpfaomaMumifh
EGHrsm;wGif OD;pdkufvsuf wifaeav\/ xdktcg uRefawmfwdkU\ armfawmfbkwfvnf; if;wdkU\
avSESifh eHab;csif; ,SOfvsuf EGHwGif OD;pdkufum kwfw&uf &yfwefUav\/
xdkcP if;armfawmfbkwfay:rS vlvnf; avSay:rS ckefcs urf;ay: odkU ajcusif
wufajy;rnf y&m xdkol\ opfom;ajcaxmufonf EGHwGif uRH aeojzifh rEIwfEdkifbJ &Sdonfjzpf
aomaMumifh uRefawmfwdkUvnf; vG,fulpGm zrf;qD;Mu&av\/
if;aemuf uRefawmfwdkUonf armfawmfbkwf ESpfpif;udk wGJvsuf &efukefqdyfurf;odkU
jyefvmMu&m if;armfawmfbkwfOD;rSmum; oHaowmwpfvHk;onf oHud;rsm;ESifh csnfaESmifvsuf
&Sdonfudk awGUojzifh if;onfum; ckd;&myg ypnf;rsm; yg&Sdaom oHaowmwnf;[k awG;rdMu
&av\/
if;aowmay:um; opfom;ajcaxmufESifhvlonf vufxdyfcwfum ykvdyfESpfa,muf\
tvnfwGif rdIifum xdkifvsuf &Hzef&Hcg ykvdyfom;wdkUtm; rdrd\ vufxdyfjzifh dkufESufum
&Sdaeojzihf armifpH&Sm;u

40

a&TOa'gif;

]a,mufsm;uyJ udkrdk;oD;&,f? onfavmuf tm;i,fvdkU jzpfEkdifdk;vm;? a&mhAsm aq;vdyfrsm;

aomufygOD;} [k ajym aq;vdyfrsm; wnfNyD;vQif
]onfavmufawmif ukwfukwfuwfuwf BuHpnfNyD;vmcJh&/ aemufqHk;usrS rdoGm;w,f
0r;fenf;p&maumif;aywmyav}
armifrdk;oD;/ /(armifpH&Sm;ay;aom aq;vdyfudk rD;dS aomufvsuf) ]0rf;enf;qdk bmajymzdkU
&SdovJAsm? 'gayr,fh armifbdk;&GJudk owfwm uRefawmf r[kwf&ygbl;Asm? jrpfxJusoGm;wJh
tdkif;aumifuav;owfwmyg? uRefawmfu vGefNyD;rS odygw,fAsm? onftwGuf aumifuav;
udkawmif vufoD;ESifh wpfcsuf ESpfcsuf ydwfNyD; xdk;rdygao;w,f}
&Sm;/ /]'gawmh tjypfvnf; rwifESifhav? cifAsm;u ud;ESihf wG,fNyD;vmaewkef; olUcrsmu
armifbdk;&GJukd onfenf;ESifh rudkifvQif b,fenf;ESihf udkifEdkifrvJ}
oD;/ /]cifAsm;u wu,frsufpdESifh jrifovdkyJ? w,fodyguvm;? onfvdkAs? uRefawmfwdkU
wufwJhtcsdefu onftcef;xJrSm armifbdk;&GJ r&SdwJh tcsdefrSef;NyD; wufwmyJAs? tcgwdkif;awmh
onftcsdefrSm ol vufzuf&nfaomufqif;wJh tcsdefyJ? [dknurS olaocsifvdkU rqif;wmbJ?
odkUaomf uRefawmf raMumufygbl;? rSefrSefajymygw,f? wu,fvdkU bdk;&GJwdkU tazudkxGef;ausmfom
jzpf&if uRefawmf udk,fwdkif owfNyD;om;yJ? csrf;om ray;ygbl;? ud;ay;HkruvdkU q,fcg
jyefay;ap? raMumufygbl;? odkUaomf olUom;rsm;tay:rSmawmh &efid; r&Sdygbl;Asm? rawmfwq
[dktaumifuav; aemufvdkU jzpfoGm;&wmyJ}
&Sm;/ /]cifAsm; tcef;xJ a&mufawmh bdk;&GJ aoESifhNyDayghav}
oD;/ /]aoESihfygNyD cifAsm? qdyfvl;jrm;wJhcifAs? jyif;xefvdkufwm? uRefawmf tcef;xJ
ud;ESihfwufvmawmh vlaoaumifMuD;u oGm;BuD;NzD;NyD; uRefawmfhMunfhNyD; &,fovdk xdkifaevdkuf
wm awmfawmfawmif vefUoGm;ao;wmudk; cifAs? raumif;ygbl; cifAsm? onfypnf;awG[mudk
usdefpmoihfwJh ypnf;awG xifyg&JU/ ola&muf&m vlUvufrSm vdkufNyD; 'kuay;wJh ypnf;awG cifAs?
olaX; ,mukwfvnf; toufao&Sma&m OD;xGef;ausmfvnf; ykdifom ydkif&w,f? wpfoufvHk;
pdwfrcsrf;om&bl;? tck uRefawmfvnf; vufxJ a&mufcg&Sdao;? wpfuRef;vm;? b,fvm;
jyefa&muf&acsOD;awmhr,f}
xdkcP uRefawmfwdkU\ armfawmfbkwfvnf; yef;qdk;wef;wHwm;odkU qdkufa&mufvk
eD;avvQif armifpH&Sm;u
]udkif; udkrdk;oD; a&mufvnf; a&mufawmhr,f? usKyfwdkU tdrfvdkufNyD; tusdK;taMumif;
ajymprf;ygOD;Asm? onfypnf;awG b,fyHk&vdkU OD;xGef;ausmfESifh cifAsm;ESihf b,fyHk tIyft&Sif;
&SdMuw,fqdkwm Mum;prf;yg&apAsm/ usKyfu ykvdyf r[kwfygbl;As}
oD;/ /]ajymcsifvSacs&JUAsm? uRefawmfuvnf; tifrwef ajymcsifygw,f? odkUaomf uRefawmf
vdkufcGifh&yghrvm;}

41

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/ /]&ygw,fAsm? udp r&Sdygbl;? usKyf ajymNyD; twdkif;Asaemf? udktkef;ckdif} [k ajym

tifpydwfawmftm; MunfhvdkufavvQif tifpydwfawmfonf cGifhray;vdkaomfvnf; ajymrdonfh
pum;jzpfojzifh
]aumif;ygNyDAsm? odkUaomf w,fMuD; rMum;apESihfAsaemf} [k ajymav\/
xdktcg armifrdk;oD;u armifpH&Sm;tm;
]cifAsm; ykvdyfvnf; r[kwfbl; ajymw,f? usKyfemrnfvnf; cifAsm; odw,f? ykvdyfawG
ay:rSm vnf; MoZm&Sdw,f? cifAsm; b,folvJAs} [kar;ojzifh armifpH&Sm;u ]usKyf armifpH&Sm;ygAs}
[k ajymvQif xdkolvnf;
]aMomf usKyf Mum;zl;w,fAsdKU} ajymvsuf armifpH&Sm;udk csD;rGrf;aom rsufESmxm;ESifh Munfhum
&Sdaeav\/
n 11 em&DtcsdefcefUwGif uRefawmfwdkU tdrfodkU qdkufa&mufMuavvQif ykvdyfESpfa,mufESihf
tifpydwfawmfwdkUvnf; twlwuG vdkufygvmMuonf jzpf&m armifpH&Sm;vnf; aumfzDESifh
rHkUaowmrsm;udk tm;vHk;tm; auR;arG;NyD;aemuf pm;aomufNyD;MuvQif
&Sm;/ /]udkif; udktkef;cdkif? aowmMuD;zGifhprf;Asm? bmrsm; ygovJ Munfhprf; Mu&atmif}
ykvdyfom;/ /]aomhaum q&m}
ckdif/ /]armifrdk;oD; aomhay;vdkufuG,f}
oD;/ /]a&xJ csypfcJhNyD? ikwfacsayawmh}
ckdif/ /]w,fnpfwJh taumifudk;? uJ bdk;rSDwdkU twif; zGifhMua[h}
xdktcg ykvdyfESpfa,mufESifh uRefawmfwdkUonf oHaowmudk acR;rsm;usatmif zGifhMu&m
twefMumrS aowmonf kwfw&uf yGifhoGm; aowmwGif;odkU iHkUum MunfhMuonfwGif
ausmufoHywjrm;[l wpfckrQ r&Sdonftjzpfudk awGU&Sd &av\/
xdktcg uRefawmfwdkUtm;vHk;wdkUvnf; armifrdk;oD;\ rsufESmudk wydufeuf MunfhvdkufMu&m
armifrdk;oD;rSm &,farmvsuf &Sdonfudk awGUojzifh tifpydwfawmfu ]rif; b,fhES,fvkyfwmvJ
a[htaumif}
oD;/ /]tHhMow,fAsm? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tyifyef;cHNyD; usKyfu onf ypnf;awGudk
vufxJra&muf a&mufatmif axmifraMumuf wef;vJ raMumuf ud;vJ raMumufbJ vdkufNyD;vmcJh?
vufxJa&mufumrS cifAsm;wdkUu 0ifNyD; aESmuf,Sufwmrsm; usKyfu tvG,fwulESifh tyfvdrfhr,f
xifMuovm;As/ cifAsm;wdkU armfawmfbkwfu usKyfwdkUukd vdkufvdkU rvGwfrSef;vJ oda&m usKyfvnf;
aowmzGifhNyD; ausmufawG pdefawG wpfqkyfpD wpfqkyfpD jrpfxJ BuJypfcJh&? toJawmif
emvdkufygao;&JUAsm? &Smcsifvsif &SmMuayawmh wpfjrpfvHk;ESHUaewmyJ}
ckdif/ /(r,HkMunfvnf; r,HkMunf? pdwfvnf; ysufvSaom rsufESmxm;ESifh) ]rnmygESifhuG,f?
rif;ypfcsifvQif aowmyg csypfcJha&maygh? rnmygESifhuG,f}
42

a&TOa'gif;

oD;/ /]aowmyg cscJhvQif onfavmuf tbdk;xdkufwJh ypnf;awGudk cifAsm;wdkU ikyfNyD;

prf;,lrSmayghAs? &dk;vm;Asm/ cifAsm;wdkUavmuf yg;vdkU}
ckdif/ /(qkaiG r&rnfudk pdk;&drfojzifh trsufxGufaom rsufESmxm;ESifh) ]a[htaumif
rif;vkyfyHk rw&m;bl;uG,f? wu,fqdkawmh}
oD;/ /(xkdif&mrS x rD;xGufrwwf &Sdaom rsufvHk;rsm;ESifh Munfh) ]bmrw&m;ovJAs?
bmrsm; rw&m;ovJAs? usKyf touf usKyfpGefUNyD; &Smxm;wJh ypnf;udk olrsm; rpm;aomuf
apcsifvdkU usKyfvTifhypfwm usKyf bmrw&m;ovJAs? onfypnf;rsm; olrsm; pm;&pf&r,fqdkvQif
usKyftouf q,fjyef taocHr,fAs? pm;jcif;pm;vQif usKyfom pm;r,f? usKyf rpm;&vQif
a±ayapAs? vlpm;wm usKyf rMunfhEdkifbl;? em;vnfvm;} [k ajymvsuf trsufMuD;vSaom
rsufESmxm;ESihf &SdaeavvQif armifpH&Sm;vnf; xdkif&mrS x xdkol\ ausmudk oyfvsuf
]udkif; udkif; [kwfygNyDav? odkUaomf cifAsm; tjzpftysufvJ usKyfwdkU Mum;&atmif
jyefajymOD;rSayghAs/ Mum;yg&apOD;Asm? usKyfwdkUvJ}
oD;/ /]cifAsm;wpfa,mufjzifh awmfawmf&Sdw,f? cifAsm; Mum;csifvQifjzifh usKyf ajym&wmaygh}
[k ajym armifrdk;oD;onf trsufajyvsuf aq;wpfvdyfudk rD;dSum aomufNyD;vQif
atmufygtwdkif; jyefajymav\/
]onfvdkygAsm? usKyfu txufcsif;wGif; [krvif;rdUom;As? i,fuwnf;u trdrsm;
tzrsm;udk awmfawmf 'kuay;cJhwJh taumifuav;ayghAsm? tvkyfvJrvkyfcsifbl;? tdrfrSmvJ
ulazmfavmifzuf r&bl;? Muufwkduf? zJdkuf? xef;&nfaomuf EGm;cdk;? wu,fhvlqdk;
vkyfaecJhwmayghav? [kde,frSmawmh rdk;oD;wdkU rdk;aygufwkdU qdkvQif vlwdkif; aMumufMu&wmudk;As?
onfvdkESihf qdk;qdk;ayay avavvGifhvGifhESifh aecJh? vGefcJhwJh ppfMuD;twGif;rSm ppfrIxrf;zdkU tpdk;&u
vltpkrSm &GmuvJwGef;? olBuD;uvJ wGef;? rdUtkyfuvJ wGef;? 0kdif;NyD; wGef;Muavawmh usKyfvJyJ
e,frSm MumMumaevQif cufacs&JUvdkU ppfxJvdkufrdcJhwmudk;As? vdkufNyD; ppfajrjyifrSm
trIxrf;NyD;aewkef; jzpfcsifawmh wpfnrSm usKyfESifh ukvm;oHk;a,mufESifh wGJNyD; uif;apmifh
Muwmudk;As}
&Sm;/ /]ukvm;oHk;a,muf trnfu rmrufqif? 0g[pfcef? ewifqifwJh r[kwfvm;}
oD;/ /]tppfyJ? cifAsm; b,fhES,fodovJ? aMomf [kwfayw,f? cifAsm;u udkpH&Sm;ayudk;As?
'gESifh onfnu onfvdkAs? uif;apmifhawmhm onftem;u av;a,mufwpfpk? NyD;awmh udkufoHk;&m
cGmNyD; [dktem;u av;a,mufwpfpk? wJuav;awGESifh wpfpk wpfpk apmifhMuwmudk;As?
av;a,mufteuf ESpfa,mufu em;NyD;aevQif ESpfa,mufu aoewfxrf;NyD; wJa&SUu
acgufwHkUacgufjyef vrf;avQmufMuwmudk;As? wl&uD ppfwyfuvJ usKyfwdkUESifh ra0;vSbl;As?
ac:vdkufvQif Mum;&rwwfbJ? 'gESifh nq,fem&DausmfausmfavmufrSm uRefawmfESifh ukvm;wpf
a,muf ESihf acgufwHkUacgufjyef avQmufMuvdkU wJa&SUrSm qHkMuNyD; vGeftoGm;rSm uRefawmfh ycHk;udk
zef;ceJqdk aemufuae qGJwJhNyD; oJay:rSm vSJvdkufyga&mAs? vSJvdkufvdkU uRefawmfvnf;
yufvufuav; vSefNyD;aewkef; uRefawmfhtazmf ukvm;oHk;a,mufu uRefawmfh tem;rSm
wpfa,mufu yg;pyfudk vufESifhydwf? wpfa,mufu vufESpfzuf csKyfxm;? wpfa,mufu
aoewfatmfvefcRefESifh uRefawmfh&if awhwJhNyD; ]rma';*g;} wJh ajymwmudk; cifAs/ va&mifuvJ
tifrwef aumif;avawmh atmfvefukvm; rsufESmudk jrifvdkuf&? olUrsufESmxm;Munfh&wm
43

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

wu,fhudk uRefawmfh ]rma';*g;} r,fh vuPmyJ cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfvnf; ukvm;pum;

enf;enf;yg;yg; wwfwmESifh atmfvQifjzifh owfacs&JUvdkU NidrfNidrfuav; aevdkufygawmh? ckeifu
atmfvefcRefESifh ukvm;u olwdkU tBuHudk uRefawmfvkdufvQif uRefawmfrSm aiGrsm;rsm;BuD; &r,fwJh?
rvdkufvQifjzifh ckcsufjcif; owfNyD; oJxJrSm ryfypfvdkufr,fwJh ajymwmudk;cifAs? onfawmh
uRefawmfvnf; aiG&rSmudk onfavmuf rufarmvdkU r[kwfygbl;? toufuav;wpfacsmif;
ESajrmwmESifh? r&,fygESifhAsmwdkU? vltbdk;rwefayr,fh udk,hf toufawmh ukd,fESajrmao;wmudk;As}
&Sm;/ /] 'gaMumifh &,fwm r[kwfygbl;Asm? ajymomajymyg}
oD;/ /]onfawmhrS uRefawmfu tusdK;taMumif;ar;awmh olwdkUu awmfawmfMumvQif
wl&uDppfwyfbufu ukvm;olaX;wpfa,muf vmvdrfhr,fwJh? vmwJhtcgrSm olwdkU b,fhES,fyJ
vkyfvkyf? uRefawmfu tomuav;Munfhae&r,fwJh? NyD;awmhum &p&m&SdwJh aiGudk uRefawmfwdkU
av;a,muf tnDtrQ cGJa0NyD; ,lMur,fwJh ajymwmudk; cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfu e*dkuvJ
cyfrdkufrdkuf[mrdkU aiG&rJh vrf;qdkawmh olwdkUtBuHudk vdkufzdkU oabmwlrdwmudk; cifAs? 'gESifh
oabmwlNyD;awmh uRefawmfwdkUvnf; tajcrysuf aoewfxrf;NyD; vrf;avQmufaecJhMu? 11
em&Dxdk;vdkUvJ ray:vm? 12 em&Dxdk;vdkUvJ b,folrS ray:vm? em&Djyefwpfcsuf? ESpfcsuf? oHk;csuf
xdk;ogm;awmh uRefawmfh ukvm;awGu vmrS vmyg rvm;vdkU aerxd? xdkifrxd jzpfukefMu
wmudk;cifAs? 'gESihf uRefawmfwdkUvnf; vl;vmcyfNyD; aeMuwkef; zef;ceJqdk oHk;em&DcGJ ausmfausmf
avmufrSm avcRefoH wpfcsuf cyfwdk;wdk; Mum;vdkuf&wmudk; cifAs? onfawmh ukvm;awGu
]tmwm;? tmwm;}ESifh yg;pyfu &GwfNyD; NidrfaeMu? awmfawmfuav;Mumawmh ukvm; vlykuav;
wpfa,muf a[m[dku oHaowmudkifwJhNyD; wJxJ ajy;0ifvmwmudk; cifAs? ukvm;rsufESm
Munfh&wmu aMumufyHk&vdkufwm cifAsm? wpfoufrSm onfavmufaMumufwJhvl uRefawmfjzifh
wpfcgrS rawGUbl;ygbl; cifAsm? 'gESifh ukvm;awGu 'Dukvm;udk wJxJac: oGm;? wJxJa&mufawmh
olwdkU ukvm;udk pD&ifMur,fvdkU BuHMuwmudk;cifAs? uRefawmfawmh 0w&m;rysuf wJjyifu pef'vD
apmifhaewmudk; cifAs? 'gESihf wJxJrSm 15 rdepfavmuf wdk;wdk;ESifh ajymNyD; awmfawmfMumawmh
ckeifu ukvm;vlykuav;u tvefUwMum;ESihf wJjyif xGufajy;vmyga&m cifAs? ukvm;vlykav;u
ykyk00uav;ESihf ajy;vmvdkufwm cifAsm? ajcwHu wkdayrJh ajcEIwfu oGufavawmh jreffvdkufwm
cifAsm? aemufu ajcwH&SnfMuD;ESihf ukvm;u "m;udkifNyD; vdkufvmwm rrDEdkifbl; cifAs? vuvJ
omavawmh va&mifrSm ukvm;ykuav;[m toufab; aMumuf&SmvGef;vdkU zkwfvdIufzkwfvdIufESifh
uRefawmfhqD ajy;vm&Smwm? uRefawmfjzifh tckawmif rsufpdxJ jrifrdygao;&JU cifAsm? 'gESifh
uRefawmfhtem;vJ a&mufua&m uRefawmfu ukvm;uav;udk oem;aomfvnf; olUypnf;
vdkcsifwmwpfaMumif; wu,fvdkU olvGwfNyD; ajy;ae&ifvJ uRefawmfyg 'kua&muf&rSm jrifwmu
wpfaMumif;aMumifh olUtoufudk riJhSmEdkifbJ uRefawmfxrf;NyD; avQmufaewJh aoewfESifh
olUajcaxmufwdkuav; ESpfacsmif;Mum; uefUvefUNyD; vSJvdkufwm ukvm;uav;vnf; tGwfceJqdk
ajrMuD;ay: vdrfhoGm;&Smyga&m cifAs? 'Dvdk vdrfhoGm;onfESifh wydifeuf olUaemufu "m;ukdif yD;
vdkufvmwJh ukvm;u oJay:rSm 'l;axmufwJhNyD; ukvm;yk&if0udk "m;ESifh pdkufvdkufwm wpfcsufrS
ratmfEdkif&Smbl;? ukvm;ykuav; toufxGuf&Smyga&m cifAsm? onfawmh uRefawmfwdkU av;OD;om;
wJxJrSm wGif;wl;NyD; ukvm;ykuav; tavmif;udk ryf? ryfNyD; wJxJu olUoHaowmudk zGifhMunfhMu
wmudk;cifAs? zGifhvdkufawmh cifAsm va&mifrSm vSvdkufwJh ausmufoHywjrm;awG tifrwef
t&nfaumif;wmudk; cifAs? uRefawmfjzifh onfausmufrsdK;awG jrifvnf; rjrifzl;bl;? Mum;vnf;
rMum;zl;bl; cifAsm? ig;&wDavmufpD&SdwJh pdefBuD;awGu 37 vHk; cifAs? ausmufeDu 21 vHk;cifAs?
jru 39 vHk;cifAs? ykvJu 97 vHk;cifAs? onfhjyif ausmufawG uRefawmfrjrifbl;wJh ausmufqef;
44

a&TOa'gif;

awG qdkwmawmh rGaewmyJ cifAs? 'gESihf uRefawmfwdkU ausmufawG wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pD oa&rsm;
usatmif udkifMunfhMuNyD;? b,f[mu b,fESpfvHk;qdkwm pm&if;rSwf? rSwfNyD; aowmxJ
jyefxnfhMuwmudk; cifAs? 'gESifh reufrdk;vif;yga&m cifAsm}
&Sm;/ /]aeygOD;As? onfukvm;ykuav;u bmudp vmwmwJhwHk;}
oD;/ /]onfukvm;ykuav;u ausmufukefonfwJh cifAs/ oJuEm&xJc&D;oGm;&mrSm
"m;jyawG wdkufvdkU vlpkuGJNyD; xGufrdxGuf&m xGufajy;vdkU wl&uD ppfwyfxJ a&mufoGm;owJh cifAs?
a&mufawmh wl&uDppfAdkvfu olUrSm ypnf;awGygwm &dyfrdavawmh BuHpnfr,f vkyfavawmh olu
rouFmwmESifh t*Fvdyfppfwyfbuf ul;vmcJh&SmwmyJ cifAs? uRefawmfh ukvm; wpfa,mufESifh
aeUcif;uawGUvdkU olwdkU pDrHNyD;xifyg&JU cifAsm? onfawmh uRefawmfukvm;u ]t*Fvdyf ppfAdkvf
rsm;[m tifrwef w&m;ojzifh &SdaMumif;? &efoljynfom;jzpfaomfvnf; ppfom; r[kwfbl;qdkvQif
b,fvdkrS rvkyfwwfaMumif;? ypnf;rsm;ygvQifvnf; pdk;&drfzdkUr&SdaMumif; bmaMumif;ESifh ajymNyD;
aeUcif;uwnf;u El;xm;NyD;om;qdkudk;cifAs}
uRefawmf/ /]usm;aMumufvdkU &SifMuD;udk; &SifMuD; usm;xufqdk;qdkwmrsdK; usaewmudk; cifAs}
oD;/ /][kwfyg&JUAsm? 'gESifh reufrdk;vif;awmh uRefawmfwdkUvnf; pcef;ajymif;&yga&m
cifAsm? ajymif;&awmh ckeifu oHaowmudk uRefawmfwdkU ypnf;uav;awGxJ 0SufNyD; ,loGm;Mu
wmudk;cifAs? onfawmhum olwdkU ukvm;wyfESifh uRefawmfwdkU jrefrmwyfESifh uGJoGm;yga&m cifAsm?
uGJayr,fh wyfom uGJw,f? olwdkU wyfa&m uRefawmfwdkU wyfa&m udkifdkrdU a&mufMuudk; cifAs?
onftwGif;rSm ukvm;awGu ypnf;awGudk uRefawmf vufxJrSm xm;w,f? aomhawmh olwdkU
,lxm;w,f cifAs? 'gESifh udkifdkrdUvJ a&mufyga&m? uRefawmfvnf; ypnf;awG xdef;odrf;&wm
0efav;wmESifh av;a,mufom; oabmwl? yvDysufMuD; wpfckxJ oGm;NyD; ryfMuwmudk; cifAs?
ryfNyD; ryfwJhae&mESifh bmESifh aoaocsmcsm yHkpHawG bmawG qGJNyD; wpfa,muf wpfckpD ,lxm;
Muwmudk; cifAs? ,lxm;NyD; uRefawmfwdkU av;OD;om;? wpfOD;udk wpfOD; rjypfrSm;ygbl;?
wpfa,mufwnf; aumif;pm;zdkU b,ftcgrS rBuHpnfygbl;&,fvdkU opma& trsdK;rsdK;
aomufMu&wmudk; cifAs? onfvdkvJ 0SufNyD;a&m bmrS rajymESifh aemufwpfaeUrSmyJ uRefawmfwdkU
zrf;yga&m cifAsm? zrf;yHku onfvdkwJh cifAsm? wl&uDppfAdkvfBuD;u olUppfwyfu {nfhonf
olaX;wpfOD; aysmufoGm;aMumif; aysmufoGm;NyD;wJhaemuf
b,ftcsdef
b,fESpfem&DrSm
t*FvdyfppfwyfxJu b,fwJudk 0ifNyD; oGm;aMumif; jrifvdkufwJh oufaoESifhwuG pma&;NyD;
wkdifwef;wmudk; cifAs? wdkifwef;awmh uRefawmfwdkU pcef;cswJh ae&mrSm wl;azmfNyD; &Smawmh
ukvm;ykuav; tavmif;udk awGUwmudk; cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfwdkU av;OD;om;udk zrf;NyD;ppf?
ppfawmh uRefawmfwdkUu uG,f? uG,fayr,fh tavmif;MuD;u xif&Sm;aeavawmh jypfrI xif&Sm;vdkU
wpfuRef;udk q,fESpfpD uscHap&ef pD&ifcsuf csvdkufwmudk;cifAs? csvdkufNyD;wJhaemuf *sr'g
ESpfa,mufESifh ppfom;av;a,muf apmifhMuyfNyD; uRefawmfwdkU av;OD;udk oabFmESifh wifNyD;
wpfuRef;ydkUvdkufwmudk; cifAs} [k ajymNyD;vQif armifrdk;oD;vnf; aq;vdyfudk awmif; rD;dSNyD;
aemuf qufvuf ajymjyefonfrSm
]'gESifh oabFmay:vdkufoGm;Muawmh...}
ckdif/ /]aeygOD;? ypnf;awGawmh razmfbl;vm;}

45

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

oD;/ /]b,fu azmfrvJAsm? azmfayr,fh vGwfrSmrS r[kwfbJ? 10 ESpf axmifuscHNyD;

vGwfwJhaeUusrS azmf,lNyD; aysmfaysmfMuD;aeMur,fvdkU tm;cJxm;ESihfMuwmudk; cifAs}
&Sm;/ /]tif; [kwfygNyD? qdkygOD;}
oD;/ /]'gESifh oabFmay:a&mufawmh uRefawmfwdkU apmihfMuyfwJh *sr'g ESpfa,mufu
onfhjyif oabFmpD;rsm;ESihf zJdkufMuwmudk;cifAs? uRefawmfwdkUawmhjzifh rjrif&ygbl;? aemufrS
od&ygw,f? odyHkuawmh onfvdkcifAs? wpfn[mawmh uRefawmfu tdkuftdkuf&SdwmESifh oabFm
ukef;ywf ay:rSm wufNyD; avSif;cH&if;}
ckdif/ /]rif;wdkU xGufzdkU tcGifh&ovm;}
oD;/ /]oHajcusOf; ESpfqifh cyfvsufyg cifAsm? onfhtay: a&v,facgifBuD;rSm bmwwfEdkif
rSmwkef;? 'gESifh uRefawmf wpfa,mufxJ wpfaxmifhrSm ukyfNyD; vuav; Munfh&if; udk,fhwdkif;jynf
udk,fvGrf;qGwfNyD; aewkef; vlESpfa,mufvmwm OD;xGef;ausmfESifh OD;om[efwdkUukd; cifAsm?
uRefawmfhudk olwdkU rjrifbl;? rjrifawmh olwdkUESpfa,muf ukef;ywfay:rSm pBuavQmuf&if;
pum;ajymaeMuwmudk;cifAs/ onfawmh OD;xGef;ausmfu
]usKyfawmh cufNyDAsm? ygorQaiGvnf; ukefNyD? ukefwJhtjyif aMuG; 500d avmufawmif
[dktaumifhqD wifaeNyDAs? cifAsm; odw,f r[kwfvm;? onfaiGudk oabFm rqdkufcif qyfvQifqyf?
rqyfvQif qdkif&mudk wdkifwef;r,fwJhAs? usKyfrSm qyfp&mvnf; r&Sdbl;? usKyfawmh &Sufw,f?
aoawmhr,f? b,fawmhrS rrdkufcJhbl;ESifh}
OD;om[ef/ /]r[kwfwmAsm? onfavmufESifh bmudp &Sd&rSmwkef;? usKyfqDu vSnfhwmaygh?
eufjzefusvsif aumfcsifaumfrSmyg}
OD;xGef;ausmf/ /]udkif; eufjzefwpfaeU aumfvQifaumf? raumfvQifawmh usKyf vlUjynfrSm
raeawmhbl;? usKyfom;awG usKyf&SufvSw,fAsm} vdkU ajymNyD; olwdkU ESpfa,muf xGufoGm;wmudk;
cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfhrSm olwdkU ESpfa,muf ajymwJh pum;Mum;NyD; tBuHay:NyD; usef&pfcJhwmudk;
cifAs? 'gESifh eufjzefusawmh raeUu tcsdefrSm raeUu ae&mem; uRefawmfoGm;NyD; apmifhae
jyefwmudk;cifAs? aejyefawmh awmfawmfMumawmh OD;xGef;ausmf wpfa,mufxJ aygufvmwJhNyD;
ukef;ywfay: pBuavQmuf&if; tifrwef pdwfIyfwJh trlt&mESifh aq;vdyfBuD; w0if;0if;ESifh
zGmaewmudk;cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfu tem;uyfwJhNyD;
]OD;xGef;ausmf cifAsm? uRefawmf pum;uav; wpfcGef;ESpfcGef; wdkifyifyg&ap cifAsm} vdkU
ajymawmh olu ]b,folvJa[h armifrdk;oD;vm;? bmudpvJ} wJh? onfawmh uRefawmfu
uRefawmfhrSm ypnf;Opmrsm;pGm ryfESHxm;&SdaMumif;? onfypnf;rsm; qdkif&mudk tyfESH&vQif wpfuRef;
uszdkU ESpfrsm;avsmhayghrnf xifaMumif;ESifh prf;NyD; uRefawmfu ajymMunfhwmudk; cifAs? onfawmh
olu ]rif;ypfn;awGu tzdk;b,favmuf wefovJuGJU} wJh? onfawmh uRefawmfu ]tenf;qHk;
ig;odef;zdk;avmuf &Sdvdrfhr,fcifAsm} vdkUajymawmh olu ]aMomf ig odNyD? onftrIu &wJh ypnf;
awGvm;} wJh? onfawmh uRefawmfu ][kwfw,fq&m} vdkUajymawmh olu ]aeygOD;uG,f
b,ft&mrsdK;rqdk pOf;pOf;pm;pm;vkyfyg? tpdk;&udk jyeftyfvdkUvJ rif;rSm tusdK;&SdcsifrS &SdrSmuGJU?
ra&&mbl;? onfawmh [kwfvm;? r[kwfvm; igod&atmif rif;wdkU tjzpftysufawG
jyefajymprf;ygOD;uG,f} vdkU ajymwmudk; cifAs/
46

a&TOa'gif;

]ajymawmh uRefawmfu tjzpftysufudk tukeftpif jyefajym? ajymayr,fh ypnf;ryf

xm;wJhae&mawmh uRefawmf rajymbl;aygh cifAsm? 'gESifh uRefawmf ajymwmawG olem;axmifNyD;
twefMumatmif pOf;pm;? pOf;pm;NyD;awmh olu ]aeOD; rif;Opm igwpfa,mufxJawmh rBuHwwfbl;?
OD;om[ef ac:acsOD;r,f} qdkNyD; awmfawmfMumawmh OD;om[efqdkol ac:vmwmudk; cifAs?
ac:vmawmh uRefawmfu ckeifutwdkif; wpfcg jyefNyD; tusdK;taMumif;udk tajymckdif;vdkU
ajym&jyefyga&m cifAs? ajymNyD;wJhaemuf OD;xGef;ausmfu ]udkif; rif;Opm tpdk;&ESifh qdkifwJh
udpr[kwfbl;? tpdk;&udk rtyfavESifh? igwdkU wwfEdkifoavmuf ulnDr,f? b,fvdkrsm; rif;u
ulnDapcsifovJ? ulnDNyD; igwdkUudk rif; b,favmufay;rvJ} vdkU ar;wmudk; cifAs? onfawmh
uRefawmfu uRefawmfESifhwuG uRefawmf rdwfaqG oHk;a,mufudk vGwfajrmufatmif ulnDyg?
ulnDNyD;wJhaemuf ypnf;awGudk tnDtrQ cGJa0NyD; ,lygr,fvdkU ajymwmudk;cifAs/
]onfawmh olu ]vGwfajrmufzkdU ulnDwmawmh [kwfygNyDuG,f? odkUaomf ckcsufjcif;
rif;wdkUudk vGwfatmifawmh igwdkUvJ rwwfEdkifbl;uGJU} wJh? onfawmh uRefawmfu ]ckcsufjcif;
bm[kwfrvJ cifAsm? uRefawmf enf;enf;ajymygr,f? wpfuRef;a&mufawmh tusOf;orm;rsm;[m
onfhjyifaxmifrsm;rSmvdk tifrwef usOf;usOf;usyfusyfMuD; r&Sd? acsmifacsmifcsdcsd tcsdefESifh oGm;cGifh
vmcGifh &w,fqdk? [kwfuJh r[kwfvm;} vdkU ar;awmh OD;xGef;ausmfu ]igwdkUvJ onfvdkyJ
Mum;zl;w,f} wJh cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfu ]aumif;NyD? onfawmhum cifAsm;wkdUu b*Fvm;qD?
rm'&yfqDu &GufavSuav;wpfck0,f? 0,fNyD; pm;eyf&dumawG uRefawmfwdkU av;a,muftwGuf
jynfhpHkatmif wifcJh? wifcJhNyD;aemuf wpfuRef;u qdyfurf;wpfckrSm vmNyD; uyf? onfawmh
uRefawmfwdkU av;a,muf ntcg qif;vmNyD; xGufajy;Mur,f? ukdif; b,fhES,fvJAsm} vdkU ar;awmh
OD;xGef;ausmfu ][kwfawmh [kwfygNyDuG,f? rjzpfEkdifp&mvJ r&Sdygbl;? odkUaomf rif;ajymwJhtwdkif;
rSef rrSefudkig a&S;OD;pGm pHkprf;Munfh&vdrfhr,f? pHkprf;MunfhvdkU rif;ajymwJh twdkif; ypnf;awG awGUvdkU
&SdvQif rif;tMuHtwdkif; igwdkUvdkufemr,f} vdkUajymwmudk;cifAs/
]onfawmh uRefawmfu uRefawmfhtusOf;orm; ukvm;tazmf oHk;a,mufudk wdkifyifyg
&apOD; qdkNyD; wdkifyif? wdkifyifawmh aemufqHk;usawmh olwdkUuvJ oabmwl&SmMuwmygyJ cifAs?
onfawmh uRefawmfwdkU b,fhES,fvkyfovJ? ypnf;0Sufxm;&m t&yf\ ajryHkudk ul;? ul;NyD;
olwdkUudkay;? ay;NyD; OD;xGef;ausmfu wpfuRef;a&mufawmh cGifhcHNyD; oGm;Munfh? MunfhvdkU
wu,f&SdvdkUvQif uRefawmf ajymwJhtwdkif; avSuav;wpfck iSm;NyD; pm;a&&dumESifh tjynfhtpHk
vmzkdUudk; cifAs? 'gESifh onftBuHtwdkif; ajcmufOD;om; oabmwl opma&aomufMujyefyga&m
cifAsm? uJ wdkwdk ajymawmhr,f? wpfuRef;a&mufyga&m cifAsm? a&mufawmh OD;xGef;ausmfu cGifhcHNyD;
OpmMunfh&,fvdkU oGm;yga&m cifAsm? oGm;vdkufwm ray:vmbl; cifAs? ray:vmawmh aemufawmh
OD;om[efqD pm&owJh? oljzifh rusef;rmvdkU cGifhcHNyD; jrefrmjynf jyefoGm;NyDwJh? uRefawmfhudkawmif
pmjyao;w,f? aemufawmh OD;om[efvJ jyefoGm;a&m? uRefawmfwdkUrSm wpfuRef;tzwfwifNyD;
ypnf;vJqHk;? vlvJ rvGwfESifh rGwfNyD;usef&pfcJhwmudk;cifAs? onfawmh uRefawmfhpdwfxJ
b,hfES,fjzpfovJ? {uE OD;xGef;ausmfqdkwJh taumif uRefawmfwdkUudk ESyfwmyJ? onfawmh
wpfoufrSm olUtay: vufpm; racs&vQif raebl;qdkNyD; vGwfaMumif;csnf;yJ BuHpnfcJhwmudk;
cifAs? onftcgusawmh uRefawmfrSm ypnf;vdkcsifvdkU onfavmufr[kwfygbl; cifAs? vludk
vufpm;acscsifwJh pdwfavmufyJ &Sdygawmhw,f? onfvdkESihf vGwf&mvGwfaMumif; BuHpnfNyD;aecJh?
wpfvxuf wpfv wpfESpfxuf wpfESpf ul;NyD;omvmcJh? tBuHudkyJ txrajrmufcJhygbl; cifAsm?
onfvdk&Sdaewkef; wpfaeUoawmh wpfuRef;u vldkif;uav; wpfa,muf awmpyfrSm zsm;NyD;vJae?
uRefawmfvnf; aq;uav; 0g;uav; 0goem ygwmESifh ukoay;cJh? aysmufoGm;&Smwmudk; cifAs?
47

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

onfawmh onftdkif;uav;u uRefawmfhudk tifrwef aus;Zl;wifNyD; b,ftcgrS rcGmbl;?

aemufu waumufaumuf vdkufaewmudk;cifAs? aMomf 'gxuf ajym&OD;r,f? uRefawmfh
ajcaxmuf[m tpu taumif;yg cifAsm? wpfuRef;a&mufwJhaeUrSmrS opfvHk;zdrdvdkU aq;HkwufNyD;
ajcjzwfypf&vdkU opfom;ajcaxmuf wyfxm;&ygw,f? 'gESifh ckeifu vldkif;uav;u uRefawmfhudk
tifrwef cspfcifNyD; aeUa&mnOfhyg twlwuG aeavawmh uRefawmfvJ olwdkU bmompum;
rsm;wwfNyD; wpfaeUoawmh uRefawmfu xGufajy;csifwJhtaMumif;rsm; wdkifyifMunfhwmudk;cifAs/
onfawmh olu olUrSm avSwpfpD; &Sdw,fwJh? onfavSay:rSm tkef;oD;awG? bmawG pm;p&mawG
rsm;rsm;0SufxnfhNyD; qdyfurf;u csHKwpfckrSm 0SufNyD;xm;r,fwJh? tcGifhomwJh tcgrSm
xGufNyD;ajy;vQif olvnf; vdkufygr,fwJh ajymwmudk; cifAs/
]onfawmh uRefawmfvJ olUtBuHtwdkif; vdkufNyD; wpfnrSm wpfuRef;u q&m
wynfhESpfa,muf xGufajy;vmcJhwmudk; cifAs? vrf;c&D;rSm a&mufvdkufwJh 'kuqdkwmawmh
rajymygeJUawmh cifAs? ao&oavmufrS raumif;ygbl;? onfvdkESifh wpfvavmuf 'kucHNyD;
uHtm;avQmfpGm puFmyla&muf? tJ'DrSm ydkufqHav; bmuav; ulvDvkyf&SmNyD;rS &efukefudk
oabFmESifh jyefcJhwmudk;cifAs? &efukefa&mufawmh OD;xGef;ausmfaewJh t&yfudk&Sm/ &SmvdkU awGUa&m?
awGUawmh olu tifrwef owdESifh aeavawmh olUtoufzwfzdkU BuHvdkUudk r&bl; cifAs?
onfvdkESifh aewkef; wpfaeUo olUtonf;toef jzpfaew,fvdkU Mum;a&m? Mum;vdkU olUtdrf0if;xJ
reJBuHNyD; 0ifoGm;ygw,f? uRefawmfvJ a&mufua&m olvJ toufaysmufyga&m cifAsm? onfnu
uRefawmf 0ifNyD; tdrfaxmifrI ypnf;awG bmawG arTaESmufNyD; &Smao;w,f? &SmaywJh rawGUbl;As?
rawGUvdkU tavmif;rSm pmawmif uyfxm;ao;w,f? aemufawmh uRefawmf olUom;rsm;
awGUavovm;vdkU owif;em;cHNyD;ae? olwdkUvJ rawGUbl;wJh cifAs? awGUrJhawGUawmh rsufESmMuuf
ay:rSm oGm;NyD; awGUowJh? awGUaMumif;vJ uRefawmfMum;a&m? uRefawmfh wynfhESifh uRefawmfESihf
ESpfa,muf oGm;wJhNyD; olUcg;rSm ud;csnfvTwfvdkufw,f? wufoGm;vdkufwJhtaumif cifAsm?
wu,fharsmufusaewmyJ? 'gESifh trdk;ay:u taygufu olqif;? qif;awmh bdk;&GJu uHqdk;csifawmh
tcef;xJrSm &Sdae&Smwmudk; cifAs? 'gESifh olUqdyfvl;jrm;ql;ESifh rIwfvdkufwm yGJjcif;NyD;&Smyga&m
cifAsm? aemufNyD;awmhrS uRefawmfu jywif;aygufu olcsay;wJh ud;ESifh wG,fNyD; wuf?
wufvmawmh bdk;&GJ aoESifh&SmNyD? onfawmh rwwfEdkifygbl;vdkU aumifuav; em;o,f wpfcsuf
ESpfcsuf ykwfNyD; oHaowmudkcs? aomhudk bdk;&GJtavmif;u ,l? ,lNyD; oHaowmudk ud;ESifh
jywif;aygufu avQmcsNyD; uRefawmfqif;? qif;NyD; wynfhausmfudk ajc&mvuf&m rusef&pfatmifvdkU
jywif;wHcg; tydwfckdif;NyD; vmwJhvrf;u jyefqif;apcJhwmudk;? 'gygyJ cifAsm? r&Sif;wm &Sd&if
ar;ygawmh}
&Sm;/ /]onfuaeUn bmvkyfr,fvdkU armfawmfbkwfESifh ul;ovJ}
oD;/ /]aMomf onfvdk cifAs? onfavmufrsm;wJh ywjrm;awGudk onfjynfrSm a&mif;vQif
uRefawmfhyHkyef;ESifh b,folurS ,HkMunfrSm r[kwfavawmh eufjzefxGufr,fh oabFmESifh
b*Fvm;vdkufr,fvdkU cifAs}
&Sm;/ /]aMomf [kwfvm;? NyD;awmh usKyf qdyfvl;jrm;tdwfuav; wpfck awGUw,f? jrm;awGvJ
awGUw,f? onf[m awGUawmh cifAsm; wynfhausmfrSm ypfp&m jrm; r&Sdbl; rSwfw,f/ onfuaeU
nawmh armfawmfbkwfay:uaeNyD; usKyfwdkUudk ypfao;oudk;As? b,fu &ovJ}

48

a&TOa'gif;

oD;/ /]jrm;awG tukef usae&pfw,f? ajymif;wHrSm xnfhxm;wJh jrm;ql;wH wpfacsmif;yJ

usefw,f}
&Sm;/ /]aMomf [kwfuJhvm;? onf[m usKyf rwGufrdbl;AsdKU} [k ajymvQif tifpydwfawmf
OD;tkef;cdkifvnf; xdkif&mrS x
]udkif; OD;pH&Sm;? awmfawmfvJ tcsdefvifhoGm;NyD? ar;p&m ukefavmufNyD rSwfw,f? usKyfwdkU
jyefyg&apAsm? cGifhyyg/ armifrdk;oD; rdwmawmh cifAsm; aus;Zl;ayyJ? odkUaomf qkaiGawmhjzihf
w,fBuD; &zdkU rjrifbl;AsdKU? ywjrm;awGvJ qHk;&Smayaygh? udkif; ar;p&m&Sdao;ovm;}
&Sm;/ /]r&Sdygbl;Asm? nOfhvJeufygNyD? jyefMuygawmh}
if;aemuf tifpydwfawmfESifh ykvdyfESpfa,mufwdkUvnf; w&m;cHudk ac: wdkufay:rS
qif;oGm;Mu&m uRefawmfrSmrl if;trIwGif a&S;OD;pGm trI&Sif jzpfaom q&mr rESif;nGefUuav;\
qHk;yg;aom ypnf;b@mrsm;taMumif;udk pOf;pm;pdwful;vsuf ypnf;yif r&Sdaomfvnf; if;\
tay: jzpfay:rdaom arwmpdwfonf wdk; wdk; omvQif vmcJhonf jzpfaomaMumifh if;\
rsufESmuav;udk wa&;a&; xifjrifvsuf &SdpOf armifpH&Sm;u ]ypnf;qHk;ayrJh oli,fruav;u
w,fNyD; rdef;r yD&SmaywmuyJAsm} [k cyfyH;yH; ajymvdkufojzifh uRefawmfrSm tBuHudk odoGm;ojzifh
rsufESmylylESifh tdyfcef;odkU 0if&av\/

49

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

2/ armifpH&Sm;onf tb,faMumifh vlysdKBuD;vkyf aeygoenf;

aEG&moDtul;jzpfojzifh yljyif;aom aEGtcg naecif;tcsdefwGif uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;
wdkUonf oHk;xyfwdkuf trdk;ay: odkU wufMuNyD;vQif yufvufukvm;xdkif wpfckpDESifh avSif;cH
vsuf &SdMupOf Owk&moDtaMumif;rSp a&mufwwf&m&m axG&mav;yg;pum;wdkUudk ajymqdkvsuf
&SdMu&m aemufqHk; rdef;rtaMumif;ESifh ywfouf tdrfaxmif&ufom; y&jcif;\ tusdK;tjypf
wdkUudk wpfa,mufwpfcGef; xifjrifcsufay;vsuf &SdMuav\/
uRefawmf/ /]'kursm;wmawmh [kwfw,f udkpH&Sm;&JU? EdkUayr,fh cifAsm;vnf; touf
av;q,fausmfvdkU ig;q,f csOf;vmawmh tdkrif;rpGrf; &SdwJhtcgrSm ausmaxmuf aemufcH qdkwmvdkU
om;orD; wpfa,mufwpfav &Sdatmifawmh tdrfaxmif&ufom; yOD;rS awmfr,f xifw,fAs}
&Sm;/ /]om;orD; q,fa,muf &SdvdkU rdbrSm ausmaxmufaemufcH &wJh om;orD; b,fESpf
a,muf ygr,f xifovJ? om;orD; &SdwJh rdbawG wpf&m&SdwJh teufu ighrSm tm;udk;&wJh om;wpf
a,muf &SdNyD? orD; wpfa,muf &SdNyDvdkU &J&JBuD; pdwfcs&wJh rdb b,fESpfa,muf &Sdr,f xifovJ}
uRefawmf/ /]'gawmh t[kwfom;y? EdkUayr,fh oufBuD;&G,f&if jzpfwJh tcgusawmh
udk,fhaoG; udk,hfom;xJu wpfa,mufwpfav &Sdw,f qdkwm aumif;wmayghAs}
&Sm;/ /]wefyg rdwfaqG? om;orD; vdkcsifvdkU rdef;r,lwJh vl&,fvdkU b,frSm Mum;zl;vdkUvJ?
rdef;rudk cspfrd udufrdvdkU ,lMu&wm r[kwfbl;vm;As}
uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm;rSmawmh olwpfyg;vdk rdef;rwpfa,mufudk pwifNyD; cspfrJh udufrJh
vlwpfa,muf r[kwfvdkU wjcm;taMumif;jyNyD; wdkufwGef; &wmyAs}
&Sm;/ /]rcspfbl;? rudufbl;&atmif cifAsm;u usKyfudk tmoa0g uif;aew,f rSwfvdkU
vm;As}
uRefawmf/ /]EdkU cifAsm; cspfzl; udufzl;vdkUvm;As}
xdktcg armifpH&Sm;onf yufvufukvm;xdkifay:wGifyufvufvSefumxkdif&if; tvGefa0;uGm
onfh t&yfodkU arQmf Munfhaeaom rsufESmxm;rsdK;ESifh twefMum pum;rajymbJ MunfhaeNyD;aemuf
oufjyif;csvsuf
&Sm;/ /]cifAsm;ESihf oduRrf;Muwm av;ig;ajcmufESpf&SdoGm;NyD? cifAsm;udk onftaMumif;
usKyfwpfcgrS rajymzl;ao;bl;? odkUaomf aeOD; usKyf jyOD;r,f} [k ajymNyD;vQif armifpH&Sm;onf
wdkufrdk;ay:rS atmufodkU qif;oGm;av\/ wpfcPrQMumaomtcg armifpH&Sm;onf "mwfyHk wpfckudk
ukdifvsuf wufvm
50

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/ /]a&mh udkodef;armif? aoaocsmcsm Munfhprf;? onfrdef;rrsdK;udk cspfudufzl;wJh ol[m

aemufxyfNyD; cspfEdkif udufEdkifygOD;awmhrvm;Asm} [k ajym "mwfyHkudk uRefawmhftm; ay;ojzifh
uRefawmfonf "mwfyHkudk aocsmpGm MunfhI&m kwfw&uf pum;rajymEdkifbJ rsufvHk;rsm; jyL;vsuf
&Sdaerdav\/ pifppfaomfum; rsm;pGmaom rdef;rwdkUonf acsmMuyg\? vSMuyg\/ odkU&mwGif
xdk"mwfyHkwGif yg&Sdaom rdef;rrSm omrntm;jzifh acsmarmvSyjcif;xuf rdzk&m;ozG,f cHhx,f
odkufrdufpGm &Sdaom udk,f[ef taetxm;ESihf csdKat;Munfvif tvGefvQif cspfcifzG,faumif;aom
rsufESmxm;wdkUonf wpfOD;aomol a&maESmvsuf &Sd&mum; wpfckaom *kPfxl;onf wpfckaom
*kPfxl;\ Muufoa&udk wdk;wufapvsuf IjrifolwdkU\ pdwf zdkvdIuf tHhMozG,f&m wpfckyif
rSwfxif&ay\/ xdkxuf tHhMozG,f&mwpfckrSm xdkrdef;r\ rsufvHk;rsm; jzpfav&m if;\
rsufvHk;wdkUrSm txl;ojzifh mPfynm eufeJxufjrufaMumif; xif&Sm;aponf jzpfaomaMumifh
kyfyHkyifjzpfaomfvnf; if;kyfyHkudk Munfhrdaom olwdkUrSm xkdrdef;ronf ig\ tonf; ESvHk;acsmif
twGif; ckduyf ykef;atmif;vsuf &Sdaom pdwful; tBuHtpnfudkyif od&SdavNyDwum;[k xifrSwf
avmufatmif &Sday\/
uRefawmfonf "mwfyHkudk MunfhNyD;aemuf armifpH&Sm;vufodkU jyeftyf xdkrdef;r\
t*Fgkyfudk csD;rGrf;ajymqdkav&m armifpH&Sm;onf uRefawmf ajymqdkonfh pum;rsm;udk em;axmif
onfh vuPm r&SdbJ "mwfyHkudk pdkufai;um MunfhNyD;aemuf oufyifhI "mwfyHkudk &Syftustdwf
xnfhxm;vdkufav\/
uRefawmf/ /]"mwfyHk&SiftaMumif;udk wqdwfavmuf rMum;&bl;vm;Asm}
&Sm;/ /(ta0;odkU arQmfMunfhaeonfh rsufESmxm;rsdK;ESifh awGa0um &SdaeNyD;aemuf) ]b,folUrS
usKyf rajymzl;ygbl;Asm? odkUaomfvnf; pum;pyfrdvdkU ajymjy &OD;rSmyJAsm}
if;aemuf armifpH&Sm;onf tHhMozG,f&maumif;vSaom atmufyg tjzpftysufrsm;udk ajym
jyav&m uRefawmfonf if;\ pum;twdkif; r[kwfbJ 0wKoGm; tpDtpOfuJhodkU wnfxGifNyD;vQif
qdkif&m qdkif&m tcef;cef;cGJ a&;om;azmfjyvdkufayownf;/
tcef; 1
vGefcJhonfh ESpfaygif; ESpfq,fausmfcefUtcsdefu wpfno touf q,fh&SpfESpf t&G,fcefU
rdef;rysdKwpfa,mufESifh toufESpfq,fhig;ESpfcefUvkvifysdK wpfa,mufonf rEav;rdU taemufjyif
*kPfwef&yfuGuf&Sd wpfckaom tdrfMuD; vomcef;wGif orD;&nf;pm;bm0 Muifem,k,aom
trlt&mESifh pum;ajymqdkvsuf &SdMuav\/ xdktdrfMuD;onfum; rdU0efOD;vluav;\ tdrfMuD;
jzpfav&m rdef;rysdKuav;rSm OD;vluav;\ wpfa,mufwnf;aom orD;jzpf trnfrSm rdrdBuD;
[l wGifav\/ rdrdBuD;\ zcifonf armifausmfjr\ zcifESifh oli,fcsif; jzpfMuonfhtavsmuf
armifausmfjronf xdktdrfodkUi,fpOftcgrSpoGm;vm 0ifxGufavh&SdcJhonf jzpf&m rdU0efOD;vluav;
onfvnf; armifausmfjronf oli,fcsif;\ om;jzpfonfhjyif pOf;pm;qifjcifwwfonfh mPfynm
ESifhvnf; txl;ojzifh jynfhpHkcJhonf jzpfaomaMumifh rdrd\orD; BuD;jyif;onfhtcg if;olESifhyif
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;aptHh[k tBuH&SdcJhav\/
armifausmfjr\ zcifuvnf; xdkenf;twl tBuHtpnf&SdcJh[ef wlav&m aocgeD;qJqJ
ol\om;tm; if;tBuHtpnfudk zGifh[ajymqdkNyD;vQif tz\ pum;udk em;axmif&pfap&ef
twefwef rSmxm;cJhav\/ rdrdBuD;rSmvnf; tkyft&nftm;jzifh vnf;aumif; qdkzG,f&mr&Sd jzpf&
51

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

avum; armifausmfjrrSm zcif\ pum;udk vdkufem&ef rsm;pGm rcJ,Of;bJ xdktdrfodkU a&S;uenf;wl

0ifxGufoGm;vm&if;ESifhyif wpfaeUo vli,fwdkU bm0 cspfudufaMumif;udk zGifh[ajymqdkNyD;
jzpfMuav\/
armifausmfjrrSm xdktcg ukd;wef;pmar;yGJukd atmifjrifNyD; jzpfaomfvnf; pma&;pmcsD tp&Sd
aom tpdk;& trIxrf; tvkyftudkifrsdK; vkyfudkif&ef rvdkvm;onfjzpf zcif\ tvkyfjzpfaom
yGJpm;vkyfief;udk qufvufvkyfudkifcJh&m armifausmfjronf if;vkyfief;udkvnf; rESpfoufonf
jzpfaomaMumihf rnfodkUaom tvkyfrsdK;onf rdrd\ txHk0goemESifh avsmfnDonfudk a&G;cs,f&if
0wfaMu0wfukefrQomvQif qufvuf vkyfudkifvsuf &SdcJhav\/
,cka&;om;azmfjyvsuf &Sdaom nOfhtcgum; OD;vluav; vifr,m;wdkUonf rdwfaqG
wpfa,muf\ tvr@myfodkU oGm;a&mufvnfywfcdkuf jzpfojzihf orD;&nf;pm;ESpfa,mufwdkUonf
ta&;BuD;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk wdkifyifvsuf &Sdaeonfh vuPmESifh tdrfa&SUvomcef;wGif
&SdaeMu&m
rdrdBuD;/ /]udkudkjruvJ? udkudkjr&,f zGifhajym&ifvJ ajymjyprf;yg&Sif? uRefrudk r,HkMunf
EdkifvdkU pum;ukef rajymovm; udkudkjr&JU}
jr/ /(&nf;pm;onf\ vufuav;udk ,k,Muifemaom trlt&mESifh udkifvsuf) ]ajymvdkU
rawmfwJh pum;rdkU rajymbJ &Sdygw,f ESr&,f? udkudkUudk ,HkMunfvdkU&SdvQif ajymorQ pum;avmuf
ESifh ,ck wif;wdrfNyD; aemufusawmh tjzpftysuf tvHk;pHkukd &Sif;vif;NyD;jyygr,f ESr&,f}
MuD;/ /(EIwfcrf;plvsuf) ][ifhtif; oabmrusEdkifbl;? ajym&r,f? tck tukefajymjy&r,f}
jr/ /]cufygNyD ESr&,f? tck zGifhNyD; ajymvdkU&SdvQif udkudkUrSm tE&m,fBuD; jzpfvdrfhr,f ESr&JU?
ukdif; onfavmuf ajym&if ESru auseyfygawmhuG,f}
BuD;/ /]uRefrwpfa,mufwnf; ajymHkESifh udkudkUrSm toufqHk;IH;zdkU &Sdw,fvm;}
jr/ /]toufqHk;HI; wwfygw,f ESr&,f}
BuD;/ /]b,fvdk udprsm;ygvdrfh odcsifvdkufwm udkdukd&,f}
jr/ /]odcsdefwefawmh odygvdrfhr,f ESr&,f? onf;cHvdkufygOD;? udkif; onfawmh ESru udkudk
ajymwJh twdkif; ,ck wpfv ESpfv twGif;rSm udkudk rvmayr,fh pdwfrqdk;ESifh? udkudkUtaMumif;udk
b,folu b,fvdkyif raumif;ajymaomfvnf; ESr r,HkMunf&pfESifhaemf}
BuD;/ /]uRefrwdkU tdrfudk ukdudk rvm&atmif b,foGm;rvdkUvJ udkudk&JU}
jr/ /]b,foGm;r,fvdkUvJ rajymEkdifbl; ESr}
BuD;/ /]EdkU olrsm;u raumif;ajym&atmif udkudku bmrsm; vkyfcJhvdkUvJ udkudk&,f}
jr/ /]'gvnf; udkudk rajymEkdifbl; ESr&,f? udkdukdUudk ,HkMunfvdkU&SdvQif tppt&m&mrSm
rsufpdrdSwfNyD; vHk;vHk;MuD; ,HkMunf&pfygawmh ESr&,f? a[m a':a':wdkU? OD;wdkU jyefvmMuNyD? oGm;NyD
ESra&}
52

a&TOa'gif;

if;aemuf armifausmfjronf tdrfaemufavScg;rS vsifjrefpGm qif; oGm;av&m rdrdBuD;rSm wm;qD;

jcif;iSm rwwfEdkifbJ rsuf&nf0dkif;vsuf armifausmfjr oGm;&modkU arQmfMunfhum usef&pfav\/

tcef; 2
armifausmfjronf rdrdBuD;wdkU\ tdrfrS qif;vmcJh ausmufaoG;wef;vrf; wpfavQmuf
vsifjrefpGm avQmufvmcJh&m jrif;&xm;wpfpD;udk awGUonfESifh wufpD;NyD;vQif jrif;&xm;orm;tm;
"m;wef;&yfuGufodkU armif;ESifapav\/ aps;csdKawmf ajrmufbuf&Sd "m;wef;&yfuGufodkU a&mufaom
tcg armifausmfjronf jrif;&xm;ukd &yfap &xm;cay;NyD;vQif tenf;i,f ajcusifavQmuf
NyD;aemuf wpfckaomwdkuftdkMuD;odkU a&muf rdrdtm; olwpfyg;wdkU jrifavoavm[k awmifajrmuf
av;yg;wdkUudk MunfhINyD;vQif rdrd\ tdwf ygaom aomhESifh wdkufwHcg;udk zGifh wdkufwGif;odkU
0ifoGm;av\/
twGif;odkU a&mufaomtcg armifausmfjronf wdkufwHcg;udk wzef ydwfNyD;aemuf rdrd\
tdwfxJ aqmif,lcJhaom vufESdyf"mwfrD;udk xkwf xkd;Munhf&m avScg; aumif;rGef oyf,yfpGm
0wfqifvsuf kyf&nfoem;urm; &Sdaom oli,fr wpfa,muf\ tavmif;onf acGvsuf
&Sdaeonfudk awGUjrif&av\/ xkdtcg armifausmfjronf xdwfvefU tHhMoonfh trlt&m tenf;rQ
r&SdbJ EIwfcrf;udk udkufum olli,fr\ tavmif;udk MunfhINyD;aemuf tavmif;ay:rSausmf
wdkufay: odkU avScg;rS wufoGm;av\/ if;wdkuftdkBuD;um; pm;yGJukvm;xdkif bDdkrS p tawmf
twef crf;em;oyf,yfaom tdrfaxmif ypnf;wdkUjzifh jynfhESufvsuf &Sdaomfvnf; xkdtcsdeftcg
vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ r&SdbJ wdwfqdwfpGm &Sdaeav\/
wdkufay: odkU a&mufaomtcg armifausmfjronf wpfckaom pma&;pm;yGJodkU oGm;NyD;vQif
tHqGJrsm;udk wpfckNyD;vQif wpfck qGJEkwf twGif; &Sdaom t&m0wKrsm;udk arTaESmufum
&SmazGav\/ twGif;um; aMomf'DrefpmcsKyf? wHqdyfawmfacgif;? "mwfyHk oHk;av;ck? pma&;puLrsm;
tp&Sdonfh ypnf;wdkUudk awGUav&m armifausmfjronf wpfckpD wD;acgufum Munfhav\/ wpfck
aom tHqGJum; vdkPfoH ygonfudk Mum;av&m armifausmfjronf if;udk aocsmpGm pHkprf; MunfhI
onfwGif tzHk;wpfck yg&Sdonfudk awGU&Sd&av\/ xkdtcg armifausmfjronf rdrd toifhaqmif
,lcJhaom vufeufrsm;ESifh if;tzHk;udk prf;oyf zGifhav&m aemufqHk; tzHk;onf yGifhoGm;
twGif;um; acgufvsuf&Sdaom puLwpf&Gufudk awGU&Sdav\/ xdkpm&Gufudk jzefU rD;a&mifwGif
MunfhNyD;aomtcg armifausmfjronf pdwfauseyfonfh vuPmESifh rdrd\ tustdwftwGif;odkU
acgufxnfh wdkuf\ tay:rS qif;rnf yav\/
xdkaemufrS wpfzef tBuH&onfh vuPmESihf armifausmfjronf pm;yGJ&Sd&modkU wHkUjyef
vmNyD;vQif rdrd\ tdwfrS vufudkify0gudk xkwfNyD;aemuf rdrd udkifwG,fcJhorQaom t&m0wKwdkU
rdrd\ vuf&m rxif&pfapjcif;iSg vufudkify0gESifh aphiSatmif txyfxyf yGwfwdkufav\/
if;aemuf armifausmfjronf vufESdyf"mwfrD;udk xdk;vsuf avScg;rS qif;vmcJh&m oli,fr
\tavmif; teD;odkU a&mufaomtcg MuufoD;xrdav\/ odkU&mwGif pdwfudk wif;NyD;aemuf
tavmif;\rsufESmudk rD;a&mifESifh wnfhwnfh xdk;vsuf twefMum MunfhNyDvQif OD;acgif;udk&rf;vsuf
oufjyif;csrdav\/ xkdaemuf armifausmfjronf wdkufay:rS aqmif,lvmcJhaom pm&Gufudk
53

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

tustdwfrS xkwfNyD;aemuf oli,fr\ vuf xnfhNyD;vQif wdkufatmuf aphiSatmif vufESdyf

"mwfrD; ESifh xdk; MunfhNyD;rS wdkufjyifodkUxGuf wHcg;udk ydwfxm;cJhav\/ xdktcgum;
armifausmfjrrSm rdrd\ tBuHtpnf txajrmufavNyD[laom rsufESmxm;rsdK;ESifh xGufvmcJh&m
wdkufatmuf vufESdyf"mwfrD;ESifh xdk; MunfhpOftcgu wpfckaom ADdktwGif;rS rdrdtm;
acsmif;ajrmif; MunhfIvsuf &Sdaom vlwpfa,mufudk awGUjrif&rl xdkodkUaom rsufESmxm;rsdK;
&SdEdkifrnf r[kwfacs/
tcef; 3
txufyg tjcif;t&mwdkU jzpfysufNyD;onfhaemuf oHk;&ufajrmufaom aeU armifausmfjr
onfausmufaoG;wef;&yf&Sd rdrd\ aetdrf t*Fvdyfowif;pm wpfapmifudk zwfIvsuf&Sd&m
atmufygtwdkif; awGU&Sd&av\/
"m;wef;&yf xl;qef;aom vlowfrI jzpfyGm;jcif;taMumif;
]&efukefrdUrS pyg;yGJpm;BuD; OD;MumnGefUonf rEav;rdUodkU tvnftywfqif;vmcJh&m
"m;wef;&yfwGif wdkufwpfvHk;udk acwiSm;&rf;aexdkifcJhonf jzpfaMumif;? if;yGJpm;BuD;onf a&TbdkrdU
udpav;wpfck ay:aygufonfESifh wdkufudk ydwfxm;cJhNyD;vQif acwoGm;a&muf cJhonf jzpfaMumif;?
udpNyD; ,refaeU naeu a&TbdkrS jyefvmaomtcg rdrd\ wdkufcef; twGif; avScg;&if;
opfvGifaom t0wftpm;rsm;udk 0wfqifvsuftouf 20 ausmft&G,f cefU &Sd tkyft&nfESifh
jynfhpHkaom oli,frwpfa,muf\ tavmif;udk awGU&Sd&onf jzpfaMumif;? xdktaMumif;udk
ykvdyfXmeodkU taMumif;Mum;NyD;aemuf ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh twl rnfonfh ypnf;rsm;
aysmufqHk;ao;onfudk wdkufwGif; MunfhIMu&m pm;yGJtHqGJrsm;udk arTaESmuf&SmazGxm;onfh
txdrf;trSwfwdkUudk awGU&Sd&onf jzpfaMumif; xkdUjyif pm;yGJtHqGJ tHzHk;twGif;&Sd vQdKU0Suf
xm;cJhaom puLwpf&GufrSmvnf; aysmufqHkvsuf&Sd&m if;puLrSm OD;MumnGefUomvQif toHk;0if
tjcm; olwdkU toHk;rusonf jzpfaomaMumifh rnfodkUaom olcdk;onf rnfonfh tBuHtpnfESifh
if;puLudk ckd;,lonfrsm;udk rawG;awmEdkifatmif &SdaMumif;}

rQ zwfNyD;vQif
jr/ /(wpfa,mufwnf; pdwful;rdonfrSm) ]b,fhES,fvJ? puLudk oli,frvufrSm igSyfNyD;
xm;cJhygw,f? b,folu 0ifNyD; ,loGm;jyefygvdrhf? w,fusyfyguvm;}
if;aemuf qufvuf zwfjyefonfrSm
]OD;MumnGefUa&mufvmaomtcg wdkufwHcg;onf aumif;rGefpGm ydwfqdkUvsuf &Sdonf[k awGUjrif&
onf jzpfaomaMumifh oli,fronf wdkufwGif;odkU rnfonfhenf;ESifh 0ifa&muf if;tm;
owfoGm;aomolonf rnfonfhenf;ESifh xGufcGmonfudk rawG;awmwwfEdkifatmif &Sd&aMumif;/
oli,fr\ tavmif;udk ,ck tcg aq;HkBuD;odkU ydkUNyD;NyD jzpf&m q&m0efrsm;u if;oli,fronf
'Pf&m r&Sdojzifh rnfonfhenf;ESifh toufqHk;HI;&onfudk trSef rajymEdkifao;aomfvnf; aoG;dk;
54

a&TOa'gif;

om;dk;jzifh aoqHk;jcif; r[kwf? olwpfyg; owf aoqHk;onfrsm;rSm ,HkrSm;zG,f&m r&SdaMumif;?

ykvdyft&m&SdwdkUonfxdkoli,frrSmrnfolrnf0gjzpfonfudkaxmufvSrf;pHkprf;vsufyif&SdaeMuaMumif;}
owif;pmudk zwfINyD;aemuf
jr/ /(wpfa,mufwnf; yH;&,fvsuf) ]axmufvSrf;Muav axmufvSrf;Mu? b,fol
b,f0g&,fvdkU rif;wdkU ay:atmif axmufvSrf;Ekdif&if axmufaywmaygh? udkif; wpfcgjzifh ig
tBuHatmifaumif;yg&JUuG,f}

tcef;(4)
armifausmfjronf rdrdBuD;ESifh xkdaeUnwGif awGUqHkNyD;onfUaemuf rdrdBuD;wdkU{/f tdrf
oGm;a&muf0ifxGufjcif;r&Sd jzpfcJhav&m wpfaeUo rdrdBuD;xHrS ta&;BuD;aom pmwpfapmifudk
&&Sdav{/f / if;pmrSm ...
wdkifyifar;jref;&ef &Sd uGsefrwdkUtdrfodkU ,aeUn qufqufvmcJhyg udkudkjr/
] rdrdBuD; }
armifausmfjronf xkdpmudk&&Sdaomtcg oGm;&rnf roGm;&rnfudk twefMumatmif
pOf;pm;NyD;aemuf aemufqHk; rnfonfUudpta&;BuD;aeonfudk od&SdvdkonfESifh t0wfrsm;vJvS,f
rdrdBuD;tdrfodkU xGufvmcJhav{/f / rdrdBuD;onf olwpfyg; rMum;apvdkaom pum;udk ajymvdk
onfjzpfaomaMumifh rdbrsm; r&SdonfU tcsdeftcgwGif rSmxm;vdkufjcif; jzpf&um; xkdn
armifausmfjr oGm;a&mufaomtcg ESpfa,mufwnf; pum;ajymcGifh &cJhav{/f /
a&mufvQifa&mufjcif; rdrdBuD;onf armifausmfjrudk udp tBuD;tus,f wpfpHkwpf&m
ray:aygufbJvsuf rdrdwdkU aetdrfodkU vrf;jzwf xm;onfudk jypfwifpum; ajymMum;aomtcg
armifausmfjru rdrd ,cifuyif wifBudKajymxm;aom pum;twdkif; tjypfwif rapm&ef awmif;yef
onfwGif rdrdBuD;u kwfw&uf
BuD;/ /]uGsefr wpfck ar;csifw,f? udkudk rSefrSef ajymrvm;}
jr/
jr /]ar;ygAsm? ajymwmaygh}
BuD;/ /]"m;wef;u OD;MumnGefU wnf;wJhwdkufrSm rdef;uav; wpfa,muf tavmif;
awGUw,fqdkwm udkudkjr Mum;&ovm;}
jr/
jr /]owif;pmrSm zwfrdygw,f}
BuD;/ /]aool rdef;uav;[m b,folvJvdkU udkudkjr rodbl;vm;}
jr/
jr /(tvGeftHhMoaomfvnf; rsufESmrysufapatmif[efaqmifvsuf) ]awmufwD; awmufwJh
ESr&,f? bmqdkifvdkU udkudk od&rSmvJ}
55

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

BuD;/ /(rsufESmudk aphaphMunfUvsuf) ]wu,fhudk rodbl;vm;}

jr/
jr /]BuHBuHpnfpnfAsm? b,fhES,faMumifh rqDrqdkif ar;ygvdrfh ESr&,f}
BuD;/ /]rqdkif qdkifqdkif? od rodudkom ajzprf;yg udkudkjr&,f}
jr/
jr /(&,farmvsuf) ]aeUcif; aeUvnf tdyfaysmfoGm;vdkU tdyfrufrufNyD; ua,mifuwrf;
ar;rdar;&m avQmufar;aeNyD rSwfw,f? "m;wef;u OD;MumnGefUwdkufrSm rdef;uav;wpfa,muf
aowmESifh ausmufaoG;wef;rSmaewJh udkudkjrESifh bmqdkifvdkUvJ ESr&,f}
BuD;/ /(vufravQmhbJ) ]rodbl;ayghav}
jr/
jr /ajzzdkU vdkao;ovm; ESr&,f}
BuD;/ /twnfUtvif; ajzprf;yg udkudkjr&JU}
jr/
jr /(pdwfemaom trlt&mESifh) ]aeygOD; ESr&,f? b,folursm; udkudkUtaMumif;
raumif;owif; b,fvdkrsm; ajymxm;vdkU udkudkUudk ar;cGef;awG bmawG xkwfae&wmvJ ESr&,f}
BuD;/ /]uGsefr ar;wmudk ajzygOD; udkudkjr&JU}
jr/
jr /]wu,f ar;aewmvm;}
BuD;/ /]tdk wu,faygh udkudkjr&JU}
jr/
jr /(0rf;enf;aom trlt&mESifh) ]tHhMoyg&JU ESr&,f? udkudkUrSm tjcm; tvkyfawG
rsm;vGef;vdkU tcsdefr&ekdif&wJh txJrSm ESru vmwJhNyD; ppfvm; aq;vm; ar;vm; jref;vm;ESifh
vkyf&atmif udkudkowfw,f xifvdkU ar;aewmvm; ESr&,f} [k ajymavvQif rdrdBuD;rSm rdrdMum;
aom owif;onf rrSefaom owif; jzpfacsrnfwum;/ igonf cspfvSaom &nf;pm;tay:
taMumif;rJh oufouf ouFmruif; jzpfrdacswum;[k 0rf;enf;aom trlt&mESifh rdrd{/f pum;udk
EIwfodrf;NyD;vQif jyuf&,f jyKvdkaomoabmESifh ar;jref;aMumif; ajymqdk&m tjcm;pum;wdkUudk
qufvuf ajymqdkMuNyD;vQif ESpfOD; cGJcGmoGm;Muaom [lowwf/

tcef;(5)
tdrfodkU a&mufonfESifh
awGU&Sdav&m if;rSm

wNydKifeuf

armifausmfjronf

pm;yGJ

pm&Gufi,fwpfckudk

]ta&;BuD;aom udpwpfckESifh wdkifyif&ef vma&mufcJh&m rdwfaqGESifh rawGU&

0rf;enf;aMumif;? tm;vyfcJhygvQif eufjzef eHeuf jzpfap? nae jzpfap uGsefawmf{/f aetdrfodkU
tvnftywf vma&mufapvdk ygaMumif;/
armifxGef;jrifh}
56

a&TOa'gif;

if;pmudk zwfI&aomtcg armifausmfjronf rsufESmysuf oGm;av{/f / armifxGef;jrifh

qdkolrSm a&SUaevkyfief;ESifh toufarG;olwpfa,muf jzpfcJh&m &efukefNrdKU pHkaxmufarmifpH&Sm; [l
ray:aygufrDuyif rEav;NrdKU cufcJeufeJaom trIrsm; ay:aygufonfUtcg ykvdyfwdkUtm;
tBuHmPfay;jcif;? &Hzef&Hcg udk,fwdkifpHkaxmufay;jcif; ponfwdkUudk jyKvkyfvsuf &Sdojzifh tpdk;&
trIxrf;yif r[kwfaomfvnf; pHkaxmufjcif;vkyfief; tawmftwef eHrnf&olwpfa,muf
jzpfavonf/
armifausmfjronf armifxGef;jrifhxHrS txufygpmudk &&Sdaomtcg tvGefw&m xdwfvefY
wkefvIyfjcif; jzpfav&um; tdrfOD;cef; yufvufukvm;xdkif wpfckay:wGif xdkifum twefMum
atmif pOf;pm;NyD;aemuf om;a&aowm t0wftpm;rsm; xnfUNyD; qGJ qif;vmav{/f / tdrfa&SU
jrif;&xm;wpfpD;udk awGUojzifh armifausmfjronf jrif;&xm;ay:odkU wufNyD;vQif &xm;armif;orm;
tm; rD;&xm; blwmHkodkU armif;ESifapcJhav{/f /
blwmHkodkU armifausmfjr qdkufa&mufaomtcg &efukefodkU oGm;aom pmydkU&xm;BuD;onf
taiGU wacsmif;acsmif; vTwfvsuf blwmHka&SU &yfwefUum &Sdae&m c&D;onfwdkUonf vufrSwfHk
a&SU wdk;a0SUum vufrSwfrsm; 0,f,lvsuf &SdMuav{/f / armifausmfjronf jrif;&xm;ay:rS
qif;oufcJhNyD;vQif 'kwd,wef; vufrSwfaygufodkU oGm;a&muf&m vufrSwfpma&; r&Sdcdkuf jzpfojzifh
om;a&aowmudk ysOfjym;ay: wifNyD;aemuf &yfwefUum apmifhqdkif;vsuf &Sdav{/f / xdkcP
vlwpfa,mufonf armifausmfjr{/f teD; &yfum owif;pmwpfapmifudk zwfIvsuf&Sd&m
armifausmfjronf xdkol{/f ykcHk;ay:rS ausmf owif;pmudk MunfUvdkufonfwGif pmvHk;BuD;rsm;ESifh
atmufygtwdkif; acgif;wyfxm;onfU owif;wpfckudk awGUjrifzwfI&av{/f
"m;wef;&yf vlowfrIESifh pyfvsOf; txl;tqef; awGU&jcif;
xdkacgif;pOfudk awGUjrifonfESifh wNydKifeuf armifausmfjronf if;owif;pmudk blwmkH&Sd
pmtkyfqdkifrS 0,f,lzwfI&m atmufygtwdkif; awGUjrifav{/f /
]"m;wef;&yf vlowfrIESifh pyfvsOf; pHkaxmufbufqdkif&m tifpydwfawmf armifbwifESifh
|metkyf armifoef;azwdkUonf pHkaxmufjcif;vkyfief; tvGefw&m txHk0goem yg&Sd uGsrf;usif
em;vnfaom a&SUaeBuD; armifxGef;jrifh{/f ulnD axmufyHhjcif;jzifh OD;MumnGefU{/f wdkufcef;udk
aocsmpGm pHkprf;&SmazGvsuf &SdMu&m armifxGef;jrifh{/f xifjrifcsufrSm jypfrIusL;vGefaomolonf
0g&ifholwpfa,muf jzpfaomaMumifh ajc&m vuf&mrQ rusef&pfapatmif vHkNcHKpGm zHk;zdedkifonfudk
awGU&Sd&aMumif;? tavmif;udk MunfUIpHkprf;aom q&m0efBuD;{/f xifjrifcsufrSm xdkrdef;uav;onf
udk,fwGif;odkU xdk;oGif;aom tqdyfwpfrsdK;jzifh touf qHk;IH;&onf[k rSwfxifaMumif;?
if;tqdyfonf pm;&aom tqdyfr[kwf? aoG;ESifha&maESmatmif jyGwfi,fESifh xdk;oGif;&aom
tqdyfrsdK; jzpfonf[k qdkzG,f&m&Sdaomfvnf; rnfonfUae&m jyGwfi,fESifh xkd;oGif;onfU
'Pf&mudkvnf; rawGU&Sd&onf jzpfaomaMumifh rsm;pGm usyfwnf;cJ,Of;jcif; &SdaeaMumif;} pojzifh
awGUjrifzwfI&av{/f /
if;owif;udk zwfINyD;onfESifh wNydKifeuf armifausmfjronf pdwfoabm ajymif;vGJ
oGm;onfU vuPmESifh om;a&aowmudk wzef aumuf,lNyD;vQif blwmHkrS xGufvmcJh&m
jrif;&xm;wpfpD;ESifh tdrfodkU jyefvmcJhav{/f / tdrfodkU a&mufaomtcg a&TrsufrSefwyfvsuf &Sdaom

57

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

vlwpfa,mufonf tdrfOD;cef; xkdifum pmtkyfwpftkyfudk zwfIvsuf &SdonfESifh awGUav&um;

armifausmfjronf yxr rsufESmysuf oGm;NyD;aemuf [efvkyfum teD;odkU csOf;uyfNyD;vQif
jr/
jr /]udkxGef;jrifh a&mufaeNyDvm;? awmfawmfMumoGm;NyD rSwfw,f}
jrifh/ /(armifausmfjr{/f trlt&mudk aphaphMunfUvsuf) ][kwfuJh? reufrS awGUzdkUvdkU
atmufarhwm? ,ckawmh udpu ta&;BuD;vmavawmh nwGif;csif;yJ wpfacgufjyefNyD; vmcJh&
w,fAs? uGsefawmfh pmuav; awGUw,f r[kwfvm;}
jr/
jr /]awGUygw,f? awGUvdkU eufjzefeHeufrS vmr,fvdkU pdwful;aewmygyJ}
jrifh/ /(om;a&tdwfudk MunfUvsuf) ]om;a&aowmawG bmawGESifh b,foGm;rvdkUvJAs}
jr/
jr /]om;a&aowm aomhysufaewmESifh aomhjyifwJhqdkifrSm tyfxm;wm vrf;BuHKwmESifh
0ifNyD; aG;,lvmcJhygw,fAsm}
jrifh/ /]'gxuf udpwpfck ta&;BuD;aew,fAs? cifAsm; ulnDedkif ulnDprf;yg}
jr/
jr /]bmudpvJ udkxGef;jrifh}
jrifh/ /]"m;wef;&yfu vlowfrItaMumif; cifAsm; Mum;NyD;NyDvm;}
jr/
jr /]OD;MumnGefU tdrfu vlowfrItaMumif;vm;? owif;pmrSm awGUrdygw,f? bmjzpfvdkUvJ}
jrifh/ /]ykvdyfu olwdkU pHkaxmufvdkU r&edkifvdkU uGsefawmfhudk vmNyD; tyluyf aejyefNyDAs}
jr/
jr /]awmfawmfvnf; eufeJwJh trIuav;ESifh wlw,f}
jrifh/ /]eufeJwmuawmh bmajymp&m &SdrvJAsm? ajc&mcHvdkUudk ,ckxufxd wpfpGef;wpfprS
ray:ekdifao;bl;? 'gxuf udkausmfjr aowJh rdef;uav;udk cifAsm; rodbl;vm;}
jr/
jr /(tvGefw&m tHhMoaom rsufESmxm;ESifh) ]BuHBuHpnfpnf udkxGef;jrifh&,f? cifAsm;wdkU
trIpHkaxmufwJh vlrsm;[m vljriforQudk &mZ0wfaumifcsnhf rSwfaeNyD xifw,f}
jrifh/ /(armifausmfjr{/f rsufESmudk aphaphMunfUvsuf) ]rajymwwfygbl; cifAsm? cifAsm;
todxJursm; jzpfaervm;vdkU ar;rdwmygyJ}
jr/
jr /]b,folb,f0g&,fvdkU ykvdyft&m&SdawGawmif pHkprf;vdkU ray:edkifatmif &SdwJh
rdef;uav;wpfa,mufudk uGsefawmfu tdrfuaeNyD; odedkifyghrvm;Asm? rouFm&ifvnf; wnfUwnfU
om zGifhNyD; ar;vdkufyg? 'Drdef;uav;udk cifAsm;u uGsefawmf owfw,fvdkU xifovm;}
jrifh/ /]pdwfr&SdygESifhAsm? odrvm;vdkU ar;rdjcif; jzpfygw,f? rod&ifvnf; NyD;a&maygh}
jr/
jr /]aeprf;ygOD;Asm? b,fhES,faMumifh cifAsm;u uGsefawmf odw,fvdkU xifedkif&ovJ}
jrifh/ /]usDpm;NyD; ar;wmygAsm? pHkaxmuf tifpydwfawmf udkbwifu onftaMumif;udk
cifAsm; odvdrfhr,fvdkU xifaewJhtwGuf uGsefawmfu odvdkodjim; vmNyD; pHkprf;jcif; jzpfygw,f?
58

a&TOa'gif;

rodvdkU&Sd&ifvnf; aemufxyfNyD; ar;zdkU r&Sdygbl;Asm} [k NyHK;&,fum ajymNyD;aemuf armifxGef;jrifh

onf armifausmfjrudk EIwfquf tdrfay:rS qif;oGm;av&m armifausmfjrrSm pdwfrauseyfaom
rsufESmxm;ESifh armifxGef;jrifhtm; rsufarSmifMuKwfum MunfU usef&pfav{/f /

tcef;(6)
aemufwpfaeU pHkaxmuf
pmwpfapmifudk &&Sdav{/f /

tifpydwfawmf

armifbwifonf

pmwdkufrS

atmufyg

]pma&; tpD&ifcHygonf tifpydwfawmfrif; cifAsm? uGsefawmf{/f wdkufcef;twGif; awGU&Sdaom

oli,fr{/f taMumif;udk xyfavmif; pHkprf;&ef rvdkawmhyg? oli,frudk owfolonf tjcm;r[kwf?
uGsefawmfyif jzpfygonf/ xkdoli,fronf rnfoljzpf uGsefawmfonf rnfonfUtaMumif;aMumifh
if;{/f toufudk qHk;IH;atmif pD&if&onfudkrl xkwfazmfa&;om;&ef uGsefawmftvdkr&Sdyg/
ykvdyft&m&SdwdkY{/f 0w&m;rSm tavmif;wpfckudk awGU&SdcJhvQif if;udk rnfol owfonf[k od&SdcJhvQif
vHkavmufonf[k uGsefawmf rSwfxifygaomaMumifh taMumif;udk pHkvifpGm azmfjyjcif; rjyKbJ
uGsefawmf owfaMumif;udkom 0efcHvdkufygonf/ 0efcHNyD;aemuf uGsefawmfhudk &SmazG&efvnf;
rvdkawmhyg/ uGsefawmfonf tpdk;& tjypf'Pfudk rcHvdkonf jzpf rdrdudk,fudkrdrd
pD&ifvdkufygonf/
OD;MumnGefU}
pmudkzwfINyD;aemuf pHkaxmuf tifpydwfawmf armifbwifonf |memtkyf armifoef;azESifh
wdkifyifMu&m twefi,fMumaomtcg tifpydwfawmf armifbwifonf armifxGef;jrifh tdrfodkU
a&muf if;pmudk armifxGef;jrifhtm; jyav{/f / armifxGef;jrifhonf tHhMoaom trlt&mESifh pmudk
zwfINyD;aemuf wD;wdk;pum; wdkifyifMuNyD;vQif armifbwif jyefoGm;onfESifh wNydKifeuf
armifausmfjr{/f aetdrfodkU oGm;a&mufjyefav{/f /
armifxGef;jrifh tdrfay:udk wufvmonfudk jrifonfESifh wNydKifeuf
jr/
jr /]bmudp vm&jyefovJAs? vlowfrI udpy Jvm;}
jrifh/ /]tppfyJ udkausmfjr? owfwJhvlu pmESifh a&;NyD; ajzmifhcsufay;aeNyDAs}
jr/
jr /]tvdk [kwfuJhvm;Asm? b,folUqDudk ajzmifhcsufay;ovJ}
jrifh/ /]tifpydwfawmf udkbwifqDudk pmESifh a&;NyD; ajzmifhcsufay;w,f? pmukdawmif
uGsefawmf ,lvmcJhao;w,f? a&mh 'DrSm cifAsm; MunfUcsif MunfUygvm;} [k armifausmfjrtm; jy&m
armifausmfjronf pmudk zwfvsuf&SdpOf armifxGef;jrifhonf armifausmfjr{/f rsufESmxm;udk
pdkufai;um tuJcwfvsuf &Sdav{/f / pmudk tprS tqHk;wdkif zwfNyD;aemuf armifausmfjronf
rsm;pGm ta&;rBuD;onfU trlt&mESifh pmudk armifxGef;jrifh{/f vufodkU jyeftyfvsuf
jr/
jr /]'D[m cifAsm; b,fhES,f oabm&ovJ}
59

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

jrifh/ /]uGsefawmfawmh wu,fa&;wJh pmyJ xifwmyJ}

jr/
jr /]b,fhES,faMumifh cifAsm; xifedkifovJ}
jrifh/ /]OD;MumnGefU udk,fwdkifu 'Dpmra&;&if 'Dhjyif b,folu0ifNyD; b,fvdk tBuHtpnfESifh
a&;OD;rSmvJAs}
jr/
jr /]aeygOD;As? OD;MumnGefU[m olUudk,fol owfvdkufNyDvdkU cifAsm;wdkU ,HkMunfw,fvm;}
jrifh/ /]'DvdkyJ xif&wmyJ}
jr/
jr /]tavmif;udk cifAsm;wdkU awGUovm;}
jrifh/ /]aMomf [kwfw,fAsdKU? tavmif;udkawmh rawGUao;bl;}
jr/
jr /]tavmif;udk awGUrS pdwfcs&awmhrayghAs}
jrifh/ /]'DudprSm cifAsm;oabm b,fvdk&ovJ}
jr/
jr /]uGsefawmh oabmuawmh owfaMumif;udk 0efcHNyD;? owfwJhvl[m udk,fUudk,fudk
tqHk;pD&ifvdkufNyDvdkU taMumif;Mum;vdkU&Sd&if ykvdyfu qufvufNyD; vufonfay:atmif rpHkprf;
apzdkU mPfqifNyD; a&;vdkufwJh pmvm;vdkU awG;rdw,fAsm}
jrifh/ /]cifAsm; ajymovdkvJ awG;p&m &Sdaeygw,f}
if;aemuf armifxGef;jrifhESifh armifausmfjrwdkUonf trItaMumif;udk tprS tqHk;wdkif
jyefvSefajymqdk&if; toD;oD; xifjrifcsuf ay;vsuf&SdMu&m armifxGef;jrifhonfvnf; armifausmfjr
rsufESm ysufonf rysufonfudk aocsmpGm tuJcwfvsuf &Sdav{/f / xdkUaemufrS
jrifh/ /]waeYavmufawmh tifpydwfawmf udkbwifudk cifAsm;ESifh awGUatmif usKyf
ac:cJhOD;rAsm}
jr/
jr /(kwfw&uf rsufESm ysufoGm;) ]awmif;yefyg&apAsm? rac:cJhygESifh}
jrifh/ /]bmjyKvdkUvJ}
jr/
jr /]uGsefawmfu cifAsm;odwJhtwdkif; cyfat;at; aecsifwJhvlAs? ykvdyft&m&SdawG
bmawGESifh a&maESmpyf,Suf aecsifwJhvl r[kwfygbl;}
jrifh/ /]edkUayr,fh udkbwifu cifAsm;ESifh awGUcsifw,fvdkU ajymw,f}
jr/
jr /]awGUcsifvdkU&Sd&ifvJ ac:vmcJhwmayghav? odkUaomf b,fawmhavmuf vmMurSmvJ}
jrifh/ /]wpf&uf ESpf&uf twGif;ayghAsm} [kajymqdkNyD;aemuf armifxGef;jrifhonf armifausmfjr
tm; EIwfquf tdrfay:rS qif;oGm;av{/f / armifausmfjronf pD;u&ufwpfvdyfudk rD;Sd
aomufSL&if; twefMumatmif pOf;pm; pdwful;aeNyD;rS
60

a&TOa'gif;

]pHkaxmuf
aygufp
a,mifa,mif
awGUMua&mayghuG,f xGef;jrifh&,f}

bma,mifa,mifESifh

rif;ESifhig

'Dwpfcg

tcef;(7)
wpfaeUaom naecif;tcsdef jrif;&xm;wpfpD;onf ausmufaoG;wef;vrf;&Sd armifausmfjr
aetdrfa&SU qdkufa&mufNyD;aemuf rdrdBuD;onf armifausmfjr{/f tdrfay: odkU wufoGm; tapcH
OD;jrwfomtm; armifausmfjr r&Sdygoavm[k ar;jref;av{/f / xkdtcg tapcH OD;jrwfomu
armifausmfjrrSm ,ref eHeufuyif udpwpfckESifh a&Tbdke,fodkU oGm;aeaMumif; ajymjyonfwGif
rdrdBuD;onf OD;jrwfomtm; ar;vdkaom pum;tenf;i,f &SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh {nfUcef; 0if
xdkifav{/f / if;aemuf rdrdBuD;onf NyHK;csdKaom rsufESmxm;ESifh
BuD;/ /]b,fhES,fvJ OD;jrwfom? tckwavm &SifwdkU q&mBuD;u tvnftywf tm;BuD;
rsm;aew,f xifw,f}
om/
om /]rvnfygbl; rrav;&,f}
BuD;/ /]uG,fraeygESifh OD;jrwfom&,f? uGsefru tukefodNyD;om;yg}
om/
om /]umvom;qdkwm vnfwJhtcgvJ vnfwmaygh rrav;}
BuD;/ /]a&Tbdk oGm;umeD; bmrsm; rSmxm;cJhao;vJ}
om/
om /]rrav;twGufawmh bmrS rrSmcJhbl; rrav;&JU}
BuD;/ /]uGsefr twGuf rrSm&if b,folUtwGuf rSmcJhao;ovJ}
om/
om /]rcifMunfqdkwJh rdef;uav;wpfa,muf vmar;vdkU&Sd&if aps;csdKpmwdkufBuD;rSm
olUeHrnfESifh pmrsm; a&mufraebl;vm;vdkU oGm;NyD;ar;zdkU rSmxm;cJhw,f}
BuD;/ /]b,fu rcifMunfvJ OD;jrwfom&JU}
om/
om /]uGsefawmfvJ rjrifzl;bl; rrav;&JU}
BuD;/ /]edkU olwpfcgrS vmrar;ao;bl;vm;}
om/
om /]rvmao;bl; rrav;&JU}
BuD;/ /]'gjzifh udkudkjr rSmcJhwJh pum;vJ rajym&ao;bl;aygh}
om/
om /]rajym&ao;bl; rrav;&JU}

61

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

BuD;/ /]'gjzifh uGsefr ajymr,f OD;jrwfom? tvdk tdrfa&SUu jrif;&xm; qdkufaeyguvm;?

b,folygvdrfh? wefawmh rcifMunfqdkwm olyJ rSwfw,f? aeOD; OD;jrwfom? udkudkjr rSmcJhwJh
pum;udk olUudk rajymESifhOD;? uGsefrqDudkom t&ifvTwfvdkuf? Mum;&JUvm;}
om/
om /]aumif;ygNyD rrav;}
xdkcP 0wfpm;wefqm aumif;rGefpGm 0wfqifvsuf tvGefw&m tcsdK;tpm;useaom
oli,frwpfa,mufonf jrif;&xm;ay:rS qif;vm 0if;twGif;odkU 0ifvm&m avScg;OD;wGif
OD;jrwfomESifh awGU oli,fronf tdrfay: odkU wufvmav{/f /
{nfUonfoli,fronf {nfUcef; rdrdBuD;udk awGUjrifaomtcg tHhtm;oifhonfU
trlt&mESifh qkwfqdkif;&yfwefUvsuf &Sdav&m rdrdBuD;u avmu0wfysLiSm rsufESmxm; csdKompGmESifh
ae&mxdkifcif; ay;onfwGif wpfckaom ukvm;xdkif 0ifxdkifav{/f /
oli,frESpfa,mufwdkUonf rdrdwdkU "rwmxHk;pHtwdkif; wpfa,muf{/f kyftqif;ESifh
0wfyHkpm;yHk taetxm;wdkUudk wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf MunfUI tuJcwfMuNyD;aemuf
BuD;/ /]rcifMunfqdkwm rSwfw,f}
Munf/ /]rSefygw,f? udkausmfjr wpfa,muf &Sdygovm;&Sif}
BuD;/ /]udkausmfjr onfuaeU reufuyJ a&TbdkoGm;vdkU rcifMunfqdkwm vmar;vdkU&Sd&if
ESpf&uf oHk;&uftwGif; jyefvmvdrfhr,fvdkU ajym&pfygvdkU rSmoGm;ygw,f}
Munf/ /]jzpfrSjzpf&av&Sif? udpu ta&;BuD;vdkU vmcgrS olESifh vGJaeygNyD? &SifESifh
qdk&ifaum b,fvdk awmfygovJ&Sif}
BuD;/ /]i,foli,fcsif;rdkU armif&if;ESrvdk tifrwef cifMuwmygyJ&Sif? uGsefr eHrnfu
rdrdBuD;ygwJh? tck b,ft&yfu vmwmygvJ&Sif}
Munf/ /]tr&yl&NrdKUu vmcJhygw,f? oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif;ygyJ}
BuD;/ /]rSmxm;p&m pum;rsm;&Sd&ifvJ OD;jrwfomudk rSmxm;cJhedkifygw,f&Sif}
Munf/ /]tdk aeygap? oljyefvmrSyJ uGsefr aemufxyfNyD; wpfacgufvmygOD;r,f? 'DtwGif;
oljyefvmvdkU&Sd&if uGsefr vmNyD; ar;wJhtaMumif; ajymvdkufygawmh&Sif}
xdkcP OD;jrwfomonf {nfUonfrsm;twGuf umzDESifh rkefUyGJrsm; jyifqifum
,lvmNyD;aemuf wnfcif;auGs;arG;av&m oli,frESpfa,mufwdkUonf umzDaomuf&if; oifhavsmf
aom pum;wdkUudk tvdkuftxdkuf ajymqdkMuvsuf wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf tuJcwfum
&SdaeMuav{/f /
rdrdBuD;{/f pdwf xdkoli,fronf tr&yl&u vmonf qdkaomfvnf; 0wfyHkpm;yHkrSm
tvGefw&m tcsdK;us zD;yHkvdrf;yHkrSmvnf; &efukefolESifh wlonf[k rSwfxifrdav&m? rcifMunf{/f
pdwfvnf; xkdoli,fronf rEav;olyDyD EGJUEGJUaysmif;aysmif; tvGefyif MunfUaumif;aomaMumifh
armifausmfjrESifh orD;&nf;pm;yif jzpfavoavm[k awG;xifrdav{/f /
62

a&TOa'gif;

q,frdepfcefUrQ xdkifaeMuNyD;aemuf rcifMunfonf rdrdBuD;udk EIwfqufum tdrfay:rS

qif;NyD;vQif jrif;&xm;ESifh jyefoGm;av&m rdrdBuD;onfvnf; ig;rdepfcefUrQ qdkif;iHhNyD;vQif jrif;&xm;
wpfpD;udk ac:ap aps;csdKbufodkY armif;ESifapav{/f /
aps;csdKajrmufbuf pmwdkufBuD;odkY a&mufaomtcg jrif;&xm;udk &yfwefUapNyD;aemuf
rdrdBuD;onf pmwdkdufAdkvftm; rcifMunftrnfESifh pmwpfapmif qdkufa&mufvsuf &Sdygoavm[k
ar;jref;&m pmwdkufAdkvfonf pmtdwftajrmuftjrm; pkyHkxm;onfUteufrS pmtdwfwpftdwfudk
a&G;cs,fNyD;vQif rdrdBuD;tm; ay;av{/f /
]aps;csdK pmwdkufAdkvfrS aus;Zll;jyK
rcifMunf awmif;cHvmaomtcg ay;&ef}
[k a&;om;yg&Sdonfudk awGU&Sd&av{/f / if;aemuf rdrdBuD;onf pmwdkufAdkvftm;
aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum; jrif;&xm;ay: odkU wpfzefwufNyD;vQif pmtdwfudk vrf;c&D; zGifh
zwfav&m pmukd zwfNyD;onf{/f tqHk; tvGefw&m tHhMovSonfU vuPmESifh rdrdBuD;rSm
taMumifom;ai;vsuf &Sdav{/f /
armifausmfjronf rdrdtBuHtpnfudk a&SUaearmifxGef;jrifh &dyfrdod&Sdrnf pdk;&drfojzifh
rEav;NrdKUrS a&SmifcGm ae&onfUtaMumif;udk ,cifwpfywfu a&;om;azmfjycJhNyD;avNyD/
a&Tbdk 'dpBudwf 0ufvufNrdKUtydkif ocGwfawm&GmteD; wpfckaom a&uefBuD; eHab;
wpfaeUaom naecif;tcsdefwGif armifausmfjronf vlwpfa,mufESifh wD;wdk; wdkifyifvsuf &SdMu&m
jr/
jr /]b,fhES,fvJAsdKU udka'ge? cifAsm; 'Dudkvmwm b,folrsm; &dyfrdao;ovJ}
e/ /]b,fol &dyfrdrvJAsm? [dktrI jzpfNyD;uwnf;u rEav;NrdKUu xGufcGmNyD;
a&mufwwf&m&m avQmufoGm;aevdkufwm ,ckrS cifAsm; ac:vdkU vmcJhwmyJ? tpdk;& pHkaxmuf
udkbwifuawmh 'DtrIudk vufavQmhvdkufNyDqdk [kwfuJhvm;}
jr/
jr /]ol vufavQmhwmu udp r&Sdbl;As? rSefwJhtwdkif; &dyfrdoGm;rSmom pdk;&drfae&wJh
vlESpfa,muf &Sdw,f}
e/ /]b,folrsm;vJAsm}
jr/
jr /]yxr wpfa,mufu usKyfwdkU rdwfaqG udkxGef;jrifhyAsm}
e/ /][m 'Dvlu tvum;vl ygAsm? a&SUaerdkUvdkU Oya'uav; enf;enf;em;vnfwmESifh
wwfa,mifum; vkyfNyD; avQmufMuGm;aewJh vlygAs? 'gxuf ajzmifhcsuf a&;ay;vdkufwJh pmaum
b,fhES,faeovJAsdKU}
jr/
jr /]tifpydwfawmf udkbwifu ,HkMunfwJh vuPm&Sdw,f? udkdxGef;jrifhawmh ,Hk[ef
rwlbl;As? awmfawmf yg;wJh vlyJ}
e/ /]'gxuf aool rtkef;pdef&JU rdwfaqG rcifMunf wpfa,mufaum b,frSm aeovJAs}
63

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

jr/
jr /]tr&yl& a&mufaew,fvdkU Mum;w,f}
e/ /]rawmfwq rcifMunfu rEav;rsm;oGm;NyD; olU oli,fcsif;
b,faeovJvdkU pHkprf;cJhvdkU &Sd&if usKyfwdkU tBuHtpnfawmh *Gusrukefaybl;vm;Asm}

rtkef;pdef

jr/
jr /]rpdk;&drfygESifhAsm? rawmfwq rEav; oGm;jyefvdkU &Sd&if usKyfwdkU tBuH ysufrukefatmif
usKyfu pmESifh a&;NyD;ygNyD}
e/ /]aeygOD;Asm? rcifMunfu rtkef;pdef aowJhtaMumif;udk wpfenf;enf;ESifh odroGm;
aybl;vm;Asm}
jr/
jr /]b,fenf;ESifh odedkifrSmvJ? tavmif;udkvnf; ol rjrif? tavmif; tu,fvdkU
oljrifapumrl aoNyD;wJhaemuf &dkufwJh "mwfyHk qdkwm kyfzrf;zdkU awmfawmf cufygw,fAs}
e/ /]'gjzifh usKyfwdkU pdk;&drfzdkU &Sdwm ESpfa,muf &Sdw,fvdkU cifAsm; ajymw,f? 'kwd,vlu
b,folvJAsm}
jr/
jr /]orm"dNrdKU0ef OD;vluav;&JU orD; rdrdBuD; ayghAs}
e/ /]rdrdBuD;vm;As? olu bmqdkifvdkU usKyfwdkU tBuH odedkifrSmvJ}
jr/
jr /]bmaMumifh odw,fvdkUawmh usKyf rajymwwfbl;? odkUaomf trSef rkcs enf;enf;
rouFmwJh vuPm &Sdw,f? usKyfuvJ r&ru twif;vJ rar;0Hh ygbl;As? ar;vdkuf&if omNyD;
rouFm jzpfoGm;rSm pdk;&ao;w,f}
e/ /]pdk;&drfzdkUyAsm? trsm;BuD; pdk;&drfzdkUy? aeOD; cifAsm;wdkU ESpfa,muf &efrsm; jzpfMuzl;ovm;}
jr/
jr /]rjzpf&ygbl;Asm? olYbmomol rouFm wmygyJ}
e/ /]cifAsm; udku enf;enf; vdkoGm;ygw,f? rlvuwnf;u rouFm rjzpfap&atmif
cifAsm;u vkyfzdkU aumif;w,f}
jr/
jr /]usKyftjypf r[kwfbl; rdwfaqG? olu b,fu b,fvdk owif;&NyD; usKyfudk
rouFmwm rqdkekdifbl;? 'DtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufNyD; usKyfudk zGifhar;zl;w,f}
e/ /]cifAsm;u 'Dawmh ouFmruif; jzpfwJhpdwf vHk;vHk;aysmufatmif ajymrjyvdkufbl;vm;}
jr/
jr /]ajymawmh vG,fw,f rdwfaqG? tvkyfqdkwm vkyfMunfUrS cufrSef; odwm}
e/ /]'gjzifh awmfawmf tusyfom;yJAsdKU? rdrdBuD; oabmudkvnf; usKyf odw,f? awmfawmf
pdwfBuD;wJh rdef;uav; wpfa,mufyJ? udk,fU&nf;pm; jzpfNyDaumvdkU csrf;omay;rJh rdef;uav;
wpfa,muf r[kwfbl;? r[kwfrcH csifwwfwJh oabm jywfawmufwJh pdwfoabmvnf; &Sdavawmh
trIESifh awGUvm&if udk,fU&nf;pm;&,fvdkU SmwmvdrfUr,f r[kwfbl;? enf;vrf; &Sdoavmufawmh
jyKvdrfUr,f xifw,f}
jr/
jr /]cifAsm; awG;wmvJ w,fr&dkif;bl;}
64

a&TOa'gif;

e/ /]aeygOD;Asm? udkxGef;jrifh qdkwJh vlESifh rdrdBuD; ESifhu oduGsrf;zl;ovm;As}

jr/
jr /]odyHk r&ygbl;Asm? wpfcgrS ajymoH rMum;zl;ygbl;}
e/ /]'gjzifh awmfao;&JUAsdKU? rouFmwJh vlESpfa,muf awGUqHk ESD;aESmMur,f qkd&if usKyfwdkU
tBuHawG ay:ukefrSm omNyD; pdk;&drf&w,f}
jr/
jr /]'gvJ rSefw,f}
e/ /]udkausmfjrudk usKyf wpfckawmh csD;rGrf; csifw,fAsm? [dkaeUu cifAsm; OD;MumnGefU
a,mifaqmifNyD; ykvdyfqDrSm wdkifcsufawG bmawG &J&J0Hh0Hh ay;0Hhwm usKyf tHhMooAsm? 'Dvdk
kyfajymif;wJh twwfawG cifAsm; b,fwkef;u oifxm;ovJ}
jr/
jr /]'DvdkayghAsm? 'Dbufu usKyfu 0goem xHkwmESifh &,fp&m armp&m jzpfatmif vkyfzdkU
avhusifhNyD; xm;zl;w,f? udkif; odkUaomf usKyfukd csD;rGrf;aevdkU udprNyD;ao;bl;As?
usKyfwdkU tBuHudk &dyfrdwJh vlESpfa,muf &Sdwm trSefyJ? 'DESpfa,mufudk usKyfwdkUu ekdifeif;zdkU a&SUudk
b,fvdk aqmif&Gufr,f qdkwm tBuHxkwfMuzdkUu ta&;BuD;w,f} [k ajymNyD;aemuf
xdkolESpfa,mufwdkUonf aq;jyif;vdyf udk,fpDSdvsuf wJeHab; xdkifum rdrdwdkU{/f
tBuHtpnfrsm;udk ESD;aESmwdkifyifvsuf &SdaeMuav{/f /

tcef;( 8 )

rdrdBuD;onf armifausmfjru rcifMunfxH a&;om;ay;ydkYvdkufaom pmudk pmwdkufrS jzwf

,lcJhNyD;aemuf pmudk azmuf zwfrdaomtcg tvGefw&m tHhMovSaom pdwfjzpfay:cJhNyD;vQif
rcifMunf taMumif;udk awG;rdwdkif; orD;&nf;pm;wdkU bm0 jzpfay:wwfonfU remvdk 0efwdkaom
pdwfonfvnf; rcHedkifatmif zdpD;vsuf &Sdav{/f /
xkdtcsdefrSp rdrdBuD;onf xdktrI udpu
dk tjrpf&if;odkU wdkifatmif pHkprf;od&SdaptHh[k aeUa&m
nOfUyg rdrd &SdorQ Pfudk xkdtrI toHk;jyKvsuf &SdcJhav{/f / aemufwpfaeU rdrdBuD;onf
rcifMunfqdkaom rdef;uav;rSmvnf; if;trIESifh pyfvsOf; armifausmfjrESifh BuHazmfpnfzuf
jzpfrnf[k xkdpmudk axmufjcif;tm;jzifh awG;awmrdonf jzpf rcifMunfxHrS pum;&orQ
atmuftpf npfxkwfrnfU tBuHtpnfESifh armifausmfjr{/f aetdrfodkU oGm;a&mufav{/f / tdrfodkU
a&mufaomtcg tapcH OD;jrwfomESifh awGU rcifMunf vma&mufcJhvQif rdrdxH ac:cJh&ef
rSmxm;NyD;vQif
{nfUcef;rS
apmifhqdkif;vsuf
&Sdae&m
wpfem&DcefUrQ
Mumaomtcg
rcifMunfonfvnf; a&S;enf;twl jrif;&xm;wpfpD;ESifh qdkufa&mufvmav{/f / rdef;uav;
ESpfa,mufwdkUonf {nfUcef; xdkifum pum;ajymqdkvsuf &SdMupOf rdrdBuD;onf rcifMunfxHrS
pum;&ekdiforQ tpfatmifvSnfUywfum ar;jref;ygaomfvnf; rcifMunfrSm vlowfrI taMumif;ESifh
pyfvsOf; tu,fpifppf rodaomaMumifh aomfvnf;aumif;? odkUwnf;r[kwf rdrdBuD;uJhodkUyif
yg;eyfaom rdef;uav; wpfa,muf jzpfaomaMumifh toGm;tvmudk &dyfrd bl;uG,faomaMumifh

65

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

vnf;aumif; &Sdae&um; rdrdBuD;onf rnfonfU xl;jcm;aom owif;udkrQ xyf rod&SdedkifbJ

&SdaecJhav\/
xdktcg rdrdBuD;onf pum;ppfxkd;aom tvkyfudk vufavQmhNyD;vQif tBuHwpfrsdK;ESifh?
rcifMunfu rdrdtm; EIwfquf &xm;ESifh jyefoGm;aomtcgwGif rdrdBuD;onf tjcm;&xm;
wpfpD;ay:odkU wuf wHcg;udk tvHkydwfNyD;aemuf jrif;&xm; armif;orm;tm; a&SUrS
armif;oGm;aom jrif;&xm;udk rvSrf;rurf;rS rDatmif vdkuf&ef ajymjyav{/f / jrif;&xm;
ESpfpD;wdkUonf ajrmufbufodkU armif;ESifMu aps;csdKawmfBuD;buf 'efaygufxrif;qdkif wpfqdkifodkU
a&mufaomtcg rcifMunf ygoGm;aom &xm;onf qdkifa&SUwGif &yfwefU rcifMunfonf
qdkifwGif;odkU 0ifoGm;av{/f / xkdtjcif;t&mudk rdrdBuD; awGUjrif&aomtcg jrif;orm;tm;
if;qdkifudk ausmfvGef armif;ap reD;ra0;odkU a&mufaomtcg &yfwefUapNyD;vQif qdkifa&SUrS wpfzef
armif;ESifjyefav{/f /
,if;uJhodkU acgufwHkUacgufjyef qdkifa&SUrS jrif;&xm;udk armif;ESifap rdrdBuD;onf
jrif;&xm; twGif;rS qdkifudk acsmif;ajrmif; MunfUI rdaomtcgwGif rcifMunfonf wpfckaom
pm;yGJwGif xdkifvsuf a[mif;EGrf;aom t0wftpm;rsm; 0wfqifxm;ojzifh bdef;pm;
uwfaus;udkufESifh oPmefwlaom vlwpfa,mufESifh pdwftm;BuD;pGm pum;ajymqdk wdkifyifvsuf
&SdaeMuonfudk awGUjrif&av{/f / rcifMunfrSmrl rnfonfU tpm;tpmudkrQ rpm;raomufbJ
ar;jref;&ef &SdorQudk pdwftm;xufoefpGm ar;jref; pHkprf;vsuf &Sdav&m xdkolrSmrl tpm
rawGU&onfrSm MumvSonfU vuPmESifh yvkyfyavmif; pm;aomuf&if; acgif;ndwfum
vnfndwfumjzifh &Hzef jyefMum; ajzqdkvsuf &Sdav{/f / em&D wpf0ufcefUrQ wkdifyifMuNyD;aemuf
xdkol ESpfa,mufwdkUonf tjyifodkU xGufvm&m rcifMunfonf jrif;&xm; wpfpD;ay: odkU
wufawmhrnfqJqJ &SdonfwGif xdkvlonf qdkif&Sif ukvm;xHrS cJwHESifh pmwpf&Gufudk
awmif;NyD;vQif wpfpHkwpfckudk a&;om; pm&Gufudk rcifMunf{/f vufodkU ay;tyfNyD;aemuf
jrif;&xm;vnf; armif;ESif oGm;av{/f /
xdkolrSm ESpfouf tm;&&Sdaom vuPmESifh rcifMunf{/f jrif;&xm; armif;ESif oGm;&mudk
arQmfMunfUum usefae&pfonfudk rddrdBuD; awGUjrif&av{/f / if;aemuf rdrdBuD;onf a&S;enf;twl
rcifMunf{/f jrif;&xm;aemufodkU vdkufjyefap&m blwmkHBuD;odkU ausmfvGef a[mfukef;&yfuGufodkU
a&muf&Sdaomtcg rcifMunf{/f jrif;&xm;onf ,dk,Gif; ysufpD;p jyKaeaom tdrftdkBuD;
wpfaqmif{/f a&SU &yfwefU rcifMunfonf tdrfay: odkU wufoGm;av{/f /
rdrdBuD;onfvnf; rdrd{/f jrif;&xm;udk reD;ra0;rS &yfwefUapNyD;vQif t&dyftuJudk
MunfUIvsuf&Sd&m q,frdepfcefU Mumaomtcg rcifMunfonf tdrfjyifodkU xGufvm &xm;ay:
odkU wufNyD;vQif blwmHkbufodkU armif;ESif oGm;jyefav{/f / xdktcgrlum; rdrdBuD;onf
rcifMunf{/f aemufodkU rvdkufawmhbJ q,frdepfcefUrQ qufvuf&yfwefU apmifhqdkif;NyD;vQif
if;tdrfBuD; a&SUodkU armif;ESif apav{/f / tdrfa&SU jrif;&xm;udk &yfNyD;vQif rdrdBuD;onf tdrfay:
odkU wufoGm;&m toufav;q,fausmf t&G,fcefUrQ &Sdaom tdrf&Sif rdef;rBuD;ESifh awGU
rdef;uav; wpfa,muf rvma&mufygoavm[k ar;jref;&m ,ckyif jyefoGm;aMumif;ESifh
jyefajymonfwGif
BuD;/ /]jzpf&av&Sif? enf;enf;uav; vGJoGm;wmaygh}
66

a&TOa'gif;

tdrf&S&iS f/ /]ckuav;wifyJ qif;oGm;ygw,f}

BuD;/ /]a':a':ESifh oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif; yJvm; a':a':}
tdrf&Sif/ /]rawGUzl; rjrifzl;ygbl; rdef;uav;&,f? rtkef;pdefESifh oli,fcsif;qdk xifyg&JU?
awGUcsif&SmvdkUwJh? rtkef;pdefuvnf; ta0; oGm;aecdkuf jzpfaew,f}
BuD;/ /]rtkef;pdefqdkwm a':a':ESifh b,fES,fawmfovJ}
tdrf&Sif/ /]b,fvdkrSawmh rawmfygbl; wlr&,f? orD;uav;vdk wlruav;vdk cspfcifNyD;
oluvJ rdrJh zrJh? ta':uvJ rkqdk;r jzpfavawmh twlwl aygif;pyfNyD; aeMuwmygyJ}
BuD;/ /]rtkef;pdef a':a':ESifh twlwlaewm b,favmuf MumyvJ}
tdrfr&f Sif/ /]wpfESpfausmf ESpfESpfeD;yg; &SdkygNyD}
BuD;/ /]tckawmh rtkef;pdef b,foGm;ygovJ}
tdrf&Sif/ /]ysOf;rem;rSm olU aqGrsdK;rsm; &SdvdkU tvnfoGm;ygw,f wlr&,f}
BuD;/ /]rtkef;pdef 'DrSm aecJhwJh tcgrSm a,mufsm; {nfUonfrsm; tvnftywf vmzl;ovm;
a':a':}
tdrf&Sif/ /]vlwpfa,mufawmhjzifh rMumrMum vmwm jrifrdygw,f}
xdktcg rdrdBuD;onf rdrd\ tustdwf xnfUxm;aom &ifxdk; "mwfyHkudk xkwf jyNyD;vQif
BuD;/ /]'D"mwfyHk wqdwfavmuf aoaocsmcsm MunfUyg a':a': 'Dvludk jrifzl;ovm;}
tdrf&Sif/ /("mwfyHkudk aocsmpGm MunfUNyD;aemuf) ][m 'Dvlaygh? rtkef;pdefqD rMumrMum
vmvnfwJh armifMumnGefU qdkwm}
BuD;/ /]emrnfrsm; rSm;yr,f a':a': pOf;pm;ygOD;? udkMumnGefU [kwfuJhvm;? udkausmfjrqdk
r[kwfvm; a':a':&JU}
tdrf&Sif/ /]armifausmfjrvdkU rMum;zl;ygbl; wlr&,f? armifMumnGefU ygyJ}
BuD;/ /]vlawmh 'DvlyJaemf a':a':}
tdrf&Sif/ /]'DvlrS 'Dvltppfygawmf? ESmwH pif;pif; rsufcHk; cyfwkwfwkwfESifh a':a':
aumif;aumif;BuD; rSwfrdygw,f}
BuD;/ /]olaeawmh b,ft&yfrSm aeowJhvJ}
tdrf&Sif/ /]ae&yfawmh aoaocsmcsm rodbl;awmh? pdwfoabmawmh tifrwef aumif;[ef
wlw,f}

67

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

BuD;/ /]'Dhjyifaum a':a': olU taMumif;udk bmrsm; odao;ovJ}

tdrf&Sif/ /]oluvJ pum;u cyfenf;enf;? ta':uvJ olrsm;vdk ar;vm; jref;vm;
rvkyfavawmh bmrS onfUjyif rod&ygbl; wlr&,f}
BuD;/ /]'gxuf rtkef;pdef taMumif; awmfawmf aumif;aumif; odovm;? rdbrsm;ESifh
a':a':ESifhu oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif; yJvm;}
tdrf&Sif/ /]r[kwfygbl; wlr&,f? uGsrf;Muwm ESpfESpfavmufyJ &Sdygao;w,f? b,fvdk
taMumif;aMumifh ar;ygovJ wlr&,f}
BuD;/ /]tifrwef ta&;BuD;wJh udpt
wGuf ar;jref;&ygw,f a':a': 'gxuf ckeifu
vmar;wJh rcifMunfqdkwm 'Dudk a&mufzl;ygovm;}
tdrf&Sif/ /]rvmzl;ygbl; wlr&,f}
BuD;/ /]uGsefrESifh 'DvlESifh[m orD;&nf;pm; b0 cspfBudKufaeMuNyD; awmif;&rff;r,fhqJqJ
&SdaevdkU ar;ygw,f a':a':&,f}
tdrf&Sif/ /]aeOD; wlr&,f? olwdkUawmh wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,muf cifcifrifrifawmh &SdwmyJ?
ajymyHk qdkyHk trlt&m axmufMunfUawmhjzifh orD;&nf;pm; vuPmawmhjzifh r&Sdbl;? odkUaomf
ESpfa,mufwnf; wdk;wdk; wdk;wdk;ESifh ajymaeMuwmawmhjzifh a':a': Mum;w,f}
BuD;/ /]orD;&nf;pm;yif r[kwfaomfvnf; wdkifyifp&m taMumif;xl; wpfpHkwpfckawmh
&Sdw,fvdkU qdkcsifoaygh a':a':}
tdrf&Sif/ /][kwfvdrfhr,f wlra&? vlrodatmif wdkifyifp&m taMumif; wpfckawmh
&Sdw,fvdkUawmh xifw,f}
xdktcg rdrdBuD;rSm armifausmfjronf rtkef;pdefxH rMumcP vma&mufjcif;udk vnf;aumif;?
rcifMunfonf armifausmfjrxH vma&muf armifausmfjruvnf; rcifMunfxH pmwdkufrSwqifh
pmay;pm,l jyKjcif;udk vnf;aumif;? rcifMunfESifh rtkef;pdefwdkUonf todtuGsrf; jzpfMuonfudk
vnf;aumif; axmufcsifh&aomf trSef rkcs if;wdkU oHk;OD; oHk;zvS,f wpfBudwfwnf;
wpfPfwnff; jzpf vQdKU0Sufaom udp wpfck twlwuG aqmif&Gufvsuf &SdMuaMumif;udk
awG;rdonfwGif pdwfESvHk; romr,m jzpfcJhav\ / tdrf&Sif ta':BuD;vnf; rdrdBuD;\ romr,m
rsufESmudk jrifavvQif a,mufsm;wdkU rnfonfrSm rdef;rom; tay: vdrfvnf vSnfUjzm;
oabmxm; rwnfrMunf &Sdwwfjcif;rSm rdrd udk,fawGUyif jzpfaomfvnf; xdkolrSm rdrd tuJ
cwfrdoavmuf ajzmifhrwf wnfMunfyHk&onf jzpfaomaMumifh txifvGJ pdwfESvHk; roufrom
rjzpf&ef taMumif;ESifh ajymMum;ygao; aomfvnf; rdrdBuD;url emrnf&if; twdkif; r[kwfbJ
trnfvTJ todzGJUjcif;u ajzmifhrSefaom tMuHtpnf r[kwfedkif[k ,lqrdav\ /
if;aemuf rdrdBuD;onf rcifMunfESifh aemufwpfBudrf xyfrH awGUqHkcJhonf jzpfu
taMumif;rsm;udk ray:vQif ay:atmif xyfavmif; ar;jref;OD;rnf[k tMuHjzpfonfESifh tdrf&Sif
ta':BuD;tm; aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum;NyD;vQif rdrd\ aetdrfodkU jyefvmcJhav\/
68

a&TOa'gif;

tcef; ( 9 )
a&Tbdk awmifvuf ocGyfawm&Gmonf teD;tyg; tjcm;aom &Gmrsm;uJhodkU wpfaygif;
wpfpnf;wnf; pkHk; zGJUpnf; pnf;dk;rsm; um&Hxm;jcif; r&SdbJ ig;tdrfvQif wpfpk q,ftdrfvQif
wpfpk tp&Sdonfjzifh tuGJuGJ tjym;jym; wjcm;pD &Sdaeaom &GmjyefUus,fBuD; jzpfavonf/
&Gm\ tpGef0,f ao;i,faom tdrfwpfaqmif twGif; armifausmfjronf
a[mif;EGrf;aya&aom txnfwdkUudk 0wfqifvsuf armifa'ge qdkolESifh wD;wdk; wdkifyifvsuf
&SdMu&m
e/ /]rcifMunfESifh awGYatmif oGm;r,fqdkwJh tBuH[m awmfr,f rxifygbl; udkausmfjr&,f}
jr/
jr /]bmaMumifhvJAs}
e/ /]ckae tcgrSm rEav;udk cifAsm; oGm;zdkU oifhawmfr,f vdkUudk usKyf rxifbl;}
jr/
/]b,fhES,f vkyfrvJ udka'ge? rcifMunfu rdrdBuD;ESifh awGUcJhw,fvdkU
jr
pma&;vdkufavawmh rdrdBuD;u 'DtrIrSm b,favmuftxd odw,fqdkwm usKyf aoaocsmcsm
odcsifw,fAs}
e/ /]'guawmh cifAsm; oabm ayghAsm? odkUaomfvnf; owd 0D&d,ESifhom oGm;ayawmh
udkausmfjr? armifxGef;jrifh qdkwJh vluvJ awmfawmf yg;wJh vlAs? rcifMunfESifh yl;aygif;NyD;
wpfywfdkufrSmudkvJ pdk;&ao;w,f}
jr/
jr /]cifAsm; pdk;&drfwmvJ w,frdkif;bl;? odkUaomf pdwfcsygAsm? owdwref Pfajruwkwf
qdkwJh pum;vdk owd 0D&d,udk raygh ravsmhapbJ onf&efudk usKyf BuHNyD; NzdKzsufcJhr,fAsm?
rpdk;&drfygESifh? udkif; ajymae Muma&mhr,f? rD;&xm;vnf; tcsdefeD;NyD xifw,fAsdKU? blwmudk
oGm;vdkufOD;rS awmfr,f? usKyf r&SdwJh tcgrSm cifAsm; uvJ rayghravsmh apESifhAs? MuyfMuyf
owdxm;&pfAsm? Mum;vm;}
e/ /]usKyf twGufawmh pdwfcs&pfyg udkausmfjr&,f}
if;aeU ajcmufem&D tcsdefcefUwGif armifausmfjronf aumif;rGef oyf&yfpGm qif,if
0wfpm;vsuf rEav; blwmodkU qdkufvmaom ppfudkif;&xm; ay:rS qif;oufNyD;vQif jrif;&xm;
wpfpD;ESifh tmV0Dvrf;&Sd [dkw,fodkU oGm;a&mufav\ / [dkw,fodkU qdkufa&mufNyD;aemuf
armifausmfjronf acsmifusaom tcef; wpfcef;udk 0ifoGm;NyD;aemuf pm;p&m tenf;i,fudk
rSmxm; apmifhqdkif;vsuf&SdpOf [dkw,fa&SU jrif;&xm;wpfpD; qdkufa&mufjyef rcifMunfonf
&xm;ay:rS qif;vmav\ / rcifMunfonfvnf; bdGKifukvm;udk ar;jref; armifausmfjr &Sd&m
tcef;odkU 0ifoGm;NyD;aemuf xdkol ESpfa,mufwdkUonf 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;om EIwfqufMuav\/
if;wdkU ESpfa,mufonf oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif; jzpfMuonfU twdkif; avmu0wf ysLiSm tmvmy
ovmy pum; ajymqdkMuNyD;aemuf
Munf/ /]tHhMoyg&JU&Sif? uGsefr vmr,f qdkwm od&ufom;ESifh wu,fvdkU udp ta&;BuD;wJh
twGuf ta0;NrdKU&Gm oGm;&apumrl tdrfrSmawmh rSmxm;cJhzdkU aumif;ygw,f}
69

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

jr/
jr /]rSmcJhom;yJudk;? rcifMunf pmwdkufrSm pmoGm;NyD; ,lzdkU OD;jrwfomu rajymbl;vm;}
Munf/ /]rajymyguvm;&Sif}
jr/
jr /(tHhMovsuf) ][m b,fhES,f r[kwfwm? OD;jrwfomu rajymbl;vm;}
Munf/ /(acgif;cgvsuf) ][ifhtif; bmrS rajymbl;&Sifh}
jr/
jr /]b,fhES,fvJAsm? rcifMunf vmvdkU&Sd&if aps;csdK pmwdkufBuD;oGm; rcifMunf emrnfESifh
pmwpfapmif ra&mufbl;vm;vdkU ar;zdkU usKyf rSmxm;cJhw,f}
Munf/ /]ajymvJ rajym? pmvJ r&bl;&Sifh}
jr/
jr /]OD;jrwfomBuD; b,fhES,f vkyfygvdrfhrvJ? w,f *Guswmudk;}
Munf/ /]'D[m aeygapawmh&Sif? vlcsif; awGUMuNyD? pmr&ayr,fh ta&;rBuD;yg&Sif? rtkef;pdef
wpfa,muf aysmufaewm cufvSw,f? ysOf;rem; oGm;w,fqdkvkdU oHBudK;dkufNyD; ar;awmhvJ olU
aqGrsdK;rsm; rtkef;pdef rvmwJh taMumif; oHBudK; jyefdkufygw,f? 'gESifh ol b,fudk
oGm;wwfwmudk udkausmfjr rodbl;vm;&Sif}
jr/
jr /][m usKyfvJ bmod rvJAsm? ta0; oGm;aewJh vlar;vdkU b,frSmajymedkifrvJ
rcifMunf}
Munf/ /]uGsefrjzifh rtkef;pdef twGufrS pdwfrat;bl; &Sif? olaewJh tdrfu ta':u
ajymawmhvJ ysOf;rem; oGm;wm 15 &ufavmuf &SdNyDwJh? uGsefruvJ 15 &ufavmuf twGif;uyJ
rtkef;pdefqDu rEav;rS aeNyD; ay;vdkufwJh pmwpfapmif &ao;w,f}
jr/
jr /]b,frvJAs? 'Dpm ygao;vm;}
Munf/ /]pmawmh rygbl;&Sif? tdrfrSm arhusef&pfcJhw,f}
jr/
jr /]bm taMumif;rsm;vJ Asm}
Munf/ /]tvGef ta&;BuD;wJh udp wpfck &SdvdkU uGsefrESifh wdkifyifcsif ygw,fwJh? uGsefruvJ
csufcsif; rtm;wmESifh rvmekdifbl;&Sifh? vmjyefawmhvnf; a[m olESifh rawGUbl;}
jr/
jr /]ta&;BuD;wJh udpqdkwm b,fvdk udpr sm;vJ rcifMunf rawG;rdbl;vm;}
Munf/ /]uGsefr awG;rdwmuawmh tdrfaxmif&ufom; jyKzdkU tBuHtpnf&SdvdkU uGsefrESifh
wdkifyifcsifw,f xifwmygyJ&Sif}
jr/
jr /]b,folESifhrsm; xifrdvdkUvJ}
Munf/ /][dkwkef;uawmh udkausmfjrESifh[m ta&mw0if aeMuavawmh &D;wD;&m;wm;
xifrdayw,f&Sif}

70

a&TOa'gif;

jr/
jr /]xif&ifvJ vGJrSmaygh rcifMunf? usKyfwdkUu armifvdk ESrvdk cspfcifMuwmyJ? usKyfrSmvJ
orm"dNrdKU0ef OD;vluav;&JU orD; rdrdBuD;ESifh awmif;awmh &rf;awmhr,f qJqJom;yJ}
Munf/ /]uGsefr odygw,f}
jr/
jr /]aeygOD;Asm? rcifMunfESifh rdrdBuD;ESifh b,frSm awGUMuwmvJ}
Munf/ /]&Sifh tdrfrSm awGUwmaygh}
jr/
jr /(rsufvHk; jyL;vsuf) ]aMomf [kwfvm;? b,fyHk awGUMuwmvJ Asm}
Munf/ /]uGsefru &SifESifh awGUcsifvdkU &SifhtdrfoGm;awmh ola&mufESifh aevdkU qD;NyD;
{nfUcHw,f&Sifh? 'Dawmh uGsefrwdkU {nfUcef;rSm xdkifNyD; &Sifh taMumif;udk twefMumBuD; ajymMu
ao;w,f}
jr/
jr /]aeygOD;Asm? rtkef;pdef taMumif;rsm; ygMuao;ovm;}
Munf/ /]BuHBuHpnfpnf&Sif? vlwpfbufom;udk remvdk 0efwdkwJh pdwf jzpfay:apatmif
uGsefr tvum; vkyfyrvm; &Sif}
jr/
jr /]rSefayw,f rSefayw,f? 'gESifh rtkef;pdef b,foGm;w,fqdkwm usKyf odvdkufw,f
xifNyD; rcifMunfu usKyfqD vmar;wmayghav}
Munf/ /]&SifwdkU ESpfOD;[m tifrwef tuGsrf;0ifwJh rdwfaqG jzpfavawmh odwef
aumif;yg&JUvdkU ar;&wmygyJ&Sif}
jr/
jr /(pOf;pm; pdwful;aeonfU vuPmESifh twefMum qdkif;iHh aeNyD;aemuf) ]xGufoGm;wm
15 &ufavmuf &SdNyD? pm&wmuvJ 10 &ufavmuf &Sdao;w,f? awmfawmfawmh tawG;&
usyfwmyJAsdKU}
Munf/ /]tawG;& cufwm
rwwfedkifbl;vm;? udkausmfjr}

aeygOD;&Sifh?

wqdwfavmuf

ulnDNyD;

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jr/
jr /]w,fcufw,fAs? rdrdBuD;ESifh r*FvmaqmifcgeD; qJqJ jzpfavawmh rawmfwq
olMum;oGm;rSjzifh rouFmp&m jzpfygvdrfhr,f rcifMunf&,f}
Munf/ /]uGsefr txif ajym&rSmjzifh rdrdBuD;u tckvJyJ &Sifh tay:rSm rouFmbl; xifw,f}
jr/
jr /]bm rouFmwmvJ rcifMunf}
Munf/ /]bm&,fvdkUawmh uGsefr rajymedkifbl;? ol ajymyHk qdkyHk ar;yHk jref;yHk axmufcsifhNyD;
MunfU&wm &Sifh tay:rSm ouFmruif;bl;vdkU uGsefr xifw,f}
jr/
jr /(wkefvIyfaom trlt&mESifh) ]rtkef;pdef taMumif;awmh ol odyHk r&ygbl;aemf?
rcifMunfu bmrS pum;pyfNyD; rajymcJhbl; r[kwfvm;}

71

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

Munf/ /]rajymygbl;&Sif}
jr/
jr /]aumif;ygw,fAsm}
Munf/ /]'gwJh aeygOD; udkausmfjr&,f?
0g;&rf;ajy;aeovdk bmvdkvdk xifaeMuyguvm;}

ckwavm

&Sif

rEav;u

cGmNyD;aewm

jr/
jr /(rsufvHk;jyL;vsuf) ]tvdk b,folawGu xifwmvJ rcifMunf&JU}
Munf/ /]rdrdBuD; ajymyHk qdkyHk axmufMunfU&awmh 'DvdkyJ xifyHk&w,f? wdkufdkufBuD;awmh
zGifhNyD;ajymwm r[kwfbl;aygh? &SifhrSm bmrIvJ&Sifh b,ftwGufvJ&Sifh}
jr/
jr /]xifcsifovdk xifMuygapAsm? aemufqHk;wpfaeUusawmh bGif;bGif;BuD; ay:ygvdrfhr,f}
Munf
Mun/ / ]aeygOD;? bmrIvJ ajymprf;ygOD;&Sifh}
jkr/ /]ckawmh rajymyg&apeJU rcifMunf? odkUaomf rcifMunfwpfck usKyfudk uwdxm;&
vdrfhr,f}
Munf
Mun/ /]bmrsm;vJ&Sif}
jr/
jr /]'DuaeU rcifMunfESifh awGUqHkwJh taMumif; b,foludkrS rajymygbl;qdkwm
uwdxm;apcsifw,fAsm}
Munf
Mun/ /]rajymygbl;&Sif? pdwfomcsyg}
xdktcgum; bGdKifukvm;wpfa,mufonf tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvm ykvdyft&m&Sd
wpfa,mufu ]rdef;rqyf} tm;awGUvdk tjyifrS apmifhqdkif;vsuf &SdaMumif; ajymqdkonfwGif
ESpfOD;pvHk;wdkUrSm &ifwGif; xdwfceJ jzpfoGm;Muavaomfvnf; jyifyrll rsufESmrysufapbJ
rcifMunfu csdKomaom toHjzifh ]ac:cJhyg? ac:cJhyg? 0ifcJhygap} ajymvdkufojzifh bGdKifukvm;onf
tjyifodkU xGufoGm;av\/

tcef;(10)
(10)
bdGKifukvm; xGufoGm;NyD;onfESifh wNydKifeuf armifausmfjronf xdkif&mrS kwfw&uf x
]rcifMunfudk usKyf rSmxm;yg&apaemf? ckeifu xm;cJhwJh uwdudk rarhygESifh? udkif; usKyf oGm;OD;r,f}
[k ajymNyD; armifausmfjronf xrif;csuf pm;yGJrsm; &SdonfU [dkw,f tapcHrsm; &Sd&m rD;zdkbufodkU
aemufaz;wHcg;jzifh xGufoGm; rD;zkdacsmifodkU a&mufaomtcg tdrfom oGm;rnfa,mifa,mif
jyKNyD;aemuf [dkw,faemufaz; wdkufwHcg;rS xGufoGm;av{/f /
,if;odkU &SdpOf pHkaxmuf armifbwifonf rcifMunf&Sd&m tcef;wGif;odkU 0if

72

a&TOa'gif;

wif/ /]rcifMunf qdkwm rSwfw,f}

Munf/ /(Tifys Munfvifaom rsufESmxm;ESifh) ]rSefygw,f&Sif? bmudpygvJ}
wif/ /]ar;p&muav; &SdvdkUyg? rcifMunfudk ar;yg&ap}
Munf/ /]ar;edkifygw,f&Sif}
wif/ /]'Dtcef;xJrSm rcifMunfeJU vlwpfa,mufeJU pum;ajymaeMuw,f r[kwfvm;? tck
ol b,fa&mufoGm;ovJ}
Munf/ /]xGufoGm;ygNyDaum &Sifh}
wif/ /]tvdk b,fu xGufoGm;ovJ Asm}
Munf/ /]ol xGufoGm;wmygyJ&Sif? 'geJU uGsefrudk awGUcsifw,f qdkwm b,fvdk taMumif;
xl;vdkUvJ&Sif}
wif/ /]ol b,fxGufoGm;ovJ ajymprf;yg? &D;wD;,m;wm; rvkyfprf;ygESifh} [k
ajymNyD;aemuf armifbwifonf tcef;jyif apmifhaeaom ykvdyf wpfa,muftm; 0g;&rf;ajy;
wpfa,muf xGufajy;ESifhaMumif; ajymqdk csufcsif; vdkuf&SmazGMu&ef trdefU ay;av\ /
if;aemuf armifbwifonf rcifMunftm; ar;cGef; trsdK;rsdK; xkwfvsuf&Sd&m
rcifMunfonfvnf; armifbwif{/f vdk&if;tcsufudk em;rvnfonfU vuPmESifh a0hvnfvnf
ajzqdkvsuf &Sdav\ /
wif/ /(rsufarSmifukwfum rcifMunftm; MunfUvsuf) ]'D tcef;xJrSm armifausmfjr qdkwJh
vlESifh cifAsm;ESifh pum; ajymaeMuw,f r[kwfvm;}
Munf/ /]b,fwkef;uvJ}
wif/ /]tckuav;wif? tckuav;wif}
Munf/ /]uGsefr rdwfaqG rtkef;pdef qdkwm wpfa,muf aysmufaeavawmh awGUatmif
&Smay;edkifrvm;vdkU}
wif/ /]pum; r&Snfprf;ygESifh? ar;wm ajymprf;yg? 'Dvl b,fvrf;u xGufoGm;ovJ}
Munf/ /]b,folvJ&Sif}
wif/ /]ckeifu pum;ajymaewJh vl[mav}
Munf/ /]aeygOD;? &Sif awGUcsifwJh vlu b,folwJhvJ}
wif/ /]armifausmfjrav armifausmfjr}

73

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

Munf/ /][if 'gjzifh &SifvGJaeNyD? ckeifu xoGm;wJh vlu udkausmfjr r[kwfbl;? udkMumnGefU
wJh&Sif}
wif/ /]b,fu udkMumnGefU&rSmvJ? armifausmfjryg usKyf odygw,f}
Munf/ /]udkausmfjr jzpfjzpf udkMumnGefU jzpfjzpf? b,fvdk trIESifh awGUcsifvdkUygvJ &Sif?
zrf;qD;csifvdkUygvm;? bmrIrsm;vJ}
wif/ /]bmrI jzpfjzpf cifAsm;ESifh rqdkifygbl;}
xdktcg pHkaxmuf armifbwifonf if;oli,fronfum; csdef;ajcmuf &rnf r[kwfaom
oli,fr wpfa,muf jzpfaMumif;udk od&SdonfESifh acsmharmh ar;jref;OD;rnf[k tBuHESifh
wif/ /]b,fvdk trI &,fvdkUawmh zGifhNyD; ajymzdkU usKyf ta&;rydkifbl; As? odkUaomf tpdk;&
t&m&Sd qdkwm vlaumif; olaumif;rsm; Nidrf;csrf;om,mpGm aexkdifedkifMuzdkU vlqdk; olqdk;rsm;udk
zrf;qD; ESdyfuGyfzdkU 0w&m;&SdwJh twGuf 0w&m;twdkif; aqmif&Guf&jcif; jzpfygw,fAsm? 'Dawmh usKyf
ar;wmudk rcifMunfu rSefrSef ajymprf;yg? ckeifu vl[m udkausmfjryJ r[kwfvm;}
Munf/ /]uGsefr odorQjzifh udkMumnGefU&,fvdkU odcJhzl;ygw,f&Sif}
wif/ /]b,f udkMumnGefUrsm;ygvdrfhrvJ Asm? "m;wef;u vlowfrIESifh ajzmifhcsufay;xm;wJh
udkMumnGefUrsm; jzpfava&mUovm;? olUpm t&rSmawmh olUudk,fol owfNyD; aoawmhr,f? tck
raobJ &SdaecJhw,f qdkvQif 'DtrI[m Iyfonfxuf IyfaxG;ukefjyef awmhrSmyguvm;? udkausmfjr
jzpfap udkMumnGefU jzpfap ckeifu vl[m vlqdk;As? 'Dawmh vlqdk;udk zrf;zdkU rcifMunf ulnDapvkd
w,fAsm}
Munf/ /]b,fvdk ulnD&rSmvJ&Sifh}
wif/ /]ol tck b,frSm aew,f qdkwm rcifMunf rodbl;vm;}
Munf/ /]b,fu odrSmvJ &Sif? udpu
av; wpfck &SdvdkU 'Dae&mrSm awGUqHkzdkU aMu;eef;
dkufvdkufavawmh qHkrdMujcif; jzpfygw,f? b,frSm aew,f vdkUawmh uGsefr trSef rodyg}
xkdtcgum; armifbwifonf rcifMunfxHrS if;taMumif;ESifh ywfouf owif;xl;
&&Sd&ef rarQmfvifhawmhonf jzpfaomaMumifh [dkw,frS xGufoGm; ykvdyf t&m&SdwdkUtm; rD;&xm;
blwmHk? oabFmqdyf tp&SdonfU ae&mwdkUrS apmifhqdkif; MunfUI&ef apvTwfvsuf &Sdav{/f /

tcef; (11)
txufyg tjcif;t&mwdkU jzpfysufcJhonfU aemufwpfaeU eHeufcif; tcsdefwGif rdrdBuD;onf
a&SUae armifxGef;jrifh{/f tvkyfcef;udk 0ifoGm;&m armifxGef;jrifhonf aumif;rGefpGm ae&mxdkfifcif;
ay;NyD;aemuf armifausmfjronf rcifMunfESifh tmV0Dvrf; [dkw,f tcsdef;tcsuf ay;
,refaeUuyif awGUqHkaMumif;? if;taMumif;udk pHkaxmuf armifbwifu owif;& oGm;a&muf
74

a&TOa'gif;

zrf;rnf jyKaomtcg armifausmfjronf vufrwifuav;rQ vGwf oGm;aMumif;rsm; ajymqdk

onfwGif
BuD;/ /(wkefvIyfaom trlt&mESifh) ]aeygOD;&Sif? udkausmfjr owfw,fvdkU &SifwdkU
odMuovm;}
jrifh/ /]xifp&m&Sdw,f r&Sdbl; qdkwJh oljyKvkyfyHk trlt&mudkyJ axmufcsifh MunfUawmhAsm}
BuD;/ /]'gjzifh [dk rdef;ruav;udk owfwm trSefyJaygh}
jrifh/ /]uGsefawmfjzifh 'DvdkyJ xifrdw,f? rdrdBuD;yJ pOf;pm;MunfUawmhav? wu,fqdk&if jypfrI
r&SdygbJvsuf vlwpfOD; wpfa,muf[m ykef;a&SmifNyD; aew,fvdkU b,frSm awGUzl;ovJ rdrdBuD;&JU?
NyD;awmh wpfcsufu rcifMunfqDudk udkausmfjru a&;ay;wJh pmudkvJ rdrdBuD; jrif&w,fqdk
r[kwfvm;? {uef rkcs olwdkU ESpfOD;[m wpfBudwfxJ wpfPfxJ tBuHwpfck &SdvdkU[myJ rdrdBuD;&JU}
BuD;/ /]'gjzifh &SifajymyHkawmh 'DtrI rcifMunfvJ ygoayghav}
jrifh/ /]ygw,fvdkU qdk&vdrfUr,f}
rdrdBuD;rSm armifausmfjrtm; ESpfrsm;pGm cspfBudKufvmcJhaom &nf;pm;wpfa,muf jzpfojzifh
toufwrQ cspfcifpHkrufonf rSefaomfvnf; e*dk&f oabmtm;jzifh BuD;&ifh jrifhjrwfaom
pdwf&SdonfU tjyif trdtz wdkUuvnf; enf;pepfuseatmif Muyfwnf;pGm qHk;roGefoifcJhonf
jzpfaomaMumifh tu,f armifausmfjronf jypfrI wpfpHkwpf&mudk usL;vGefcJhonf jzpfygvQif
if;jypfrI twGuf armifausmfjr tjypf'Pf ay;jcif;cH& rdrdvnf; &ifuGJemESifh ao&apumrl
rw&m;aom tjyKtrludk ulnDaqmif&Guf vQdKU0Suf xdrfcsefvdrfhrnfU rdef;uav; wpfOD; wpfa,muf
r[kwfacs/ ,if;odkU jzpf&um; armifausmfjru rdrdBuD;tm; cGJcGmcgeD; qJqJwGif ajymMum;cJhaom
pum;wdkUrSm ouFm ruif;zG,f&m &SdaomaMumifh rdrdBuD;onf armifxGef;jrifhtm; if;\
tjcif;t&mudk ajymqdkonfwGif
jrifh/ /]udkausmfjru awmfawmfyg;wJh vlwpfa,mufyJ? onftrI[m aemufqHk;wpfaeU
usawmh olUudk ywfvdrfUr,fqdkwm odavawmh rdrdBuD; qDrSm olu wiful;NyD; olUbufom;
jzpfatmif ajymESifh xm;wmudk; rdrdBuD;&JU? olu 'Dvdk wiful;NyD; ajymxm;ESifhwJh twdkif; rdrdBuD;u
olUpum; em;0ifNyD; olajymovdk ,HkMunfaew,f r[kwfvm;}
BuD;/ /]uGsefr trSef ajym&rSmjzifh ,ck txdrSm udkausmfjr tay: 'dG[ruif; &Sdwkef;yJ
jzpfw,f? trSefyJ oljyKovm; rjyKvm; qdkwm ra0cGJedkifatmif &Sdaeygao;w,f? tck ol
wdrf;a&SmifNyD; aejcif;[mvJ 'DtrIaMumifh r[kwfbJ 'djyif udpwpfckrsm; &Sdava&mhovm;vdkUvJ
uGsefr xifrdygw,f}
jrifh/ /(NyHK;&,fvsuf) ]udk,f cspfcif MuifemvmcJhwJh &nf;pm; wpfOD; wpfa,muf[m ,ckvdk
trIrsdK; jyKwwfw,f qdkwm kwfw&uf ,HkzdkU cJ,Of;ayrSmayghav? uGsefawmfawmifrSyif rdwfaqG
jzpfHkrQESifh Mum;p wkef;ursm;jzifh ,Hkawmif r,Hkrdygbl; cifAsm;? odkUaomfvnf; aemuffxyf Mum;&wJh
taMumif;rsm;udk csifhcsdefNyD; MunfYjyefawmhvJ r,HkcsifvdkU rae&atmif jzpfaeNyD rdrdBuD;&JU}

75

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

BuD;/ /]odkUaomfvnf; 'Dvdk &Sdygw,f&Sif? olESifh awGUwJh tcgusawmh b,fvdk &Sif;vif;

ajymOD;r,f qdkwm rodedkifMuao;ygbl;? olU &Sif;vif;csufudk rMum;&rD vlwpfbufom;udk
tjypfqdkzdkUvJ cJ,Of;ygw,f}
jrifh/ /]rSefygw,f rdrdBuD; ajymwmvJ rSefygw,f? Hk;a&mufwJh tcgusvdkU Hk;rif;a&SUrSm olU
xkacscsufudk Mum;&NyD qdkawmhrS qHk;jzwfekdifMurSmudk; rdrdBuD;&JU? ,ckawmhjzifh xifcsufavmufom
ajymqdkMu&wmyJ}
armifxGef;jrifhrSm a&SUae wpfa,muf jzpfaomfvnf; pHkaxmufbuf qdkif&m vkyfief; rsm;pGm
txHk 0goem yg&Sdonfjzpf if;vlowfrIESifh pyfvsOf; tpdk;& pHkaxmufbufqdkif&m t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh
wGJbufNyD;vQif rsm;pGm BudK;yrf; axmufvSrf; cJhzl;avonf/ if;{/f vHkUv 0D&d, aMumifhvnf; ykvdyf
t&m&SdwdkU trSwfwrJhESifh *krjyKrdaom tcsufi,frsm;pGm wdkUudk xif&Sm;pGm xGufay: vmaponf
jzpfaomaMumifh if;trI w&m;cHrSm tjcm;ol r[kwf? armifausmfjr jzpfaMumif;udkvnf;
xif&Sm;onfxuf xif&Sm;apcJhav\/
if;aemuf armifxGef;jrifh ESifh rdrdBuD;wdkUonf xdktrI udpESifh pyfvsOf; qufvuf
wdkifyifMujyef&m aemufqHk; rdrdBuD;u rnfonfUenf;ESifh rqdk rcifMunfudk awGUatmif &SmNyD;vQif
ay:atmif ar;jref;rnf? if; vlowfrIwGifvnf; rnfuJhodkU oufqdkifonfudk pHkprf;OD;tHh [k
ajymqdk xGufvmcJhav\ /
rdrdBuD; xGufoGm;NyD;aemuf armifxGef;jrifhonf armifausmfjrESifh rdwfaqG jzpfzl;onfUtwdkif;
if; xHrS "mwfyHk wpfck &zl;onfjzpf pm;yGJ tHqGJ odrf; xm;aom armifausmfjr{/f "mwfyHkudk
xkwfNyD;vQif rsufESm cyfNyHK;NyHK;ESifh "mwfyHkudk pm;yGJay: jrifomavmufaom ae&mwGif axmif
xm;NyD;vQif Oya'pmtkyfrsm;udk vSefavSm MunfUIvsuf&Sd&m wpfcPrQ Mumaomtcg pHkaxmuf
armifbwifonf tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvmav{/f / trI taMumif;ESifh pyfvsOf; tenf;i,f wdkifyif
ajymqdkMuNyD;aemuf armifbwifonf ukvm;xdkifrS x jyefawmhrnf jyKonfwGif pm;yGJay:
axmifxm;aom "mwfyHkudk jrifojzifh tHhMoaom trlt&mESifh
wif/ /]tvdk onf"mwfyHk[m udkMumnGefU qdkwJh vl&JU "mwfyHk r[kwfvm;? cifAsm; b,fu
&xm;ovJ}
jrifh/ /]b,fu udkMumnGefUvJAsm? usKyf rodyguvm;}
wif/ /]"m;wef;u vlowfrIrSm ajzmifhcsufay;NyD; udk,fUudk,fudk owfypfw,f qdkwJh
vl[mav}
jrifh/ /]r[kwfygbl;As? 'D[mu usKyf rdwfaqG udkausmffjr&JU "mwfyHkyg}
wif/ /]rSef;prf;ygOD;Asm? usKyf aoaocsmcsm MunfUprf;yg&apOD;}
if;aemuf armifbwifonf "mwfyHkudk vSrf;,l jywif;aygufteD;odkU oGm;NyD;vQif
aocsmpGm MunfUINyD;aemuf

76

a&TOa'gif;

wif/ /]udkMumnGefU&JUyHk tppfygyJAsm? rdef;uav; tavmif;udk olUwdkufrSm awGUw,fvdkU

qdkNyD; |memtkyf armifoef;azqD wdkifcsuf vmay;wkef;u usKyf &Sdaecdkuf rdkUvdkU aoaocsmcsm
jrifvdkuf&ygw,fAsm? 'D[m udkMumnGefU qdkwJh vl&JU "mwfyHk tppfygyJ}
jrifh/ /]cifAsm; rSm;ygvdrfUr,f udkbwif? 'D[m usKyf rdwfaqG udkausmfjr&JU "mwfyHk ygAsm}
wif/ /]usKyfwdkY pHkaxmuf qdkwJh vlqdkwmu rsufESmudk wpfcg jrifzl;&if arhekdifwJhvl r[kwfbl;As?
cifAsm;u b,fvdkyJ ajymajym udkMumnGefUrS udkMumnGefUyJ? usKyfuawmh ravQmhbl;}
if;aemuf rdwfaqG ESpfa,mufonf "mwfyHk taMumif;ESifh pyfvsOf; twefMum
jiif;cHkMuNyD;aemuf aemufqHk; udkausmfjr qdkolESifh armifMumnGefU qdkolwdkUonf vlwpfOD;wnf;
jzpfaMumif;udk oabmwlnDav\ / xdkUaemuf
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jrif
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owfw,fqdkwm usKyf xifjrifcsuf ay;&rSmjzifh aool rdef;uav;u armifausmfjr&JU taMumif;udk
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jrifh/ /]usKyf txifawmh udkausmfjr odkUr[kwf udkMumnGefU r&SdcdkufrSm aool rdef;uav;u
pmcsKyfawGudk wdwfwqdwf cdk;MunfUaewm rdavawmh a'gotavsmuf pD&ifvdkufw,fvdkUvJ
awG;p&m &Sdw,f}
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jrifh/ /]usKyfawmh ausaeNyDAsm? tpu 'DvdkrSef; rodvdkU cifAsm;wdkU udprSm yg0ifNyD;
aqmif&Gufrdayw,f? tckawmh w&m;cHu wjcm;ol r[kwf? udk,fESifh tifrwef cifaewJh
rdwfaqGwpfa,muf jzpfaeavawmh odyfNyD; tm;emzdkU aumif;oAsm}
wif/ /]cifAsm;vJ pHkaxmufbufrSm 0goemygwJh vlwpfa,muf jzpfavawmh usKyfwdkU tpdk;&
t&m&Sdrsm; oabmxm; ovdkyJ xm;rS awmfr,fAs? jypfrI usL;vGefwJh vlqdk&if rdwfaqG ruvdkU
nD&if; tpfudkyJ jzpfap om;orD; jzpfap w&m;Oya'&SdwJh twdkif; aqmif&Guf Mu&awmhrSmudk;As?
vlqdk; wpfa,mufrSef; od&ufESifh udk,fu oem;vdkU Smvdkufr,f qdk&if olUtwGufESifh
jynfoltrsm; 'kuyGm;ukefrSmukd pdk;&drf&ao;w,f udkxGef;jrifh&JU}
jrifh/ /]rSefygw,f rSefygw,f? 'D[mawG usKyf odvdkUvJ 'DtrIrSm qufvufNyD;
aqmif&GufaewmayghAs}
77

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

if;aemuf rdwfaqG ESpfa,mufwdkUonf tpdk;& Oya't& vlowfrI wpfck jzpfyGm;&m

aoaomolonf rnfolrnf0g jzpfonfudk a&S;OD;pGm od&SdrSomvQif w&m;cHudk vHkavmufpGm pGJcsuf
wifekdifonf jzpf aoaom rdef;uav;onf rnfolrnf0g jzpfonfudk axmufvSrf; pHkprf;&ef
ta&;BuD;aMumif;? rcifMunf qdkaom rdef;uav;rSmvJ aool oli,frudk od&Sdonf[k awG;xif&ef
&Sdonf jzpfaomaMumifh if;tm; xyfrH ppfaq;&aomf oifhavsmfrnf xifaMumif;ESifh ajymqdk
wdkifyifMuNyD;vQif armifbwifonf armifxGef;jrifh tvkyfcef;rS xGufvmcJhav\f /

tcef; (12)
wpfaeUo a&SUae armifxGef;jrifhonf rdrd tvkyfcef; owif;pm wpfapmifudk
zwfIvsuf&SdpOf tapcH wpfa,mufonf tceff;wGif;odkU 0ifvm rdrdrSm rddrdBuD;xHrS
apvTwfvdkufol jzpfaMumif;? rdrdBuD;u vlowfrItaMumif;ESifh pyfvsO;f armifxGef;jrifhESifh txl;
wdkifyif&ef taMumif;wpfck &SdaMumif;? rcifMunfESifhvnf; awGUNyD;jzpf owif;xl; wpfck ESpfck
Mum;od&aMumif;? tdrfvnf; trdtzwdkU r&Sdcdkuf jzpfojzifh armifxGef;jrifh tm;vyfygu ,ck
csufcsif; vma&mufapvdkaMumif;ESifh ajymMum;onfwGif armifxGef;jrifhu rMumrDtwGif;
vmcJhygrnf[k rSmxm;vdkufojzifh tapcHonf jyefoGm;av\/
tapcH jyefoGm;NyD;aemuf armifxGef;jrifhonf trIudpESifh pyfvsOf; wpfa,mufwnf;
qifjcifpOf;pm;vsuf&Sd&m rcifMunfonf rdrdBuD;tm; rnfonfU owif;xl;udk ajymMum;
aeavoenf;? rcifMunfESifh armifausmfjrwdkU ESpfudk,fUwpfpdwf jzpfaeMuonfUjyif rcifMunf
udk,fwdkifuvnf; tvGefw&m yg;eyfaom rdef;uav; jzpfaomaMumifh armifausmfjr
vGwfapavmufatmif owif; wpfpHkwpf&mudk &ygrnfavm ponfjzifh awG;awm pdwful;
jrif;&xm; wpfpD;ESifh rdrdBuD;\ tdrfodkU vmcJhav\/
armifxGef;jrifhonf rddrd\ tvkyfcef;wGif a&SUrS jrif;&xm;ay: odkU wufvsuf&SdpOf
vlESpfa,mufwdkUonf reD;ra0;&Sd vrf;Mum;i,f wpfckrS if;tm; acsmif;ajrmif; MunfUIvsuf
&SdMu&m armifxGef;jrifhonf jrif;&xm;ESifh xGufoGm;onfudk jrifonfESifh wNydKifeuf xkdol
ESpfa,mufwdkUonf rddrdwdkU tcsif;csif; tenf;i,f wdkifyifMuNyD;aemuf t&yfav;rsufESmodkU
arQmfMunfU armifxGef;jrifh\ tvkyfwdkufodkU oGm;a&mufMuav\/ tvkyfwdkufrS wHcg;udk aomhESifh
cwf ydwfqdkU xm;&avum; xkdol ESpfa,mufwdkUonf rdrdwkdU\ tjyKtrludk tjcm;olwdkU
jrifavoavm[k apmifharQmf MunfUI MuNyD;aemuf wpfa,mufaomolonf rdrd\ tustdwfrS
aomhwpfacsmif; xkwfNyD;vQif wHcg;udk zGifhav\/ wHcg; zGifhNyD;aemuf xdkolESpfa,mufwdkUonf
wkdufwGif;odkU 0ifMuNyD;vQif wdkufwHcg;udk twGif;rS ydwfxm;cJh armifxGef;jrifh\ tvkyfcef;udk
0ifMuav\/ xkdol ESpfa,mufwdkUrSm tjcm;r[kwf? armifausmfjrESifh armifa'ge wdkUyif jzpfav\/
armifausmfjrrSm cgwdkif;uJhodkU oyf&yfaumif;rGefpGm 0wfqifvsuf r&SdbJ a[mif;EGrf; aya&
tvkyfMurf; oGm;zdkU 0wfqiffwwfaom csnfvHkcsnfESifh &Syftustpkwf wdkUjzifh omvQif 0wfqif
vsuf &Sdav\/ tcef;wGif;odkU a&mufMuaomtcg
jr/
jr /]udkif; q&ma&U jrefjref vkyfrSyJ? w,fBuD; MumMum oGm;wJh vuPm r&Sdbl;? csufcsif;
jyefvmvdkU rdaerSjzifh 'ku a&mufukefMuvdrfYr,f}
78

a&TOa'gif;

e/ /]pdwfcsygAsm? kwfw&uf jyefrvmatmif vkyfwJh enf; usKyf wwfygw,f}

[k ajymNyD;aemuf armifa'geonf tBuH wpfck &onfU vuPmESifh w,fvDzHk;udk
aumuf,lNyD;vQif ykvdyf|memodkU oG,fqufapav\/ |mem &Sdaom ykvdyfom; wpfa,mufESifh
oG,fqufrdavvQif armifbwif jzpfaMumif;? a&SUae armifxGef;jrifhonf orm"d NrdKU0ef
OD;vluav;\ aetdrf ,cktcg &SdaeaMumif;? rdrdu armifxGef;jrifhESifh rdrdBuD;wdkU ESpfa,mufvHk;udk
awGUvdkonf jzpf armifxGef;jrifhrSm rdrd rvmrcsif; OD;vluav;\ aetdrfrS apmifhqdkif;
aeapvdkaMumif;rsm;udk ,ck csufcsif; oGm;a&muf fajymqdk&rnf jzpfaMumif;ESifh trdefUay;aomtcg
|memrS ykvdyfom;vnf; cdkif;aponfU twkdif; oGm;a&mufygrnf[k 0efcH vdkufav\/
,if;uJhodkU armifxGef;jrifh kwfw&uf jyef rvmekdifatmif
armifausmfjronf rdrd ,laqmifcJhaom aomhwGJBuD; wpfwGJudk xkwfNyD;aemuf

pDrHMuNyD;aemuf

jr/
jr /]armifxGef;jrifh qdkwJh vlu awmfawmfyg;wJh vl q&ma&U? usKyfwdkU olU tcef;rSm
arTaESmufoGm;aMumif; olrodatmif ajc&m vuf&m rusef&pfaprS awmfr,f? rawmfwq
&dyfrdoGm;cJhvdkU &Sd&if &uf&Snf vrsm; tqif;&J tyifyef;cHNyD; BudK;pm;cJhorQawG tvum;
jzpfukefvdrfUr,f} [k ajymNyD;aemuf armifausmfjronf a&S;OD;pGm tvkyfpm;yGJ thHqGJ&Sdaom
aomhaygufudk rdrd\ aomhwGJ&Sd aomhrsm;ESifh wpfacsmif; NyD;vQif wpfacsmif; wyfvQdK prf;oyfvsuf
&Sdav\/ aemufqHk; pm;yGJ thHqGJ yGifh oGm;aomtcg xdkESpfa,mufwdkUonf tHqGJ twGif;
vSefavSm arTaESmuf &SmazG&m rdrdwdkU tvdk&Sdaom t&m0wKrsm;udk rawGUojzifh yxr tHqGJudk
ydwfNyD;vQif 'kwd,tHqGJudk zGifhMujyefav\/
,if;uJhodkU tHqGJ wpfckNyD;vQif wpfck zGifhvSpf&SmazG atmufqHk; tHqGJudk zGifhrdaomtcg
rlum; ydk;BudfK;jzifh txyfvdkuf pnf;aESmif xm;aom pmwpfxkyfudk tHqGJ twGif; awGU&SdMuojzifh
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om xkwf,l zwfIMuonfwGif yxrpmrSm rdef;rvufa&;jzifh a&;om;xm;&Sdaom
pmwpfapmif jzpfaMumif; od&Sdav\/ xkdpmudk zwfNyD;aemuf
jr/
jr /]w,f,kwfrmwJh vlwpfa,mufyJAsdKU? MunfUprf;ygAsm? rdef;rom; wpfOD;wpfa,mufudk
ajcmufvSefUNyD; aiGSpfawmif; owJh? aumif;edkifao;&JUvm;Asm? 'Drdef;ru 0efaxmufuawmf
rESif;arwJh? usKyfESifhvJ enf;enf;yg;yg; odw,f? 'D ieJu a&SUae jzpfavawmh trIwpfckESifh
ywfoufNyD; a&SUaevdkuf&pOf tcgu rESif;ar i,fi,fu tjzpftysuf taMumif;awGudk
odavawmh olUudk aiGay;&ifay; ray;cJhvdkY&Sd&if olUa,musfm; 0efaxmufBuD;udk i,fusdK; i,fem
tukefazmfNyD; ajymvdkufr,fvdkU Ncdrf;ajcmufvdkufwJh twGuf jyefpma&;vdkuf&SmwJh vuPmyJ?
w,f,kwfrmwJhvlAsm}[kajymNyD;aemuf armifausmfjronf if;vufa&;ESifh 'kwd, pmwpfapmifudk
awGU&Sd&jyefav&m if;pmrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfav\/
]pma&;vdkufonf udkxGef;jrifh? uGsefronf &Sif ESdyfpufcJhorQudk cHcJh&onfrSm MumvSygNyD? &Sif
awmif;qdkcJhorQ aiGudk ay;cJh&onfrSmvnf; rsm;vSygNyD? ,ck aemufqHk; awmif;aom aiG 300 rSm
uGsefra,musfm; rodatmif b,fenf;ESifhrQ uGsefr rBuHpnfwwfyg? odkUjzpf if;twGufukd
onf;cHapvdkygonf? tu,f &Sifu r&vQif raeedkif[k twif;tusyf jyKvkyfcJhygvQif uGsefrrSm
vlUjynf aeekdifawmh&ef taMumif; r&Sd? ESpf v rsm;pGm &Sif\ ESdyfpufjcif; cH&onfU
taMumif;rsm;udk pmjzifh pHkvifpGm a&;om;cJhNyD;vQif uGsefr\ touf qHk;IH;atmif pD&if
vdkuf&ygawmhonf/
79

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

ESif;ar }
pmudk zwfNyD;onfYaemuf armifausmfjronf armifxGef;jrifh\ tay: trsufjyif;pGm
xGufonfU vuPmESifh vufoD;qkyfum tHBudwfumjzifh usHK;0g;NyD;aemuf xdkpmudk rdrdtustdwf
twGif;odkU xnfUxm;vdkufav\/

tcef; (13)
ppfudkif;NrdKU ig;xyfBuD;bk&m; ESifh reD;ra0;&Sd r&rf;NcH wpfNcHtwGif; oyf&yf aumif;rGefpGm
aqmufvkyfxm;ojzifh tvGefw&m om,m Nidrf;csrf; pcef;oifhwifh aecsifhpzG,f &Sdaom tdrfBuD;
wpfaqmif &Sdav\/
xdktdrfBuD;onfum; yifpif tNidrf;pm; 0efaxmufrif; OD;MumtHkESifh 0efaxmufuawmf
rESif;arwdkU aexdkifMuaom tdrfBuD;jzpfav&m OD;MumtHkrSm yxrr,m;BuD; aoqHk;NyD;aemuf
tkyft&nfESifh jynfUpHkaomfvnf; twefi,f EGrf;e,fyifyef;aom rESif;artm; xdrf;jrm;
vufxyfcJhav&m rESif;arrSm t&G,ftm;jzifh 0efaxmufBuD;xuf tESpf ESpfq,fcefUrQ i,fonf
jzpfaomaMumifh 0efaxmufBuD; OD;MumtHku txl;ojzifh cspfcif MuifemcJhNyD;vQif t&m&mrsdK;
rESif;ar tvdktwdkif; omvQif vdkufemavh &SdcJhav\/
wpfaeUo jrif;&xm;wpfpD;onf tdrfa&SU &yfNyD;vQif armifausmfjronf &xm;ay:rS
qif;ouf tdrfwGif;odkU 0ifoGm;NyD; tapcH wpfa,muftm; rif;uawmf r&Sdygoavm[k
ar;jref;onfwGif tapcHonf armifausmfjrtm; {nfUcef; xdkifapNyD;aemuf rif;uawmfxH
taMumif;Mum;&ef tdrfay: odkU wufoGm;av\/
wpfcPMumvQif rif;uawmf rESif;aronf tdrfay:rS qif;vmcJh armifausmfjrESifh
oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif; jzpfonfU vuPmjzifh 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om EIwfcGef; qufoav&m
ar/
ar /]b,fursm; b,fvdk tBuH&NyD; aygufvmcJh ygovJ&Sif? rawGU&wm oHk;av;ESpf
&SdoGm;vdkU arhaeMuNyD atmif;arhw,f? ,ckvdk trSwfw& 0ifvmazmf &wmrsm;
0rf;ajrmufvSygw,f&Sif? 0efaxmufrif;vJ udpuav; wpfck&SdvdkU NrdKUxJ oGm;aeao;ygw,f? ol
jyefatmif qdkif;ygOD;aemf? udkausmfjr}
jr/
jr /]rD;&xm; xGufzdkUu wpfem&D ausmfausmfavmuf vdkao;avawmh 'DtawmtwGif;
0efaxmufrif; jyefvmaumif;yg&JU Asm}
ar/
ar /]atmifr,f rD;&xm;awG aygvGef;vdkU&Sif? 'Dwpfpif; rrD aemufwpfpif;eSifh vdkufwmaygh?
0efaxmufrif;u udkausmfjr taMumif;udk cPcP ajymaeygw,f? ra&mufpzl; a&mufvmwJh
tcgrSm awGU&atmif apmifhoGm;ygOD;&Sif}
jr/
jr /]'gwJh uGsefawmf wpfck ar;yg&ap rESif;ar? udkxGef;jrifh wpfa,mufaum
awGUrdao;vm;}

80

a&TOa'gif;

ar/
ar /(xdwfvefUaom trlt&mESifh) ]rawGU&yguvm;&Sif? b,fvdk taMumif;aMumifh
ar;ygovJ}
jr/
jr /],ck uGsefawmf vmcJhjcif;[m olU udp twGuf vmcJh&jcif; jzpfygw,f? 'Dvl[m
rESif;arudk ESdyfpufNyD; aew,f qdkwmvJ uGsefawmf odygw,f? rESif;arrSm 'Dudp wdkdifyifp&m
rdwfaqG &if;&if;ESD;ESD;vJ r&Sdavawmh uGsefawmfwdkU oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif; jzpfwJhtwdkif;
wdkifyif&ef&SdvQif wdkifyifedkifw,f rESif;ar? uGsefawmf ajymwJh pum;udkvJ wjcm;rSm raygufMum;bl;
qdkwm uGsefawmf wm0efcHygw,f}
ar/
ar /]wdkifyifp&m r&Sdyguvm; &Sif}
jr/
jr /]rSefrSefajymyg rESif;ar? rESif;arrSm ,cktcg tusOf;tusyf usaew,f qdkwm
uGsefawmf odygw,f? 'Dawmh uGsefawmfhudk armift&if;uJhodkU tm;xm;NyD; wdkifyifp&m &Sd&if
wdkifyifyg? uGsefawmfuvJ armift&if;uJhodkUyif aqmif&Gufygr,f rESif;ar}
ar/
ar /]udkausmfjr odw,f qdkwm b,fyHk odwmvJ}
jr/
jr /]udkxGef;jrifh qdkwJh taumifu rESif;arxHrSm aiGSpfNyD; awmif;aewm uGsefawmf
odygw,f rESif;ar? &SufvJ r&SufygESifh? aMumufvJ raMumufygESifh? ajymp&m&Sd&if ajymom ajymyg
rESif;ar}
ar/
ar /]aeygOD;&Sif udkxGef;jrifhESifh &SifESifh[m rdwfaqGBuD;awG r[kwfvm;}
jr/
jr /][kwfwkef;uawmh [kwfygw,f? tckawmh &efol jzpfaeNyD rESif;ar&JU? NyD;
onftaumif[m rESif;arxHrSm rw&m;ojzifh aiGSpfNyD;aew,f qdkwm odavawmh rESif;arudk
umuG,f apmifha&SmufzdkU vmcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f}
ar/
ar /]aus;Zl;wifygw,f udkausmfjr&,f? odkUaomf}
jr/
jr /]rodkUaomfygESifh rESif;ar? t&SuftaMumuf zufNyD; toufudk pGefUvTwfr,f qdkwJh
tBuHtpnf[m rawmfygbl; rESif;ar? ajymp&m&SdorQ zGifh[NyD;awmhom ajymyg? onfaumifh
vufu vGwfatmif uGsefawmf pDrHyghr,f}
ar/
ar /(rsuf&nffvnfvsuf) ]trSefyg udkausmfjr&,f? 0efaxmufrif;ESifh taMumif;ygcJhonfrS
p uGsefr pdwfxJrSm i&Jjynfudk vmcJhw,fvdkU xifrdygw,f&Sif? 0efaxmufBuD;uvJ uGsefrtay:rSm
tpp t&m&m ta&;ay;NyD; tifrwef tvdkvdkufcJh&Smw,f? 'Dtaumif ESdyfpufwJh twGuf uGsefrpdwf
wpfaeUrS rat;&ygbl;&Sif? tdrfoHk;p&dwf qdkNyD; wpf&mhig;q,f ay;wJh txJuyJ jcpfjcpfcsKyfcsKyfESifh
oHk;q,frsdK; av;q,frsdK; &atmif uG,f0SufNyD; olUudk ay;&ao;&JU &Sif? pdwfvJ rat;vdkU 0wfzdkU
pm;zdkU &wJh txJu wpfcsdKU wpf0uf cGJNyD; ay;&ao;&JU&Sif? rdbrsm; yHhydk;zdkU qdkNyD; av;q,frsdK;
ig;q,frsdK; rMumrwif awmif;NyD;vJ ay;&ao;&JU&Sif? 'Davmuf ay;wmawmif tm;r&ao;bJ
[dkwpfavmu aiGoHk;&m ay;&r,fqdkNyD; twif;awmif;aejyefNyD &Sifh? uGsefruvJ 0efaxmufu
awmif;wdkif; ay;&Smavawmh ]o'gvGef qGrf;awmf&yf} qdkwmvdk ay;wkdif; ,l&rSm tm;emvSNyD
udkausmfjr&JU? 'Dawmh uGsefrrSm 'Dwpfcgjzifh jzpfcsifovkdjzpf ray;awmhbl;vdkU atmif;arhawmhwmyJ
&Sif}
81

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

jr/
jr /]aeygOD; rESif;ar&JU? b,ftwGufaMumifh olawmif;wdkif; ay;ae&wmvJ? wqdwf
ajymjyygOD;Asm}
ar/
ar /]udkausmfjr ar;wm aeygOD;? 'DtaMumif; &Sif b,fu Mum;w,f qkdwm wqdwf
avmuf uGsefr odyg&ap&Sif}
jr/
jr /]uGsefawmfu udkxGef;jrifh tHqGJxJrSm vdkcsifwm wpfck &Sdavawmh oGm;NyD;&Smwkef; a[m'D
pmudk awGUcJhvdkU od&ygw,f rESif;ar}
[k ajymNyD;vQif armifausmfjronf armifxGef;jrifh\ tHqGJrS wdwfwqdwf xkwfEIwf
,lcJhaom pmudk rESif;artm; jy&m rESif;aronf pmudk zwfNyD;aemuf
ar/
ar /]rSefygw,f&Sif? 'DpmxJrSm a&;xm;wJh twdkif; pdwfnpfvGef;tm; BuD;vdkU vlUjynfrSmjzifh
raeawmhbl;vdkU 'DuaeUnyJ udk,fUudk,fudk tqHk;pD&ifvdkufzdkU BuH&G,fNyD; xm;rdygw,f&Sif}
jr/
jr /]udkif; BuH&G,fwkef; BuH&G,faywJh? ,ckawmh uGsefawmf wpfa,muf tm;udk;tm;xm;
ay:vmwJh twGuf 'DtBuHudk zsufNyD; ajymp&m&SdorQ pum;udkom xkwfazmfNyD; ajymygawmh
rESif;ar}
ar/
ar /]ajymvdkUvJ tydkyJ xifyg&JU&Sif? 'Du aiGoHk;&m a&mufatmif ydkU&ifydkU? rydkU&if
0efaxmufBuD;udk tukefvHk; ZmpfjrpfvSefNyD; ajymvdkufr,fwJh&Sif? 'Dvdkqdk&if uGsefrrSm 0efaxmufrif;
rsufESmudk b,frSm MunfU0Hhp&m &SdawmhrvJ&Sif? ae&wmxuf ao&wmuyJ oufomp&m &Sdao;&JU
udkausmfjr&,f}
jr/
jr /]rpdk;&drfygESifh rESif;ar? 'D taMumif;udk odavawmh 'DuaeU reufyJ rESif;arxHu qdkNyD;
aiGoHk;&mudk olU vufxJa&mufatmif vlvTwfvdkU ydkUNyD;ygNyD? 'D trI[m olUudk ywfatmif b,fvdk
aqmif&GufMur,f qdkwmom pDrHekdifatmif rESif;aru tusdK;taMumif;udk zGifhajymzdkU
vdkygawmhw,f}
ar/
ar /(oufomcGifh &aom vuPmESifh) ]aus;Zl;ygyJ armifBuD;&Sif? uGsefrrSm rif;uawmf
jzpfvdkU vuf0wfvufpm;awG tjynfUtpHk &Sdaomfvnf; vifa,musfm; rodatmif aygifESHzdkU
cJ,Of;avawmh aiGoHk;&m twGuf usyfwnf;aewJhtcg ,ckvdk apmifrMunfUIwm rsm;rsm;BuD;
aus;Zl;wifvSygw,f udkausmfjr&Sif}
jr/
/]wpfa,muf
taMumif;&Sd
wpfa,mufaygh
rESif;ar?
'DavmufBuD;
jr
aus;Zl;wifavmufatmif yifyef;BuD;pGm aqmif&GufcJh&ao;wmvJ r[kwfao;ygbl;? odkUaomf
tjzpftysufudk od&atmifom ajymjyprf;ygOD; rESif;ar? ,ck uGsefawmf ar;jcif;uvJ udk,fESifh
rqdkifwJh olwpfyg; udpudk oufoufrJh tjyif;ajy odcsifvdkU ar;jref;jcif;r[kwf? umuG,fedkifwJh
enf;vrf;udk &SmazGzdkU twGufom ar;jref;&jcif; jzpfygw,f}
ar/
ar /]rSefwJh twdkif; ajym&rSmjzifh uGsefr[m 'DuaeU b0qHk;atmif pD&ifvdkufawmhr,fvdkU
atmufarhNyD; jzpfwJh twGuf [kwfwdkif; rSef&m pHkvifpGm azmfjyNyD; 0efaxmufrif;xH pmwpfapmif
a&;cJhNyD; jzpfygw,f? 'Dpmudk zwfMunfU&if taMumif; rsdK;pHk ukefpifatmif od&ygvdrfUr,f?
zwfvdkUom MunfUygawmh &Sif}
82

a&TOa'gif;

[k ajymNyD;vQif rESif;aronf rdrd\ tustdwfrS pmwpfapmifudk xkwf,l armifausmfjrtm;

ay;tyfav\/

tcef; (14)
armifausmfjronf pmudk zwf NyD;onfUaemuf tvGefw&m tHhMovSaom trlt&mESifh
rESif;ar\ rsufESmudk pdkufai;MunfUae&m
ar/
ar /]udkif; odNyD r[kwfvm; &Sif? 'Dawmhcg uGsefrrSm 0efaxmufriff;ESifh twlwuG
qufvufNyD; aexdkifzdkU&m tifrwef cJ,Of;w,f r[kwfbl;vm; &Sif udkausmfjr? aevdkUvJ
tusdK;&Sdr,f rxifygbl;&Sif}
jr/
jr /][m rawmfwmbJ rESif;ar&,f? 'Davmuf ta&;ESifh toufudk taocHvdkU awmfa&mh
rvm;Asm}
ar/
ar /]rawmfvdkU b,fhES,f vkyfrvJ&Sif}
jr/
jr /]uGsefawmf wpfck tMuHay;yg&ap? rESif;aru 0efaxmufrif;udk yxrOD;pGm
[kwfwdkif;rSef&m zGifh[NyD; ajymvdkufvdkU &Sd&if 0efaxmufBuD;uvJ uGsefawmf odwJhtwdkif;
pdwfoabm BuD;&ifhwJh vlBuD; wpfa,muf jzpfavawmh 'D tjypfuav;avmufESifhawmh tcspf
jy,fedkifr,f r[kwfygbl;rESif;ar&,f? trSeftwdkif; qdk&ifawmh ,ck tjypf[m rESif;ar tjypf
r[kwfygbl;? rsufeSmpHknDpGm zGifhNyD;awmhom ajymvdkufyg? ajymvdkU&Sd&if rESif;arrSm 'D0efxkyfBuD;
usoGm;ygvdrfUr,f? tJ'D tcgusawmhrS uGsefawmfwdkUu 'Dtaumifudk olUvSHESifh oljyefNyD; xdk;edkifzdkU
&Sdygw,f? pdwful; rvGJygESifh rESif;ar}
ar/
ar /]&Sif ajymwJh twkdif; uGsefr tjypf r[kwfbl; qdk&ifvnf; [kwfygw,f? uGsefr tjypfyJ
qdk&ifvJ [kwfwmygyJ &Sif? a&S;OD;pGm rEav;udk 0efaxmufrif; rodatmif oGm;wm uGsefr tjypf
vHk;vHk;BuD; jzpfaeygw,f}
jr/
jr /]'Davmuf tjypfuav;u ta&;rBuD;vS ygbl; rESif;ar}
ar/
ar /]'DtrI[m udk,fwdkifu ta&;rBuD; aomfvnf; 'DjypfrIudk taMumif;jyKNyD; uGsefr
t&Suf&apzdkU olwdkU vSnfUpm;jcif;u ta&;BuD;w,f&Sifh? tHhMoyg&JU? BuHpnf&ufMuygay&JU? uGsefrESifh
rif;uawmf rjruav;ESifh tifrwef cifw,f qdkwmvJ olwdkUu odw,f? tdrfrSm 0efaxmufBuD;
r&SdbJ e,fvSnfUxGufoGm;cdkufvJ jzpfwmudk olwdkUu odavawmh rjruav; trnfESifh vdrfNyD;
aMu;eef;dkufvdkufvdkU t[kwfrSwfNyD; oGm;rdwJh tcgrSm csdef;xm;wJh twdkif; rjruav;udk rawGU?
bpdefESifh awGUwmudk; &Sifh}
jr/
jr /]b,fu
armifbpdef[mvm;}

armifbpdefvJAsm?

rdaumif;bcif

om;orD;

jzpf&ufESifh

awav

ar/
ar /][kwfygw,f&Sif olygyJ? uGsefrvJ oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif; jzpfavawmh tcef;xJrSm
xdkifNyD; armifbpdefudk pum; wpfcGef; ESpfcGef; ajymaewJh tcdkuf udkxGef;jrifhu tcef;xJ
83

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

0ifvmygw,f? 0ifvmNyD; uGsefrESifh armifbpdefudk jrif&ifyJ &Sufudk;&Sufuef; rsufESmxm;ESifh

uGsefrwkdkUu csdef;csufay;NyD; [dkw,frSm pum;ajymMuw,fvdkU xifrSwfwJh vuPmESifh
tcef;rSm;0ifaMumif; awmif;yefNyD; jyefxGufrnf vkyfawmh uGsefru a,musfm; wpfOD;wpfa,mufESifh
trSwfrJh tcef;wGif;rSm xkdifNyD; pum;ajymwm txifrSm;p&m jzpfaeNyDaumvdkdU owd&rdavawmh
uGsefru udkxGef;jrifh txifrrSm;ap&atmif vmygOD;? xdkifygOD; vdkU ac:ayr,fh udkxGef;jrifhu
tm;emwJh vuPmESifh tcef;xJu xGufoGm;yga&m&Sif? [kdwkef;uawmh uGsefru wu,fyJ
txifvGJw,fvdkU atmufarhrdw,f? vufpowfawmh olwdkUu wrif PfqifNyD; uGsefrudk
axmifzrf;Muwmudk;&Sifh}
jr/
jr /]b,fvdk axmifzrf;yHkvJAs? xfdxda&mufa&muf rawmfrw&m;jyKzdkU MuHpnfao;wmvm;}
ar/
ar /]'Dvkdawmh rMuHpnf0hHygbl;&Sif? olUtMuH bmvJqdkawmh uGsefrESifh armifbpdefudk
[dkw,frSm ESpfa,mufwnf; pum;ajymwmudk udkxGef;jrifhu rdoGm;wJh vuPmESifh PfqifNyD;
xm;wmudk;&Sifh? uGsefrvJ [dkwkef;u 'DtaMumif; r&dyfrdavawmh rjruav; vmatmifapmifh?
apmifhvdkU rvmawmhrS ppfudkif;udk wpfcg jyefoGm;wmudk;&Sifh? 'DtaMumif;udkvJ 0efaxmufrif;
awmu jyefvmawmh rajymrdaybl;&Sif}
jr/
jr /]aemufawmhaumAsm}
ar/
ar /]uGsefruvJ 'Dudp[m 'DwifyJ NyD;r,fvdkU 0efaxmufrif;vJ rajym? rjruav;ESifhvJ
aemufxyf rawGUwmESifh trSwfrJh 'DvdkyJ aeyga&m&Sif? aemuf av;ig;v avmuf Mumawmh
udkxGef;jrifhu uGsefrwdkUtdrf aygufvmw,f&Sifh? 'Dtcg 0efaxmufrif;vJ r&Sdcdkuf jzpfaewmESifh
uGsefru {nfUcHNyD; pum;ajymaewJh tcgrSm udkxGef;jrifhu [dkw,frSm uGsefrESifh awGUwJhtaMumif;udk
pum;pyfajym? tbdk;BuD;udk wpfywfdkufyHk tifrwef ae&m usoav; bmav;ESifh &,fcg armcg
ajymwmudk;&Sifh? uGsefru 'Dawmh pdwfqdk;vmwmESifh cyfqwfqwf jyefajymvdkufawmh udkxGef;jrifhu
ol,kwfrm oabmqdkawmh txift&Sm; jyvmwmudk;&Sifh? 'Dawmh olu taMumif; rsdK;pHkudk ol
tukefodygw,fwJh olodorQudk 0efaxmufrif;BuD; rodapvdkcJhvdkU &Sd&if EIwfydwfc
ay;&ygvdrfUr,fwJh? 0efaxmufBuD;rSmvJ wpfoufvHk; pkaqmif;NyD; v,f,m acsmif; ajrawG
0,fxm;cJhavawmh wpfvudk wpf&mrsdK; ESpf&mrsdK; ay;zdkU rcJ,Of;ygbl; vdkU ajymavawmh uGsefru
pdwfqdk;qdk;ESifh wwfedkif udkifacs wpfjym;rS ray;bl; vdkU ajymvdkufwmESifh olvJ pOf;pm;zdkU tcsdef
ay;OD;r,f qdkNyD; jyefoGm;yga&m&Sif}
jr/
jr /]'djyifaumAsm}
ar/
ar /]aemuf av; ig; &ufavmuf Mumawmh udkxGef;jrifh qDu pmwpfapmif &yga&m&Sif?
b,fhES,f a&;vdkufovJ qdkawmh [dkw,fu tcef; wpfckxJrSm emrnfysuf awav wpfa,mufESifh
eSpfa,mufwnf; pum;ajymaewmukd udkxGef;jrifhu odwJh taMumif;? 'D taMumif;udk
0efaxmufrif;tm; rajymapvdkcJhvdkU &Sd&if aiGwpf&mudk oHk;&uftwGif; ay;ydkU&rnfU taMumif;
ygvmwmudk; &Sifh}
jr/
jr /]MuHyHk pnfyHk awmfawmf pdwJh vlawGygAsm? MuHvJ MuHpnf&ufygayw,fAsm? tif; 'gESifh
ajymprf;ygOD;}

84

a&TOa'gif;

ar/
ar /]'Dpm&awmh uGsefr pOf;pm;rdw,f? uGsefru 0efaxmufrif; rodatmif rEav;
oGm;rdwJh tjypfu trSef jzpfavawmh wu,fvdkU udkxGef;jrifh u 0efaxmufrif;udk r[kwfwkwf
vkyfNyD; wdkifwef;cJhvdkU &Sd&if 0efaxmufrif;u uGsefrudk wpfcgwnf; r,HkouFm rjzpfapumrl
pHkprf;ar;jref; vdrfUr,f? ar;jref;wJh tcgrSm rEav;udk oGm;zl;ovm;? roGm;zl;bl;;vm; qdk&if
oGm;zl;ygw,fvdkY 0efcH &vdrfUr,f? 0efcH&wJh tcgrSm vifom; rodatmif wpf&yfwpfaus;udk
oGm;0HhwJh rdef;rwpfa,muf[m udkxGef;jrifh ajymovdk tBuHtpnf &SdvkdUom oGm;jcif; jzpfw,fvdkU
,HkrSm;oHo, ruif;zG,f&m jzpfvdrfUr,f? wu,fvdkU uGsefru r[kwf&aMumif; ESifh usrf;opm
usdefqdk apumrl rEav;udkvJ vifrodatmif oGm;? jyefvmawmhvJ vifudk bmrS rajym
aecJhavawmh b,fenf;ESifh rqdk 0efaxmufrif; pdwfxJrSm ,kwfpGtqHk; ZaemifhZeif; jzpfp&m
&Sdw,fvdkU uGsefr awG;rdwmudk; &Sifh? 'Dawmh uGsefr tay: tpp t&m&mrSm tifrwef
tvkdvdkufvmcJhwJh vifom;wpfOD;[m pdwfrcsrf;om jzpfrSm pdk;&drfwmuvnf; wpfaMumif;? a&S;uvdk
ta&;ray;bJ vspfvsL Oayum xm;rSm pdk;&drfrdwmvnf; wpfaMumif;aMumifh olawmif;wJh
aiGwpf&mudk BuHpnfNyD; ay;vdkuf&yga&m&Sifh}
jr/
jr /]rESif;ar[m tp uwnf;u vGJoGm;wmAs? yxrwkef;u 0efaxmufBuD;udk
tusdK;taMumif; ajymNyD; 'Dpmudk jyvdkuf&if wpfcgwnf; udp NyD;oGm;rSmyJ}
ar/
ar /]uGsefr uvnf; 'DaiG wpf&mESifh wpfcgwnf; NyD;vdrfUr,fxifvdkU ay;rdwmudk&Sifh?
tckawmh armifrif;BuD;om;u wpf&mESifhvJ rat;? ESpf&m ESifhvJ rat;? ig;&m ESifhvJ rat;?
pkpkaygif;vdkuf&if olUudk uGsefray;wm aiG wpfaxmif ausmfoGm;NyDaum &Sifh}
jr/
jr /]jzpf&avAsm? udkif; odkUaomf vGefwm vGefygapawmh? tckawmh olUudk aiG ray;wJh
tjyif olUtwwfESifh olUywfatmif BuHpnfMuzdkU &Sdawmhwmaygh rESif;ar}
ar/
ar /]jzpfedkifyrvm; udkausmfjr&,f? 0efaxmufrif;u uGsefr tay:rSm tjypfuif;&
avatmif wwfedkifMuyrvm; &Sif}
jr/
jr /]rpdk;&drfygESifhAsm?
rESif;artwGuf uGsefawmfu
uGsefcHygr,fAsm}

uGsefawmfh wm0ef xm;vdkufyg? 0efaxmufrif; tay:

toa& rq,fedkifcJhvQif rESif;ar tdrfrSm wpfoufvHk;

ar/
ar /]uGsefcHwm aeygOD;&Sif? rEav; uGsefr oGm;jcif;[m dk;dk;om;om; oGm;jcif;
jzpfaMumif;udkyJ 0efaxmufBuD; ,HkMunfatmif &Sif b,fhES,f ajymrvJ}
jr/
jr /]b,fvdkyJ ajymonf jzpfapOD;awmh wm0ef&,fvdkUom &J&J vTJtyfyg? 'DtaumifawG
vufuvJ vGwfatmif uGsefawmf Pf&SdorQ xkwfNyD; aqmif&Gufay;r,f rESif;ar? pdwfomcsyg}
ar/
ar /]'D tawmtwGif;rSm udkxGef;jrifhu aiG xyfNyD; awmif;cJh&ifaum &Sif}
jr/
jr /]rESif;arESifh rawGU&bJ uGsefawmfESifh awGUygvdrfUr,f}
ar/
ar /]b,fyHk awGY&rSmvJ udkausmfjr}
jr/
jr /]uGsefawmfuvJ olESifh Pfcsif;NydKifNyD; olyJ edkifedkif? igyJ EdkifEdkif ? rEdkifol HI;pwrf;
qdkNyD; Pfprf;xm;wJh udpuav; &Sdao;w,f? tJ'gaMumifh}
85

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

xkdcP jrif;&xm;wpfpD;onf tdrfa&SUodkU &yfwefUNyD;vQif

{nfUonfwpfa,muf qdkufa&mufaMumif;ESifh vma&mufajymqdkav\/

tapcH

wpfa,mufu

xdktcg rESif;aronf xdkif&mrS xMunfUonfwGif armifxGef;jrifh 0if;twGif; 0ifvmonfudk

jrifojzifh armifausmfjrtm; ajymjy&m armifausmfjru rdrd vma&mufonf[k armifxGef;jrifh tm;
ajym&eftaMumif;? armifxGef;jrifh tm;vnf; a&S;uuJhodkUyif aMumuf&GHUonfU [efjyK vufcHpum;
ajymygrnfUtaMumif;? if; ajymqdkorQudkvnf; rSwfom; rdrdtm; jyefajymygrnfU taMumif;ESifh
rSmxm;NyD;vQif armifausmfjronf tdrfaemuf rD;zdkacsmifodkU vsifjrefpGm 0ifoGm;av\/
*********
aemufwpfaeU nae av;em&D tcsdefcefUwGif armifausmfjrESifh
tmV0Dvrf;&Sd [dkw,f aMu;eef;jzifh csdef;qdk awGUqHkMuav&m

rESif;arwdkUonf

jr/
jr /]b,fhES,fvJ rESif;ar? udkxGef;jrifhu bmrsm; ajymoGm;ao;ovJ}
ar/
ar /]&SifydkUvdkufwJh aiG oHk;&mawmh &ygNyDwJh? odkUaomfvnf; tckwavm olUrSm tifrwef
aiGvdkaewJh twGuf we*FaEG wpfywftwGif; aiG ESpf&mavmuf vkdaejyefNyD wJh}
jr/
jr /]ckepf&uf wpfywfwJh? [kwfuJhvm;? ckepf&uf wpfywftwGif; aiGESpf&myJ &rvm;?
b,folyJ bmjzpfrvJ MunfU&ao;wmyghAsm}
ar/
ar /]b,fvdkvkyfzdkU tBuHtpnfrsm; &SdygovJ &Sif}
jr/
jr /]aoaocsmcsmBuD;awmh rpDpOf&ao;bl;As? odkUaomfvnf; wpfckawmh pdwfomcsyg
rESif;ar? rMumrD twGif; 'Dtaumifvufu vGwfNyD; 0efaxmufrif; tay:rSmvJ emrnf
rysufbl;qdkwm pdwfcsNyD;om aeygAsm}
ar/
ar /]aeygOD;&Sif? &Sifh tBuH[m b,fvdk b,fuJhodkU t&dyftjrGufavmufuav; eJeJyg;yg;
ajymrjyekdifbl;vm; &Sif}
jr/
jr /]tckawmhjzifh ajymzdkU&mvJ tcsdefrusao;ygbl;? rESif;ar onf;cHygOD; Asm}
ar/
ar /]ol rw&m;aMumif;udk &Sif odxm;wJhjyif onfUjyif tcsufawGrsm; &Sdao;ygovm;}
jr/
jr /]tyHkBuD;ayghAsm? odkUaomf rESif;aru usKyfudk vHk;vHk;BuD; ,HkMunf&JUvm;}
ar/
ar /]b,fhES,f r,HkMunfbJ aervJ udkausmfjr&,f}
jr/
jr /]'gjzifh uGsefawmf ar;p&muav; wpfcGef; ESpfcGef; &Sdygao;w,f? rSefrSef ajzrSmvm;
rESif;ar}
ar/
ar /]tdk b,fhES,f ajymygvdrfY? udk,fYtwGuf 'Davmufawmif tyifyef;cHNyD;
aqmif&GufaewJh vlwpfOD; wpfa,mufudk b,fhES,faMumifh vdrfajymrvJ &Sif? &Sif ar;p&m&Sd&if
ar;yg? uGsefr rSefrSefajzr,f}
86

a&TOa'gif;

jr/
jr /]udkxGef;jrifhwdkU armifbpdefwdkUESifh rESif;ar oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif; ayghaemf}
ar/
ar /]rSefygw,f}
jr/
jr /]'gjzifh rtkef;pdefqdkwJh oli,fr wpfa,muf taMumif;udk olwdkU ajymoHrsm;
Mum;zl;ygovm;}
ar/
ar /(twefi,f pOf;pm;awG;awm NyD;aemuf) ]rMum;zl;yguvm; &Sif? bmjzpfvdkUvJ}
jr/
jr /]bmaMumifh&,fvdkUawmh r[kwfygbl;Asm? uGsefawmf odcsifvdkUygyJ}
if;aemuf armifausmfjrESifh rESif;arwdkUonf rdrdwdkU aqmif&Guf&ef udpESifhywfouf
tenf;i,f qufvufwdkifyifMuNyD;vQif rESif;aronf aemufqHk;&xm;ESifh ppfudkif;odkU jyefoGm;
av\/

tcef; (15)
xkdaeU nae 7 em&DcefUwGif pHkaxmuf armifbwifESifh Xmemtkyf armifoef;azwdkUonf
rdrdwdkU &&Sdaom owif;t& [dkw,fodkU a&mufvmMuNyD;vQif refae*sm vkyfoltm; armifausmfjr\
vlyHkyef;udk ajymNyD;aemuf xkdolwpfa,muf vma&mufygoavm [k ar;jref;&m refae*smu
xdkyHkyef;oPmefwlaom vlwpfa,mufonf naeuyif vma&muf trnfrod *kPfoa&&Sd
rdef;rwpfa,mufESifh wpfem&DcefUrQ pum;ajymqkdMuNyD;vQif xGufoGm;MuaMumif;ESifh jyefajymav\/
xdktcg armifbwifu if; rdef;ronf rnfoljzpfonfudk rodygoavm[k xyfavmif;
ar;jref;onfwGif refae*smu if;rdef;ronf &Hzef&Hcg [dkw,fodkU vma&mufzl;onf[k
xifrSwfaomfvnf; rnfolrnf0g jzpfonfUtaMumif;udkrl rrSwfrdaMumif;ESifh ajymqdkav\/
xdktcg ykvdyfESpfa,mufwdkUonf tcsif;csif; wdkifyifMuNyD;aemuf armifausmfjr
&Sdavmufonf[k xifrSwf&aom ae&mt&yfwdkUodkU vSnfUywfpHkprf; axmufvSef; ar;jref;vsuf
&SdMuavonf/
xdktcsdeftcgum; if;wdkU &SmazGvsuf&Sdaom 0&rf;ajy; armifausmfjronf rEav;NrdKU
taemufjyif tif;bJ&yf&Sd wpfckaom tdrfi,ftwGif; armifa'ge? rcifMunfwdkUESifh
wdkifyifESD;aESmvsuf &SdMuav\/ yxr armifausmfjrESifh armifa'gewdkU pum;ajymqdkvsuf
&Sdaeonfudk rcifMunfonf teD;rS em;axmifvsuf &Sd&m aemufqHk; armifausmfjru
rcifMunfbufodkU vSnfU
jr/
jr /]aeygOD; rcifMunf? rtkef;pdefESifh armifbpdefESifh oduGsrf;zl;ovm;? rtkef;pdef
armifbpdef taMumif; ajymwmrsm; Mum;zl;ovm;}
Munf/ /]vlyHk oem;urm;ESifh Mumorm; cyfqefqef vl[mvm;? rtkef;pdefqDudk ESpfcg
vmwm jrifzl;w,f}

87

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

jr/
jr /]awmfawmf tuGsrf;w0if &Sdvm;? orD;&nf;pm; tjzpfESifh cspfBudKufw,fvdkU
xifrSwfzdkU&ef taMumif; &Sdovm;}
Munf/ /]r[kwfEdkifygbl; &Sif? rtkef;pdefu tm* rmeBuD;wJh rdef;uav; wpfa,muf?
awmfawmh vludk cspfBudKufr,fvdkU uGsefr rxifygbl;&Sif? armifbpdef taMumif;udk udkausmfjr
odcsifvdkUvm;? odcsifvdkU &Sd&if rtkef;pdefudk awGUatmif &SmNyD; ar;vdkU &Sd&if tpHktvif od&wmaygh?
'gwJh tckwavm rtkef;pdeftaMumif; owif; rMum;&awmhbl;vm;&Sif? Mum;Mu&if odyg&ap?
awGUrS awGYygOD;awmhrvm; &Sif}
jr/
jr /]aowJhvl Mum&ifarh? aysmufaomvl &Sm&ifawGU qdkwJh pum;yHkawmh &Sdwmaygh
rpdefMunf&JU? wpfaeUaeUawmh awGUaumif;ygw,f Asm}
Munf/ /]uGsefrjzifh olU taMumif;awG;&if tm;BuD; pdwfav;w,f&Sif? uGsefr olUudk
'Db0rSmjzifh awGU&r,f rxifawmhbl;&Sif? olwpfyg; vufcsufESifh toufrsm; xdavNyD xifyg&JU}
jr/
jr /]b,fhES,faMumifh 'Dvdk awG;EdkifovJ rcifMunf}
Munf/ /]b,fhES,faMumifh&,f uGsefr rajymwwfbl;? uGsefr pdwfxJrSm 'DvdkyJ xifrdygw,f}
jr/
jr /]vlqdkwm udk,fawGUcsifwJh vludk kwfw&uf rawGUNyD qdkrSjzifh pdwfav;NyD;
awG;rdawG;&m xifrdxif&m xifwwfwmrsdK;rdkUyg rcifMunf&,f?xifwdkif;vJ r[kwfEdkifygbl;As?
'Davmuf pdwfrylygESifh}
*********
aemufwpfaeU nae a&SUae armifxGef;jrifhonf r*Fvmaps;teD; "mwf&xm;ay:rS
qif;oufcJhNyD;vQif aps;\ awmifbuf&Sd wpfaqmifaom tdrfay: odkU wufoGm; rdrdESifh
rdwfaqG&if; jzpfaom armifbpdef qdkolESifh awGUqHk tusdK;taMumif; wdkifyifMu&m
pdef/ /]b,fhES,fvJ q&ma&U? bmrsm; owif;xl;ao;vJ}
jrifh/ /]rxl;ygbl;Asm? odkUaomf [dktaumifawmh vGwfoGm;jyefNyD AsdKU? t&ifwpfcgu vdkyJ
vufrwifuav; vGJoGm;jyefNyDwJh? odkUaomfvnf; 'DuaeU nawmh rvGJEdkifygbl;? rkcs rdawmhrSmygyJ}
pdef/ /]cifAsm; b,fhES,faMumifh odEdkifovJ}
jrifh/ /]usKyfwdkU udk,fwdkif pDpOf cJhvdkUAsm}
pdef/ /]b,fyHk pDpOfcJhovJ}
jrifh/ /]rdrdBuD;u olESifh awGU&atmif nq,fem&Davmufudk wdwfwqdwf
tdrfaemufvmcJhygvdkU pma&;NyD; rSmvdkufNyDAs? rdrdBuD;u rSmw,f qdk&if {uef olvmrSmyJ?
vm&ifawmh udk,fYvlawmh 'kuyJ}
pdef/ /]pDpOfyHkawmh oyf&yfyg&JUAsm? odkUaomfvnf; ae&musyrvm;}
88

a&TOa'gif;

jrifh/ /]aq;aoyAsm? udkausmfjru rdrdBuD;[m olUbufom;yJvdkU xifaeao;w,f? 'Dawmh

rdrdBuD;u rSmw,fqdk&if {uef rkcs olvmNyDyJ}
pdef/ /]usKyfjzifh w,frxifvSygbl;Asm? udkausmfjru vlt r[kwfao;bl;As? ykvdyf vufu
'DavmufMumatmif yGwfum oDum wdrf;a&SmifaeEdkifwJh vlwpfa,muf[m 'DPfrsdK;avmufudkawmh
&dyfrdvdrfUr,f xifw,f}
jrifh/ /]r&dyfrdEdkifygbl; Asm? 'DuaeUnawmh taotcsmygyJ? usKyfvJ aocsmonfxuf
aocsmatmif ykvdyfawGESifhudk twlvdkufNyD; apmifhacsOD;r,f}
pdef/ /]cifAsm; udk,fwdkif vdkufvdkU awmfrvm; Asm}
jrifh/ /]bmvdkU rawmf&ovJAsm? vkyfrJh vkyf&if &J&Jwif;wif;BuD; vkyfrS udk,fYtBuHudk vl
r&dyfrdawmh rayghAsm}
pdef/ /]vkyfawmhav cifAsm; oabmaygh? odkUaomfvnf; usKyfuawmh rvkduf&Jbl; q&m?
'DuyJ ae&pfawmhr,f}
jrifh/ /]w,fEHkwJh vlyJ? 'DavmufrS rsufESm rajymifbJudk;As? usKyfawmh udk,fwdkifoGm;NyD;
'Dtaumif zrf;wmudk NrdefNrdef &Suf&SufBuD; MunfUcsnfOD;r,fAsdKU? 'Dtaumifudk rdNyD;wJhaemuf
jypfcsuf&zdkUuawmh oufaocH tifrwef vHkavmufavawmh BudK;&zdkUuawmhjzifh rvGJEdkifbl;?
'Dtaumif ao&if usKyfwdkUrSm wpfjynfat;jyefwmaygh Asm}
pdef/ /]cifAsm; pDpOfyHk[m wu,fyJ oyffoyf&yf&yf &Sdayw,f? csD;rGrf;xdkufygayw,f Asm?
pHkaxmufynm 0goem yga,mif bma,mifa,mifESifh PfqifNyD; vkyfxm;vdkufwm/ [kwfrSefwJh
twdkif; wkdif;jynfu odMuvdkU&Sd&if b,favmuf tHhMoMurvJAsm}
jrifh/ /]thhHMowm tomxm;NyD; 0efaxmufuawmf rESif;arESifh
awGUqHkwkdifyifMuw,fvdkU Mum;&wJh owif;[maum b,fhES,fvJ AsdKU}

armifausmfjrESifh

pdef/ /][kwfrxifygbl;Asm? armifausmfjru 'Davmufawmif &Jwif;r,f rxifygbl;? 'gxuf

armifausmfjrudk usKyfwdkUu aoatmif BuHwmawmh [kwfygNyD? ol aoawmhaum usKyfwdkUrSm bm
tusdK;&SdrSmvJ}
jrifh/ /]b,fhES,f tusdK; r&SdovJAsm? 'Dtaumifu usKyfwdkU taMumif;udk wpfpHkwpf&m
wyftyfaocsm rodaomfvnf; enf;enf;yg;yg;awmh &dyfrdxm;wJh vuPm &Sdw,fAs/ 'Dawmhum
ol&dyfrdwJh twdkif; oJvGefpudk avQmufNyD; vdkufr,fqdk&if usKyfwdkU [mawG ay:ukefrSm pdk;&w,f?
ay:ukef&if cifAsm;wdkU usKyfwdkU b,fa&mufMurvJ} [kar;aom tcg armifbpdefonf EIwfjzifh
zGifh[ ajzqdkjcif; rjyKbJ rdrd\ vnfyif;udk vufId;jzifh &pfywf jyav\/ xdktcg
jrifh/ /]udkif; 'Dawmh 'Dtaumif aowJh twGuf usKyfwdkUrSm aiGyif r&aomfwJh ? aus;Zl;
tifrwef rsm;w,f r[kwfvm; As? 'DuaeU nawmh rvGJEdkifygbl; Asm? {uE rdNyD;om;ygyJ}

89

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

tcef; (16)
rEav;NrdKU taemufjyif *kPfwef&yf&Sd orm"dNrdKU0ef OD;vluav; tdrf xdkaeUn 9 em&D
tcsdefcefUwGif vlwpfpk wdkUonf pnf;a0;wkdifyifvsuf &SdaeMuav\/ if; vlpkwdkU teuf a&S;OD;pGm
qdkufa&mufvmaom olwdkUrSm armifausmfjr? armifa'geESifh rcifMunf wdkUjzpfavonf/ if;wdkU
wufvmonfudk jrifonfESifh wNydKifeuf rdrdBuD;onf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om c&D;OD;BudKjyK
armifausmfjrtm; rdrd txif&Sdonf rsm;udk awmif;yefpum; ajymqdkNyD;aemuf armifausmfjru
vGefcJhonfU &uftenf;i,f twGif; rdrdjyKrlyHkrsm;udk axmufcsifh cJh rnfolrqdk txiftjrif
vGJap&ef &SdcJhonf jzpfaomaMumifh rdrdtm; awmif;yef&ef taMumif; r&SdaMumif;ESifh ajymqdkav\/
xdktcg
BuD;/ /]txifvGJwkef;u vGJwm &SdygOD;awmh? tckvJ [kwfrSefwJh twkdif; taotcsm
rod&ao; ygbl;&Sif? ajymjyygOD; udkausmfjr&JU}
jr/
jr /]od&csdef eD;ygNyD rdrdBuD;&,f? cPav; onf;cHvdkufygOD;? "m;wef;&yfu rdef;uav;udk
b,fol owfw,f? if; rdef;uav; b,fol b,f0g jzpfw,f? b,f taMumif;aMumifh owfw,f?
b,fenf;ESifh owfw,f qdkwm awmfawmfMum&if od&ygawmhr,f}
if;aemuf rdrdBuD;ESifh rcifMunfwdkUonf oda[mif; uGsrf;a[mif; uJhodkU &SdaeMuNyD;
rdef;uav;wdkU bm0 rdrdwdkU txifvGJMuonfudk &,farm ajymqdkvsuf &SdMupOf 0efuawmf
rESif;arvnf; qdkufa&muf vmav\/ xdktcg armifausmfjru rdef;r tcsif;csif; todtuGsrf;
zGJU ay;NyD;aemuf rESif;aru armifausmfjr qdkolonf om;r,m; a&G;cs,fonfU t&mXme rsufpd
rdkif;aMumif;? touft&G,f tawmftwef BuD;&ifhatmif vlysdKBuD;vkyf vmcJhjcif;rSm aemufqHk;
apmifhqdkif;&usdK; eyfayonf jzpfay&m ]vufzufaumif; pm;vdkvQif yavmif awmifwuf aES;&rnf}
qdkaom pum;yHk twdkif; ,lqygaMumif;rsm;ESifh &,farm ajymqdkaeMu&if;yif tcsdefonf ukefrSef;
rod ukefvmcJhav\/
,if;odkU ajymqdk &,farmvsuf &SdMupOf tm;vHk;aom olwdkUonf wpfpHkwpf&mudk
arQmfvihfapmifhqkdif; &Sdbd ouJhodkU vrf;odkU rMumrMum arQmfMunfU rdMuav&m q,fem&D xdk;csdef
eD;avvQif pHkaxmuf armifbwifonf tdrfay: odkU wufvm a&mufESifhol {nfUy&dwfowf
wkdUtm; &Tifvef; tm;&&Sdaom trlt&mESifh EIwfcGef;qufvsuf &Sdav\/
if;aemuf armifbwifonf armifausmfjr\ teD;odkU csOf;uyf
wif/ /]cifAsm; ajymwmESifh bpdef\ taMumif;udk trIwGJrSm vSef&Smawmh jypfcsuf oHk; av;
csuf &Sdzl;wJh taumifyJ As? aemufqHk; jypfcsufu vdrfvnfrIESifh 0g;&rf; xkwfxm;wm? tckxufxd
rrddao;bl;}
jr/
jr /]rdapraygh Asm? pdwfomcsyg}
xdkcP jrif;&xm; wpfpD;onf tdrfa&SU &yfwefU armifxGef;jrifhonf &xm;ay:rS
qif;vmonfESifh wjydKifeuf 0if;x&H teD;rS acsmif;ajrmif;um apmifhaeaom ykvdyf
90

a&TOa'gif;

ESpfa,mufwdkUonf vnfukyfudk udkif zrf;NyD;vQif tdrfay: odkU ac:vmcJhMuav\/

armifxGef;jrifhvnf; ykvdyfom; ESpfa,mufwkdU\ tv,frS uefUvefU uefUvefUESifh ygvmcJh&m
tddrfay: odkU a&mufonfESifh wjydKifeuf xdwfvefUaom rsufESmxm;ESifh {nfUy&dwfowf wkdUtm;
wpfa,mufpD MunfUvsuf
jrifh/ /]b,fhES,f vkyfMuwmvJAsm? ajymifp&m avSmifp&m 'djyif enf;rsm; r&SdMubl;vm;Asm?
tdrfudk tvnfvmygvdkU wrif zdwfMum;NyD; vmjyefawmhvnf; 'Dvdk jyKMuwm aumif;ekdif
Mua&mhvm;} [k a&&Gwfajymqdkvsuf &Sd&mrS armifausmfjrESifh rsufvHk;csif; qdkifrdMuonfwGif
armifxGef;jrifhonf kwfw&uf qGHUt oGm;bdouJhodkU yg;pyfudk [vsuf &Sdav\/ xdktcgrS
armifbwifu
wif/ /]ajymifwm r[kwfbl; q&mBuD;a&? wu,fhudk zrf;&wmyJ? udk,fhI;udk,fywf qkdwJh
pum;yHkom Mum;zl;w,f? 'DwpfcgrS vufawGU jzpfaeyaum udkxGef;jrifh &JU}
jrifh/ /]bmrIESifh cifAsm;wdkUu usKyfudk zrf;ekdifovJAsm}
wif/ /]vGefcJhwJh waygif;vqef; 4 &ufaeUu "m;wef;&yfrSm rtkef;pdefqdkwJh oli,fr
uav;udk jzm;a,mif; ac:iif owfjzwfwJh trIESifh cifAsm;udk usKyfwkdU zrf;&ygw,f? 0g;&rf; cifAsm;
MunfUcsifao;ovm;}
jrifh/ /(vufoD; qkyfum? tHBudwfumjzifh) ]b,fu usKyf owf&rSmvJAs? owfwJh vlu
a[m[dkrSm? udkausmfjr qdkwJh vl owfwmAs}
wif/ /(OD;acgif;udk &rf;vsuf) ]r&bl; q&ma&? [dkwkef;uom cifAsm; nmvdkU&w,f?
tckawmh usKyfwdkU tukefodukefNyD? cifAsm; nmayrJh r&bl;}
jrifh/ /][kwfygw,fAs? udkausmfjr owfwmyg? olyJ owfNyD; olyJ udkMumnGefU
a,mifaqmifNyD; ykvdyfudk oGm;wdkifcsufay;w,f r[kwfvm;? ol rowfvdkU &Sd&if bmjyKvdkU
wdrf;a&SmifNyD; aeowJhvJ As}
xdktcgrS armifausmfjronf rdrd\ tBuHtpnfrsm;udk &Sif;vif; xkwfazmf ajymqdkav\/
rdrdonf rdwfaqG armifa'geESifh if;trI oufaocH vHkavmuf xif&Sm;pGm &edkifapjcif;iSm vHkv
O[ jyKcJh&aMumif;? yxruyif armifxGef;jrifh tay: ouFmruif; &SdaecJh tidkufukd
dkufekdifapjcif;iSm rdrdudk,fwdkif jypfrI usL;vGefol [efaqmifNyD;vQif xGufajy; ykef;a&SmifaecJhaMumif;?
vlowfrI wpfpHkwpfck vufonfudk zrf;qD;onfUtcg rnfonfUtwGufaMumifh owfjzwfonfU
taMumif;udk xif&Sm;pGm jyedkifrS omvQif Hk;cGif tedkif&rnf jzpf rnfonfU taMumif;aMumifh
owfjzwfonfukd axmufvSrf; pHkprf; aecJh&ojzifh tcsdefMum&Snf cJh&aMumifhESifh if; jypfrIrSm
a'gotavsmuf kwfw&uf jzpfyGm;aom jypfrI r[kwf? rtkef;pdefonf if;wkdU taMumif;
odoifhonfxuf ydkrdk odoGm;onf jzpfaomaMumifh EIwfydwfvdkaom taMumif;jzifh BuHpnf
owfjzwfjcif; jzpfaMumif;? armifxGef;jrifhESifh armifbpdefwdkUonf ESpfOD; yl;aygif; *kPfoa&&Sd
trsdK;aumif; orD;wdkUudk emrnf ysufapatmif PfqifNyD;vQif aiGSpfxkwfolrsm; jzpfaMumif;udk
Mum;od&onfESifh wNydKifeuf rddrdu if;wdkU\ tBuHudk xkwfazmfedkifapjcif;iSm a&S;OD;pGm
armifxGef;jrifhESifh todtuGsrf; zGJUcJh&aMumif;? todtuGsrf; zGJYNyD;aemuf tuGufaumif;
tcsufaumif; wdkUudk apmifhqdkif; aecJh&m tcGifh rombJ &SdcJh&aMumif;/
91

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

wpfaeUo rlum; armifxGef;jrifhonf rdrdESifh BuHpnfbuf jzpfaom rtkef;pdeftm; &efukefrS

a&mufvmaom yGJpm;BuD; OD;MumnGefUudk csLNrdKuf&ef tBuHtpnfESifh todtuGsrf; zGJUay;aMumif;? if;
taMumif;udk rdrd od&Sd if;tm; owday;aom tcg OD;MumnGefUu r,HkrMunf &SdcJhaMumif;?
odkU&mwGif OD;MumnGefUonf owd 0D&d,ESifh aexdkifcJhaMumif;? xdktawmtwGif; rtkef;pdefESifh
OD;MumnGefU wkdUonf tawmf &if;ESD;aom tjzpfodkUwdkdif a&mufMuaomtcg OD;MumnGefUonf
if;wdkU\ tBuHtpnfudk r&dyfrda,mifaqmif aecJhaMumif;? OD;MumnGefU r&SdonfU tcg rdrdu
if;\ tdrfudk acsmif;ajrmif; apmifhMuyf cJh&aMumif;? OD;MumnGefU xGufoGm;NyD;aemuf
oHk;&ufajrmufaomaeU nOfU &Spfem&D tcsdefcefUwGif armifxGef;jrifhESifh armifbpdef wdkUonf
OD;MumnGefU\ wdkufodkU a&mufvm wHcg;udk zGifhNyD;vQif 0ifoGm;Muonfudk awGUjrif
vdkuf&aMumif;? em&D0ufcefUrQ &Sdaomtcgrtkef;pdef a&mufvm wdkufxJodkU 0ifoGm;onfudk
jrifvdkuf&aMumif;? em&D0ufcefU Mumaomtcg armifxGef;jrifhESifh armifbpdefwdkUonf wdkufwGif;rS
ysm,D;ysm,m xGufvmMuonfudk awGUjrif&aMumif;? twefi,f apmifhqdkif; rtkef;pdef
xGufvmonfudk rawGUaom tcg pdwf ouFm ruif; jzpf wdkufwGif;odkU 0ifa&muf
MunfUIonfwGif oli,fr\ tavmif;udk avSum;&if; awGU&Sd&aMumif;? tHqGJ rsm;ESifh
bDdkrSmvnf; olcdk;wdkU\ vuf&mjzpfonf[k xifrSwfapjcif;iSm zGifhvSpfvSefavSm arTaESmuf
xm;cJhaMumif;? xdktcg rdrdu tdrfodkU jyefcJhNyD;vQif rnfodkU jyK&rnfudk tBuHxkwfcJhonf?
taumif;qHk; tBuHrSm rdrdudk,fwdkif owfaomol xifrSwfatmif jyK tu,f owfaom olwdkUu
vHkNcHKvSNyD[k xifrSwfaomtcg oufao vHkavmufpGm pkaqmif; zrf;&ef BuHpnf cJhaMumif;? if;
tBuH twddkif; rdrdBuD;xH oGm;a&muf tjcm;aom olwkdU r[kwf rw&m; pGyfpGJ cJhygvQif ,HkMunfrI
r&Sdap&ef wiful; ajymxm;cJhaMumif;? xkdaeUrS p rdrdudk,fudk jypfrI usL;vGefonfU
olwpfa,muf\ taetxdkifrsdK;jzifh aexdkifcJhNyD;vQif OD;MumnGefU a,mifaqmif tavmif;udk
awGUcsif[ef jyKNyD;vQif XmemodkU wdkifwef;cJhaMumif;? rdrd\ MuH&G,fcsuftwkdif; xajrmuf
atmifjrifcJhonf jzpf owfol ESpfa,mufwdkUrSm vHkNcHKvSNyD[k rSwfxifNyD;vQif trIudk rdrdtay:
ywfap&ef armifxGef;jrifh udk,fwdkifu BudK;pm; tm;xkwfvsuf &SdcJhaMumif;ESifh &Sif;vif;
aNymqdkav\/
xkdtcg rdrdBuD;u armifxGef;jrifhudk vufId;Tefvsuf xkdolonf armifausmfjr\
taMumif;udk rdrdtm; em;a,mifapavmufatmif jzm;a,mif; ajymqkdol jzpfaMumif;?
armifxGef;jrifh\ tqdkrSm armifausmfjronf vlIyfvlayG jzpf rtkef;pdef rcifMunf ESpfa,mufvHk;
wkdUESifh cspfBudKufrd rtkef;pdefu qlqlylyl jyKonfwGif t&SufuGJrnfudk jrif tqHk;pD&if
vdkufaMumif;rsm;ESifh xifa,mif xifrSm; jzpfapavmufatmif ajymjyzl;aMumif;? if;aemuf
armifausmfjr udk,fwdkif wdrf;a&Smif aejyefaomtcg oHo, ruif;zG,f&m taMumif;rsm;pGm
&Sdaomfvnf; rdrd pdwfwGif;um; armifausmfjronf odkUaom tjyKtrl rsdK;udk rjyKwef&m [l
tpOfrjywf rSwfxif ,lqcJhaMumif;rsm;ESifh jyefajymav\/
xkdtcg armifausmfjru rdrdrSm ouFmruif; jzpfzG,f&m taMumif;rsm; vHkavmufpGm
&SdygvsufESifh rdrdtay: arwm ysufys,fjcif; r&SdbJ yuwd twkdif; r,drf;r,dkif NrJcdkifvSayaom
opm onfum; ,ckacwf ,ck tcgwGif tvGefw&mrS cJ,Of;vSonf jzpfaMumif;rsm;ESifh rdrd\
&nf;pm;onfrdrdBuD;\ wnfMunf cdkifcHhaom pdwfoabmudk csD;rGrf; ajymqkdvsuf &SdpOf kwfw&uf
aoewfoH Mum;&ojzifh {nfUcef; y&dowf tm;vHk;wkdU kef;kef;&if;&if; jzpfoGm;onfwGif
rdrdBuD;onf &ifbwfudk zdvsuf armifausmfjr vufwGif;odkU vJusoGm;av\/ pifppfaomfum;
armifxGef;jrihfonf emrnfausmf a&SUae wpfa,muf jzpf ajcmufvHk;jyL; udkifaqmifcGifh &cJh&m
92

a&TOa'gif;

tpdk;& t&m&SdwdkU\ zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifrnfU ab;&efudk tpOfrjywf pdwfwGif; aMumuf&GHU

pdk;&drfvsuf&Sdonf jzpfaomaMumifh tpOftNrJ udkdifaqmifavh &Sd&um; ykvdyfom; ESpfa,mufwdkUonf
if;udk zrf;qD;pOf tcgu vufeuf udkifaqmifjcif; &Sdr&Sdudk &SmazG&ef arhavsmhonf jzpfaomaMumifh
rdrdtm; rsufESmcsif;qdkif pGyfpGJajymqkdonfrsm;udk &Sufvnf;&Suf? aMumufvnf; aMumufonfESifh
ykvdyfom;wdkU\ tv,fwGif if;wdkU\ vufrS kwfw&uf uefaMumuf kef;z,f ajcmufvHk;jyL;jzifh
rdrdBuD;tm; ypfowfvdkufjcif; jzpfavonf/
rdrdBuD;tm; ypfNyD;aemuf armifausmfjrtm;vnf; ypfowf&ef csdef&G,fvsuf &SdpOf armifbwif
onf vufjrefaom olwpfa,muf jzpfaomaMumifh armifxGef;jrifh\ vufaumuf0wfudk vufjzifh
r vdkufonfwGif 'kwd, ypfvkdufaom aoewfcsufonf tdrfrdk;udk omvQif azmufxGif;
oGm;av\/
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,lBuHK;r& jzpfcJh&&Smonfudk xkwfazmf a&;om;&ef vdkawmhrnf r[kwfacs/
ykvdyf t&m&Sd wdkUvnf; armifbpdef qdkoludk &SmazG zrf;qD; NyD;aemuf Hk; ppfaq;onfU
tcgwGif jypfrI xif&Sm;onf jzpfaomaMumifh armifbpdefrSm axmifwpfouf uscHap&ef pD&ifcsuf
csrSwfNyD;vQif armifxGef;jrifh rSmrlum; toufqHk;HI;atmif pD&if qHk;jzwfvdkufavownf;/
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93

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

3 / ESpfxyfausmh
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tcg rlum; t*Fvdyfpm wwfajrmufol rdef;uav; ta&twGufonfvnf; tqrsm;pGm
ydkrdkwdk;wuf vmcJhJNyD jzpf&um; bdkqefaom rdef;uav;wdkU\ ta&twGufonfvnf; if;
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bdkqefMuonfUtwGuf roifhrwifh tcsif;rsm;&mrS p aemufqHk; 'kuBuD;pGm BuHKawGU&aom
tjzpftysuf tjcif;t&myif jzpfayonf/
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wdkufcef;odkU wufvmNyD;vQif yufvufukvm;xdkifwpfck ay:wGif ypfvSJ xdkifav\/ xdktcg
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wkdifyifMunfU&ao;wmaygh q&m [k ajymNyD;vQif armiftkef;azonf 0wfvHkawmf& armifwifvS
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94

a&TOa'gif;

aqmifESif;Mu\/ roef;jronfvnf; rdef;rwumwdkUwGif taemufedkifiHol wdkU\ twkudk

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tenf;i,f aexdkifNyD;Muaomf a,musfm;onf uvyfrsm;odkU oGm;NrJwkdif; oGm;jyef\/
rdef;ronfvnf; e*kdoabmuyif bdkqefcJhonfjzpf tvkyfrS jyefvmonfUtcg vifudk tdrf
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aumif;pGm xdrf;ausmif; edkifonf jzpf Oa&mywkdufolwdkU enf;wl vGwfvyfpGm oGm;vm aysmfyg;
aexdkifvdkjcif; rQom jzpfay\/
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oabmonf toD;oD; jzpfay: vmcJh&m rdef;rjzpfolu rdrd\ a,musfm;onf bdkujym;r
wpfa,mufESifh ta&mw0if um;ay: ,SOfwGJ pD;oGm;onfudk jrifvdkuf&ojzifh jiLpl\/
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x armifxGef;&Dtm; tusdK;taMumif;udk ar;jref;rnf jyKqJwGif vlwpfa,mufonf "m;ajrmifudk
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armifxGef;&Du a&Tvufywfem&D ESifh aiG 15 usyf ay;cJh&av\/
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95

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

rdwfaqGESpfOD; wdkUonf ygorQ ypnf;udk vlqdk;tm; ay;cJh&NyD;aemuf NrdKUwGif;odkU jyefvmNyD;vQif

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96

a&TOa'gif;

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97

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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a'goBuD;aom trlt&mESifh armifpH&Sm;tm;
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vS/ /]tvdk vifr,m; &efjzpfwmESifh pHkaxmufESifh bmqdkifvdkUvJ As? pHkaxmuf ruvdkU
bk&ifcHcsKyfBuD; udk,fwdkif vmNyD; jzefajzayr,fh usKyfwdkU rat;bl;? cifAsm;wdkU rsufESmudk
aemufwpfcg rjrif&apESifh? oGm;MuAsm}
[k ajymNyD;aemuf armifwifvSonf tdrfay: odkU rwufbJ um;wpfpD; ay: odkU wuf
xGufoGm;av\/
uGsefawmfwdkU oHk;OD;onf 0ifaygufrS xGufavQmufvmMuaomtcg
&Sm;/
; /]'DtrIrSm usKyfawGUcsifwJh vlrsm;teuf ESpfa,mufudkyJ awGUzdkU usefawmhw,f?a&SUae
udkausmfwifh vdyf udkawmh usKyf odNyD? armifxGef;&D&JU vdyfESifh [dk bdkr qdkwJh vdyfudk ay;prf;Asm}
[k awmif;ojzifh armiftkef;azonf if;wkdU\ ae&yfrsm;udk ajym armifpH&Sm;u
a&;rSwfav\/ if;aemuf xdkolrsm;ESifh awGU&efrSm armiftkef;az vdkuf&ef rvdkawmhaMumif;ESif hajym
98

a&TOa'gif;

armiftkef;azESifh cGJcGmNyD;vQif uGsefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;wdkUonf a&S;OD;pGm a&SUae armifausmfwifh\

tvkyfwdkufodkU oGm;a&mufMuav\/
tvkyfwdkufodkU a&mufaomtcg armifausmfwifhESifh tcefUoifhyif awGUqHkrdav&m
armifausmfwifh qdkolrSm touf 35 ESpf t&G,fceffU &Sd ESmacgif;cGsef;cGsef; ar;cRef;cRef;ESifh
xufjrufpl;&S awmufyvSaom rsufvHk;rsm;tjyif zswfzswfvwfvwfESifh oyf&yfaom
trlt&mvnf; &Sday\/ uRefawmfESifh OD;pH&Sm;wkdU 0ifvmonfudk jrifonfESifh wNydKifeuf
armifausmfwifhonf vma&mufonfU udpudk awG;awmrdonfU vuPm &Sdav&m if;\
rsufESmxm;rSmvJ rdrdtm; rnfolrQ vufzsm;ESifh rxdekdifaMumif; odojzifh cyfat;at;yif &Sdvsuf
wwfedkifvQif
udkifMuav
[laom
rcefUjim;onfU
trlt&mrsdK;vJ
&Sdav\/
wifh/ /]<uygcifAsm; OD;pH&Sm;? xdkifygcifAsm;? b,fhES,f cifAsm 'DtrIrsdK;rSm OD;pH&Sm; ygp&m
bmtaMumif; &SdvdkUvJ cifAsm? aiG xkwfay;vdkuf&if NyD;aewJh trIyJ cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]b,ftrIvJ}
wifh/ /]roef;jrwdkU udpESifh cifAsm; vmwm r[kwfvm;? ajcvSrf;wmudk jrif&if bmudp
qdkwm uRefawmfvJ odwwfygw,f cifAsm? bmrsm; pHkaxmufzdkU &SdvdkUvJ cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]pHkaxmufzdkU r[kwfaygifAsm? aphpyfzdkU usKyf vmwmyg}
wifh/ /]qdkprf; cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]cifAsm;wdkU awmif;wJh 5000 [m wqdwfawmh rsm;w,fAsm? udk,fhvuf0wfvufpm;
udk,fjyef&zdkU[m 'Davmuf awmif;wmawmh wqdwf vGefw,f xifw,f? enf;enf;avmuf
avQmhOD;Asm}
wifh/ /]rSefygw,f cifAsm? 5000 qdkawmh rsm;vGef;w,fvdkU uRefawmf udk,fwdkif
0efcHygw,f? odkUaomfvnf; enf;wm rsm;wmu uRefawmf wwfekdifwJh tvkyf r[kwfbl; OD;pH&Sm;&JU?
olajymorQ uRefawmfu awmif;&wm cifAs? olU xifjrifcsufuawmh vuf0wfvufpm;rsm;[m
5000 rwefaomfvnf; roef;jr\ emrnf[m 5000 ru wefw,fvdkU olu ajymaew,f cifAs}
&Sm;/
; /]emrnfqdkwm vlrodrS wefwmudk; As? vlodavav wefzdk; ,kwfavQmhavav?
tckqdk&if cifAsm;wdkU usKyfwdkU odaeNyD [kwfp}
wifh/ /]cifAsm;wdkU uRefawmfwdkU odwm ta&;rBuD;? udkwifvS od rodu ta&;BuD;w,f?
[kwfvm;Asm}
&Sm;/
; /]5000d/- xufawmh ravQmhekdifbl;aygh}
wifh/ /]wpfjym;rS ravQmhekdifbl;wJh cifAs? b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ OD;pH&Sm; cifAsm? uRefawmfh
trIonf vkyfwmudk uRefawmf oabmusvdkUrS r[kwfbJ? ekdUayr,fh udk,fhqD a&mufvmawmh
olvdkcsifwJh twdkif; &atmif[m 0w&m;twkdif; aqmif&Gufay;&wmudk; cifAs? wu,fqdkawmh
udkwifvS rodatmif uRefawmfu ulnD aqmif&Gufay;wJh twGuf roef;jr tusdK;vJ ygygw,f
cifAsm}
99

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/
; /]olwpfyg; tusdK;udk o,fydk;aqmif&Guf ay;wwfjcif;[mvJ aumif;jrwfaom
tavhtusifh wpfckayyAsm? 'gxuf tu,f roef;jru aiG 5000 ay;cJhvdkU&Sd&if aemufaemifudk
b,ftcgrS armifwifvS rodap&ygbl; qdkwm ,HkMunf pdwfcs&atmif b,fvdkrsm; cifAsm;wdkUu
tmrcHay;edkifrvJ}
wifh/ /]'DtrIrsdK;vdkdvdk [mawG uRefawmf auseyfatmif vkyfay;vmcJhaygif; rsm;vSygNyD
cifAsm? uRefawmf ajym&if ,HkMunfyg? aemufaemifudk b,ftcgrS udkwifvS rodap&ygbl;?
uRefawmfu wm0efcHygr,f? pdwfcsygawmh}
&Sm;/
; /]cifAsm;uawmh [kwfuJh? wu,fvdkU cifAsm;vlu pdwfcs&wJh vl r[kwf&if b,fhES,f
vkyfrvJAsm}
wifh/ /]'Dvl tay:rSm uRefawmf edkifwJh tcsuf &Sdxm;ygw,f cifAsm? pdwfomcsyg?
uRefawmfhudk wpfywfrdkuf0Hh ygbl; cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]'Dvludk usKyfudk,fwdkif aocsmatmif rcsnf rwkyf &bl;vm;}
wifh/ /]'Dvludk cifAsm; awGUcsifoaygh [kwfp? 'gawmh r&bl; q&mBuD;a&U? uRefawmfu
vGJvdkU cifAsm; b,folESifhrS awGUcGifh r&aybl;}
&Sm;/
; /]'gjzihf cifAsm; armifxGef;&D twGufaum wm0efcHekdif&JUvm;}
wifh/ /]armifxGef;&DESifh uRefawmfESifhawmh bmrS rqdkifbl; cifAs? odkUaomf roef;jrESifh
rdwfaqG oli,fcsif; jzpfavawmh oluawmhjzifh EIwfvHkaumif;yg&JUvdkU arQmfvifhzdkU &Sdygw,f cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]'gjzifh tusOf;csKyfvdkufawmh usKyfwkdUu aiG 5000d ay;&zdkU? if;aiGay;wJh twGufvJ
aemufaemif EIwfvHkygaphr,f qdkwm cifAsm; ajympum;avmuf &Sdwmayghav? 'Dxuf cdkifvHkatmif
cifAsm; bmrS rwwfekdifbl;aygh}
wifh/ /][kwfuJh uRefawmfu EIwfuwd xm;onfxufawmh ydkrdkNyD; bmrS rwwfekdifbl; aygh}
&Sm;/
; /]tu,f roef;jru aiG rxkwfekdifaomaMumifh jzpfap? cifAsm; ajympum;avmufESifh
r,HkMunfekdifaomaMumifh jzpfap 'DaiGudk ray;cJh&if b,fhES,fvJAsm}
wifh/ /]'Dvkdqdk&if vuf0wfvufpm;udk &orQESifh a&mif;pm;NyD; roef;jrESifh armifxGef;&DwdkU
ESpfa,muftaMumif;udk armifwifvStm; uRefawmf udk,fwdkif wyfwyftyftyf ajymjyzdkU uRefawmfhvl
pDrHxm;w,f? 'DtaMumif;udk vdkvdkr,fr,f qdkNyD; uRefawmfh vlu pmESifh a&;NyD; xm;wm
uRefawmfhqDrSm &Sdw,f? e*dk&furS armifwifvSu olUr,m;udk ouFmruif; &SdaewJh twGuf
'DtaMumif; Mum;&&if olUpdwfrSm b,fvdk jzpfr,f qdkwm cifAsm;vJ awG;rdw,f r[kwfvm;}
xdktcg armifpH&Sm;onf rnfodkUrQ ajzqdkjcif; r&SdbJ pOf;pm; pdwful;aeonfU vuPmESifh
&Sdae&m armifausmfwifhu qufvuf
wifh/ /]vGwfvyfwm BudKufw,fqdkwJh vlrsdK;[m udk,fom vGwfvyfwm BudKufwm cifAs?
udk,fhr,m;u vGwfvyfjcif;udk BudKufjyefw,f? xifovdk vkyfcsifjyefw,f qdkawmh rBudKufedkifbl;?
'Dawmh udkwifvS[m ... }
100

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/
; /]aumif;NyDAsm ay;ygawmhr,f? odkUaomf 5000d qdkwJh aiG[m enf;wJh aiG
r[kwfavawmh &SmzdkU azGzdkU &ufuav; enf;enf;awmh ay;OD;Asm}
wifh/ /]b,fESpf&ufavmuf vdkcsifovJ}
&Sm;/
; /]5 &uf xm;Asm}
wifh/ /][m 5 &ufawmh Mumw,fAsm? 3 &ufyJ xm;pdkU&JU? 'DuaeU Mumoyaw;aeU? 3
&ufqdkawmh we*FaEGaeUudk &atmif vkyfMuAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]&SdapAs? 3 &ufyJ xm;awmh? odkUaomf roef;jru olU ypnf; [kwfr[kwf rSefrrSefudk
ol udk,fwdkif MunfUcsifayvdrfhr,f?'DtrIESifh ywfoufNyD; pdwfnpfvdkU aeraumif; xdkifrom &SdvdkU
oludk,fwdkifvJ cifAsm;qDudk rvmedkifaybl;? 'Dawmh ypnf;awGudk cifAsm; udk,fwdkif we*FaEGaeUrSm
udkwifvS tdrfudk ,lcJhayawmhAsm? pdwfcsygAs? vkr,lygbl;? r,Hk&if cifAsm; wpfa,mufxJ rvmESifh?
tazmfrsm; ac:csifac:cJhekdifygw,f}
wifh/ /]udkif; uRefawmf vmr,f? we*FaEGaeU b,fESpfem&DvJ}
&Sm;/
; /]em&Djyef wpfcsuf xm;Asm}
wifh/ /]udkif; vmr,f? odkUaomf OD;pH&Sm;? wpfck uRefawmf owday;vdkufr,f? cifAsm;[m
pHkaxmufbufrSmawmh awmfawmfyJ PfoGm;yg&JU? uRefawmfvJ csD;rGrf;ygw,f? odkUaomf Oya'
vkyfief;rSmawmh cifAsm; uRefawmhfhavmuf ruRrf;usifbl;As? onfawmh uRefawmhfudk
wpfywfdkufr,frsm;awmh rBuHESifh? cifAsm; vifr,m; wpfcgwnf; uGJoGm;r,f em;vnfvm;? 'D 3
&uftwGif; cifAsm; udk,fwdkifvJ toGm;tvm wqdwfavmuf qifjcifaevkdufyg? cifAsm; tdrfudk
usKyfbufu pHkaxmufawG 0dkif;NyD; apmifhaeaphr,f? wu,fvdkU enf;enf;uav; rouFmp&m
jzpfay:vmw,fvdkU qdk&if cifAsm; ajymwJh aeUudk usKyf qdkif;aerSm r[kwfbl;? armifwifvS vufudk
ckeifu ajymwJhpm wpfcgwnf; usKyfudk,fwdkif oGm;ay;vdkufr,f? 'Dawmh tpp t&m&m
owdxm;NyD; vkyfygvdkU owday;vdkufyg&ap OD;pH&Sm;BuD;Asm}
&Sm;/
; /]we*FaEG em&Djyef wpfcsufwdwd [kwfp}
if;aemuf uRefawmfwdkUonf a&SUae armifausmfwifh\ tvkyfwdkufrS xGufvmcJhMu
armifxGef;&D\ aetdrfodkU oGm;a&mufMu&m vrf;c&D;
&Sm;/
; /]b,fhES,fvJ udkodef;armif? tm* Zuf&JwJh vlwpfa,mufyJ [kwfp}
uRefawmf/ /]uRefawmfjzifh 'Dvl ajymyHk? vkyfyHkawGudk Mum;uaeNyD; rcHcsifvdkufwm cifAsm;?
tpdk;& Oya'uvJ 'DvlrsdK;udk b,fES,frS rwwfekdifawmhbl;vm;}
&Sm;/
; /]b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ udkodef;armif? olUudk zrf;zdkUawmh usKyf BuH&if tvG,fav;aygh?
odkUaomf olUudk zrf;vdkuf&if roef;jr vifr,m; 'kua&mufoGm;rSmudkvJ pdk;&drfaeao;w,fAs?
odkUaomf 'DvdkESifhawmh usKyf raeao;ygbl;av? ol awmif;wJh aiGudkvJ ay;NyD; olUudkvJ
wpfenf;enf;ESifh trIywfrdatmif usKyf BuHygOD;r,f}

101

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

uRefawmf/ /]'gjzifh aiGuawmh ay;&awmhrSmayghav}

&Sm;/
; /]olUvufwGif; a&mufaewJh tcgrSm ray;&if b,fhES,f vkyfrvJAs? odkUaomf roef;jr
ajympum; twkdif; aoG;dk;om;dk; rSef rrSefudk armifxGef;&DESifh awGU&wJhtcg usKyf qHk;jzwfekdifw,f?
tu,f olwdkUESpfOD;[m cspfBudKuf t[kwf oabmdk;ESifh oGm;cJhdk;rSef&if armifxGef;&D[m olyg
vk,ufjcif; cH&w,fvdkUvJ ,lqekdifw,f? usKyf txifawmh armifxGef;&D[m vlqdk;ESifh
qufoG,fjcif; ruif;bl;vdkU usKyf xifw,f? MunfUaemf cifAsm;vJ [dkusawmh vluJcwfayawmh?
wpfcsuf ESpfcsufavmuf usKyf zdef;vdkufprf;r,f}
armifxGef;&D\ aetdrfodkU a&mufMuaomtcg uRefawmfwdkUonf if;ESifh tqifoifhyif
awGUqHkMu&m armifxGef;&D qdkolrSm touf 30 t&G,fcefU &Sd rGefrGef&nf&nfESifh tawmfyif
acsmarmvSyaom olwpfa,muf jzpfav&m 0wfyHkpm;yHk aeyHkxdkifyHk wdkUrSm rwefyif use
aooyfjcif; &Sday\/
uRefawmfwdkUtm; ae&mxdkifcif; ay;NyD;aemuf armifxGef;&Donf avmu ylyifaomu
jzpfzG,f&m taMumif;udk pdk;pOf;rQ r&SdbdonfUtvm; at;at;aq;aq; &Sdaom trlt&m
rsufESmxm;wdkUESifh vufcH pum;ajymNyD;vQif udpu
dk ar;jref;&m armifpH&Sm;u roef;jr\ udpESifh
vma&mufjcif; jzpfaMumif; ajymjyav\/
,if;odkU ajymjyonfUtcg tenf;i,f pdwf0ifpm; azmfjy[ef vuPm &Sdaomfvnf;
armifxGef;&Donf wkefvIyfjcif;? pdk;&drfjcif; uif;rJhvsuf rdrdESifh i,faygif;BuD;azmf jzpfonfU
roef;jrrSm ,ckuJhodkU 'ku BuHKawGU&onfU twGuf rsm;pGm 0rf;enf;ygaMumif;rsm;ESifh ajymqdkav&m
armifpH&Sm;vJ if;\ rsufESmuJudk cwfvsuf aecJhav\/
&Sm;/
; /(kwfw&uf) ]udkif; udkxGef;&D? a,musfm;csif;yJ bGif;bGif; ajymMupdkYAsm? ,ck roef;jr
tusOf;tusyf awGU&jcif;[m cifAsm; aoG;aqmifonfU twGuf jzpf&jcif; jzpfw,f? onf'kuu
vGwfatmif u,fq,fzdkU[m cifAsm; tay: wm0ef&Sdw,fvdkU usKyf xifw,f? usKyfuawmhjzifh
roef;jrudk olwdkU awmif;wJhaiG 5000d ray;ESifhvdkU ajymcJhNyD? udkif; 'Dawmh cifAsm; b,fhES,f
BuHyr,f} [k ajymvdkufaomtcg armifxGef;&DrSm ,cifu at;at;aq;aq; trlt&mwdkUonf
kwfw&uf uG,faysmuf wkefvIyfaom trlt&mESifh
&D/ /]olwdkUawmif;wJhaiG 5000d ray;&if 'kua&mufukefrSmaygh cifAs? vifr,m;
uGJoGm;Mu&if b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]rSefw,f vifr,m; ruGJapcsif&if aiG 5000d udk cifAsm;u xkwfay;awmh? 'gyJ
&SdwmyJ}
&D/ /]uRefawmfhudk awmif;wmvJ r[kwf cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]cifAsm;udk rawmif;ayrJh cifAsm;aMumifh jzpf&wJh trI r[kwfvm;As? cifAsm; pdwfxJrSm
jrifhjrwfwJh oabm MuifemwwfwJh oabm ESrf;aphavmuf &SdcJhdk;rSef&if a,musfm;ESifh rdef;r twl
jzpfMu&mrSm a,musfm;uom wm0efudk tukef,lzdkU aumif;w,fAs}
&D/ /]ypnf; a&G;&rSmu olU ypnf; cifAs}
102

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/
; /]vmjyefNyD? olU ypnf; ayrJh cifAsm; ac:vdkY olvdkuf&wm? 'DaiGudk cifAsm;u
xkwfay;zdkU aumif;w,f}
&D/ /]uRefawmhrSm aiGvJ r&Sdygbl; cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; 5000d vHk; ray;ekdif&if 'Dvdk vkyfayawmh ? cifAsm;u 2500d? roef;jru 2500d
ay;aphr,f}
&D/ /]2500d xm;vdkU 25 usyfawmif uRefawmfhrSm r&Sdygbl; cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /(armifxGef;&D\ rsufESmudk aphaphMunfUum twefMumatmif pOf;pm; aeNyD;rS) ]aMomf
'Dvdkvm;? wefawmh wefawmh usKyf &dyfrdNyD}
&D/ /]bm&dyfrdwmvJ cifAs}
&Sm;/
/]awmfygayw,fAsm? awmfygayh? cifAsm;rSm aiGMuyfaew,fvdkU owif;
;
enf;enf;yg;yg;awmh Mum;yg&JU? ekdUayr,fh onfenf;ESifh aiG&Smw,fvdkUawmh usKyf rxifrdaybl;?
aeprf;ygOD;As? vlqdk;ukd b,favmufay;vdkU armifausmfwifhudk b,favmufay;&ovJ}
&D/ /(xdkif&mrS kwfw&uf x) ]cifAsm;u uRefawmfhudk ... }
&Sm;/
; /]'gaygh ,ckvdk jzpfzdkU[m e*dkuwnf;u cifAsm; pDpOfxm;NyD;om;yJ? usKyf &dyfrdygw,f}
&D/ /]r[kwfwmbJ cifAs? BuHBuHpnfpnf cifAsm; b,fhES,f vmNyD; }
&Sm;/
; /]tydkawGavmuf zsef;raeygESifh? ajymprf;yg vlqdk;vkyfwJh vlu b,folvJ}
&D/ /]cifAsm; ajymwmawG uRefawmf bmrS em;rvnfbl;}
xdktcg armifpH&Sm;onf armifxGef;&Dudk twefMumatmif aphaphMunfUNyD;rS...
]udkif; 'gjzifh &Sdap? wm0ef &SdorQudk rdef;rom; wpfa,mufwnf; vTJcsawmh ...
ay;&awmhrSmaygh? udkif;Asm roef;jr wpfOD;wnf;uyJ aiG 5000d ay;ygapawmhr,f? odkUaomf
aiGay;wJhaeUrSm oufaotjzpfESifh cifAsm;vmyg qdk&if vm&J&JUaemf}
&D/ /]roef;jru vmapcsif&if vmwmaygh cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; 'gjzifh usKyfwdkU jyefOD;r,f}
vrf;c&D; armifpH&Sm;u uRefawmfhtm;
&Sm;/
; /]b,fhES,fvJ udkodef;armif? armifxGef;&Dudk cifAsm; b,fvdk oabm&ovJ}
uRefawmf/ /]uRefawmfawmh 'DtrIrSm armifxGef;&DvJ tpkpyfygw,fvdkU xifw,fAs}
&Sm;/
m; /]tif; tpkpyfvm;? wpfOD;wnf;ydkifvm;awmh rajymwwfao;bl;? aiG 5000d &atmif
m;
PfqifwJh txJrSm olygwmawmh trSefyJ? [kdw,fu Aifwdk wpfcGufaomufNyD; owdarhoGm;w,f
103

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

qdkwm MunfUrSaygh? AifwdkxJrSm aq;cyfwm olyJ? udkif; odkUaomf vufzuf&nf wpfcGuf

0ifaomufMuOD;pdkUAsm? qmvSNyD}
uRefawmfwdkUonf teD;&Sd vufzuf&nfqdkif wpfqdkifodkU 0if vufzuf&nf
aomufMuNyD;aemuf twlwuG xGuf vmMu&mwGif armifpH&Sm;onf vrf;\ tjcm;buf
wpfpHkwpfa,mufaomoludk jrifvdkufonf jzpf uRefawmfhtm; rsufpdrSdwf jyNyD;vQif aetdrfudk
jyefMuav\/ tdrfay: odkU a&mufaomtcg
uRefawmf/ /]b,fhES,fvJAs? bdkr qDudk roGm;bl;vm;}
&Sm;/
; /]vrf; [dkbufrSm armifausmfwifhu vTwfxm;wJh olvQdKwpfa,muf a&mufaeNyDAs?
vufzuf&nfqdkifu xGufuwnf;u usKyfwdkUudk ol ajc&m aumufrdw,f? bdkrudk awGUzdkUvJ
w,fBuD; taMumif; rxl;awmhygbl; Asm? odkUaomf usKyfwdkU xifjrifcsuf [kwf r[kwf
aocsmatmif[m cifAsm; wpfck vkyfay;prf;Asm? usKyfawmh tdrfu xGufvdkU ae&mrusbl;}
uRefawmf/ /]bmvJAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]armifxGef;&D[m b,fyHk b,fenf; pm;aomuf aexkdifw,f? aiGa&; aMu;a&;rSm
b,fvdkaew,f qdkwm cifAsm; wwfedkifoavmuf pHkaxmufacsprf;Asm? odkUaomf 'DwpfaeUawmh
tcsdefukefygNyD? &Sdygapawmh? eufjzefu pNyD; tjrefxGufprf;Asm}
aemufwpfaeU uRefawmfonf armifpH&Sm; apcdkif;onfU udpudk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
axmufvSrf; pHkprf; ar;jref;jcif; jyKcJh&m armifxGef;&DrSm tvkyftudkifvJ ajymyavmufatmif r&Sd?
rdbrsm; xm;cJhaom tarGtESpfudk ukefpifatmif jzKef;wD;cJh ,cktcgrl wdkufvcudk rSefuefatmif
ray;edkifonfYjyif t0wftpm;rsm;udkyif aygifESHoHk;pGJ vuf&Sd ae&aMumif;ESifh owif;rsm; pkaqmif;
&&SdcJhonfU twdkif; armifpH&Sm;tm; jyef ajymjyav\/
*********
we*FaEGaeU em&Djyef wpfcsuf tcsdef roef;jr\ aetdrf {nfUcef;wGif armifpH&Sm;?
armiftkef;az? armifxGef;&D? uRefawmfESifh roef;jrwdkUonf armifausmfwifh vma&mufrnfudk
arQmfvifh apmifhqdkif;vsuf &SdaeMuav\/
wpfem&D xdk;onfESifh wNydKifeuf tdrfa&SU um;wpfpD; qdkufa&mufNyD;vQif
armifausmfwifhonf um;ay:rS qif; vm&m if;\ aemufvnf; awmifhwif; oefpGrf;aom
vloHk;a,mufwdkUvnf; ygvmMuav\/ armifausmfwifhonf tcef;wGif;odkU a&muf uRefawmfwdkU
tm;vHk;udk MunfUNyD;vQif
wifh/ /]b,fhES,fvJ? vlawG wpfpkBuD;uvm;As? rsm;vSacsuvm;}
&Sm;/
; /]vlrsm;ayr,fh raMumufygESifh Asm? twif; t"r vk,lr,fvdkU rBuHpnfygbl; As}
wifh/ /(wynfUrsm; bufodkU vSnfU) ]rif;wdkU tdrfa&SUu apmifhaeMuuG,f? ig
w,frMumcif jyefvmcJhr,f} [k ajymojzifh if;\ oufawmfapmifh wdkUonfvnf; tdrfjyifodkU
xGufoGm;Muav\/
104

a&TOa'gif;

wifh/ /]b,fhES,fvJ aiGaphpyfuJhvm;}

&Sm;/
; /]&Sdygw,f tqifoifhyJ &Sdygw,f? odkUaomf cifAsm; ,lcJhwJh ypnf;awG[m rSef rrSefudk
roef;jr MunfUayapOD;Asm}
wifh/ /]cifAsm;wkdU aiGudk yxr jyprf;ygOD; }
&Sm;/
; /]jyvdkufyg roef;jr&,f} [k ajymojzifh roef;jronf pmtdwfESifh xnfUxm;aom
100d wef puL tcsyf 50 udk a&wGuf jyav\/
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; aiGudk pm;yGJay: wifxm;vdkuf roef;jr? udkif; udkausmfwifhuvJ ypnf; rSef
rrSefudk roef;jrtm; jyvdkuf ? aphiSw,f rSefw,f qdk&if pm;yGJay:u aiGudk cifAsm; ,lawmh}
xdktcg armifausmfwifhonf om;a&tdwfi,fudk xkwf pdefem;uyf? vufaumuf?
vufpGyfrsm;udk roef;jr\ vufodkU xnfUav\/ roef;jru ypnf;rsm; aphiS rSefuefaMumif;
ajymaomtcg
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; udkausmfwifh? cifAsm;aiG ,layawmh}
wifh/ /(aiGpuLrsm;udk avmbBuD;pGmESifh odrf;BuHK; tdwfxJodkU xnfUNyD;aemuf) ]udp NyD;NyD
r[kwfvm;? jyefvdkufOD;r,fAsm tm;vHk;}
&Sm;/
; /]cPuav; qdkif;ygOD; udkausmfwifh ? aemufaemifudk EIwfvHkygaphr,fvdkU cifAsm;u
usKyfudk uwday;xm;w,f r[kwfvm;? udkif; roef;jr auseyfavmufatmif oufaorsm;a&SUrS
wpfcgxyfNyD; y#dnmOf ay;cJhygOD; Asm}
wifh/ /]ypnf;rsm;udk vk,laom olcdk;[m aemufaemif b,ftcgrS 'DtaMumif;udk
rajymapygbl;Asm? usKyfu wm0efcHygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]olcdk;twGuf wm0efcHayrJh armifxGef;&D twGufudkawmh b,folu wm0efcHrSmvJ}
&D/ /]uRefawmhf twGufawmh rpdk;&drfygESifh / udk,fht&Sufudk cGJyghrvm; cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]'DvdkESifh rauseyfekdifbl;? 'Dwpfcg aiG 5000d &&if aemufwpfBudrf xyfNyD; cifAsm; aiG
Spfcsif SpfOD;r,f? tm;vHk; em;axmifMuAs? 'DtrI[m rlv uwnf;u armifxGef;&Du PfqifNyD;
ac:oGm;wJh trIAs? olcdk;qdkwmvJ wjcm;r[kwfbl;? olUvlyJ? ypnf;udk &NyD;wJhaemuf armifausmfwifh
ESifh yl;aygif;NyD; aiGrsm;rsm; &atmif SpfxkwfwJh enf;yJ}
&D/ /]r[kwfwmAsm? cifAsm; uvJ}
wifh/ /]OD;pH&Sm; owdxm;Asaemf? olcdk;[m b,folb,f0gvJvdkU ay:atmif pHkaxmufvdkU
&Sd&if usKyf rcHedkifbl;? udkwifvSudk tusdK;aMumif; tukef ajymjyvdkufvdrfhr,f? 'gyJ}
jr/
jr /]&Sdygapawmh&Sif? ypnf;jyef&vdkU&SdrS uRefr auseyfygNyD? &Sifvnf; auseyfygawmh
OD;pH&Sm; &Sif}
105

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/
; /]roef;jru auseyfayr,fh usKyfu rauseyfekdifao;bl;? aemufudkvJ udkwifvS
ajymr,f ajymr,fESifh tBudrfBudrf xyfNyD; aiGSpfae&if b,fES,fvkyfrvJ? 'D[mawG tm;vHk;
armifxGef;&D pDrHwmAs? onfawmh olxdk;xm;wJh vSHudk ol jyefNyD; EIwfaprS ae&musr,f}
wifh/ /]cifAsm; 'Dvdk Iyf&if udkwifvSudk usKyf jyefajym}
&Sm;/
; /]aeMuOD; cifAsm;wdkU ESpfa,mufvHk;? roef;jr? cifAsm; em;axmifprf;? cifAsm;u
i,foli,fcsif;&,fvdkU ,HkMunfpdwfcsNyD; vmcJhwJh armifxGef;&D[m vl,kwfrm wpfa,muf
oufoufAs}
&D/ /]cifAsm; b,fenf;ESifh uRefawmhfudk}
xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;onf armifxGef;&D\ teD;odkU uyf tjcm;olrsm; rMum;&avatmif
pum;wdk;wdk; ajymvdkuf&m uRefawmfrSm armifxGef;&D teD;wGif xdkifaeonfjzpf atmufygtwdkif;
Mum;&av\/
&Sm;/
; /][kwfwJh twdkif; 0efcHaemf? 0efrcH&if aiGpuL vkyfwkef;u trIudk tukefazmfNyD;
ajymvdkufvdkU omNyD; trIBuD;oGm;r,f em;vnfvm;? 'DtrIrSm cifAsm;u a&SUoGm;vm;? ausmfwifhu
a&SUoGm;vm; ajymprf;} [k ajymvdkufaomtcg armifxGef;&Donf xdwfvefU tHHhMoaom trlt&mESifh
armifpH&Sm;tm; MunfUvsuf
&D/ /]udkif; [kwfwdkif; rSef&m ajymygawmhr,f cifAsm? uRefawmf[m...}
wifh/ /]a[hvl b,fhES,f vkyfwmvJ}
&Sm;/
; /]udkausmfwifh cifAsm; wdwfwdwf aeprf;yg}
&D/ /]'D[mawG[m pifppf udkausmfwifh Pfay;NyD; aiGESifh rQm;vdkU uRefawmfuvJ
jywfjywfvyfvyf jzpfaewJhtcgESifh BuHKNyD; olajymwJh twdkif; AifwkdrSm aq;cyfNyD; roef;jrudk
uefawmfBuD; ac:ygw,f cifAsm? roef;jrESifh uRefawmfESifh [m cspfBudKufMuwmvJ r[kwf?
i,foli,fcsif; rdkUvdkU dk;dk;oabmESifh cspfcifMuwmvJ rSefygw,f/ [dknuvJ roef;jrudk
uRefawmfu vufzsm;ESifhrS rwdkUrddygbl;? udkausmfwifhu Pfqifay;wJhtwdkif; a&v,fuRef;rSm
owd&atmif apmifhNyD;aeygw,f? owd&vmwJh tcgrSm}
wifh/ /]a[hvl cifAsm;yg 'kua&mufoGm;r,faemf owdxm;}
&Sm;/
; /]olcdk; vkyfwmu b,folvJ}
&D/ /]udkausmfwifh cifAs}
xdktcg armifausmfwifhonf armifxGef;&Dtm; ]acG;rom; opmazmufwJh taumif} [k ajym
xdk;Budwfrnf jyKav&m armifpH&Sm;ESifh armiftkef;azwdkUu 0ifqGJ xm;&av\/ if;aemuf
armifpH&Sm;u ]AsdKU udkwifvS xGufcJhawmhAsm} [k ac:vdkuf&m armifwifvSonf wpfckaom
tcef;wGif ykef;atmif;ae&mrS xGufvm r,m;jzpfol roef;jr\ vufudk qGJudkifvsuf bdkqefaom

106

a&TOa'gif;

vifr,m; jzpfMuonf twdkif; pdwfauseyfonfU trlt&mudk jyMuav&m uRefawmfwdkUrSm

rsufESmvTJ aeMu&av\/
&Sm;/
; /]tckawmif bdkqefMuwkef; &Sdygao;ovm;}
vS/ /(NyHK;&,fvsuf) ]rSwfygNyD q&m? 'Dwpfcg aemufqHk;ygyJ? aemufaemifudk jrefrmvlrsdK;
jrefrm vifr,m; yDyD aexdkifygawmhr,f OD;pH&Sm; cifAsm;? cifAsm; aus;Zl;udkvJ rarhygbl;}
&Sm;/
; /]tpp pdwfauseyfuJhaemf}
vS/ /]auseyfwJh [dkbuf vGefoGm;ygao;w,f q&m}
if;aemuf armiftkef;azonf armifausmfwifhESifh
tdk;bdkXmemodkU ac:aqmifoGm;avownf;/

NyD;ygNyD/

107

armifxGef;&D

ESpfa,mufvHk;udk

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

4 / tqdyfaomufaoonfqdkaomtrI
uRefawmf\ rdwfaqG pHkaxmufarmifpH&Sm;onf oHk;yHkzJdkufjcif;? ppfbk&ifxdk;jcif; tp&Sdaom
Pfudk toHk;jyK&onfU upm;rsdK;wdkU tvGefw&m uRrf;usif vdrmol wpfa,muf jzpfav&m
tifpydwfawmf armiftkef;azonf if;ESifh zufjydKif upm;onfU tcgwdkif; xHk;acGxdonfom
jzpfaomaMumifh rcHcsifonfU oabmESifh &Hzeff&Hcg vma&mufupm;avh&Sd\/ wpfaeUo
uRefawmfwdkU oHk;OD;om;onf tdrfa&SU{nfUcef; oHk;yHkzJ upm;vsuf&SdMupOf tcef;wHcg;udk
acgufoHMum;ojzifh armifpH&Sm;u zGifhay;vdkufonfwGif aumif;rGefoyf&yfaom t0wftpm;rsm;udk
0wfqifvsuf toufav;q,fausmf t&G,fcefU&Sdaom &[l'DvlrsdK; wpfa,mufonf tcef;wGif;odkU
0ifvmav\/
armifpH&Sm;onf if;tm; ae&mxdkifcif; ay;ojzifh xdkolonf ukvm;xdkif xdkifrdavvQif
uRefawmfonf xdkol\ t*Fgkyfudk tuJcwfvsuf&Sd&m tom;rSm0gpyfpyf &Sdvsuf ESmacgif;onf
iSufEIwfoD; uJhodkU aumufcsdwfcsdwf &Sdonfudk vnf;aumif;? rsufpdESpfvHk;rSm wpfvHk;ESifh wpfvHk;
tvGefeD;vsuf wpfae&m Mum&SnfpGm pdkuf rMunfUbJ xdkrSrS ajymif;a&TUum MunfUwwfaom
0goem&Sdonfudk vnf;aumif;? tvGefus,f0ef;aom ezl;jyif &Sdonfudk vnf;aumif;? xlxyfaom
rsufcHk;ESifh EIwfcrf;arT;rsm; &Sdonfudk vnf;aumif; awGUjrif&av\/
xdkol/ /(t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh) ]uRekfyfemrnf a';Apf ac:ygw,f? aumfrD&Sifpm; tvkyfudk
vkyfygw,f? aexdkifwmu yef;qdk;wef;rSm aeygw,f} [k ajymNyD;aemuf armifpH&Sm; bufodkU
vSnfU
]OD;pH&Sm; qdkwm cifAsm; r[kwfvm;}
&Sm;/
; /][kwfygw,f / onf[mawGu uRefawmfh rdwfaqGrsm;ygyJ? wdkifyifp&m &SdvQif olwdkU
a&SUrSmyJ wdkifyifekdifygw,f? vkyfazmfudkifzufawG ygyJ}
a';Apf/ /]uRefkyfudpu enf;enf;ta&;BuD;ygw,f? wdkwdkwkwfwkwfyJ ajymyg&apawmh?
onfvdkyg cifAsm? onfuaeU reuf uRefawmfhrdef;rxHu pmwpfapmif &ygw,f? pmxJrSm olu
tifrwef pdwfnpfwJh twGuf olUudk,fol owfNyD; aoygawmhr,f wJh? if;pmESifh twl aowrf;pm
wpfapmifvJ ygygw,f? if;aowrf;pm t&rSmawmh olUrSm&SdorQ ypnf;Opm tm;vHk;udk
uRefawmfwpfOD;wnf; tarGcH tarGpm; tjzpfESifh vTJajymif;NyD; ay;cJhygw,f cifAsm? pm&&amp;jcif;
uRefawmfu armfawmfum;ESifh olaewJh pwDAifqifvrf;udk oGm;awmh}
&Sm;/
; /]aMomf cifAsm;wdkU vifr,m;u twlwl raeMubJudk;}
a';Apf/ /]twlwl raeMubl; cifAs? &efjzpfNyD; cGJaeMuwm wpfESpfausmfausmf avmuf
&SdoGm;NyD? cGJaeMuayr,fh trSefajym&rSmjzifh wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; arwm ukefMuwmawmh r[kwfbl;aygh
cifAsm? wpfOD;uvJ iguawmh 0efrcsbl;? olu 0efcs&if jyefaygif;r,f? wpfOD;uvJ igrSefvsufESifh
0efcsvdkUjzifh raygif;bl;? oluom 0efcs&r,f? onfvdk trIvKyfjyD; aecJh rdMuwmudk; cifAs?
onfuaeU&wJh pmxJrSmawmh uRefawmfu pwifNyD; 0efcsvdrfhr,fvdkU arQmfvifhNyD; aecJhwm &uf v
108

a&TOa'gif;

rsm;pGm MumcJhygNyD wJh? wpfaeUaomfvJ ay:vmekd;edk;ESifh arQmfvifhrdcJhwm onfwpfcgjzifh arQmfvifhjcif;

ukefwJhtwGuf vlUNynfrSmvJ raevdkawmh ygbl;wJh cifAsm? 'gESifh uRefawmfu armfawmfum;ESifh
ysm,D;ysm,m armif;oGm;vdkU olaewJh wdkufudk a&mufawmh tcef;wHcg;udk twGif;u ydwfNyD;xm;wm
awGU&w,f cifAs? uRefawmf tjyifu av;ig;ajcmufcGef; atmfNyD; ac:vdkUvJ xl;azmf r&bl;? 'gESifh
{uE wpfpHkwpfck xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jzpfNyDqdkNyD; OD;pH&Sm;qDudk ajy;vmcJhygw,f cifAsm? tm;vyfvdkU
&Sd&if wqdwf vdkufMunfUygOD; cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]uRefawmfu q&m0efrS r[kwfbJAsm? wu,fqdkawmh q&m0efqDudk cifAsm; a&S;OD;pGm
oGm;zdkUaumif;w,f}
a';Apf/ /]trSefajym&rSmjzifh tcef;xJudk uRefawmf 0ifrdcJhvdkU&Sd&if aowrf;pmrSmvJ
ypnf;awGudk uRefawmfhudk vTJay;xm;cJhawmh rawmfwq ykvdyf t&m&Sdrsm;u uRefawmfh tay:rSm
rouFmp&m jzpfrSmudk awG;NyD; ylrdwJh twGuf onfupHkaxmufBuD; OD;pH&Sm;ESifh twl
oGm;&w,fqdkvQif udk;um;p&m wpfck &vdrfhr,fvdkU arQmfvifhrdvdkUyg cifAsm}
az/
az /(xdkif&mrS kwfw&ufx) ]udkif; 'gjzifh oGm;MunfUMupdkUAsm}
&Sm;/
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ysm,D;ysm,m rvkyfprf;ygESifh? cifAsm;qD a&;vdkufwJh pmESifh aowrf;pm ygcJhovm;}
a';Apf/ /]ygcJhygw,f cifAsm} [k ajym a';Apfonf rdrd\ tdwfrS pma&;puL tjymESifh
a&;xm;aom pmwpfapmifESifh zl;puwfpuL wpf&Gufudk xkwf armifpH&Sm;tm; ay;tyfav\/
&Sm;/
; /]onf[mawG cifAsm; b,fhES,f &ovJ}
a';Apf/ /]pmwdkufu &w,f cifAs}
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&Sm;/
; /(pmudk zwfNyD;aemuf) ]pmxJrSmawmh tqdyfaomufNyD; aoawmhr,fvdkU qdkyguvm;?
tck 10 em&Dawmif xdk;NyD;NyD? w,fNyD; at;at;aq;aq; &SdwJh q&mBuD; yguvm;}
a';Apf/ /]uRefawmfvJ pm&uwnf;u xdwfxdwfvefUvefU jzpfNyD; bmvkyf&rSef; rodatmif
a,mifawmifawmif jzpfaeygw,f cifAsm? tjypfwif&ifvJ cH&awmh rSmygyJ}
&Sm;/
; /]onfpmudk &awmh cifAsm; t0wfvJNyD;NyDvm;}
a';Apf/ /]rvJ&ao;ygbl; cifAsm? tdyf&mu xp &Sdygao;w,f}
xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;onf xdkol\ 0wfyHkudk MunfUI&m rnfonfUae&mrQ taqmwvQif
0wfqifxm;onfY vuPm r&SdbJ aooyfaumif;rGefpGm 0wfqifxm;onfukd awGU&Sd&aomtcg
armifpH&Sm;onf rsufarSmifMuKwfvsuf &SdaeNyD;aemuf
&Sm;/
; /]onfpmxnfUwJh pmtdwfaum rygbl;vm;}
109

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

a';Apf/ /]ta&;rBuD;bl; rSwfvdkU r,lcJhrdbl; cifAsm}

&Sm;/
; /]&Sdygap? &Sdygap? onfpmawGudk usKyfaemufrS aoaocsmcsm MunfUcsifao;w,f?
xm;cJhOD;aemf}
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&Sm;/
; /]udkif; usKyfwdkU vdkufcJhr,f? cifAsm; wdkufatmufu apmifhaeayawmh ? usKyfwdkU
t0wfuav;rsm; vJvdkufyg&apOD;Asm? rMumygbl;}
a';Apfonf wdkufatmufodkU qif;oGm;aomtcg uRefawmfwdkUonf t0wfrsm; vJvS,f&if;
armifpH&Sm;u armiftkef;aztm;
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; udktkef;az? cifAsm;u Xmemudk oGm;NyD; oGufoGufvufvuf &SdwJh ykvdyf t&m&Sd
wpfa,mufudk pmwdkufvTwfNyD; yef;qdk;wef;vrf; pmydkUwJh pmydkY ukvm;udk onfuaeU reuf
a';ApfxH pmrsm; ydkY& rydkU& pHkprf;yapAs? onfUjyif wpfa,mufudkvJ rpufa';ApfrSm
toufaygifxm;wmrsm; &Sdovm; pHkprf;cJhayapAsm? olwdkUudk vTwfNyD; cifAsm;vJ pwDAifqifvrf;udk
vmcJhayawmh Mum;vm;}
az/
az /]aumif;ygNyD cifAsm}
if;aemuf uRefawmfwdkUonf wdkufay:rS qif;vmcJhMu uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;rSmrl
a';Apf\ um;ay: odkU wufMu&m armiftkef;azrSmrl tjcm;um; wpfpD;ESifh XmemodkU
armif;oGm;av\/
uRefawmfwdkUonf pwDAifqifvrf;odkU vQifjrefpGm armif;ESifoGm;MupOf vrf;c&D;wGif
armifpH&Sm;onf wkwfvuform; wpfa,muf\ aetdrfa&SU acw &yfwefUap vT? aqmuf
tp&Sdaom vuform; u&d,mrsm;ESifh twl wkwfvuform;udk um;ay: wifaqmif
ac:iifcJhav\/
rpufa';Apf aexdkif&m pwDAifqifvrf;odkU a&mufMuaomtcg uRefawmfwdkUonf
wdkufa&SUwGif
armfawmfum;udk
&yfNyD;aemuf
wkdufay:
odkU
wufoGm;MuNyD;vQif
wkwfvuform;onf wHcg;ywmrsm;udk rdrd vufeufu&d,mrsm;ESifh zGifhav\/ tcef;wHcg;
yGifhonfESifh wNydKifeuf uRefawmfwdkUonf tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifoGm;Mu&m tcef;wGif; "mwfrD;rsm;
xGef;vsuf&Sdonfudk awGU&Sd&av\/
if;aemuf armifpH&Sm;onf a';Apftm; ukvm;xdkifwpfck ay: Nidrf0yfpGm xdkifapNyD;vQif
tdrfcef;twGif;odkU uRefawmfESifh twl 0ifoGm;Mu&m ckwifay: Zmjcifaxmif twGif;
toufoHk;q,fausmf t&G,fcefU &Sd kyf&nf taumiftxnf acsmarm vSyaom &[l'D ukvm;r
wpfa,mufonf tdyfaysmfaebd ouJhodkU yufvufvSefum &Sdaeonfudk awGUjrifMu&av\/
xdktcg armifpH&Sm;onf ckwifteD;odkU csOf;uyf ukvm;r\ vufudk udkifwG,f MunfUI&m vufrSm
awmifhvsuf&Sdonfudk awGUjrif&av\/

110

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/
; /]toufukefwm 8 em&Dxuf renf; &SdoGm;NyDAsdKU? aoyHkMunfU&wmawmh
tqdyfaomufNyD; aowmESifhyJ wlw,f} [k ajymqdkvsuf &SdpOf a';Apfonf tcef;wGif;odkU
0ifvdkufvmNyD;vQif NiD;wGm;aom toHjzifh
]&SdMuao;&JUvm; cifAsm? atmifr,fav;Asm? tusdK;enf;ygNyD Asm? usKyfr,m; ao&SmygNyDvm;
cifAsm} [k idkoHESifh ajymqdkvsuf&SdpOf tifpydwfawmf armiftkef;azonf wkdufay: odkU
wufvmonfwGif armifpH&Sm;u rsuf&dyfjyvdkufonfESifh armiftkef;azonf a';Apfudk tcef;jyifodkU
qGJiif ac: oGm;av\/
az/
az /]cifAsm; idkcsifvdkU&Sd&if a[m'DrSm xdkifNyD; tm;&atmif idk? usKyfwdkU tvkyf0w&m;udk
vmNyD; raESmuf,SufESifh Mum;&JUvm;} [k aigufief; ajymqdkdcJhNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkU &Sd&m
tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvmcJhav\/
armifpH&Sm;rSmrl if;\xHk;pHtwkdif; tavmif;udkvnf;aumif;? tdyf&mudk vnf;aumif;
rSefbDvl;ESifh aocsmpGm MunfUIvsuf&Sd&m *g0eftzsm; aoG;pufi,fwpfckudk jrifojzifh
vufId;Tefvsuf
]b,fhES,f xifovJ udktkef;az}
az/
az /]aoG;pufyJ q&m }
&Sm;/
; /]aowmu tqdyfaomufvdkU aowJh vuPmyJ ? aoG;pufu b,fhES,f a&mufae
jyefovJ? rSef;prf;Asm? usKyf aoaocsmcsm MunfUprf;OD;r,f}
if;aemuf armifpH&Sm;onf tavmif;udk aocsmpGm MunfUIvsuf&SdpOf uRefawmfonf
pm;yGJay: aq;ykvif;i,fwpfckudk awGUjrifojzifh aumuf,lMunfUI&m q&m0efrsm; ay;avh&Sdaom
tdyfaysmfaq;ykvif; jzpfaMumif; pmudk jrifojzifh od&Sd&av\/ ykvif;twGif;um; aq;&nf
wpfpufESpfpuf rQomvQif usef&Sdavawmh\/ uRefawmfonf xdktaMumif;udk armiftkef;aztm;
ajymjy&m
armiftkef;azonf
aq;ykvif;udk
udkifwG,f
erf;Iyf
MunfUINyD;aemuf
]aq;rSmawmh bdef;ygw,fAsdKU? odkUaomf onfaq; wpfykvif;udk tukefaomufapumrl
toufaoedkifavmufatmifawmh &Sdr,f rxifbl;? aeOD;Asm NyD;rS q&mUudk jyprf;&atmif}
xdkcP armifpH&Sm;u ]tvdk...} [k thHMoavmufaom vuPmESifh vTwfceJ
ajymqdkvdkufonfudk uRefawmfwdkU Mum;&ojzifh if;&Sd&modkU MunfUvdkuf&m armifpH&Sm;onf
tavmif;\ vuf0Jbuf aygifwGif tyfxdk;&muJhodkU &Sdaeaom 'Pf&muav; wpfckudk
MunfUIvsuf &SdaMumif; awGUjrifMu&av\/
&Sm;/
; /]MunfUvSnfUprf;MuAsdKU ? onf[m cifAsm;wdkU b,fvdkxifovJ}
az/
az /]aq;xdk;wJh t&mrsm;vm; q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]tppfyJ? a[m'guaum bmvJ od&JUvm;} [k ajymvsuf armifpH&Sm;onf tvGefw&m
ao;i,fvSaom aiGcsnfjrifuav; wpfckudk uRefawmfwdkUtm; jyav&m armiftkef;azonf if;udk
udkifMunfU
111

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

az/
az /]odNyD q&ma&U? aq;xdk;wJh tcgrSm >yefudk tnpftaMu;rsm; rydwfrqdkU&atmif
wwfNyD;xm;wJh aiGcsnfjrifeJU wlw,f q&ma&U}
&Sm;/
; /]tppfyJ? aq;xdk;wJh >yefaum &SmMuprf; ? awGUMu&JUvm;}
uRefawmf/ /]rawGUygbl; cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]udk,fhaq;udk udk,fxdk;vdkU &Sd&if >yefudk tcef;xJrSm awGU&r,f r[kwfbl;vm;Asm?
usKyfxifwJh twdkif;ygyJ? onftrI[m dk;dk;trIuav; jzpfr,fvdkvkdESifh rdk;vSbl;Asmh?
awmfawmfuav; xl;qef;w,f}
if;aemuf armifpH&Sm;onf tcef;wGif;&Sd Murf;ay: pm;yJGay: ponfwdkU aocsmpGm
rSefbDvl;ESifh MunfUIjyef&m ckwifatmuf wpOf;i,fwpfckudk vnf;aumif; ? Murf;ay:
zefuJGuJhodkU tenf;i,fudk vnf;aumif; awGU&Sd&av\/
uRefawmf/ /]wpOf;uav;u aq;ykvif; vnfyif;udk wdkufNyD; zGifhvdkU? zefuGJu
ykvif;vnfyif;u uJGNyD; uswm? r[kwfbl;vm; cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]onftwkdif;ygyJ? >yefvJ rawGUbl;? aq;ykvifvJ rawGUbl;? onfawmhum;
udk,fhudk,fudk owfjcif; r[kwf...}
uRefawmf/ /]pm;yGJay:rSm aq;ykvif;awmh awGUw,fAsdKU}
&Sm;/
; /]rSef;prf; MunfU&atmif}
uRefawmfonf aq;ykvif;udk armifpH&Sm;tm; jyojzifh armifpH&Sm;onf ykvif;wGif &Sdaom
aq;&nf tenf;i,fudk vuf0g;ay: oGefcs erf;IyfMunfUINyD;aemuf
&Sm;/
; /]onfaq;ykvif;u wjcm;yJ ? bdef;ygwJh tdyfaysmfaq;uyJ? onf[mu wpfykvif;vHk;
aomufvdkU raoekdifbl;? >yefeJU xdk;vdkUvJ aoekdifwJh aq;rsdK; r[kwfygbl;Asm}
az/
az /]aoG;pufuaum q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]aq;ykvif;udk zGifh&mrSm aMumuftm;vefUtm;ESifh ysm,D;ysm,m zGifhavawm h
ykvif;uGJu vufudk &SNyD; vufuaoG;u *g0efrSm vl;wmayghAsm}
az/
az /]tcef;xJ a&mufatmif b,fhES,fvkyfNyD; 0ifovJ q&m? tdrfa&SUuvJ tcef;wHcg;
ydwfxm;yguvm;}
&Sm;/
; /]aemufaz; jywif;aygufu 0if[efwlw,f? rSef;prf; MunfU&atmif}
uRefawmfwdkUonf tdrfaemufaz; jywif;aygufqDodkU oGm;a&mufMunfUIMu&m armifpH&Sm;
awG;xifonfUtwkdif; jywif;aygufwHcg; yGifhvsuf&Sdonfudk awGUjrifMu&av\/ armifpH&Sm;onf
if;jywif;aygufrS atmufodkU iHkUMunfU&m ayghyg;zswfvwfaom vlwpfa,mufonf a&ydkufudk
wG,f wufNyD;vQif if;enf;twdkif; jyefqif;u tvG,fwul qif;ekdifaMumif; awGU&Sd&av\/
112

a&TOa'gif;

az/
az /]uRefawmfjzifh a';Apfudk rouFmbl; q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]bmaMumifh...}
az/
az /]onfrdef;r ao&if oltarG&r,fvdkU aowrf;pmu qdkw,f r[kwfvm; q&m?
olowfwm jzpfrSmaygh}
&Sm;/
; /]aowrf;pmudkvJ usKyf r,Hkbl;? olUudkvJ usKyf r,Hkbl;? odkUaomf oludk,fwdkif
owfwmawmh r[kwfbl;As}
az/
az /]b,fhES,faMumifhvJ q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]olUvufudk usKyf MunfUNyD;NyD? zefuGJ&SwJh 'Pf&m rawGUbl;? owfwJhvl[m vufrSm
'Pf&m &Sd&r,f}
az/
az /]olvJ vHk;vHk;awmh ruif;bl;aygh q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]ruif;bl; xifw,f? udkif; onfawmh usKyfwkdUu vufonftppf ray:rjcif;
a';Apfudk zrf;vdkU rawmfao;bl;? olUtay:rSm ouFmruif; &SdaMumif;udk olvHk;vHk; rodapbJ
ta0;u trSwfwrJh tomuav; acsmif;MunfUaeMurS awmfvdrfhr,f}
uRefawmfwdkUonf aemufaz;jywif;aygufrS tcef;wGif;odkU jyef 0ifvmMupOf ykvdyft&m&Sd
wpfa,mufonf wkdufay: odkU wufvm armiftkef;az apvTwfonfU twkdif; oGm;a&mufpHkprf;&m
,aeUeHeufapmapmu rpwm a';ApfxH pmwpfapmifudk pmydkUukvm;u oGm;a&mufay;ydkU&onf[k
xGufqdkaMumif;? rpufa';Apf\ toufudkvJ tdk&D,efw,f touftmrcH ukrPDwGif 5000
usyfESifh aygifxm;aMumif;udk pHkprf;od&SdcJh&aMumif;ESifh ajymqdkav\/
az/
az /]b,fhES,fvJ q&m? touftmrcH ukrPDu udk,fhudk,fudk owfaowJh twGuf
avQmfaMu; ray;bl; r[kwfvm; q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]rSefygw,fAsm ? odkUaomf onftrIu awmfawmf eufeufeJeJ qifNyD;xm;wJh
trIESifhwlw,f? tckawmh usKyfwdkU bm&,fvdkU aoaocsmcsmMuD; rawG;awmekdifatmif
&Sdaeao;w,f? odkUaomfvJ onfavmuf ajc&mcHrdrSawmh vufonfay:bdkU rcJ,Of;ygbl;
xifyg&JUAsm? udkif; udktkef;az tavmif;udk aq;HkydkUNyD; a';ApfudkvJ oloGm;csif&m oGm;ygap? olUudk
apmifhMuyfNyD; MunfUzdkUawmh usKyfudk,fwkdif pDrHr,fAsdKU? udkif; usKyfwdkU jyefOD;r,fAsm?
taMumif;xl;&if usKyftdrfudk vmcJhayawmh}
aetdrfodkU a&mufMuvQif armifpH&Sm;onf ,cifu awmif;,lxm;vdkufaom pmESifh
aowrf;pmudk aocsmpGm MunfUINyD;aemuf
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; udkodef;armif? onfpmESpfapmifrSm bmrsm; xl;jcm;ovJ? aoaocsmcsm
MunfUprf;Asm}
uRefawmf/ /(cdkif;aponfUtwdkif; MunfUINyD;aemuf)]ay;pmrSm yxrtydkif;u uavmifoGm;
wpfrsdK;? usefwJh tydkif;ESifh aowrf;pmu uavmifoGm;wpfrsdK; r[kwfvm; cifAsm}
113

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/
; /]rSefw,f? onfUjyifaumAsm}
uRefawmf/ /]vufa&;uawmh rdef;rvufa&;yJ}
&Sm;/
; /]rSefw,f? onfUjyifaum}
uRefawmf/ /]ysm,D;ysm,mESifh a&;yHk&w,f}
&Sm;/
; /]onfUjyifaum}
uRefawmf/ /][m onfUjyifawmh uRefawmf rajymwwfbl; cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]udkodef;armif enf;enf;nHUao;w,fAs? riftdk;rSmvJ rifenf;enf;om &Sdw,f}
uRef
uRefawmf/ /]aMomf [kwfvdrfhr,fAsdKU? ESpfvHk; oHk;vHk; a&;vdkuf&if; rifukefvdkU rdSefoGm;&if;?
rifxyfNyD; wdkU&&if;? [kwfNyDAsdKU [kwfNyD}
&Sm;/
; /]'kwd,tydkif;ESifh aowrf;pmuawmh azmifwdefESifh a&;wmESifh wlw,f? rifvdkufyHk
MunfUprf; ? wpfcgwnf; nDnDnmnm rifvdkufw,f r[kwfvm;}
uRefawmf/ /][kwfayoAs}
&Sm;/
; /]azmifwdefaum cifAsm; jrifcJhovm;}
uRefawmf/ /]rjrifcJhbl;AsdKU riftdk;awmh jrifcJhw,f}
&Sm;/
/]bmjrifrSmvJAsm?
onfvdkudk;?
aowrf;pm
a&;wJhtcgrSm
tem;rSm
;
vlwpfa,mufa,muf &Sdw,f? yxrOD;pGm uavmifwHESifh a&;a&m? rifenf;vdkU cPcPwdkU&a&m?
onfawmh tem;u vlu olUazmifwdefudk xkwfay;a&m? onfvdk rjzpfekdifbl;vm;Asm}
uRefawmf/ /][kwfvdrfhr,fAsdKU}
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; odkUaomf ? ae&pfayOD;awmh Asm? usKyf odcsifwmav; wpfckESpfck &Sdao;w,f?
oGm;NyD; pHkprf;acsOD;r,f}
[k ajym armifpH&Sm;onf wdkufay:rS qif;oGm;avvQif uRefawmfonf if;trIESifh
pyfvsOf; wpfa,mufwnf; qufvufpdwful;um &Sdae&pfcJhav\/
xdkaeUnae armifpH&Sm; jyefvmojzifh xyfavmif; od&Sd&onfrSm aovGefol
rpufa';Apfonf a';ApfESifh vufrxyfrDu qif;&J EGrf;yg;aMumif;? if;\ toufudk
taygifxm;onfrSm wpfESpfausmfausmfcefUrQ &SdaMumif;? if;aemuf a';ApfESifh roifhrwifh jzpfMu
uGJuGm
aexdkifMuNyD;aemuf
rsm;rMumrDtwGif;
OD;av;wpfa,muf\
tarGypnf;
oHk;aomif;ausmfcefUrQ &&SdaMumif;? ckwifteD; awGU&Sdaom aq;ykvif;rSm 'gv[kdZDvrf;(,ck
r[mAEKvvrf; &dS aq;qdkifwpfqkdfifodkU ,refaeUu t&yfjrifhjrifh EIwfcrf;arG; aumif;aumif;ESifh
bdkvdk0wfaom vlwpfa,muf vm 0,f,laMumif;? tavmif;udk &ifcGJHk cGJMunfUIonfU tcg
q&m0efu tpmtdrf tdyfaysmfaq;rsm; awGU&Sdaomfvnf; if;rdef;r aoqHk;jcif;rSm xdktdyfaysmf
114

a&TOa'gif;

aq;aMumifh r[kwf? aoG;aMumrsm; tqdyfudk >ywfESifh xdk;oGif;aomaMumifh toufaoqHk;jcif;

jzpfaMumif;ESifh q&m0efu xGufqdkonf [k uRefawmfhtm; jyefajymif; ajymjyav\/
uRefawmf/
rjrifhyguvm;As}

/]aq;vm0,fwmu

t&yfjrifhjrifh

vdkUajymygw,f?

a';Apfu

t&yfvJ

&Sm;/
; /]a';Apf0,fwm r[kwfvdkUayghAsm? onftrIrSm onfUjyifvl wpfa,muf &Sdao;w,fvdkU
usKyfu tpuwnf;u rajymbl;vm;? udkif; odkUaomf udktkef;azwdkUqD oGm;NyD; vnfMuOD;pdkUAsm?
vdkufOD;rvm;}
uRefawmf/ /]vkdufwmayghAsm}
uRefawmfwdkUonf armiftkef;az&Sd&m XmemodkU a&mufMuojzifh trItaMumif;ESifh ywfouf&m
wkdifyifESD;aESmvsuf &SdMupOf
az/
az /]ae&mMuvdkufwm q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]bmrsm;vJAs}
az/
az /]a';ApfESifh oGm;azmfvkyfzuf vkyfwJh tDZ&mqdkwJh &[l'Dukvm;[m t&yfjrifhjrihf
EIwfcrf;arG;aumif;aumif;yJ q&ma&U}
&Sm;/
; /]aMomf axmufvSrf;rdNyDvm;? onfUjyifaum b,fol ygao;ovJ}
az/
az /]tJ'D tDZ&mESifh twlwl? 'guawmh a&bufum qdkwJh ukvm;rwpfa,muf &Sdw,f
q&m? owif;&yHkuawmh olwdkUESpfa,mufu a';Apfudk ajrmuf pm; aew,fvdkU Mum;w,f}
&Sm;/
; /]olwdkU ESpfa,muf rsufacs rjywfESifh AsdKU? Mum;vm;}
az/
az /]pdwfcsyg q&m}
xdkcP touf 40 ausmf t&G,fcefU&Sd ukvm;rwpfa,mufonf XmemodkU ysm,D;ysm,m
0ifvmNyD;vQif
ukvm;r/
m;r /]pwDAifqifvrf;? rpufa';Apfudk owfwm b,folrSef; q&mwdkU odMu&JUvm;}
az/
az /]pHkaxmufwkef;ygyJ}
ukvm;r/
m;r /]pHkaxmufraeESifh ? b,folrS r[kwfbl;? olUa,musfm; owfwm&Sifh ?
csufcsif;om oGm;NyD; zr;fMu}
az/
az /]xdkifygOD;As? cifAsm; b,fhES,f odovJ}
ukvm;r/
m;r /]a&mh a[mh'Dpmudk zwfMunfU} [k ajym pmwpfapmifudk pm;yGJay: odkU ypf
wifojzifh armifpH&Sm;onf if;pmudk ajzMunfU t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aMumif;
awGU&Sd&av&m jrefrm t"dym,frSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfay\/
115

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

tDZ&monf uRefrxH tBudrfBudrfvm a';Apfu arwm rukefao;aMumif;udk

ajymjyygonf/ uRefrwdkU ESpfOD; wzef jyef aygif;rdap&efvnf; tBuHay;ygonf/ ol\ tBuHrSm
uRefru pdwfnpfl;aomaMumifh vlUjynf raeawmhrnfU taMumif;udk pma&; ay;NyD;vQif
aowrf;pmESifh wuG ay;ydkUvdkufNyD;aemuf tdyfaysmfaq; wpfcGufudk aomufNyD;vQif aocsifjyK
aeygu a';Apfa&mufvmaom tcg ,lBuHK;r& jzpfNyD;vQif a&S;uxuf ydkrdk cspfcif vdrfhOD;rnf[k
ajymygonf/ uRefruvnf; if;tBuHtpnfudk oabmusygonf/ ,aeUn tBuHtwdkif;
jyKygawmhrnf/ reufjzef naeavmuf uRefrxH tvnfvmedkifu vmyg? tusdK;taMumif;
ajymjyygrnf/
rpufa';Apf
&Sm;/
; /]cifAsm; trnf rpuf tefaxmfeD [kwfp}
r/ /][kwfygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]rpufa';ApfESifh b,fhES,f awmfovJ}
r/ /]oli,fcsif; ygyJ? tifrwef cifygw,f? bmrS rawmfyg}
&Sm;/
; /]cifAsm; ,ck rpufa';Apf tdrfu vmw,f [kwfp}
r/ /]rSefygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]a';Apftdrfaum a&mufcJhovm;}
r/ /]a&mufaomfvnf; a';ApfESifh rawGUcJh&yg}
&Sm;/
; /]onfpm&aMumif; b,folU ajymNyD;NyDvJ}
r/ /]b,folUudkrS rajym&ao;yg}
&Sm;/
; /]aumif;NyD? cifAsm; oli,fcsif; owfwJhvl rdcsif&if onfpm taMumif;udk b,folrS
rajymESifh Mum;vm;}
r/ /]aumif;ygNyD}
ukvm;r xGufoGm;aomtcg
&Sm;/
; /],ckawmh awmfawmf &Sif;oGm;NyDAsdKU? tDZ&mqdkwJh taumifu pmrSmygwJh twdkif;
rpufa';Apfudk oGm;NyD;El;? oabmwlwJh tcgrSm tdyfaysmfaq; oGm;NyD;0,f ? pmESifh aowrf;pmudk
olUa&SUwGif a&;ap? aemufNyD; ab;wkduf tdyfaysmfaewJh tcgrSm olaqmifcJhwJh tqdyfudk aygifrSm
xkd;xnfU? aemufab; jywif;ayguf a&>yefu qif;oGm; ? onfvdk r[kwfvm;Asm}
uRefawmf/ /]ekdU? aeygOD;Asm? a';Apfudk,fwdkifu uRefawmfwdkUqD vmNyD; wdkifwef;w,f
r[kwfvm;Asm}

116

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/
; /]onf[mu oufouf Pfrsm;wmuyJ As? onfudpudk olyJ pDrH? pDrHNyD;
owfwJhvlu owf? owfNyD; olUudk,fol vHkNcHKvSNyD qdkNyD; vmwdkifwmayghAsm? onfvdk udk,fhtrIudk
ukd,fuOD;atmif usKyfwdkUqD vmNyD; wdkifwef;wm wpfcg ESpfcg MuHK&zl;NyD r[kwfvm;As? udkif; udkif;
tDZ&m vifr,m;ESifh a';ApfwkdUudk usKyfudk,fwdkif wapmif;u acsmif;NyD; MunfUMu&atmifAsm}
xkdaeUrSp uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;? armiftkef;az wkdUonf xkdoloHk;a,mufwdkU
wdkifyifpum; ajymMum;Murnfrsm;udk acsmif;ajrmif; MunfUIem;axmif&ef BudK;pm;Muygaomfvnf;
if;wdkU oHk;OD; awGUqHkMuonfudkomvQif awGUjrif& if;wdkU ajymqdkwdkifyifonfU pum;rsm;udkrl
Mum;edkifavmufatmif tcGifh r&&SdcJhMuacs/
wwd,aeU rlum; uRefawmfwdkU &nf&G,fonfUtwdkif; xajrmuf atmifjrifcJhav\/
xdknOfU uRefawmfwdkUonf tDZ&mvifr,m; aexdkif&m wdkufodkU oGm;a&mufpHkprf; Mu&m if;wkdUrSm
32 vrf;&Sd oHk;xyfwdkuf wpfwdkuf\ tay:qHk; xyf aexdkifvsuf &SdaMumif; od&SdMuojzifh
if;wdkuf trdk;ay: odkU wufMuNyD;vQif aumif;uif rSefjywif;aygufudk pdefESifh taygufi,f
jzpfatmif xGif;azmufNyD;aemuf apmifhqkdif;vsuf &SdMuav\/
nOfU 8 em&Dausmfavmuf &Sdvwfaomf tDZ&mwdkU\ tcef;rS ajcoHrsm; Mum;&NyD;aemuf
"mwfrD;rsm; kwfw&uf vif;vmav&m uRefawmfwdkUonf trdk;ay:rS acsmif;ajrmif; MunfUI
MuonfwGif tDZ&m vifr,m; a&mufvmMuaMumif; awGUjrifMu&av\/ if;wdkUonf
{nfUcef;pm;yGJ xdkifvsuf &SdMu&m tDZ&monf em&Dudk rMumrMum MunfUonfudk jrifojzifh
wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom oludk arQmfvifh apmifhqdkif;vsuf &SdaMumif; od&Sd&av\/
8 em&D cGJonfESihf wNydKifeuf a';Apfonf tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvm pm;yGJteD; ukvm;xdkif
ay: xkdifNyD;vQif oHk;OD;om;wkdUonf pum;qlnHpGm ajymqdk jiif;cHkvsuf &SdaeMuav\/
tDZ&m/
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usKyfwkdUudk rouFmwJh vuPm &Sdw,f? aiG&atmif jrefjref vkyfawmhAs? usKyfwdkU a0pkuav; ,lNyD;
tdEd,jynf oGm;csifvSNyD}
a';Apf/ /]b,fhES,fvkyfrvJAs? usKyfrSmvJ aiGr&Sdbl;? usKyfrdfef;r xm;cJhwJh tarGuav;
&zdkU[mvJ cifAsm; *Gvkyfwm r[kwfbl;vm;}
tDZ&m/
&m /]usKyfu wHcg;udkvJ ydwfxm;cJhw,f? >ywfudkvJ ,lcJhw,f? wdkufaemufab;uvJ
qif;vmcJhw,f? bmvdkao;vJ? cifAsm;u PfuGefUNyD; pHkaxmufawG wdkifvm;bmvm; vkyfvdkU
tm;vHk; *Gusukefw,f r[kwfvm;As}
a';Apf/ /]cifAsm;uaum tdyfaysmfaq;ykvif;udk arhNyD; xm;cJhw,f r[kwfbl;vm;As}
tDZ&m/
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rdef;r/
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ay;yg&Sif aiG ? uRefrwdkU oGm;csifygNyD}
117

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

a';Apf/ /]ay;&r,f? aiGBuD; ay;vdkuf&r,f? MuyfMuyf qlMuaemf? ykvdyfudk oGm;wdkifvdkufr,f}

tDZ&m/
&m /]wdkifOD;uGm? wdkifacsuGm} [k ajymvsuf ajymifvufaom vufeufwpfckESifh
a';Apftm; xdk;Budwfvsuf&Sd&m uRefawmfwdkUonf ta&;wBuD; trdk;ay:rS vQifjrefpGm
ajy;qif;vmMu wkdufcef;wGif;odkU ajy;0ifMuav\/
wdkufcef;wGif;odkU a&mufaomtcg uRefawmfwdkUonf Murf;ay: vJaeaom a';ApfESifh
ukvm;rudkomvQif awGUMu&awmhonf jzpf&m ukvm;ronf uRefawmfwdkU 0ifvmMuonfudk
jrifonfESifh wNydKifeuf tustdwfrS wpfpHkwpfckudk xkwf,l vQifjrefpGm aomufvdkufonfudk
jrif&NyD;aemuf wpfcPcsif;wGif Murf;ay: odkU vJusoGm;av\/
&Sm;/
; /]udktkef;az tDZ&mh aemufudk jrefjrefvdkuf ? jrefjrefvdkuf? avScg;u qif;ajy;w,f?
vkdufyg vdkufyg? onf[mawmh usKyfwdkU MunfU&pfyghr,f} [k ajymqdkojzifh armiftkef;azonf
c&mudk rIwfvsuf avScg;rS tajy;qif; vdkufav\/
wdkufatmufrSmvJ uRefawmfwdkUonf apmapmuyif ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;udk apmifhqdkif;
aeaponf jzpfaomaMumifh if;wdkUvnf; nmoHay; tDZ&m\ aemufodkU vdkufMuav\/
uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;wdkU rSmrl 'Pf&m&&Sdaom a';ApfESifh tqdyfaomufxm;aom
ukvm;rudk wwftm;orQ apmihfa&Smufvsuf q&m0ef\ xHodkUvnf; w,fvDzkef;jzifh qufoG,f
ac:iifav&m q&m0efBuD; ra&mufrDwGifyif ukvm;ronf Murf;ay: vl;vSdrfhNyD;aemuf
toufukef oGm;av\/ a';ApfrSmvJ &if0 "m;ajrmif'Pf&m ESpfcsuf? ausm wpfcsuf?
OD;acgif; wpfcsuf? tESHtjym; 'Pf&mrsm; &xm;onf jzpf q&m0ef a&mufvmNyD;onfUaemuf
rMumrD twGif;wGif a';ApfvJ touf qHk;IH; cJhav\/
uRefawmfwdkUonf tavmif;rsm;udk aq;HkBuD;odkU wifydkU&ef pDrHvsuf &SdMupOf armiftkef;az
onf wdkufay: odkU ajy;wufvm&m
&Sm;/
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az/
az /]at;? vGwfoGm;NyD q&m? olu um;ESifh twif;ajy;? uRefawmfwdkUuvJ wupDESifh
twif;vdkuf? vrf;rawmf blwmem; a&mufawmh jynfNrdKU oGm;wJh &xm;BuD;ay: twif; ckefwuf
ajy;yga&m q&m}
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; /]vmAsdKU? 'gjzifh rjzpfbl;? rDatmif vdkuf&vdrfhr,f}
uRefawmfwdkUonf tavmif;rsm;udk q&m0eftm; tyfESHxm;cJhNyD;vQif XmemodkU vQifjrefpGm
um;ESifh armif;ESifvmMu NyD;aemuf tvGefw&m puftm; aumif; vQifjrefvSaom
ykvdyfarmfawmfum;udk xkwf,lav\/ if;aemuf uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;? armiftkef;az wdkUonf
xkdum;ay: odkU wufMuNyD;aemuf tjcm;ykvdyf t&m&Sdrsm;tm; uRefawmfwdkU pD;vmcJhaom um;ESihf
wwfekdiforQ aemufu vdkufcJhMu&ef wm0efay;tyfcJhav\/ um;BuD;ay: odkU wufrdMuvQif
armifpH&Sm;onf um;udk armif;ESifav&m um;armif;jcif; twwf tvGefw&m uRrf;usif vdrmol
wpfa,muf jzpfav&um; xlxyfvSaom &efukefNrdKUwGif; yifvQif wpfem&DvQif rdkif 40 ausmf
cefUrQavmuf a&mufatmif auGUaumuf a&Smifwdrf;um twdkuftcdkuf r&SdapbJ armif;ESifcJhav\/
118

a&TOa'gif;

if;aemuf &efukefNrdKUudk ausmfvGefum &Sif;aom jynfvrf;rBuD;ay: odkU a&mufMuaom tcgum;

armifpH&Sm;onf pufudk vsifjrefonfxuf vsifjrefatmif zGifh zGifh ay;av&m um;ay:
avrkefwkdif;BuD; usvsuf armifpH&Sm;rSm um;ESifh wpfom;wnf; bufpyf vkyfxm;bd ouJhodkU
jym;jym;0yfum usifvnfpGm armif;ESifcJhav\/ uRefawmfhrSm rQavmuf vsifjrefaom
armfawmfum;udk rpD;bl;onf jzpf bk&m;-bk&m;-bk&m; [k a&&Gwfum aMumuftm;wBuD;
vdkufygav&m rDwmudk vSrf; MunfUvdkufaom tcgum; wpfem&DvQif 65 rdkif c&D;rQ
oGm;vsuf&SdaMumif;udk awGUjrif&aom tcgrSp uRefawmhfrSm rsufvHk;rsm;zGifhvsuf em;rsm;rSmvJ
rnfonfY toHudkrQ rMum;? w0D0D rnfoHudkom Mum;&onf jzpf&m wpfckaom ae&modkU
a&mufaomtcgum; rD;&xm;udk ta0;rS vSrf; &dyfceJ vSrf; jrifvdkuf&onf jzpfaomaMumifh
if;udk rDvmcJhaMumif; od&Sd&av\/
odkU&mwGif armifpH&Sm;onf pufudk t&SdefavQmhrnfU tpm; a&S;uxufyif wdk;wuf
armif;ESifjyefav&m 10 rdepfcefUrQ armif;ESifrdaom tcg um;onf eHab;odkU csdK;0ifNyD;aemuf
kwfw&uf &yfwefUonfwGifrS uRefawmfwdkUonf blwmHk wpfHkodkU qdkufa&mufvsuf &SdaMumif;
od&Sd&av\/
armifpH&Sm;onf um;ay:rS vsifjrefpGm ckefqif; rD;&xm;Hkydkiftm; rD;&xm;udk &yfwefUap&ef
tvHudk jyapav\/ if;blwmrSm ao;i,faom blwmHkrQ jzpfaomaMumifh pmydkY&xm;onf
onfvdkae&m r&yfaMumif;udk odojzifh armifpH&Sm;u apcdkif;&jcif; jzpfavonf/ wpfrdkifc&D;rQ
rD;&xm;onf uRefawmfwdkU &Sd&m blwmodkU vsifjrefpGm armif;ESif vmvsuf&Sd&m armifpH&Sm;ESifh
armiftkef;az wdkUonf tvGefw&m tHhMovsuf &Sdaeaom Hkydkiftm; rdrdwdkU\ wHqdyfrsm;udk jy
rD;&xm;udk &yfwefUap&ef rD;eDrsm; jyzdkU trdefUay;vsuf &Sdav\/
aemufqHk; Hkydkifonf ta&;BuD;aMumif; ,HkMunfonfjzpf tvHwkdifay: odkY rD;tdrfteDrsm;
wifNyD;vQif vufrS rD;tdrfteDudkvnf; &rf; jyav&m rD;&xm;onf rddD;eDrsm;udk jrifojzifh OMo
tBudrfBudrf ay;NyD;aemuf pufb&dwfrsm; twif;tkyf &yfwefU&av\/ xdkcP
ykvdyft&m&SdwdkUvnf; 'kwd,um;ESifh qdkufa&mufvmMuav\/
rD;&xm;
&yfwefYonfESifh
wNydKifeuf
ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm;ESifh
uRefawmfwdkUonf
rD;&xm;wGJrsm;ay: odkU vsifjrefpGm wufMuNyD;vQif wpfwGJNyD;vQif wpfwGJ &SmazGMuav&m rnfonfU
wGJrQ tDZ&mudk rawGUbJ &SdaecJhav\/
aemufqHk; ykvdyft&m&Sd wpfa,mufu ]ajy;NyD q&ma&U ajy;NyD} [k atmfoHMum;ojzifh
uRefawmfonf blwmbufodkU MunfUvdkfuf&m vlwpfa,mufonf uRefawmfwdkU pD;vmcJhaom
ykvdyfum;BuD;udk armif;ESif xGufoGm;onfudk awGUjrifvdkuf&av\/
xdktcgrS uRefawmfwdkUvJ vsifjrefpGm vlpkNyD;vQif usef&Sd&pfaom um;ay: odkU ckefwuf
um;BuD;aemufodkU vdkufav\/ tDZ&monf rD;&xm; &yfonfESifh wNydKifeuf ckefqif;NyD;vQif
v,fxJrS uGif; ajy;oGm;NyD;aemuf um;ay: ckefwuf armif;ESifoGm;jcif; jzpfavonf/
armifpH&Sm;onf um;udk armif;ESifvsuf uRefawmfwdkU tm;vHk;rSmvJ MuyfMuyfwnf;wnf;ESifh
vdkufygcJhMuvsuf a&SUrS um;udk rDatmif twif;armif;ESif cJhMuav&m rD;&xm;onfvnf;
uRefawmfwdkUaemufrS qufvufarmif;ESif vdkufygvmcJhav\/ armifpH&Sm;onf pufukefzGifh
um;udk armif;ESifav&m csdKifh0Srf;aom ae&mrsm;odkU a&mufaomtcg 'kef;jrif;uJhodkU vTm; vTm;
119

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

ajy;onf[k uRefawmf\ pdwf rSwfxifrdav\/ a&SUu um;ESifh tenf;i,f eD;uyf

vmaomtcg armiftkef;azonf a&SUum;rS wdkif,mrsm;udk aoewfESifh vSrf; ypfaomfvnf;
csefom; r&ojzifh rxdrSefbJ ajy;NrJtwdkif; qufvuf ajy;av\/
rD;&xm;vrf;ul;odkU a&mufaom tcgum; oHwHcg;onf ydwfqdkUNyD;ESifhonf
jzpfaomaMumifh armiftkef;azu ]wpfcgjzifh rdNyD q&ma&U? q&mh taumif rvGwfbl;} [k
ajymqdkvsuf&SdpOf a&SUum;ay:rS tDZ&monf rnfodkU jyK&rnf rodonfU vuPmESifh um;udk
tenf;i,f t&Sdefowfav\/ xdkcP rD;&xm;onf uRefawmfwdkU\ aemufrS ay 200 cefUom
vSrf;a0;uGmvsuf t&Sdefjyif;pGm ckwfESifvsuf &Sdav\/ tDZ&monf wpfcPrQomvQif
awGa0pOf;pm;NyD;aemuf rdrd\ um;udk a&S;uxuf vQifjrefpGm armif;ESifNyD;vQif rD;&xm;vrf;ul;
oHwHcg;udk twif;0ifwdkufvdkuf&m uRefawmfwdkUrSm tHhtm;oifhum um;udk &yfwefU
MunfUaeMu&av\/
tDZ&m\ um;onf oHwHcg;udk t&Sdfefjyif;pGmESifh 0if wdk;ojzifh wHcg;onf usdK;yJh ysufpD;
oGm;NyD;vQif um;onf wHcg;udk ausmfvGef rD;&xm;oHvrf;a&SU xkdrS rS ,drf;,dkifvsuf &Sdonf/
aemufrS ckwfvmaom rD;&xm;onf armfawmfum;\ tv,fA[kdodkU wnfUwnfUjzwf
ckwf0ifvmav\/
xdkcP "mwfqDuefonf aygufuGJojzifh azG;azG;jzLjzLaom rD;awmufwdkUonf
,yfawmifBuD;ozG,f aumif;uifodkY jzmwufvsuf&Sd&m if;rD;awmuf\ tvif;a&mifjzihf
tDZ&monf rD;&xm; pufacgif;ay: odkU wG,f vdkufygNyD; vdkufygNyD;vQif tvGefw&m
ylavmifvSaom a&;aEG;>yefrsm;udk ukdifwG,frdojzifh IHUrJhum atmf[pfNyD; aemufbD;rsm;\
tMum;odkU usoGm;&Smonfudk uRefawmfwdkU tm;vHk;onf xifvif;aocsmpGm awGUjrif
vdkuf&avawmhownf;/

NyD;ygNyD/

120

a&TOa'gif;

5 / xl;qef;aom vlowfrIBuD;

wpfaeUo uRefawmfonf yJcl;jrdKUodkU ta&;BuD;aom udpwpfckESifh oGm;a&muf

oHk;&ufcefU MumaomtcgrS nae&xm;ESifh jyefvmcJh&m armifpH&Sm;rSm tdrf r&SdaMumif; od&mwGif
tapcHudk ar;jref;ojzihf armifpH&Sm;rSm uRefawmf r&SdonfUtcdkufwGif tdrfaeonf r&SdbJ
ntdyfHkavmuf omvQif tdrfodkU jyefvmaMumif;ESifh Mum;od&av\/ npmpm;csdef wdkifaomfvnf;
armifpH&Sm; rjyefvmao;ojzifh uRefawmf wpfa,mufwnf; pm;aomuf&av&m tdyfcsdefwdkif
a&mufavvQif tdyf&modkU 0ifrnfjyKaomfvnf; ta&;BuD;aom trI wpfpHkwpfck twGufaMumifh
armifpH&Sm; oGm;aeaMumif;udk od&Sdonf jzpf rtdyfekdifbJ ukvm;xdkifay: pmzwfum
apmifhqdkif;vsuf aeav\/
q,fhESpfem&D xdk;vkeD;umrS armifpH&Sm;onf um;wpfpD;ESifh jyefvm uRefawmfhtm;
jrifonfESifh wjydKifeuf
]atmifr,f tcefUoifhvdkufav udkodef;armif&,f? cifAsm;udk arQmfaewkef; a&mufvmw,fAsm}
[k ajymojzifh uRefawmfu
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apmifhaeygw,fAsm? bmtrIrsm;vJ As? tckwavm trI BuD;BuD;us,fus,f rvdkuf&wm MumNyDAsm?
vlowfrIxuf ao;&ifawm huRefawmf rvdkufcsifbl;AsdKU}
&Sm;/
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uRefawmf/ /]b,ft&yfrSmvJAs}
&Sm;/
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udkodef;armif}
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us,foGm;ygNyDAsm? ajymprf;ygOD; Mum;yg&ap}
xdktcg armifpH&Sm;onf trItaMumif;ESifh pyfvsOf; xdktcsdefxd if;od&Sd&orQ tjzpftysuf
taMumif;t&mwdkUudk
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jyefMum;ajymqdkav&m
vdk&if;
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atmufygtwdkif;yif jzpfavonf/
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oefvsifbuf qdwfjidrfaom &yfuGufwpfck jidrf;csrf;pGm aexdkifvsuf &SdMuav\/
if;OD;wifazonf &mZ0wfbufwGif tedrfhqHk; trIxrf; tjzpfrS pwif xrf;&GufcJhol jzpfav&m
if;\ ol&owdESifh Pfynm t&nftcsif; wnf;[laom *kPfxl;wdkUaMumifh txuft&m&SdBuD;
wdkUonf omrn trIxrf;yif jzpfapumrl wqifhrS wqifh BuD;jrifhaom &mxl;wdkUjzifh csD;jrifh
cefUxm;jcif;udk cH&onf jzpfaomaMumifh aemufqHk; &mZ0wf0ef &mxl;rS toufwef; aphojzifh
yifpif ,lcJh&jcif; jzpfavonf/ 0efaxmufuawmf a':jrESpf rSmvnf; kyf&nf lyum, acsmarm
121

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

vSyonfU tjyif olwpfyg;wdkUxuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; cefUnm;rGef&nfaom tqif;t*FgESifh

jynfUpHkonf jzpf&m if;wdkU ESpfOD; taMumif; qHkpnf;pOftcg OD;wifazrSm pmoif&mxl;yif &Sdao;
a':jrESpfrSmvnf; &mZ0wftkyf wpfa,muf\orD; jzpfavonf/
if;wdkU orD;cifyGef;onf vufxyfonfU aeUrSp wpfOD;ESifh wpfOD; txl;ojzifh
oifhjrwfMuonf jzpf cdkuf&efa'go jzpfzl;Murnfudk rqdkxm;bd uawmufuq pum;rsm;
zl;MuonfrQ r&Sdbl; Muonfjzpf&m wpfOD;tm; wpfOD; cspfcif Muifem MuaMumif;ESifh ykvdyf t&m&Sd
taygif;wdkU\ csD;rGrf;jcif;udk cHcJh&avonf/ ,if;uJhodkU wpfOD;tm; wpfOD; MuifemMuonf qdk&m
OD;wifazu a':jrESpf tay: Muifem cspfcifjcif;onf a':jrESpfu OD;wifaz tay: Muifem
cspfcifjcif;xuf tqrsm;pGm ydkrdkonf[k tcsdKUaom olwdkUu ajymMuonf jzpf&m OD;wifazurl
tdrfrS cGm tvkyf 0w&m;ESifh awmoGm;&onfU tcgwdkif; rsufESm Id;i,fpGm &Sdvsuf tdrfodkU
jyef&aom aeUrSomvQif MunfMunf&Tif&Tif jrif&ayawmhonf [k vufatmuf trIxrf;wdkU\ uJh&JU
avSmifajymifjcif;udkyif cHcJh&av\/ ,if;uJhodkU ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aygif;oif; aexdkif cJhMuaomfvnf;
om;orD; wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ zGm;jrifzl;cJhonf r&Sday/
trIxrf;&GufpOf tcgu OD;wifazonf vufatmuf t&m&Sduav;rsm; tay:
a'gotavsmuf aigufief;Budrf;armif;um 0goem cyfMurf;Murf; &SdcJhaomfvnf; if;\r,m;
a':jrESpf\ rsufESmudk jrifonfUtcgrl rD;awGUaom za,mif;uJhodkU aysmhaysmif;pGm
&SdaMumif;ESifhvnf; vufatmuf t&m&SdwdkUu avSmifajymif ajymqdkMuavonf/ if;OD;wifazonf
trIxrf;&GufonfU tcgrS p xdkaeUodkU wdkifatmif xl;jcm;aom t&mwpfckrSm &,f&TifzG,f pum;
wdkUudk jzpfap? pdwfESvHk; aysmfjrL;zG,f&m yHkjyif0wKwdkUudk jzpfap ajymqdkdvsuf &Sdojzifh tm;&yg;&
&,farmvsuf &SdaeonfU tcdkufwGif wpfcgwpf&H wpfpHkwpfckaom taMumif;t&mudk kwfw&uf
owd&onfU vuPmjzifh &,fvsuf&Sdaom rsufESmxm;onf ajEBuD;aom rsufESmxm;odkU
ajymif;vJNyD;vQif pum;rajymbJ Mum&SnfpGm rdIifai; awG;awmvsuf &Sdaewwfavonf/
xdktjcif;t&mudk awGUjrif&aom oli,fcsif; t&m&SdwdkUrSm OD;wifaz 0rf;enf;zG,f&m taMumif;
wpfpHkwpf&m &Sdonf[k awG;awm xifrdMuaomfvnf; rnfodkUaom taMumif;jzpfonfudkrl
awG;vnf; rawG;ekdif? ar;vnf; rar;0hHbJ &SdMuavonf/
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wpfaqmifudk aqmufvkyf tapcHESpfa,muf wdkUESifh Nidrf;csrf;pGm aexdkifvsuf &SdMu&mwGif
vGefcJhonfU ESpf&uf tcgurl rdk;av0o acgif;yg;aom &moDwGif kwfw&uf vQyfppfrsm;
uGefUjrL; rdk;BudK;rsm; qlnHpGm xpfcsKef;bd ouJhodkU jidrf;csrf;wdwfqdwfpGm &Sdaom tdrfonf
<uuf<uufqlaom tjzpfodkUwdkifa&mufcJhav\/
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tzGJUwGif OuXtjzpfjzifh aqmif&Guf&ef udp& Sdonfjzpf npmukd cyfapmapm pm;NyD;vQif tdrfeD;csif;
jzpfaom roef;&ifqdkol tysdKruav; wpfa,mufESifh tpnf;ta0;odkU xGufoGm;av\/
tpnf;ta0;rSm &Spfem&DrS udk;em&D xd wpfem&DcefU pnf;a0; a':jrESpfESifh roef;&ifwdkUrSm udk;em&D
15 rdepf tcsdefwGif tpnf;ta0;rS jyefvmMuavonf/
a':jrESpfonf roef;&ifudk if;\aetdrfwGif xm;cJhNyD;aemuf rdrd tdrfaemufaz;cef;odkU
0ifNyD;vQif tapcHwpfa,muftm; vufzuf&nf wpfcGuf azsmfcJh&ef trdefYay;av\/
if;aemufaz;cef;onf 0if;x&HESifh tawmif ESpfq,fcefU a0; 0if;x&H\ tjcm;bufum;
122

a&TOa'gif;

vltrsm; oGm;vmaom vrf;BuD; &Sdav\/ a':jrESpfonf if;tcef;twGif; xdktcsdeftcgwGif

xdkifzl;onfvnf; r&Sd? vufzuf&nfudkvnf; ntcg aomuf&ef tavhtxvnf; r&SdaMumif;ESifh
tapcHu xGufqdkavonf/
,if;uJhodkU a':jrESpf a&mufaeaMumif;udk OD;wifaz od&Sdaom tcg tdrfa&SUcef;wGif
owif;pm zwfae&mrS rdrd\ r,m;&Sd&m aemufaz;cef;odkU ul; oGm;onfudk jrifvdkuf&aMumif;ESifh
xrif;csufaomolu xGufqdkavonf/ xdktcsdefrS p OD;wifazudk t&Sifvwfvwf jrif&aomol
r&Sdawmhacs/
vufzuf&nf azsmfcJh&ef trdefYay;xm;aom tapcH rdef;ronf vufzuf&nf azsmf NyD;ojzifh
vufzuf&nfyef;uefESifh a':jrESpf &Sd&modkU vmcJhaom tcg tcef;wHcg;onf twGif;rS ydwf
xm;onfudk awGU&NyD;vQif rdrd\ ocifESifh ocifrwdkYonf tcef;wGif; &efjzpf aeouJhodkU
wpfa,mufwpfcGef; ajymaeMuonfudk Mum;&av\/ xdktcg tapcHrdef;ronf vufzuf&nf
yef;uefudk csxm; tcef;udk acgufav&m rnfolurQ zGifhray;onfU twGuf xrif;csufaomolxH
ajy;oGm;NyD;vQif ocifESifh ocifrwdkU wHcg;ydwf &efjzpfaeMuaMumif;ESifh wdkifwef;av\/
if;aemuftapcHwdkUonf xkdvifr,m;ESpfa,muf cdkuf&efjzpfMuonfudk tb,ftcgrS rjrifbl;
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ESpfa,mufwnf; pum;ajymaeoHudk Mum;Mu& OD;wifazurl wD;wdk;rQ ajymqdkNyD;vQif a':jrESpf
url wpfcgwpfcg cyfus,fus,f atmf ajymonfudk Mum;&aom pum;rsm;teuf rSwfodaom
pum;oHrSm
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'Dvdk BuHwm awmfa&mvm;[if? &Sifh rsufESmudk uRefr onfuaeUu pNyD; b,fawmhrS rMunfU
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em;axmifum &SdaeMupOf OD;wifazonf xdwfvefU wkefvIyfonfU vuPmESifh i,foHygatmif
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'Hk;ceJ toH Mum;vdkuf&NyD; onfESifh wjydKifeuf a':jrESpf\ toHjzifh pl;pl;&Sm;&Sm; atmfoHudk
Mum;Mu&jyefNyD;vQif 'Hk;ceJ wpfzef Mum;Mu&jyefav\/ xdktcg xrif;aom tapcH a,musfm;ESifh
tapcH rdef;rwdkUonf tcef;wGif; ta&;wBuD; wpfpHkwpf&m jzpfyGm;vsuf &Sdonf[k awG;xif
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123

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

a&TUajymif;Mu&av\/ if;aemuf OD;wifaz\ tavmif;udk cHk&Snfay: odkU wifNyD;vQif q&m0efu

aocsmpGm MunfUI ykvdyfom;url tcef;\ tajctaeudk MunfUI rSwfom;Muav\/
OD;wifaz\ OD;acgif;aemufaph wnfUwnfU ESpfvufrcefU tvsm;&Sdaom 'Pf&mwpfck
awGU&Sd&av&m if;rSm toGm;r&Sdaom vufeufwpfpHkwpfckESifh jyif;xefpGm xdcdkufaMumif;ESifh
q&m0efu xGufqdkavonf/ tavmif;\ teD;vnf; Zm0DwkwfMuD;wpfacsmif; Murf;ay:wGif
usvsuf&Sdonfudk awGU&Sd&onf jzpfaomaMumifh q&m0ef\ xifjrifcsufonf [kwfrSef&ef vuPm
&Sdavonf/ OD;wifaz vrf;avQmufwkwfaygif; tacsmif; ESpfq,fcefU &Sdonfjzpf if;wkwfonf
OD;wifaz\ wkwf [kwf r[kwfudk tapcHwdkUu trSefrajymekdifacs/ ykvdyft&m&Sdurl
OD;wifaztavmif; vnf;aumif;? a':jrESpf\ tustdwf vnf;aumif; wHcg;aomhudk
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armifpH&Sm;rSmrl rdwfaqGjzpfaom oefvsifbuf Xmemtkyfu aMu;eef;dkufMum; ac:iifojzifh
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omrn[k xifrSwf&aom trIonf tawmfyif qef;Mu,faom trIwpfck jzpfaMumif;udk
od&Sd&av\/ armifpH&Sm; a&mufoGm;NyD;aemuf tapcHrsm;udk ppfaq;ar;jref;ojzifh xyfrH
od&Sd&onfrSm tapcH rdef;ronf a':jrESpf&Sd&m tcef;odkU a&S;OD;pGm a&mufoGm;pOf tcgu OD;wifaz
toHudk rMum;&aomfvnf; a':jrESpfu ]udkbdkifpyf} [laom trnfudk ESpfBudrfoHk;BudrfrQ
a'goBuD;pGmESifh aigufief; ac:qdkonfudk Mum;&aMumif;ESifh ajymqdkav\/ xdktrI txl;ojzifh
xl;qef;onf[k tapcHrsm;ESifh wuG ykvdyft&m&SdwdkUyg rSwfxifMuaom tcsufwpfckrSm
OD;wifaz\ tavmif;udk rdD;a&mifwGif MunfUIonfUtcg tvGeftMuL; txl;ojzifh jyif;xefpGm
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jrifraumif;atmif IHUrJhapmif;&GJUum &SdaeonfUjyif rsufvHk;wdkUrSmvnf; aygufuGJ xGufrwwf
jyL;wl;NyJwJ &Sdaeonfudk awGUjrif&jcif; jzpfavonf/ xkdtjcif;t&mudk axmufcsifh&aomf
OD;wifazonf aoumeD;qJqJ rdrdao&rnfU tjzpfudk od&dSojzifh aMumuf&GHUwkefvIyfjcif; jzpfap?
odkUwnf;r[kwf wpfoufywfvHk; rddrd rawGYvdk rjrifvdkbJ tjrJtpGJ aMumuf&GHUvsuf&Sdaom
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,lqavonf/
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124

a&TOa'gif;

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125

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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126

a&TOa'gif;

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pOf;pm;aew,f? aemufqHk;usawmhrS kwfw&uf pdwfudk qHk;jzwfvdkufwJh vuPmESifh usKyfbufudk
vSnfUNyD; 'Dtjzpftysufudk b,folUrS rajymygbl;vdkU a':jrESpfqDrSm y#dnmOf ay;NyD; jzpfygw,fwJh?
odkUaomf rdwfaqG wpfa,mufrSm ,ckvdk tMuyftwnf;ESifh awGUBuHKaew,f qdkjyefawmh uRefr
od&SdorQ ajymygawmhr,fwJh qdkNyD; [kdaeUu tjzpftysufudk jyefajymwmudk;As? onfvdkwJh As?
[kdaeUnu olESifh a':jrESpfESifh tpnf;ta0;u jyefvmMuawmh vrf;c&D; vljywfwJhae&m
rD;wdkifwpfckatmufrSm cg;ukef;ukef;ESifh txkyfBuD;udk ydk;vmwJh vlBuD;wpfa,mufESifh awGYowJh ?
'Dvlu tpawmh olwdkUudk rjrifbl;wJhAs? rD;wdkifatmufusrS kwfw&uf olwdkUudk jrifavawmh
jrifjrifcsif;yJ [kdvlBuD;u tHhtm;oifhNyD; txkyfBuD;rsm;udk vTwfcsvdkU ]tvdk rjrESpfygwum;} vdkU
ajymvdkufowJh As? onfawmhrS a':jrESpfu vSnfYMunfUNyD; [dkvlBuD;udk jrifjrifcsif; rsufESmrsm;
ysufNyD; MunfUuvd aMumifuavmif jzpfaew,fwJh As? onftcgrSm roef;&ifu ykvdyfac:&rvdkvdk?
bmvdkvdk jzpfaewkef; a':jrESpfu toHwkefwkef&D&DESifh ]udkcspfarmifudk rjrifwm tESpfESpfq,fawmif
MumvdkU uRefrrSm ao&SmNyDvdkUawmif rSwfrdayw,f}vdkU ajymowJhAs? onfawmh [kdvlBuD;u
]aow,fvdkU rSwfcsif&ifvJ rSwfMuayr,fayghav} vdkU cyfaxhaxh ajymvdkufowJhAs? onfawmhrS
a':jrESpfu roef;&ifudk cPuav; a&SUem;oGm;ESifhNyD; apmifhaeygvdkU ajymavawmh roef;&ifu
cyfvSrf;vSrf;u apmifhNyD;aeowJh As? onfawmh a':jrESpfESifh [kdvlBuD;[m rD;wdkifatmufrSm
ig;rdepfavmufMumatmif &yfNyD; pum;ajym ae&pfMuw,fwJh As? pum;ajymNyD;vdkU a':jrESpf
xGufvmcJhawmh [kdvlBuD;u vufoD;vufHk;rsm; wef;NyD; ae&pfowJh As? a':jrESpfuawmhjzifh
tifrwef wkefvIyfvmwJh vuPmESifh toHrsm;awmif wkefNyD; aea&mwJhAs? onfawmh roef;&ifu
b,folvJvdkU ar;vdkufawmh a':jrESpfu oda[mif;uRrf;a[mif; wpfa,mufyg? tckawmh qif;&JNyD;
ae&Smw,fvdkU ajymowJhAs? ajymNyD;wJh aemuf onftaMumif;udk b,folUrS rajymygESifhvdkU
a':jrESpfu roef;&ifudk uwdxm;cdkif; owJhAs? onfawmh roef;&ifu uwdxm;vdkuf& owJh?
'gygyJwJh Asm? onfUaemufudk olwdkU ESpfa,mufvJ cGJcJhMuyga&mwJh}
uRefawmf/ /]edkU OD;cspfarmifaumAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]aeOD; 'DtrIrSm OD;cspfarmif[m ta&;BuD;aMumif; usKyf &dyfrdavawmh olUudk
awGUatmif usKyfvdkufNyD; &Sm&jyefwmudk;As? roef;&if ajymwJhtwdkif; cg;ukef;ukef; ? acgif;wHk;ESifh
qHyifjzLjzL qdkawmh oefvsifNrdKUuav; twGif;rSm &Sddk;rSefvQif rcufvSbl;ayghAsm? rcufwJh twdkif;
awGUvJ awGUwmyJAsKdU? vufpoyfawmh 'DvlBuD;u rsufvSnfUq&mBuD;udkAs? a>rtvdrm,fvJ
[kwfw,f? olUrSm a>ra[mufBuD; wpfaumif ? ief;apmif;BuD; wpfaumifvJ ygw,f}
127

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm;ESifh olESifh awGUcJhNyDvm;}

&Sm;/
; /]pum;awmh rajym&ao;bl;? jrifawmh jrifcJh&NyD? olaewJh tdrfudkvJ odcJh&NyD? odkYaomf
olESifh pum;ajymwJhtcgrSm oufaowpfa,muf &Sdapcsifw,fAs? 'gaMumifh cifAsm;udk usKyf
vmNyD;ac:w,f}
uRefawmf/ /]vdkufwmayghAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; 'gjzifh reufusawmh oGm;&r,f? nOfUvJ eufvSNyDAsm? tdyfMuOD;pdkU}
aemufwpfaeU 11 em&D tcsdefcefUwGif uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;wkdUonf oefvsifjrdKUodkU
qdkufa&mufMuav&m armifpH&Sm;onf jrdKU\ tpGeftzsm; &Sd tvGefw&m ao;i,fekwfpkwfvSaom
wJuav;wpfckodkU
uRefawmfhtm;ac:
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uRefawmfwdkUonf
wJwGif;odkU
0ifoGm;Muaomtcg touf 50 t&G,fcefU &Sd cg;tvGefukef;vSaom vlwpfa,mufonf
ckwifwpfckay:wGif xdkifvsuf&Sd&m qGwfqGwfjzLaom qHyifwdkUaMumifh if;\rsufESmrSm tdkonfxuf
tdkrif;[ef&Sdaomfvnf; ESmwH\ ay:vGifjcif;? rsufvHk;\ rJeufjcif;? rsufawmif\ aumhpif;jcif;?
ezl;\ us,f0ef;jcif; wnf;[laom tjcif;t&mwdkUudk axmufqonf&Sdaomf xdkolonf i,f&G,fpOf
tcgurl vlacsm vlvS wpfa,mufyif jzpfacsrnfU taMumif;udk od&Sdekdifay\/ xdkolonf
uRefawmfwdkU 0ifvmonfudk jrifojzifh ouFmruif; &Sdaom rsufESmxm;ESifh MunfUaeNyD;vQif udpudk
ar;jref;&m
&Sm;/
awmh OD;wifaz aoqHk;wJh udpESifh
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vmcJh&wmygyJAsm}
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'DudprSm cifAsm; &Sif;&if &Sif;rS? edkUrdkU&if 'Du trI[m a':jrESpf tay:rSm ywfaevdrfhr,f}
armif/ /]cifAsm; b,folvJ? usKyfwdkU taMumif;udk cifAsm; b,fhES,f odovJ? cifAsm; ckajymwm
trSefyJvm;}
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; /]trSefygAsm? a':jrESpfudkawmh owd&&vmjcif; ykvdyfu zrf;zdkU jyifaeMuwmaygh}
armif/ /]cifAsm;vJ ykvdyf r[kwfvm;}
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armif/ /]'gjzifh cifAsm;ESifh bmqdkifovJ}
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armif/ /]rjrESpf rowfwm trSefygAsm}
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; /]'gjzifh cifAsm; owfwmaygh}
armif/ /]usKyfvJ owfwm r[kwfygAsm}
128

a&TOa'gif;

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armif/ /]olU 0w&m;ESifh ol ao&wmygAs? odkUaomfvnf; trSefudk zGifhajym&rSmjzifh
uRefawmfu tu,f uRefawmf BuH&G,f&if; twdkif; onfvludk owfcJhapumrl owfxdkufwJh
taMumif;vJ &Sdw,fAs? odkUaomfvnf; uRefawmfhrSm ygPmwdygwuH rajrmufapjcif;iSm
olUbmomol uRefawmfhudk jrifwmESifh vefUNyD; aoygw,fAsm? vJoGm;awmhudk touf&Sdw,fvdkU
rxifygbl;? jrifjrifcsif; rsufvHK;jyL;NyD; wpfcgwnf;aowmESifh wlygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]cifAsm;wdkU twKywdudk Mum;yg&apvm;Asm}
armif/ /]Mum;csif&ifvJ ajymyghr,fAsm? xdef0Sufp&mvJ taMumif;r&Sdygbl;? 'DvdkAs?
aooGm;wJh udkwifaz&,f uRefawmf&,f &mZ0wfbufrSm ykvdyfom;tjzpfu pNyD; twlwl
trIxrf;cJhMuw,f? vGefcJhwJh tESpfESpfq,fausmfavmufu jrpfBuD;em;e,fpyfrSm wpf*wfwnf;
twl&SdpOfu olu pmoifAs? usKyfuawmh ykvdyfom;uav;yJ &Sdao;w,f? onftcgrSm
pmoifwpfa,muf&JU orD; jrESpfqdkwmu tifrwefrS kyf&nfacsmarmavawmh &mZ0wfbuf
om;awGrQ ru e,fbufu t&m&SdawGyg tukef0dkif;NyD; aemufydk;aeMuwmayghAsm? cifAsm;wdkUu
usKyfvlyHkudk tckjrif&awmh ,Hkaumif;rS ,Hkr,f? [dkwkef;uawmh awmfawmfyJ acsmw,fvdkU vlwdkif;u
csD;rGrf;jcif; cHcJh&ygw,f? kyf&nfacsmwJh twdkif;yJ rjrESpfu onfUjyifu &mZ0wftkyf? pmoif?
jrdKUtkyfrsm;udk rpHkruf ? usKyfESifh cspfcifpHkruf Muwmudk;As? zcifvkyfwJh oluawmh usKyfudk
oabmrwlbl;ayghav? edkUayrJh rjrESpfuawmh usKyfuvGJNyD; b,folUudkrS r,lbl;&,fvdkU opmqdkNyD;
jzpfvdkUrdkU usKyfuawmh cyfat;at;yJavAsm? 'DtawmtwGif; wpfaeUoawmh e,fu vlqdk;awG
x<uyga&mAs? onftcgrSm ppfom;rsm; ra&mufao;rD usKyfwdkU Xme t&m&Sda&m ykvdyfom;a&m
csufcsif;oGm;NyD; ESdrfeif;zdkU ta&;rSm ulnD&wmudk;As? usKyfwdkU vlpkudkawmh udkwifazu acgif;olBuD;
tjzpfESihf pDrHcefUcGJjcif; jyKw,f? wpfnoawmh udkwifazu uRefawmfhudk ac:NyD; jrpfBuD;em;NrdKUodkU
acsmpmydkU&ef udpwpfck ta&;BuD;aew,fwJh? awmfawmh vludkvJ ol pdwfrcsekdifbl;wJh? onfawmh
usKyfoGm;NyD; ydkYr,fqdk&ifjzifh &mxl;rsm;vJ wdk;wufzdkU&Sdygw,fwJh ajymaomtcgrSm uRefawmfu
&mxl;wdk;wm rwdk;wm tyxm;? jrpfBuD;em;a&muf&if rjrESpfESifh awGU&awmhr,fqdkwm
arQmfvifhwmESifh oGm;ygr,fvdkU 0efcHrdwmudkAs? 0efcHwJhtwdkif; n 12 em&DavmufrSm wpfa,mufxJ
ppfpcef; u xGufvmcJhyga&mAs? }
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ESifh yufyif;yg awGUvdkUrdkU vufjyefBudK;ESifh csnfNyD; zrf;oGm;yga&mAs? ,ckvdk vrf;u apmifhaejcif;
[mvJ bmaMumifhvJ qdkawmh udkwifazu wdwfwqdwf vlqdk;rsm;qDudk pma&;NyD; uRefawmfhudk
zrf;zdkU twGuf pDrHNyD;jzpfw,fvdkU aemifawmhrS vlqdk;rsm;ajymvdkU od&wmudk;As? 'gESifh vlqdk;rsm;
vuf a&mufNyD;wJhaemuf wpfawmifausmf wpfawmifqif; tifrwefa0;wJh t&yfudk uRefawmfh
ydkUxm;NyD; uReftjzpfESifh toHk;jyKaeMuwmudk; cifAs? Sif;yef;ESdyfpufvdkufwm cifAsm;
bmajymp&m&SdrvJ? ao&wmu jrwfao;&JUvdkUawmif atmufarhrdygw,f? 'DtxJrSm rjrESpfudk
vGrf;wmu wpfrsdK;? txktdkuf tueftaMumuf cH&wmu wpfrsdK;? udk,fhe,fudk,f
jyefa&mufcsifwJh pdwfu wpfrsdK;? pdwfcsHK;NyD; vlvJyJ usef;rmw,fvdkU r&Sdbl; cifAs? xGufajy;zdkUvJ
3-4-5 cg BuHpnfyg&JU? BuHpnfaomfvJ txrajrmufcJhbl; cifAs? ta&;NyD;vdkU tpdk;&rSmom
udpNyD;w,f? uRefawmfwpfa,muf aysmufoGm;wJh taMumif;udk b,folurS owd&Mu[ef r&Sdbl;
cifAs? wu,fvdkU owd&apumrl udkwifazu aoygNyDqdkwm ,HkMunfavmufatmif ajymrSmaygh
cifAsm? 'DvdkyJ ajymw,fvdkUvJ vGwfvmwJh tcgusawmh owif;Mum;rdyg&JU? 'gESifh vlqdk;rsm;
129

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

vufxJrS uReftjzpfESifh 15 ESpfavmuf ae&NyD; wpfaeUawmh uHaumif;axmufrvdkU vGwfajy;vmwJh

tcgrSm jrpfBuD;em; jyefa&mufawmh ykvdyfvJ xyfNyD; rvkyfcsif? onfUjyifvJ ynmu rwwfavawmh
rsufvSnfUq&mBuD; wpfa,mufxH wynfUcHNyD; vdkufaecJhwmudk; cifAs? uRefawmfuvJ
e,frSmwkef;u a>rtvdrm,ftwwf enf;enf;yg;yg; wwfcJhw,f? 'gESifh rsufvSnfU
ud&d,mav;rsm; &Sm? a>ra[mufESpfaumifavmuf zrf;NyD; tNrdKUNrdKU t&Gm&Gm vSnfUcJhwmudk; cifAs?
uRefawmfh &nf&G,fcsufuawmh 0rf;pmtwGuf 'Davmuf ta&;BuD;vdkU r[kwfbl;? rjrESpfwdkU
vifr,m; b,frSm aeMuovJvdkU odcsifwmESifh vdkufNyD; &SmwmyJ cifAs}
uRefawmf/ /]OD;wifazESifh a':jrESpf taMumif;ygaMumif; cifAsm; Mum;&oaygh}
armif/ /]e,frSmwkef;uawmh rMum;&bl;? jrpfBuD;em; a&mufrSyJ Mum;&w,f ? 'gESifh tNrdKUNrdKU
t&Gm&Gm vnfNyD; &Smvdkufwm &efukef a&mufawmhrSyJ oefvsifbufrSm &SdMuaMumif; owif;&wmudk;
cifAs? owif;&vdkU rsufvSnfUq&m tjzpfESifh 0rf;pm&Sm&if; 'DrSm ukwfaeawmh wpfaeUnu ....}
&Sm;/
; /]a':jrESpfESifh cifAsm; awGUa&m? awGUawmh tusdK;taMumif;udk &Sif;vif;NyD; ajymMua&m
? ajymwJhtcgrSm a':jrESpfu OD;wifaz\ ,kwfrmaom oabmudk odwJhtwGuf tdrfjyefa&mufwJh
tcgrSm tjzpftysufawG ZmwfvSefMua&m? 'DtawmtwGif; cifAsm;u vrf;ay:u &yfMunfUaevdkU
jrifavawmh tdrfxJ0ifvma&m 'Dvdk r[kwfvm;As}
armif/ /]rSefygw,f usKyfu jywif;ayguf ausmf0ifNyD; olUrsufESmudk aphaphMunfUvdkuf&ifyJ
wpfcgwnf; aMumifawmifBuD; ai;NyD; rsufvHk;jyL;jyL; rsufqHjyL;jyL;ESifh atmfawmhrvdk
[pfawmhrvdk? atmfvJ ratmfekdifbJ rwfwwfuvJNyD; oGm;wmudk;As? olvJvJa&m rjrESpfuvJ
cHk&Snfay: vJjyefyga&mAsm? onfawmh uRefawmfu tapcHawGudk ac:r,fvdkU wHcg;aomhudk
zGifhr,fvkyfwkef;? wu,fvdkU udkwifazudk ig owfw,fvdkUrsm; pGyfpGJ&if cufacs&JU vdkU atmufarhNyD;
aomhudk vufu rcscJhrdbJ? ykuGudk ac:NyD; xGufajy;cJhwmudk; As}
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a':jrESpf tjypfr&SdaMumif; cifAsm;udk oufao jy&vdrfhr,f}
armif/ /]pdwfcsygAsm/ uRefawmf oufaovdkufzdkU b,ftcgrqdk tqifoifh &Sdygw,f}
odkU&mwGif trI oufao wifoGif;&ef rvdkawmhacs/ taMumif;udk qdkaomf OD;wifaz\
tavmif;udk q&m0efu &ifudk cGJ MunfUonfUtcg if;onf OD;acgif;rS &&SdonfU 'Pf&maMumifh
aoqHk;jcif; r[kwf? ESvHk;onf tjyif;txef xdwfvefU wkefvIyfjcif;aMumifh rvIyf&Sm;bJ
wpfcgwnf; &yfoGm;onfU twGuf aoqHk;jcif;jzpfaMumif;ESifh oufaoxGufqdkonf jzpfaom
aMumifh a':jrESpftm;vJ zrf;qD;jcif; rjyKbJ bmomtavsmuf aoaomtrI [l w&m;Hk;BuD;u
pD&ifcsuf csrSwfvdkufaomaMumifh jzpfay\/
130

a&TOa'gif;

xdktrIESifh ywfouf uRefawmf pdwfrauseyfaom tcsufwpfck &Sdojzifh armifpH&Sm;tm;

ar;jref;&m
uRefawmf/ /]aeygOD;Asm? a':jrESpfu atmfawmh udkbdkifpyfvdkU atmfw,f? tcef;xJrSm
udkbdkifpyf u,fvdkUvJ r&Sd? OD;wifazESifh OD;cspfarmif ESpfa,mufxJom &SdygaumAs}
&Sm;/
; /]udkbdkifpyfqdkwm jrefrmrif; vufxufu tifrwef qdk;oGrf;kefUMurf;w,fvdkU
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ac:vdkufwJh tvHk;ayghAs? onfUjyifaum }
uRefawmf/ /]onfUjyifuawmh &Sif;ygNyDAsm}

*********
NyD;ygNyD/

131

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

6 / / olaX;uawmfwpfOD;trI
tcgwpfyg; uRefawmf\rdwfaqG pHkaxmufOD;pH&Sm;onf if;\ 0goemtwdkif; trItcif;
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tdyf&mrS xvm tdrfa&SUcef; &Tifysaom rsufESmxm;ESifh xdkifaeaom OD;pH&Sm;udk awGUjrifav\/
uRefawmf/ /]b,fhES,fvJ q&mBuD;? trIwpfckvufcHxm;NyD rSwfw,f}
&Sm;/
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uRefawmf/ /]qdkprf;ygtHk;Asm}
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&pfuefrSmaewJh ajrydkif&Sif olaX;BuD; OD;rif;ausmf qdkwm &Sdw,f}
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olUrdef;r ajrydkifolaX;uawmf a':ESif;jrtaMumif;udk cifAsm; Mum;NyD;yvm;}
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odkUaomf trItaMumif;udk aumif;aumif;rrSwfrdygbl; Asm}
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usKyf trIonf twGuf usKyf bmrS wwfedkifr,f rxifbl;}
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&av\/

132

a&TOa'gif;

&pfuef
awmfovif;vqef; 13 &uf/
pma&; tpD&ifcHygonf OD;pH&Sm; cifAsm;? uRefawmf awGUzl;orQaom rdef;rtaygif;wdkUwGif
jzLpifqHk;aom pdwfESvHk;&SdonfU rdef;rwpfa,mufonf r[kwfrrSefbJESifh &mZ0wfjypf'Pf cH&rnfudk
MunfU raeekdifojzihf aqGrsdK;r[kwfaomfvnf; 0ifa&mufu,fq,fvdkjcif; jzpfygonf/
uRefawmf\ rdef;rudk owfrIESifhzrf;xm; aom q&mr rBuD;a&Tonf rnfonfUenf;ESifhrQ
uRefawmf\ rdef;r rESif;jrudk owfjzwfonf r[kwfedkifyg/ q&mr rBuD;a&Tonf vl\ toufudk
rqdkxm;bd? oef;?Murf;ydk;rsm;udkyif rowf&ufavmufatmifodrfarGUaom pdwfESvHk;&SdaMumif;udk
uRefawmfudk,fwdkif cifAsm;xHvm tjzpftysufudk pHkvifpGm ajymjyygrnf/ OD;pH&Sm;onf
IyfaxG;aom trIrsm; &Sif;vif;ekdifaom tpGrf;&Sdonf[k uRefawmfMum;zl;onfU twdkif;rSefygvQif
xdktpGrf;udk 'DtrI toHk;jyKapvdkygonf/ aMu;aiG rnfrQyif ukefMu&ef &Sdonfjzpfap ta&;rMuD;
yg/ uRefawmf\ wm0ef &Sdygap/
xdkpmudk zwf&NyD;aemuf OD;pH&Sm;u
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; OD;rif;ausmf rvmcif 'DtrI taMumif;udk tusOf;csKyfuav; usKyfajymjyr,f
em;axmif? OD;rif;ausmf[m usKyf ckwifu ajymwJhtwdkif; tvGefw&m v,faygrsm;wJh
olaX;MuD;wpfOD; jzpfw,f? olUrdef;r a':ESif;jrqdkwmu i,f&G,fpOfu kyfqif;oPmefESifh jynfUpHkwJh
rdef;rwpfa,muf jzpfaomvJ OD;rif;ausmfxuf av;ig;&SpfESpfavmuf BuD;owJhAs? OD;rif;ausmfrSm
om;wpfa,muf orD;wpfa,muf &Sdw,f? onfuav;rsm;udk ausmif;odkU rydkUbJ rBuD;a&T qdkwJh
q&mrwpfa,mufudkiSm; tdrfrSm ynmoifay;apowJh? rBuD;a&TqdkwJh q&mru tifrwefvJ
vSowJh? olwdkU tdrfrSm twlaevJ jzpfowJh? wpfnoawmh 9 em&D tcsdefavmufrSm olwdkUtdrfESifh
wpfrdkifavmufa0;wJh wHwm;wpfckrSm olaX;uawmf a':ESif;jr&JU tavmif;udk awGU&owJh? ezl;rSmvJ
ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewfu 'Pf&mwpfckudk awGU&owJh? tavmif;teD;tyg;rSmvJ aoewfrawGU&
bl;wJh tavmif;udk v,form; wpfa,mufawGUavawmh OD;rif;ausmfxH ajy;NyD; taMumif;
Mum;owJh ? b,fhES,fvJ &Sif;&JUvm;}
uRefawmf/ /]&Sif;yg&JUAsm? odkUaomf b,fhES,faMumifh q&mrudk zrf;owJhvJ}
&Sm;/
; /]zrf;qdk 'DvdkAs? q&mr\ AD&dkxJrSm usnfqHwpfcsuf ypfNyD;om; ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewf
wpfvuf awGUowJh? xdkajcmufvHk;jyL;rS usnfqH[mvJ tavmif;\ ezl;rSm&Sdaom 'Pf&mESifh
udkufaeowJh? b,fhES,fvJ xif&Sm;w,f r[kwfvm;Asm? xdkUjyif wpfcsufuvJ aovGefol
a':ESif;jr\ vufxJrSm q&mr rBuD;a&Tu xdktcsdefrSm xdkae&m awGUzdkU csdef;vdkufwJh
pmwpfapmifudk awGUowJh? 'D[maum cifAsm; b,fhES,f xifovJ? aemufqHk;tcsufBuD; wpfck
&Sdao;w,f? OD;rif;ausmfqdkol[m ydkufqHvJayg vluvJ awmfawmf acsmowJhAs? 'Dawmhum
q&mracsmacsmESifh r,m;tdktdk &SdwJh olaX;acsmwdkU awGUwJhtcgrSm xkdq&mracsmacsmonf
olaX;uawmf jzpfvdkaompdwf rjzpfwwfaybl;vm;Asm? 'Dawmhum bdkqefqef q&mrqdkvQif
OD;rif;ausmf aoewfudk wdwfwdwf,lNyD; olaX;uawmfa[mif;udk jzKwfzdkU rBuHpnfwwfavbl;vm;
Asm}
uRefawmf/ /]rSefw,f? BuHr,fqdk BuHavmufygayw,f}
133

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/
; /]xdkUjyifvJ rBuD;a&Tonf xkdn xdktcsdefavmufu xdkwHwm;odkU a&mufaMumif;
oludk,fwdkif 0efcHw,f}
uRefawmf/ /]'gjzifh udpwHk;aewmayghAsm}
&Sm;/
; /][kwfuJh wHk;oavmuf ygayyJ? odkUaomf avSum;u wufvmwm OD;rif;ausmf
ajcoHESifh wl&JU? cyfapmapm BudKwifNyD; vm[efwlw,f}
uRefawmfonf xkdif&mrSx wHcg;udkzGifhay;aom tcg ydefydef&Snf&SnfESifh uysmuoD
trlt&m&Sdaom vlwpfa,mufonf tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvm&m xkdolonf tcef;wGif;odkU
0ifNyD;onfUaemufyif vlrdaomusD;uJhodkU usduvd ausmifuavmif &Sdaeav\/
&Sm;/
; /]xdkifygAsm? bmudpvJ? ysm,dysm,m &SdvSacsuvm;}
xkdvl/ /]uRefawmfu ajrydkifolaX; OD;rif;ausmf udk,fpm;vS,f armifnGefUvlygwJh cifAsm;?
OD;rif;ausmfvJ tcka&mufygvdrfhr,f? ajymcsifwmav;&SdvdkU olra&mufcif OD;atmifajy;vmcJhygw,f
cifAsm;}
&Sm;/
; /]bmrsm; ajymcsifvdkUvJ}
vl/ /]uRefawmfwdkU q&m ajrydkifolaX; OD;rif;ausmf[m tifrwef qdk;oGrf;,kwfrmwJh
olwpfa,muf jzpfygw,f cifAsm;}
&Sm;/
; /]jyif;xefvSacsvm; q&m&,f}
vl/ /]Mum&Snf ajymzdkU tcsdefr&Sdavawmh jyif;jyif;xefxefyJ ajym&ygw,f cifAsm;?
OD;pH&Sm;xH olvmr,fh taMumif; odavawmh olUt&if OD;atmif uRefawmfu ajy;vmNyD;
olUtaMumif;udk ajymESifh&ygw,f cifAsm;}
&Sm;/
; /]cifAsm;u OD;rif;ausmf udk,fpm;vS,f qdk}
vl/ /]rSefygw,f odkUaomf xGufpmwifNyD;ygNyD? aemuf 15 &ufqdkvQif uRefwGif;u
vGwf&ygawmhr,f? tifrwef cufxefarmufrmwJh vlwpfa,mufyg cifAsm? uRefawmfjzifh 'DvdkvlvJ
rawGUzl;bl;? Mum;vJ rMum;zl;bl;? aemifudkvJ rawGUcsifygbl; cifAsm? vSLwJhwef;wJh ae&mrSmawmh
&ufa&mygav&JU? olwnfwJh bk&m;aygif;? olaqmufwJh ausmif;aygif;? oljyKwJh &Sifaygif;? olcHwJh
&[ef;aygif;? ra&rwGufekdifatmifbJ rsm;ygay&JU? ekdUayr,fh olESifh qufqHwJh vlrsm;tay:rSmawmh
tvGefw&m rSmrwm ukPmenf;wJh vlwpfa,mufygyJ cifAsm? olU'Pfudk trsm;qHk;
cH&oluawmh olUr,m;a':ESif;jrayyJ? a':ESif;jr[m b,folUvufcsufESifh ao&&Smw,fawmh
uRefawmf trSefrajymwwfaybl;? raorD twGif;rSm OD;rifausmfu ausmfraumif;
Mum;raumif;atmif ESdyfpufcJhwmawmh trSefyJ cifAsm? vla&SU ra&Smif? ola&SUra&Smif? rmefvm;
rJvm;? aigufvm; ief;vm;? Budrf;vm; armif;vm; vkyfavh&Sdwm uRefawmfwdkUwawGuawmif 'Dvdk
olaX;uawmf jzpf&vdkUjzifh bmta&;vJvdkU tcsif;csif; ajymrdMuygao;w,f}
&Sm;/
; /]qdkygOD;Asm}
134

a&TOa'gif;

vl/ /]'Dawmhum uRefawmfESifhwuG tapcHrsm;tm;vHk;u a':ESif;jrudk oem;NyD; olUtay:rSm

ukPmjzpfavav OD;rif;ausmfudk rkef;avav jzpfaeMuygw,f? uRefawmfwdkU q&m
OD;rif;ausmf[m armufrmcufxefonfUtjyif vlyg;vleyfwpfa,mufvJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh
olajymwdkif; r,HkbJ csifhcsdefNyD;rS ,HkzdkUtaMumif; uRefawmfowday;csifvdkU vmcJhygw,f cifAsm? udkif;
jyefygOD;awmhr,f cifAsm? rawmfvdkUrsm; rdae&if 'kuyJ} [k ajymajymqdkqdkESifh xkdolonf wdkufay:rS
qif;ajy;av\/
OD;pH&Sm;onf twefi,f pOf;pm;pdwful;aeNyD;aemuf
&Sm;/
; /]OD;rif;ausmf tdrfom;wpfpkujzifh OD;rif;ausmf tay:rSm w,fNyD;auseyfMu[ef r&Sdbl;?
,ckvdk BudKwifNyD; owday;ESifhwmvJ aumif;yg&JU? odkYaomf ola&mufvmawmhrS usKyfwdkU udk,fwdkif
tuJcyf&OD;rSmyJ}
q,fwpfem&Dxdk;onfESifh wNydKifeuf ajrydkif&SifolaX; OD;rif;ausmfonf wdkufay:
wufvmav&m uRefawmfrSm xdkol\ &kyfvuPmudk MunfUIjcif;tm;jzifh if;\ udk,fpm;vS,f
ajymoGm;onfUtwdkif; vltrsm;wdkU &GHaMumufMu&onfU taMumif;udk &dyfrdav\/ xdkol\
rsufESmrSm wpfBudrfjrifcgrQESifhyif armufrmcufxefjcif;? tvdk&rufBuD;jcif;? rdrdvdktyfaom t&mudk
wpfenf;enf;jzifh rarhravsmh BuHpnfwwfjcif;? eufeJaom Pftajrmftjrif&Sdjcif; paom
tjcif;t&mwdkUESifh jynfUpHkonfjzpf rnfonfUae&mrsdK; vkyfudkifonfjzpfap tBuD;tuJtjzpfodkU
rwkdifa&muf&bJ
&yfem;jcif;&SdrnfU
vlwpfa,muf
r[kwfaMumif;
cefUrSef;edkifav\/
OD;rif;ausmfonf wdkufay: odkU wufvmNyD;aemuf ydkifykdifedkifedkif &Sdaomtrlt&mjzifh ukvm;xdkif
wpfvHk;udk qGJ,lum OD;pH&Sm;ESifh awhqdkifumxdkifNyD;vQif ....
ausmf/ /]wpfckajymxm;yg&ap OD;pH&Sm;? 'DtrIrSm aiGukefvdkU ta&;rMuD;? ukefcsifoavmuf
ukefygap?rSefwJhtwdkif; ay:aygufatmif pHHkaxmufedkifvQif NyD;yga&m ? q&mr rBuD;a&T
vGwfajrmufatmif pHkaxmufay;vdkU &Sd&if cifAsm; awmif;oavmuf uRefawmfay;yghr,f?
b,favmufyJ qdkyg}
&Sm;/
; /]uRefawmfu r&SdEGrf;yg;aom vlrsm;\ trIudk tcrJh aqmif&Guf wwfekdifolrsm;\
trI tenf;trsm; r&Sd? worwfwnf; uRefawmf ,lygonf}
ausmf/ /]aMomf cifAsm;u aiG ta&;rBuD;wJhvludk? aiGudk *&krpdkufvQif emrnfBuD;zdkUawmh
*&kpdkufzdkU &Sdygw,f? 'DtrIrSm cifAsm; aqmif&GufvdkU atmifjrifcJhvdkU &Sd&if jrefrmjynf wpfjynfvHk;
cifAsm;emrnf xGufoGm;ygvdrfhrnf}
&Sm;/
; /]aus;Zl;wifygw,f OD;rif;ausmf? odkUaomf uRefawmfu ausmfapmjcif;udk *&kpdkufwJh
vlwpfa,muf r[kwfyg? rSefwJhtwdkif; ajym&vQif uRefawmfh oabmrSmawmh vlrod olrod?
wdwfwqdwf tvkyfvkyf&jcif;udk ESpfoufwJh vljzpfygw,f? odkUaomf tydkawGa&SmufajymaewmESifh
tcsdefrukefapbJ jzpfysufyHkudkom ajymjyygawmh cifAsm;}
ausmf/ /]tjzpftysufuawmh owif;pmxJrSm ygwJhtwdkif;ygyJ? r&Sif;ao;wm &SdvQifom
ar;ygawmh}
&Sm;/
; /]uRefawmf odcsifwm wpfck &Sdw,f}
135

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

ausmf/ /]ar;ygawmh}
&Sm;/
; /]OD;rif;ausmfESifh q&mr rBuD;a&TESifh[m b,fuJhodkU tajctaerSm &Sdw,fvdkU qdkwm
uRefawmfodvdkw,f}
OD;rif;ausmfonf pdwfqdk;aom trlt&mESifh ukvm;xdkifrS &kwfw&uf xNyD;rS trsufudk
csKyfwnf;
ausmf/ /]'Dar;cGef;udk cifAsm;u ar;cGifh&SdvdkU ar;wmESifh wl&JU}
&Sm;/
; /]uRefawmf 'DvdkyJ oabm&ygw,f}
ausmf/ /]uRefawmfESifh q&mr rBuD;a&TESifh[m armif&if; ESpfr&if;uJhodkU oabmxm;&kHru
uRefawmfhom;orD;rsm; rsufarSmufrS wpfyg; uRefawmfwdkU ESpfa,mufrSm b,ftcgrS rsufESm
csif;qdkif pum;rajymbl;yg}
xdktcg OD;pH&Sm;onf xkdif&mrS x
&Sm;/
; /]onf;cHyg OD;rif;ausmf? uRefawmfu tvkyfrsm;onfU vlwpfa,muf jzpfonfUtwGuf
tv[ pum;awG a&SmufajymzdkU tcsdefr&Sdyg}
xdktcg OD;rif;ausmfonfvnf; trsufxGufaom rsufESmxm;ESifh OD;pH&Sm;tm; MunfUum
xdkif&mrS wzefxvsuf
ausmf/ /]b,fhES,fajymvdkufwmvJ OD;pH&Sm;? usKyftrIudk vufrcHbl; qdkvdkovm;}
&Sm;/
; /]cifAsm;udk vufrcHcsifbl; qdkvdkw,f}
ausmf/ /]bmaMumifhvJ b,fvdk tBuHtpnf &SdvdkUvJ? aiGydkNyD; vdkcsifvdkUvm;? odkUr[kwf
aMumufvdkUvm;? bmaMumifhwkef; usKyfodcsifw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]odcsifvJ ajym&wmaygh? 'DtrI[m e*kdtm;jzif IyfaxG;ae&wJh txJrSm ajymwJhvlu
[kwfwdkif;rSef&m rajymcJhvdkU &Sd&if b,fawmh &Sif;vif;edkifrSmvJAsmh}
ausmf/ /]cifAsm;u usKyfudk rkom;qdkw,fvdkU pGyfpGJvdkw,faygh }
&Sm;/
; /]uRefawmfu ,Ofaus;wJh pum;ESifh ajym&mrSm cifAsm;u wdkuf&kdufajymapvdkvQif
'Dt"dym,f uswmaygh}
xdkpum;udk Mum;onfESifh wNydKifeuf OD;rif;ausmfonf tHBudwfNyD;vQif vufoD;udk
qkyfvsuf vufudk ajrmufvdkuf&m OD;pH&Sm;url cyfat;at; trlt&mESifh NyHK;&,fcgjzifh rdrd\
aq;wHudk vSrf;,lav\/
&Sm;/
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vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm; rvkyfprf;yg&apESifh}

136

a&TOa'gif;

xdktcg OD;rif;ausmfonf owd&onfUtaejzifh trsufudk &kwfw&uf csKyfwnf;

ausmf/ /]'gawmh cifAsm; oabmaygh? cifAsm; oabmrusvQifvJ usKyftrI vufrcH&Hk
&Sdwmaygh? usKyfudk qefUusifbuf jyKjcif;[m cifAsm; vGJNyD? cifAsm;avmuf ruwJh vlawG
usKyfESdrfcJhwm b,fESpfa,muf&SdNyDvJ? usKyfESifh qdkifjydKifNyD; usKyf'Pfudk cHedkifwJhvl wpfa,mufrS
rawGUao;bl;? cifAsm; owdxm;vdkufyg}
&Sm;/
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udkif; oGm;ayOD;awmh OD;rif;ausmf ? avmuBuD;rSm cifAsm; rod em;rvnfao;wJh t&mawG
tyHkBuD;ygAsm? oGm;OD;awmh? oGm;OD;awmh}
OD;rif;ausmfrSm a'gormefyGm;vsuf qlqlnHnHESifh wdkufay:rS qif;oGm;av&m OD;pH&Sm;rSmrl
at;at;aq;aq; &Sdaom trlt&mESifh aq;wHudk aomuf&SLvsuf &Sdav\/
&Sm;/
; /]b,fhES,fvJ udkodef;armif? b,fvdk xifjrifcsufrsm; ay;p&m&SdovJ}
uRefawmf/ /]uRefawmhf xifjrifcsufuawmh olU&kyfvuPmudk
onfvdkvl[m olvdkcsifwJh t&m&SdNyD qdkrSjzifh r,m;toufaom bmaom ....}

axmufjcif;jzifh

&Sm;/
; /]tppfyJ usKyfvJ 'DvdkyJ xifw,f}
uRefawmf/ /]q&mr rBuD;a&TESifh olUtjzpfudk cifAsm; b,fhES,fodovJ}
&Sm;/
; /]'guawmh jzef;vHk; udkodef;armif? oufouf jzef;vHk;yg? ol pma&;yHk? 'DtrIrSm ol
*&kpdkufyHkwdkUudk axmufjcif;tm;jzifh OD;rif;ausmf[m r,m;a':ESif;jr aoqHk;jcif;xuf q&mr
rBuD;a&T tzrf;cH&jcif; twGufudk om ylyefaMumif;udk od&w,f? ,ckvdk ylyefjcif;onf
xdkolESpfOD;wdkU &if;ESD;pGm qufoG,fjcif; &SdwJ htwGuf jzpf&r,fvdkU usKyfuawG;NyD; wyftyfaocsm
odwJhtaeESifh jzef;vdkufjcif; jzpfw,f}
uRefawmf/ /]ol jyefvmaumif;ygao;Asmh aemf}
&Sm;/
; /]{uefrkcs jyefvm&r,f? 'DtrIudk ,ckvdk wpfydkif;wpfpESifh b,fenf;ESifhrS ol
ypfrxm;edkifbl;? rkcs jyefvm&r,f? a[m ajym&if;qdk&if avSum;u wufvmwm olU
ajcoHrSwfw,f}
OD;rif;ausmfonf tcef;wGif;odkU wzefjyef 0ifvm&m if;\ rsufESmxm;rSm
xGufoGm;pOftcguuJhodkU SL;SL;&Sm;&Sm; r&SdawmhbJ trsufudk NrdKodyf xm;[ef&Sd\/
ausmf/ /]OD;pH&Sm; ajympum;udk wpfzefpOf;pm;MunfUawmh uRefawmfu vrf;rSm;[ef
wlygw,f? odkUaomfvJ rBuD;a&TESifh uRefawmfESifh tjzpftysuf[m 'DtrIESifh bmrS roufqdkifbl;vdkU
uRefawmf xifygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]qdkif rqdkif qHk;jzwfzdkU[m uRefawmhf tvkyfjzpfygw,f}
ausmf/ /]&SdygapawmhAsm? ar;vdkU &SdrS ajym&wmaygh? udkif; cifAsm; odcsifwm ar;ygawmh}
137

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/
; /]rSefwJhtwdkif; tvHk;pHk uRefawmf odvdkw,f}
xdktcg OD;rif;ausmfonf ajEBuD;aom rsufESmxm;wpfrsdK; jyif atmufygtwdkif;
ajymjyav\/
ausmf/ /]rvTJomvdkUom ajym&? w,fNyD; ajymzdkU cufwmrsdK;uvm;Asm? wdkwdk&Hk;NyD;
ajym&rSmjzifh 'DvdkAs? uRefawmfESifh rESif;jrESifh taMumif;ygMuawmh uRefawmfu touf 25 ESpf?
olu tysdKBuD; touf 35 ESpf&SdNyD? acsmwmvSwm rawmh ajymp&m r&Sdygaybl;? uRefawmfh
rdef;rvdk[m &Sm;ygw,f? [kdwkef;uawmh olESifh uRefawmfESifh toufq,fESpf uGmwm[m
raxmif;wmao;bl; qdkOD;awmh? t&G,fyif &ifhaomfvJ tqif;u zHk;aewJh twGuf rxif&Sm;vSbl;
qdkOD;awmh? ,ckawmh uRefawmfu 45 ESpf? olu 55 ESpf qdkawmh tifrwef uGmjcm;NyD; 55
ESpform;[m wu,fh tr,ftdkBuD;jzpfaewmudk? uRefawmfwdkU aygif;oif;vmMuwm tESpfeSpfq,f
&SdMuNyD? uRefawmfuawmh rSefwJhtwdkif; ajym&rSmjzifh tr,ftdkBuD; jzpfaewm jrif&JUom;ESifh
[kdwkef;uvdk ESpfESpfoufouf r&SdEdkifygbl;cifAsm? oluawmh ESpfaygif;ESpfq,f MumaomfvJ arwm
rysufwJhtjyif a&S;uxufawmif wdk;NyD; uRefawmfhudk pGJvef;ESpfoufygw,f? vlqdkwmrsdK;[m
udk,fu rESpfoufbJ udk,fhudk olwpfxl;u tvGeftrif; pGJvrf;ESpfoufaewmudk awGU&NyD qdkrSjzifh
tifrwef taecufNyD; atmfuvD qefawmhrvdk jzpfwwfygw,f? tJ'gaMumifh uRefawmfhtay:rSm
arwmpdwf avsmhygapawmhvdkU oabmxm;NyD; olUudk rmefvdkuf rJvdkuf? Budrf;vdkuf armif;vdkuf
vkyf&jcif; jzpfygw,f? edkYayr,fh uRefawmfu &ufpufavav? olu uRefawmfhtay:rSm arwm
ydkavav &Sdaeygw,f? xdkuJhodkU &SdaewJh tawmtwGif;rSm q&mr rBuD;a&Tudk uRefawmfh
uav;ESpfa,muf twGuf tdrfrSm ynmoifzdkU iSm;rdygw,f? a&mufvmwJh q&mruvJ tifrwef
acsmvSwJh rdef;rwpfa,muf jzpfavawmh ykxkZOfwdkU oabmtwdkif; uRefawmfu ESpfoufpHkruf
rdayw,f? rBuD;a&Tudk cifAsm; jrif&vQif uRefawmfESpfoufonfUtwGuf tjypf rqdkaybl; vdkU
uRefawmfxifygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /][kwfuJh? ESpfouf&Hk ESpfoufvdkU awmh tjypf rqdkvdkygbl;? odkUaomf cifAsm;udk rSDcdkNyD;
ae&SmwJh rdef;uav;wpfa,muf jzpfonfUtwGuf cifAsm;u ESpfoufpHkrufaMumif; zGifh[NyD;
ajymr,fqdk&ifawmh tjypfqdkvdkw,f}
ausmf/ /]tjypf qdkcsifvJ qdkawmh? uRefawmfjzifh ajymrdayw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]aMomf 'Dvdkvm;}
ausmf/ /]r,m;i,ftjzpfESifh cspfBudKufedkifcJhvQif aiGwpfaomif; wifygr,fvdkU uRefawmfu
ajymrdw,f}
xdktcg OD;pH&Sm;u avSmifajymifvsuf
&Sm;/
; /]w,fNyD; &ufa&mygayoAsm}
ausmf/ /]uRefawmf ajymyg&ap OD;pH&Sm;? cifAsm;qDudk uRefawmfvmjcif;[m trItwGuf
aqmif&Gufay;zdkU vmjcif;jzpfygw,f? cifAsm; Mo0g'udk cH,lzdkU vmwm r[kwfygbl;}

138

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/
; /]rSefw,f? uRefawmfuvJ 'DtrIrSm aqmif&Gufay;vdkU &Sd&if cifAsm;twGuf r[kwf?
q&mruav;udk oem;ojzifh omvQif aqmif&Gufay;jcif; jzpfw,f?cifAsm;wdkUvdk ydkufqHaygwJh
vlawG[m igwdkU bmyJvkyfvkyf aiGESifh zHk;&if vHka&mhvdkU atmufarhwwfw,f? 'DvdkvlrsdK;udk
uRefawmfb,fawmhrS tm;ray;csifbl;}
ausmf/ /]rSefygw,f? cifAsm; ajymwJhpum; oifhavsmfygw,f? odkUaomf 'DudprSmawmh
uRefawmfu b,fvdkyif ajymaomfvJ rBuD;a&Tu uRefawmfh tBuHtpnfudk oabmrwlygbl;?
uRefawmfu ajymonfESifh wNydKifeuf rBuD;a&Tu tvkyfxGufzdkU pmwifygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]'gjzifh bmaMumifh xGufroGm;ovJ}
ausmf/ /]uRefawmfu aemufudk 'DtaMumif;ESifh pyfvsOf;vdkU b,fawmhrS rajymawmhygbl;vdkU
y#dnmOfay;wmu wpfaMumif;? uRefawmf[m oabmcufxefol wpfaa,muf jzpfonfUtavsmuf
vufatmufi,fom;rsm;tm; pnf;urf;twdkif; wif;wif;MuyfMuyfjyKonfU tcgrSm ol0ifNyD;
ajymvQif xdkolrSm oufomcGifh &wwfygw,f? tJ'gaMumifh ol&SdaecJh vQif vufatmuf
qif;&Jom;rSm csrf;omcGifh&oGm;onfudk olawGUwmuwpfaMumif;? xkdtaMumif; ESpfcsuffaMumifh
tvkyfrS rxGufbJ qufvufNyD; aexdkifjcif; jzpfygw,f? xkdtawmtwGif;rSm rESif;jr aoqHk;jcif;
jzpfygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]a':ESif;jr aoyHktaMumif; pyfvsOf; bmrsm;ajymzdkU &SdygovJ}
ausmf/ /]uRefawmfhr,m; rESif;jr? rBuD;a&Tonf uRefawmfhtay:rSm MoZm&Sdaeonfudk jrif
rdef;rwdkU "rwm tifrwef remvdkjcif; jzpfwmrSefygw,f? onfawmhu rBuD;a&Tudk awmf&mrSm
awGUzdkUcsdef;NyD; 'Dtdrfu xGufroGm; oGm;atmif uRefawmfh ajcmufvHk;jyL;ESifh Ncdrf;ajcmuf&mwGif
aoewfudk wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,mufvk&if; aoewfarmif; usoGm;NyD; Ncdrf;ajcmufwJhvludk
rSefoGm;w,fvdkU uRefawmf awG;rdygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]uRefawmfvJ 'Dvdk awG;rdyg&JU}
ausmf/ /]odkUaomf rBuD;a&T udk,fwdkifu 'Dvdk r[kwfbl;vdkU ajymaew,f}
&Sm;/
; /]ajymayrJh aemufqHk;pum; r[kwfao;ygbl;av? aoewfudk ua,mifuwrf;ESifh
,loGm;NyD; xm;rdxm;&m olUAD&dkxJrSm 0Sufxm;vdkufua&m? aemif aoewfudk awGUawmhrS olUtay:
trIywfrSm pdk;avawmh t&Sif;uG,fwm jzpfcsifvJ jzpfedkifw,f? r[kwfaybl;vm;Asm}
ausmf/ /][kwfuJh rBuD;a&T oabmudk rodwJhvlawmh onfvdkawG;p&m &Sdyg&JU}
&Sm;/
; /]'gvJ rSefw,f? udkif; 'Dawmh rBuD;a&Tudk uRefawmf awGUcsifao;w,f? b,frSmxm;
ovJ? yJcl;rSm xm;ovm;}
ausmf/ /]rSefygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; 'gjzifh yJcl;udk uRefawmfwdkU vdkufMuOD;pdkU}

139

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

ausmf/ /]cifAsm;wdkU oGm;ESifhyg? 'DNrdKUrSm

ae&pfyg&apOD;? NyD;NyD;csif; uRefawmf vdkufcJhygr,f}

udpu
av;wpfck

&Sdao;vdkU

uRefawmf

if;aemuf uRefawmfESifh OD;pH&Sm;wdkUonf xdkaeU pmydkU&xm;ESifh yJcl;NrdKUodkU vdkufMuav\/

odkYygaomfvJ q&mr rBuD;a&TESifh xkdaeU awGU&ef trdefUcHr&bJ &Sdaeum; uRefawmfwdkUonf
trIjzpfyGm;&m jzpfaom &pfuefblwmodkU qufvuf vdkufoGm;Muav\/
&pfuefblwmodkU qdkufa&mufMuaom tcg xdkvlowfrItaMumif;udk pHkprf;cJhzl;aom
Xmemtkyf udkjrazESifh awGUav&m udkjrazonf OD;pH&Sm;\ awmif;cHcsuftwdkif; trIjzpfyGm;&m
ae&mudk vdkuf jyav\/ vrf;c&D;
&Sm;/
; /]b,fhES,fvJ udkjraz? cifAsm;oabm b,fhES,f&ovJ}
az/
az /]uRefawmhf oabmawmhjzifh q&mr rBuD;a&Tu owfwm trSefESifh wlygw,f q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]aoewfuawmh OD;rif;ausmf aoewf trSefyJaemf}
az/
az /]trSefygyJwJh q&m? OD;rif;ausmfu ydkufqH tifrwef aygavawmh tpdk;& ppfpm;p&dwf
acs;pOfu aiGawG odyfxnfUNyD; aoewfvdkifpifawG ,lcsifwdkif; ,lxm;wmudk; q&m?
ajcmufvHk;jyL;u ESpfvuf oHk;vuf? aoewfBuD;u oHk;av;vuf? wu,fhta&;ydkiftdrf? rif;BuD;tdrf
usaewmyJ q&m? rBuD;a&T AD&kdxJrSm awGUwJh aoewf[mvJ olUaoewfxJu wpfvufyJ}
&Sm;/
; /]usKyfwdkU jrefrmvlrsdK;xJu aoewfvdkifpif 'Davmufrsm;rsm; ay;ovm;Asm}
az/
az /][kdwkef;tcguawmh aiGig;&m acs;ekdif&if aoewfvdkifpif &awmhwmaygh q&m? olvdk
aiGwpfodef; acs;wJhvlawmh vdkifpif av;ig;ck bmcufrvJ q&m}
xkduJhodkU ajym&if;qdk&if; uRefawmfwdkUonf acsmif;udk jzwfausmfxm;aom wHwm;wpfckodkU
qdkufa&mufvmMuav\/
az/
az /]a[m'Dae&mu a':ESif;jr tavmif;awGUwJh ae&myJ q&m? [dkausmufwHk;[m uRefawmf
rSwfxm;wJh ausmufwHk;yJ}
&Sm;/ /]trIjzpfyGm;NyD;NyD;jcif; cifAsm; a&mufovm;}
az/
az /]a&mufygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]b,folu tac:ckdif;ovJ}
az/
az /]OD;rif;ausmfu tac:ckdif;ygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]aoewf'Pf&mu teD;rSm uyfypfwJh 'Pf&mqdk}
az/
az /][kwfw,f q&m? ,rf;ckd;awmif pGJoGm;ygao;w,f}
&Sm;/
; /]b,fae&mrSm rSefovJ}
140

a&TOa'gif;

az/
az /]ezl;rSm? vufsmbufu q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]b,fyHk vJaeovJ}
az/
az /]yufvufvJ aew,fq&m? axG;vHk;owfykwfwJh ajc&mvJr&Sd? vufeufvJ r&Sd?
vuf0JbufvufrSmawmh rBuD;a&T a&;wJh pmwpfapmif qkyfudkifxm;wm awGUygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]qkyfxm;ovm;}
az/
az /]qkyfxm;vdkUrS renf; jznf,l&w,f q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]tJ'g ta&;MuD;oAsdKU? aoNyD;rS olrsm; vmxnfhonf r[kwf? raorDu &SdaeaMumif;
xif&Sm;w,f? pmxJygwmu n 7 em&DrSm wHwm;OD;odkU vmcJhrnf? rBuD;a&TwJh r[kwfvm;}
az/
az /]rSefygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]'Dpmudk rBuD;a&Tu ola&;aMumif; 0efcHovm;}
az/
az /]0efcHygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]'DtaMumif; b,fvdk ajymovJ}
az/
az /]puf&SifkH;usawmhrS xkacsr,fvdkU ajymw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]'DpmawGUyHku awmfawmf tpOf;pm;&usyfw,fvdkU cifAsm; rxifbl;vm;}
az/
az /]uRefawmfjzifh tifrwef &Sif;w,fvdkU xifygw,f q&m}
xdktcg OD;pH&Sm;u OD;acgif;udk &rf;vsuf
&Sm;/
; /]'Dpmudk aetdrfrSm &NyD;wJhaemuf? csdef;wJh ae&mudk vmwJhtcgrSm 'Dpmudk,lvmzdkU
vdkao;ovm;Asm}
az/
az /]'gawmh ol,lwmudk; q&m}
OD;pH&Sm;onf aq;wHukd aq;jznfh NyD;vQif wHwm;vuf&ef;ay:wGif xdkif
IzGm&if;t&yfav;rsufESmudk vSrf;umvSrf;um Munfhrdav\/ xdkaemuf xkdif&mrS kwfw&uf x
tjcm;buf vuf&ef;odkU ul;oGm;NyD;vQif iHkUvQdK;um MunfhNyD;rS
&Sm;/
; /]'Dae&mrSm yJhaeyguvm;}
az/
az /][kwfuJh q&m? vufaqmhwJh uav;rsm; wkwfESifh &kdufoGm;w,f xifyg&JU}
uRefawmfonf teD;odkU csOf;uyf aocsmpGm MunfUIaomtcg opfom;vuf&ef;
wpfckaomae&mwGif ydefU0ifvsuf&Sdonfudk awGUjrif&av\/ OD;pH&Sm;onf vufrS udkifaom
wkwfaumufESifh vuf&ef;udk oHk;av;csuf &dkufMunfU&m &SdaeNyD;aom t&muJhokdU eufpGm
rxifaMumif; awGUjrif&av\/
141

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/
; /]awmfawmfjyif;jyif; xdrSefjcif;ESifh wlw,f? NyD;awmhvJ txufrS xdrSefjcif; r[kwf?
atmufrS xdrSefjcif; jzpf&r,f}
az/
az /]'Dae&mu tavmif;awGUwJhae&mESihf qdkawmh q,fhig;ayavmuf a0;yguvm; q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]rSefw,f? 'gaMumifhrdkU 'DtyJh[m ,cktrIESifh oufqdkifcsifvJ oufqdkifr,f? rouffqdkifcsifvJ
aer,f? axG;vHk;owfykwfwJh ajc&mawmh rawGUbl; qdkoaemf}
az/
az /]ajrBuD;uvJ rmw,f q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; &Sdap? OD;rif;ausmf tdrfudk ce oGm;vdkufMuOD;pdkU}
uRefawmfwdkUonf OD;rif;ausmf\ aetdrfodkU a&mufMuaomtcg ,cifu awGUzl;aom
OD;rif;ausmf\ udk,fpm;vS,f armifnGefUvlESifh awGU if;u OD;rif;ausmfonf tvGefw&m cufxef
armufrmaom vlwpfa,muf jzpfaMumif;ESifh xyfavmif; tppfcHav\/
&Sm;/
; /]olUr,m;a':ESif;jrudk &dkufvm; ykwfvm; jyKzl;ovm;}
vl/ /]'Dvdkawmh vufxdvufa&muf rjyKzl;ygbl; cifAsm? odkUaomf olajymwJh pum;awGu
&dkufoavmufru emusnf;atmif ajymwwfygw,f}
if;aemuf OD;pH&Sm;onf ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewfudk awmif;,l aocsmpGm udkifMunfUNyD;vQif
wpfzef ay;tyfcJh blwm&HkodkU jyefvmMuav\/ vrf;c&D;
&Sm;/
; /]trItoGm;tvm MunfUvdkufawmhjzifh q&mr rBuD;a&Tudk pGyfpGJp&m taMumif;awG
rsm;aewm trSefyJ? wpfcsufyJ usKyfrBudKufwm &Sdw,f}
uRefawmf/ /]b,ftcsuf[mvJ Asm}
&Sm;/
; /]olU AD&dkxJrSm aoewfawGUw,f qdkwJh taMumif;[myJ}
uRefawmf/ /]b,fhES,fvJAsm? 'DtwGufaMumifh rBuD;a&T tay:rSm omNyD;awmh xifp&m&Sdw,f
r[kwfvm;}
&Sm;/
; /]'Dvdk r[kwfbl; udkodef;armif? vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufudk pGyfpGJawmhr,fqdkvQif pGyfpGJ&ef
taMumif;tcsufawG[m tm;vHk;nDnGwf&if ae&m rusbl;Asm}
uRefawmf/ /]aumif;aumif; r&Sif;aygifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]aumif;NyD? usKyfajymjyr,f? rdef;rwpfa,muf[m tjcm;rdef;rwpfa,mufudk owfzdkU
wiful;BuHpnfNyD; ajcmufvHk;jyL;udk ,lxm;? pmESifh a&;NyD; aoaocsmcsmcsdef;? [kdrdef;r vmawmhudk
ypfowf? ,ckvdk aoaocsmcsm wiful; pDpOfNyD;wJh aemufrS aoewfudk eD;&m acsmif;xJ
ypfrxm;cJhbJ olUae&m jyef,loGm;NyD; olUAD&dkxJ0Sufxm;w,fqdkwm [kwfedkifyghrvm;}
uRefawmf/ /]ua,mifuwef;ESifh xm;rdxm;&m xm;&ifaumAsm}

142

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/
; /]rjzpfekdifbl; udkodef;armif? owfzdkU&mudk MudKwifNyD; pdwful;xm;cJhvdkU&Sd&if
ajc&mazsmufzdkUudkvJ MudKwifNyD; pdwful;xm;&r,f? q&mr rMuD;a&Tu 'DajcmufvHk;jyL;
a&mufaewmudk olrod&ygbl;wJh ajymw,f? olUpum; rSefcJhvdkU&SdvQif wpfa,mufu rBuD;a&T
tay:rSm trIywfatmif olUAD&dkxJ vmxm;r,f r[kwfvm;? 'DvdkqdkvQif xm;aomol[m
owfaomol r[kwfaybl;vm;? odkUaomf yJcl;a&mufrS rBuD;a&TESifh awGUNyD; aoaocsmcsm
qHk;jzwfMupdkUav}
uRefawmfwdkUonf yJcl;NrdKUodkU qdkufa&mufMuaomtcg tcsKyfcHae&aom rBuD;a&TESifh awGU&ef
tcGifh yefMum;NyD;aemuf if;\a&SUae OD;b0if;ESifh twl tcsKyfcef;odkU 0ifoGm;Muav\/
rBuD;a&TrSm kyfqif;oPmef pifppfjynfUpHkonfU rdef;rwpfa,mufjzpfay&m if;\ xl;jcm;aom
tcsufwpfckrSm if;\ rsufESmudk jrifvdkuf&onfESifh wjydKifeuf El;nHYodrfarGUaom
pdwfoabm&SdaMumif;rSm aumif;pGmxif&Sm;ay\/
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; q&mr? trIuawmhjzifh awmfawmfyJ Iyfaew,f? onfawmh q&mru
usKyfwdkUudk [kwfwdkif;rSef&m ukefpifatmif ajymavrS 'DtrIudk uGif;vHk;uRwfatmif usKyfwdkU
aqmif&GufekdifzdkU &Sdvdrfhr,f? r[kwfbl;vm; OD;b0if;}
0if;/ /]rSefygw,f}
rBuD;a&TrSm trI pHkaxmufBuD; OD;pH&Sm;udk,fwdkif aqmif&GufrnfUtaMumif; od&SdonfUESihf
wjydKifeuf tvGefId;EGrf; tm;avsmhvsuf&Sdaom rsufESmxm;rS Munfvif&Tifysaom rsufESmxm;odkU
ajymif;vJvmNyD;vQif ar;orQudk [kwfrSefonfUtwdkif; ajymygrnf[k 0efcHav\/
&Sm;/
; /]a':ESif;jrESifh q&mrESifh tajctaeudk ajymjyprf;ygOD;}
a&T/ /]a':ESif;jru olUa,musfm;ESifh uRefrudk txiftjrif vGJNyD; uRefrudk
tvGefw&m rkef;cJhygw,f? uRefru qif;&Jom; v,form;rsm; oufomcGifh &atmif wpfcgwpfav
0ifajymvdkU olUa,musfm;u em;axmifvQif olUa,musfm;tay:rSm uRefrMoZm pl;&rvm;qdkNyD;
uRefrtay:rSm &efId;zGJUvsuf &Sdygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]a':ESif;jraowJh aeUu tjzpftysufudk ajymjyprf;ygOD;}
a&T/ /]xkdaeUu uRefr pmoifwJh pm;yGJay:rSm pmwpfapmif awGUygw,f? tJ'DpmxJrSm
a':ESif;jru n 9 em&DtcsdefrSm xdkwHwm;udk olESifhawGU&atmif vmzdkUtaMumif;? vmrnf
rvmrnfudk jyefpma&; 0if;wHcg;rSm Syfxm;zdkU taMumif;? olUpmudk zwfNyD;NyD;csif; qkwfypfzdkU
taMumif;ESifh pmudk awGU&ygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]b,ftwGufaMumifh olUpmudk qkwfypfzdkU rSmowJhvJ}
a&T/ /]olUa,musfm; awGUoGm;&if olUudk Budrf;rSmpdk;onfU twGuf jzpfw,fvdkU xifygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]q&mr jyefpmudkawmh odrf;xm;yguvm;}
a&T/ /][kwfuJh? olUvufxJrSm jyefpmawGUw,fvdkU Mum;awmh tHhMordygw,f}

143

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/
; /]ajymygOD;}
a&T/ /]'gESifh [dknu olrSmwJhtwdkif; uRefroGm;vdkU wHwm;a&mufawmh olu
apmihfaeESifhw,f? awGUawGUcsif; bmrS rajymygESifhawmh? tdrfrSmwkef; olUa,musfm;a&SUrdkU
atmifhxm;orQawG uRefrudk ajymvdkuf qdkvdkuf Budrf;vdkuf armif;vdkuf qJa&;vdkuf ay;pm;vdkufeSifh
,kwf,kwfrmrm rMum;0Hh remomawG 'vpyf &Gwfavawmh uRefrrSm rMum;0HhwmESihf em;udk ydwfNyD;
tdrfjyefajy;cJh&ygw,f? n 11 em&Davmuf usawmh [dkae&mrSmyJ tavmif;awGUw,fvdkU Mum;&NyD;
oGm;MunfUMuygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]q&mr xGufvmawmh tdrfrSm OD;rif;ausmf &Sd&pfovm;}
a&T/ /]&Sd&pfygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]jyefvmawmhaum &Sdovm;}
a&T/ /]&Sdygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]q&mr bD&dkxJrSm awGUwJh aoewfudk t&ifu jrifzl;ovm;}
a&T/ /]rjrifzl;ygbl;}
&Sm;/
; /]aoewfudk b,fae&mrSm awGUovJ}
a&T/ /]t0wfawGxJrSm awGUygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]'Dae&mudk aoewfa&mufaewm b,favmufMumNyDvJvdkU rajymekdifbl;vm;}
a&T/ /]reufcif;u 'dkbDvmvdkU t0wfxnfUawmh aoewf rawGUao;yg}
&Sm;/
; /]'gjzifh wpfa,mufa,mufu q&mr tay:rSm trIywfatmif wrifwum vmxm;
wmaygh}
a&T/ /]'gESifh wlygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]'DtrI &Sif;vif;zdkUtwGuf bmrsm; ajymp&m usefao;ovJ}
a&T/ /]bmrS awG;r&yg}
&Sm;/
/]tavmif;awGUwJh wHwm;rSm
;
b,fvdkaMumifh qdkwm q&mr ajymekdifovm;}

opfom;enf;enf;yJhaewm

wpfckawGUw,f?

a&T/ /]rajymekdifyg}
xdktcg OD;pH&Sm;onf aq;wHudk rD;Sd aomufNyD;aemuf rsufarSmifMuKwfum
twefMumatmif ai;pkduf aeav&m uRefawmfESihf wuG a&SUaeOD;b0if;ESifh rBuD;a&TwdkUonf
if;\tuJudk cyfvsuf &SdaeMuav\/ twefi,fMumvwfaomf OD;pH&Sm;onf &kwfw&uf
tBuHay:vmonfU vuPmESifh aygifudk ykwfvsuf xkdif&mrS xNyD;vQif
144

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/
; /]vmAsdKU udkodef;armif? oGm;MuOD;pdkU}
0if;/ /]bmrsm;vJ OD;pH&Sm;}
&Sm;/
; /]pdwfcsaeyg q&mr? reufjzefcgawmh 'DtrIudk usKyf &Sif;vif;edkifygvdrfhr,f?
'Dwpf&ufawmh onf;cHNyD; apmihf&pfayOD;awmhAsm}
blwm&HkodkU a&mufMuaomtcg OD;pH&Sm;onf &efukefvufrSwf r,lbJ &pfuef
vufrSwfESpfapmifudk ,lvmcJhav\/ rD;&xm;ay: odkU wufrdMuaomtcg 'kwd,wef;wpfwGJvHk;
uRefawmfwdkUESpfa,mufomvQif &SdcJh&m OD;pH&Sm;onf rdrd ,laqmifcJhaom ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewfudk
wudkifudkifESihf xkwf MunfUav\/ xdktcg uRefawmfonf if;\ trlt&mudk em;rvnfekdifonf
jzpf
uRefawmf/ /]aoewfudk bmaMumihf 'Davmufawmif xkwfxkwfMunfUae&wmvJAsmh? ,ck
oGm;r,fh vrf;u ab;tE&m,f jrifvdkUvm;}
&Sm;/
; /]r[kwfbl;Asmh? 'DtrIrSm tIyftaxG;udk 'Daoewfu &Sif;vif;vdrfhr,f}
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; /]em;rvnf&ifvJ tomaeav? tcsdefwefawmh EGm;ydefuefvdrfhr,fvdkU pum;yHk &Sdw,f
r[kwfvm;}
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AefcsnfBudK;wpfxHk;udk 0,fNyD;vQif Xmemtkyf udkjrazudk ac: tavmif;awGU&m wHwm;odkU
oGm;Muav\/ wHwm;odkU a&mufMuaomtcg OD;pH&Sm;onf AefcsnfBudK;xHk;udk ajz wpfzufaom
tpESifh if;\ ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewfudk csnfNyD;vQif tjcm;aom tpESifh ausmufcJBuD;wpfvHk;udk
csnfav&m uRefawmfESifh udkjrazwdkUrSm em;rvnfedkifojzihf tHhMopGmESihf MunfUaeMuav\/
if;aemuf OD;pH&Sm;onf BudK;csnfxm;aom ausmufwHk;udk wHwm;vuf&ef;ay:rS ausmfcs
aoewfudk udkif tavmif;awGUaom ae&modkU oGm;&yfae&m MudK;onf awmifhvsuf&Sdav\/
if;aemuf OD;pH&Sm;onf aoewfudk OD;acgif;qDodkU ajrmufjyD;aemuf &kwfw&uf vTwfvdkuf&m
wHwm;wpfzuf&Sdaom ausmufwHk;onf aoewfxufav;onf jzpfaomaMumifh aoewfonf
vufrS vTwfonfESifh wjydKifeuf ausmufwHk;&Sd&modkU oGm; wHwm;vuf&ef;ESifh &dkufNyD;vQif
ausmufwHk;a&m aoewfyg acsmif;xJodkU usoGm;av\/
OD;pH&Sm;onf pdwftm;BuD;pGmaom trlt&mESifh vQifjrefpGmajy;oGm; aoewfESifh vuf&ef;
&dkufrdaom ae&mudk iHkU MunfUNyD;aemuf 0rf;ajrmufvSaom trlt&mESifh uRefawmfwdkUtm;
ac:iifap\/ uRefawmfESifh udkjrazwdkUonfvnf; teD;odkU csOf;uyfMu&mwGif ,cifuawGU&aom
yJh&mteD; if;ESifh yHkoPmefwlnDaom 'kwd,yJh&mudk awGUjrif&av\/
xdktcg OD;pH&Sm;onf tHhMopGmESifh ai;MunfUaeaom uRefawmfwdkU ESpfa,muftm;

145

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/
/]MunfUMuprf;ygOD;Asm? 'DxufaocsmwJh &Sif;vif;csuf b,frSm&SdedkifrSmvJ?
;
usKyfaoewfu 'DtrIudk aumif;aumif;MuD; &Sif;vif;vdkufayNyD? udkjrazu &Gmom;rsm;udk ac:jyD;
wHwm;atmufu acsmif;xJudk a&ikyfjyD; &SmapvQif usKyfaoewfESifh onfUjyifaoewf wpfvufa&m
ausmufwpfvHk;pDESifh csnfvsuf a&xJrSm awGUvdrfhr,f? awmfawmfPfoGm;wJh a':ESif;jrayyJ ?
olUudk,fol ypfowfjyD; rMuD;a&Ttay: trIywfatmif Pfqifxm;vdkufyHk b,favmufae&m
usovJ? udkif; udkjraz? cifAsm; aoewfESpfvufudk jyef&atmif vlpkNyD; ,lcdkif;&pfayawmh ?
usKyfwdkUawmh 'DuaeU OD;rif;ausmf tdrfrSm tdyfjyD; reufjzefusrS rMuD;a&T vGwfzdkU pDrH&tHk;r,f}
xdkn OD;pH&Sm;onf if;trI taMumif;udk atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;vif;ajymjyav\/
&Sm;/
; /]'DtrIrSm usKyfacsmfoGm;awmhr,fvdkU enf;enf; vdkawmhw,f? wHwm;vuf&ef;rSm
yJhaewJh t&muav;udk awGUayvdkU? edkUrdkU&if jzifh rMuD;a&TtwGuf cyfcufcufyJ? vlrsm;[m
w,fcufw,f? vlwpfa,mufudk tvGefUtvGef rkef;jyD qdkrSjzifh xkdolysufpD;atmif[m PfawG
xGufjyD;vmwwfw,f? a':ESif;jr vkyfyHk MunfUawmh Asm? q&mr rMuD;a&Tudk t&SufwuGJ
tusdK;enf;aoap&atmif b,favmufPfqifNyD; xm;vdkufovJ? rMuD;a&T qDu [kdae&mrSm
csdef;pm&atmif olu pwifjyD;a&;? olUpmudkawmh qkwfypfcdkif;? rMuD;a&T pmudkawmh olu ,lcJh?
olUa,mufsm; ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewf wpfvufudk ,rf;awmifh wpfckavsmhatmif wpfcsuf
ypfazmufjyD; rMuD;a&T bD&dkxJrSm wdwfwdwf0Sufxm;? csdef;wJh tcsdefrSm wHwm;udkoGm;? rMuD;a&T
vmwJh tcgrSm olUpdwfxJ &SdwmawGudk tm;&atmifajym? rMuD;a&T jyefoGm;vdkU aoewfoH
rMum;avmufwJh ae&ma&mufawmhrS aoewfudk usKyfvkyfovkd vkyfjyD; olUudk,fol ypfowfwmudk
As? awmfawmfPfoGm;wJh rdef;rAsm? olUtMuHatmifzdkU[m enf;enf;uav;vdkawmhw,f? udkif;
bmrsm; r&Sif;wm &Sdao;ovJ}
uRef
uRefawmf/ /]vufOD;wHk;u acsmif;xJrSm bmaMumifh r&SmMuovJ Asm}
&Sm;/
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b,fhES,f ac: owJhvJ}
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*********

NyD;ygNyD/

146

a&TOa'gif;

7 / / udk,fhudk,fudk owfjcif;avm
;avm olwpfyg;owfjcif;avm

uRefawmf\ rdwfaqG armifpH&Sm;onf ]oHk;yGifhqdkif} toif;trIESifh ywfouf &Srf;jynfe,f

awmifydkif; awmifMuD;jrdKUodkU oGm;a&mufaxmufvSrf; pHkprf; ar;jref;vsuf&Sdonf/ wpfaeUaom
we*FaEGaeU pHkaxmuftifpydwfawmf armiftkef;azonf wdkufay: odkU wufvm vrf;avQmuf
wkwfudk wpfckaom axmifh xdk;ypfjyD;vQif yufvufukvm;xdkif ay:wGif xdkifum rdIifvsuf
&Sdaeav\/
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az/
az /]*Gusvdkufwm udkodef;armif&,f? q&mvJ r&Sdbl;? b,folrSvJ wdkifyifxdkufp&m
r&Sdbl;? odyfjyD; *GuswmyJ Asm}
uRefawmf/ /]udkpH&Sm;vJ vmvkygjyDAsm}
az/
az /]vmrSmu aemuf? uRefawmf t&SufuGJrSmu t&if jzpfaevdrfhr,f xifw,f
udkodef;armif&JU}
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vQifvJ ulnD&wmyAsm}
[k ajymaomtcg armiftkef;azonf uRefawmfvdk vlpm;ESifh a0;avpG[laom rsufESm
xm;rsdK;ESifh uRefawmftm; NyHK;aphaph MunfUvsuf&Sd&m uRefawmfu tjzpftysuf tvHk;pHkudk jyef
ajym&ef xyfavmif; awmif;yefonfwGif atmufygtwdkif; od&Sd&av\/
***
&efukefjrdKU u&dvrf; ( ,ck a&ausmfvrf; ) wGif rdk;ukwfjrdKUrS vma&mufajymif;a&TU aexkdif
aom ausmufyGJpm;MuD; OD;zkef;ausmf? yGJuawmf a': odef;&if [l &Sdav\/ OD;zkef;ausmfonf
rdk;ukwfjrdKU ausmufwGif;rsm; wl;azmfjcif; vkyfief;udk vkyfudkif ausmufwGif;atmifonfESifh
ausmufoHywjrm; tajrmuftjrm;ESifh &efukefjrdKUodkU qif;vmcJh&m ausmufrsm;udk a&mif;csjyD;aom
tcg rdk;ukwfodkU jyefvnf oGm;a&muf vkyfudkifjcif;xuf &efukefjrdKUrSae rdk;ukwfom; rdwfaqG
taygif;wdkUESifh qufoG,fjyD;vQif yGJpm;vkyfief;jzifh vkyfudkifjcif;onf omvGef tusdK;aus;Zl;
&Sdonf[k rSwfxifojzifh u&dvrf; wkdufwpfvHk;udk 0,f,lajymif;a&TU aexkdifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
,if;uJhodkU aexkdifpOf rdrdwdkU arQmfvifhcsuftwdkif; xkdpOftcgu ywjrm;aps;rSmvJ
tvGefaumif;onf jzpf rdk;ukwfjrdKUrS ausmufukefonfrsm; rMumcP vma&mufwnf;cdk
ausmufta&mif;t0,f tMuD;tus,f jyKMuonfwGif OD;zkef;ausmfwdkU\ vkyfief;rSm zGHjzdK;MuD;yGm;jcif;
&SdcJhav\/ xdkUjyif OD;zkef;ausmfwdkU\ wdkuftdrfrSm tawmftwef us,f0ef;onf jzpfaomaMumifh
ausmufukefonfrsm; wnf;cdkedkifavmuf&HkrQ ru rkd;ukwfjrdKUrS bk&m;zl;ajrmf&ef vma&mufolwdkUvJ
10 &uf 15 &uf ponfjzifh if;wdkufay:wGif aexdkifvsuf oifhavsmfaom tcaMu;aiGwdkUudk
147

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

vnf;aumif;? vufaqmif ypnf;wdkUudk vnf;aumif; ay;urf;Muonf jzpfaomaMumifh if;wdkufrSm

wpfenf;tm;jzifh rdk;ukwfom;rsm; twGuf [kdw,fMuD; wpfckozG,f jzpfavonf/
OD;zkef;ausmf aoqHk;jyD;aemuf a': odef;&ifonf t&G,fvJ i,f? om;orD;vJ rusef&pf
jzpfaomaMumifh aemufxyftdrfaxmif jyK&ef vG,fulcJhonf jzpf&m aemufa,musfm;rSm vlabmfausmh
jzpf tdyfum pm;um vnfywfumjzifhomvQif tcsdef ukefvGefap&um; a': odef;&ifonf
yxra,musfm;\ vkyfief;udk rdrdomvQif qufvufvkyfudkif cJh&av\/ yxyrl
rdwfa[mif;jzpfaom rdk;ukwfom;wdkUonf a&S;,cif OD;zkef;ausmf &SdpOftcg uJhodkUyif xkdtdrf
wnf;cdka&mif;0,fjcif; jyKMuonfjzpf vkyfief;onf wdk;wufjcif; r&Sdapumrl qkwf,kwf
ysufjym;onf [l rqdkekdifonf jzpf&m rsm;rMumrD twGif; ysufjym;qkwf,kwf&ef taMumif;rsm;
jzpfay:vmcJhav\/
wpfaeUo rdk;ukwfjrdKUrS ausmufukefonfMuD; wpfOD;onf tzdk;wefausmufeD
tajrmuftjrm;ESifh a': odef;&if \ aetdrfodkU qdkufa&mufvm&m a': odef;&ifonf
*kPft&nftcsif;ESihf jynfUpHkaom if;{nfUonftm; rdrd\ wdkuf wwd,txyfwGif taumif;
qHk;aom tcef;udk wnf;cdkaexdkif&ef jyifqif ay;av\/ a': odef;&if\ a,musfm; udkbarmf
onf a&S;,cifu vma&mufwnf;cdkaom {nfUonfrsm;udkrl rsm;pGm *&kjyKzl;onf r&SdbJ
ausmufukefonfMuD;tm;rl rdwfuRrf;w0if jzpfatmif pum;ajymqdkvsuf ygvmaom
ausmuf&dkif;rsm;eSifh wuG aoG;jyD;ausmufrsm;udk awmif;,l MunfUIvsuf? tzdk;EIH;wdkUudk cefUrSef;
jzwfqdkvsuf &SdcJhav\/
tqdkyg ausmufukefonfMuD; qdkufa&mufjyD;aemuf ig;&ufcefU Mumaomtcg
vuG,ftzdwfaeU jzpfav&m ausmufukefonfMuD;onf xdknOfU tcgwdkif;uJhodkU udkbarmfESifh
jrdKUwGif;odkU vnfywfjcif; rjyKbJ acgif;tenf;i,fudkufonf[k ajymjyD;vQif rdrd\ tdyfcef;odkU
cyfapmapmyif 0ifav\/ if; wwd,txyfum; tdrfcef;ESpfcef;rQ &Sdav&m wpfcef;rSm
tjcm;{nfUonf r&SdbJ wpfcef;omvQif ausmufukefonfMuD; tdyfav\/
vuG,faeU eHeuf tapcH omOD;onf rdrd jyKNrJ jzpfonfUtwdkif; umzDESifh aygifrkefUrsm;udk
wdkufay: odkU ,loGm;av&m ausmufukefonfMuD; rxao;onfudk jrifonfESifh umzDcGufESifh
aygifrkefUudk pm;yJGwpfckay: wifxm;cJhjyD;vQif wdkufatmufodkU qif;oGm;av\/ 15 rdepfcefU
Mumaomtcg omOD;onf umzDcGufrsm;udk odrf;qnf;&ef wdkufay: odkU wufvm&m
umzDcGufrsm;rSm rdrdxm;cJhonfU twdkif; &SdonfUjyif ausmufukefonfMuD;\ tcef;rSmvJ
rzGifhao;bJ &Sdaeonfudk awGU&Sd&av\/ tcgwdkif;rlum; ausmufukefonfMuD;onf
rdk;vif;onfESifh wjydKifeuf tdyf&mrS xNrJjzpfaMumif;udk omOD; od&SdonfESifh aexdkifraumif;
rxao;bJ &Sdaeoavm[k ar;jref;pHkprf;&ef tcef;wHcg;udk acgufav&m tcef;wGif;rS
rnfonfUtoHrS rMum;&bJ &Sdaeav\/ xdktcg omOD;onf tenf;i,f pdk;&drfruif; &Sdonfjzpf&m
tcef;wHcg;udk cyfjyif;jyif;acgufvsuf ac:iifjyefav&m tcef;wGif;rlum; a&S;enf;twl
wdwfqdwfpGm &SdaeonfudkomvQif awGU&jyefav\/ xdktcg omOD;onf pdk;&drfonfxuf pdk;&drfjcif;
tm;MuD;vmonf jzpf wdkufatmufodkU qif;jyD;vQif a': odef;&if tm; tusdK;taMumif;udk
ajymjyav\/
udkbarmfrSmrl xdktcsdeftcg tjyifodkU oGm;a&muf vnfywfaecdkuf jzpfojzifh
wdkufatmuf r&Sdacs/ a': odef;&ifonf omOD; ajympum;udk Mum;&vQif ausmufukefonfMuD;rSm
148

a&TOa'gif;

ntcguvnf; acgif;udkufonf? ,ckrSmrl xl;&efudkrQ rwwfedkifatmif tonf;toef zsm;emyif

aeavoavm[k ysm,D;ysm,m omOD;ESifhtwl wdkufay: odkU wufvmjyD;vQif wHcg;udk cyfjyif;jyif;
aqmihf acgufav\/ odkU&mwGif tcef;wGif;um ;qdwfjidrfvsufyif &Sdaeav\/
tcef;zGJUxm;aom ysOfwdkUrSm wdkuf\ trdk;odkU wdkifatmif xda&mufav&um; tcef;wGif;odkU
wHcg;rS wpfyg; ausmf wuf&ef enf;vrf; rjrifonf jzpfaomaMumifh a': odef;&ifonf
omOD;tm; wHcg;udk udk,fapmif;wdkuf twif;zGifhap&m oHk;MudrfrQ wkdufrdaomtcg wHcg;onf
&kwfw&uf yGifhoGm;jyD;vQif tcef;wGif; aMumufrufzG,f tjcif;t&mudk awGUjrif&onfESifh a':
odef;&ifrSm rsufESmudk vuf0g;ESifh tkyfum u,fawmfrlMuyg [k [pfatmfvsuf &Sdav\/
xdkUaemufrS a': odef;&ifonf tBuH&onfESifh wdkufatmufodkU qif;ajy;cJh w,fvDzkef;ESifh
XmemodkU taMumif;Mum;av&m XmemtkyfESifh ykvdyft&m&Sd eSpfa,mufwdkUvJ wdkufodkU
a&mufvmMuav\/ ykvdyft&m&Sdrsm; a&mufvmMuaomtcg a': odef;&if rSm rnfodkUrQ
rajymedkifbJ &ifbwfudk pHkxkvsuf ]tusdK;enf;ygjyDawmh ? tusdK;enf;ukefygjyDawmh} [l omvQif
a&&Gwfjrnfwrf;vsuf &Sd&m ykvdyft&m&SdwdkUonf omOD;udk ac: wdkufay: odkU
oGm;a&mufMunfUIMuonfwGif atmufyg tjcif;t&mrsm;udk awGUjrifMu&av\/
tcef;wGif; oHckwif\ ajc&if;wdkifudk rSDvsuf ausmufukefonfMuD;onf Murf;ay:
'l;axmufvsuf &Sd&m oHckwifudk umvsuf&Sdaom uefUvefUumwpfck\ MudK;ponf
ausmufukefonfMuD;\ vnfyif;udk uGif;avQmcsnfvsuf &Sdav\/ ausmufukefonfMuD;\
rsufESmrSm a&mif,rf;vsuf jymief;ief;&Sdav&m rsufvHk;wdkUonf aygufuGJ xGufrwwf jyL;jyD;vQif
vQmonf ar;aphudk ausmfatmif wGJ&GJusvsuf &Sdae&um; ykvdyft&m&SdwdkUyifvQif yxr
tjrifqdk;vSojzifh rsufESmvTJvsuf &SdMuav\/ if;aemuf ykvdyft&m&SdwkdUonf MudK;udk ajzjyD;vQif
q&m0efudk ac:iif tcef;udkvnf; aocsmpGm arTaESmufMunfUIMu&m if;wdkU\ xifjrifcsufrSm
tcef;onf twGif;rS ydwfvsuf&Sdonf jzpfaomaMumifh ausmufukefonfMuD;onf olwpfyg;\
vHkUv ya,m*aMumifh aoqHk;&jcif; r[kwf? rdrd\ udk,fudk rdrd MudK;qGJcs aoqHk;&Smjcif;
jzpfaMumif;ESifh xGufqdkMuav\/ odkU&mwGif ykvdyfom; wpfa,mufu Xmemtkyftm; ]aowJhvl[m
awmfawmf pdwfwif;wJhvl q&ma&U? wu,fqdkawmh olUajcaxmufESifh Murf;ESifh rDaevsufom;ESifh
ajcaxmufudk wrif raxmufbJxm;wm tHhMop&myJ q&m? uRefawmfhvdkjzifh vnfyif;u
enf;enf;tpfvmvQif ajcaxmufu Murf;udk axmufvdkufrSmyJ q&m&JU} [kajymaomtcg
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if;aemuf q&m0ef a&mufvmaomtcg xHk;pHtwdkif; prf;oyfMunfUIjyD;vQif aoolrSm
avrGef; aoqHk;jcif;jzpfaMumif;? aoonfrSm tenf;qHk;tm;jzifh 5 em&D? 6 em&D cefUrQ &SdjyD
jzpfaMumif;ESifh xGufqdkjyD;vQif Xmemtkyf xifjrifonfUtwdkif; udk,fhudk,fudk owfaojcif;yif
jzpf[efwlaMumif;ESifh ajymqdk&m tavmif;udk aq;&HkMuD;odkU ,loGm;av\/
if;aemuf wpfvcefUrQ Mumjyefaomtcg a': odef;&if\ wdkufoHk;xyfwGif txufyg
tjcif;t&mESifh xyfwlxyfrQ jzpfaom aMumufrufzG,f tjcif;t&mwpfck jzpfay: jyefav\/
xkdtcsdeftcg rdk;ukwfrS ausmufukefonfrsm;onf tajrmuftjrm; pk&Hk;vma&mufMu a':
odef;&if\ wdkuf wnf;cdkvsuf&SdMu&m tm;vHk;aom tcef;wdkUrSm jynfUESufvsuf
ausmufukefonfMuD; aoqHk;oGm;aom tcef;wpfcef; omvQif vGwfvyfvsuf &Sdav\/ vuG,f
tzdwfaeUum; aemufxyf {nfUonf wpfa,muf qdkufa&muf vmjyefav&m xdktcef;\
tjzpftysufudk Mum;zl;aom {nfUonf wpfa,mufu aemufa&mufvmoltm;
149

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

]onfUjyif tcef;awmh tdyfp&m r&Sdbl; q&mMuD;a&U? ausmufukefonf OD;jroD; aooGm;wJh

tcef;yJ tdyfp&m &Sdawmhw,f? cifAsm; tdyf0Hh yghrvm;}
]bmvdkU rtdyf0Hh&ovJ As? vlaovQifaum bmjzpfovJ? vlraozl;wJh tcef;&,fvdkU
b,frSm&SdrvJ As}
]tdyf0HhvQifvnf; aumif;yg&JU Asm? usKyfwkdUawmh [dkbuf tcef;u tdyfwmawmif awG;rdvQif
MuufoD; xrdao;w,f}
]cifAsm;wdkUu e*dk aMumufaewJh vludk;As? usKyfwdkUawmh MuufoD;vJ rxwwfbl;? usKyf
tdyfygr,f}
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150

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151

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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xdkn ykvdyfom;uav;onf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om vma&muf tdyfpufav&m eHeufvif;onfU
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152

a&TOa'gif;

a&TUajymif; wyfqifapvsuf w,fvDzkef;wdkufodkUvnf; if;tcef;rS w,fvDzkef;udk <u&HkrQ jzpfap

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153

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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154

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uefUvefUumBudK;ESifh tavmif;udk csnf xm;cJhwm [kwfvm; cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /(uRefawmf\ ykcHk;udk ykwfvsuf) ]awmfw,fAsdKU udkodef;armif? olwdkU 0ifvma&m ?
0ifvmwJh tcgrSm armifodef;wefrSm rvIyfr&Sm;ekdifwJh tjzpfa&mufaejyDAs? onfawmhrS vnfyif;udk
BudK;ESifh SpfowfjyD; aojyDqdkawmhrS tavmif;udk BudK;ESifh csnfxm;cJhwmudk; As? udkif; odkUaomf
tcef;udk usKyf wpfcg MunfUcsifjyefjyDAsm? onf;cHjyD; vkdufcJhMuygOD;Asm}
a': odef;&if tcef;odkU a&mufMujyefaomtcg armifpH&Sm;onf tcef;wGif; a&S;uxuf
aocsmpGm MunfUIjyefav&m tcef;\ axmifh puL vHk;uav;wpfckudk awGU&Sd&av\/ xkdtcg
armifpH&Sm;onf if;udk aumuf ajzMunfU&m if;rSm pma&;puL wpf&Gufjzpf atmufyg tu&m
rsm;udk cJwHESifh rxifr&Sm; a&;om;xm;onfudkvnf; awGU&Sd&av\/
]vmjyD? a[m a[m x&Hu vif;vdkU ? b,fhES,f [mBuD;ygvdrfh}
uRefawmfwdkUonf armifpH&Sm;\ ykcHk;ay:rS ausmfzwf xkdpmudk awGUjrif&aomtcg
]b,fola&;wJh pmvJAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]armifodef;wef a&;wmayghAs}
az/
az /]b,fvdk t"dym,f..}
xkdcP a': odef;&ifESifh udkbarmfwdkUonf tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvmMu rnfodkU
xl;jcm;ygao;oenf; [k ar;jref;&m armifpH&Sm;u armifodef;wef qdkolrSm pdwfuawmufuwuf
jzpf[efvuPm &SdaMumif;ESifh ajymqdk udkbarmf\ rsufESmudk pdkuf MunfUjyD;vQif wkdufay:rS
qif;vmcJhMuav\/ vrf;c&D; armifpH&Sm;onf uRefawmfwdkUtm; pum;wpfcGef;rQ ajymqdkjcif;r&SdbJ
aq;wHudk aomufum jidrfoufpGm vdkufygvmav&um; uRefawmfwkdUrSm armifpH&Sm;onfum;
wpfpHkwpfckudk tBuHxkwfvsuf &SdaMumif; od&SdMuojzifh ar;jref;jcif; rjyKbJ tuJudk omvQif
cwfvmMu&av\/
155

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

uRefawmfwkdU\ aetdrfodkU qdkufa&mufMuaomtcg armifpH&Sm;onf yufvufukvm;xdkif

ay:wGif xkdifvsuf aq;wHudk aomuf&SL&if; jidrfoufpGm &Sdaeao;&m uRefawmfESifh armiftkef;az
wdkUrSm ausmif;om;oli,f ESpfa,mufuJhodkU wpfa,muf\rsufESmudk wpfa,muf MunfUcsnfwpfcg?
armifpH&Sm;\ rsufESmudk tuJcwfcsnf wpfvSnfUESifh &dSaeMuav\/ aemufqHk; armifpH&Sm;onf
aq;wHudk yg;pyfrS jzKwfjyD;aemuf
&Sm;/
; /]udkodef;armif [kdtcef;rSm cifAsm; tdyf0Hh&JUvm;}
uRefawmf/ /(MuufoD; xvsuf) ]wpfa,mufwnf;vm;As}
&Sm;/
; /]usKyfESifhygAsm}
uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm;ESifh qdkvQifawmh wwfedkif oif;csdKif;ukef;rSm tdyf& tdyf& Asm? tdyf0Hh
ygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]odkYaomf onfuaeU nawmh r[kwfao;bl;As? aemufwpfv MumrS tdyf&r,f}
uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]onfuaeUn apmifhjyD; tdyfayr,fh olwdkU vmrSm r[kwfbl;As? tcsnf;ESD;aerSmyJ?
aemufvuG,f tzdwfaeUrS tdyfrS awmfr,f}
az/
az /]ekdU onftwGif; onftrIudk wef;vef;BuD; xm;&rSmvm; q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]rxm;vQif b,fhES,fvkyf&rvJAs? usKyfoabmudk cifAsm; odw,f r[kwfvm;?
usKyfu vufqkyfvufudkif wyftyfaocsm rdavmufrS zrf;csifwmudk;As? odkUaomf onfvdk
&Sdygw,fav? usKyfu wpfvapmifh&r,f qdkayr,fh cifAsm;wdkU enf;ESifh cifAsm;wdkU onftwGif;rSm
BudK;pm;ekdifygw,f? rdvQifvJ rda&maygh? rrdvdkU &SdvQifvJ aemufvuG,faeUrSm onfvlpkudk cifAsm;
vuf a&mufatmif usKyf tyfraygh}
xdktcg armiftkef;azonf rQavmuf tcsdefwm&SnfpGm apmihfqdkif;&jcif;udk rESpfouf
aomfvnf; armifpH&Sm;tm; pDpOfjyD;aom tvkyfwpfckudk zsufqD;&ef wdkufwGef;jcif;iSm rwwfekdif
onfjzpfaomaMumifh atmihfatmihftD;tD;ESifh wkdufay:rS qif;oGm;&av\/
xkd&uftawmtwGif; tpdk;& ykvdyfwdkUonf xkdtrIudk ay:aygufatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf
axmufvSrf;pHkprf; ygaomfvnf; ajc&m rcHrdatmif &SdaecJhav\/ odkUjzpfaomaMumifh wefaqmifrkef;
vuG,f tzdwfaeUwGif armiftkef;azonf uRefawmfwdkU&Sd&modkU aygufvm
&Sm;/
; /]b,fhES,fvJ udktkef;az? ae&musjyDvm;}
az/
az /]b,furS tpte ray:ygbl; q&m? odyfjyD; *GuswmyJ}
&Sm;/
; /]'gaMumifh usKyf rajymbl;vm;? odkYaomf onfuaeU nawmh ae&musaumif;yg&JU Asm?
usKyf ajymovdkom vkyfyg}
156

a&TOa'gif;

az/
az /]b,fvdkvkyf&rSmvJ q&m }
&Sm;/
; /]a': odef;&if tdrfESifh reD;ra0; avmufu aejyD; ykvdyf cyfawmifhawmifh
ajcmufa,mufavmuf&,f onfuaeU n q,fem&D avmufu pjyD; apmihfMuayawmhAsm}
az/
az /]jyD;awmhaum q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]jyD;awmh a': odef;&if wkdufxJu c&mrIwfoH Mum;onfESifh wjydKifeuf wdkufa&SU
a&mufatmif ajy;vmjyD; awmifbufwHcg;u av;a,mufapmifh&r,f? oHk;a,mufu a': odef;&if
wkdufay: ajy;wufcJh&r,f? em;vnfvm;}
az/
az /]awmifbufwdkufu w&kwfawG aewmvm; q&m}
&Sm;/
; /][kwfw,f? w&kwfwdkufa&SUuae apmifhjyD; xGufvmorQ vlawGudk tukefzrf;&r,f
em;vnfvm;}
az/
az /]aumif;ygjyD q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]cifAsm; vl rsm;rSm vufeuf tjynfUtpHk ygayhapAsaemf? awmfawmfqdk;wJh vlpkawG ?
,D;wD;,m;wm; vkyfvQif ajcmufvHk;jyL;ESifhom ypfowf Mum;vm;}
az/
az /]pdwfcsyg q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; cifAsm; jyefayawmh ? 10 em&D xkd;xdk;jcif; a&mufatmifvmcJhaemf}
az/
az /]aumif;ygjyD q&m}
udktkef;az qif;oGm;jyD;aemuf
&Sm;/
; /]udkif;? udkodef;armif? usKyfwdkU onfuaeUn a': odef;&if wdkufrSm tdyfMu&vdrfhr,f?
aMumufovm;}
uRefawmf/ /]raMumufygbl;Asm? cifAsm; wpfa,mufvHk; &Sdao;wmuyJ}
&Sm;/
; /]odkUaomf ? onfvdkAs ? usKyfwdkUu pHkaxmufoabmESifh tdrfudk 0ifzdkU r[kwfbl;?
{nfUonf oabmESifh oGm;jyD; wnf;Mu&r,f}
uRefawmf/ /]b,fvdk {nfUonfvJAs}
&Sm;/
; /]cifAsm;u tnmom; jzpfawmh rdk;ukwfjrdKUom; a,mifaqmifzdkU rsm;rsm;BuD; rcuf
ygbl; rSwfw,f}
uRefawmf
wmf/ /]BudK;pm;&wmyAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]aumif;ygjyD? cifAsm;u onfuaeU nae rEav;&xm; qkdufwJh tcsdefavmufrSm
0efpnfpv,f ypnf; tjynfYtpHkESifh rdk;ukwfu vmwJh ausmufukefonfBuD; a,mifaqmifjyD; a':
odef;&ifwdkU tdrfudk oGm;wnf;acs? rdk;ukwfom;ESifh wlatmif pum;udkvJ 0J0Jajym? Ausmufukefonf
157

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

ESifh wlatmif ausmufeD cyfrsm;rsm; ygzdkdUawmh usKyf wm0efxm;? usKyf iSm;jyD; ay;r,f? a&mufwJh
tcgrSm tdyfzdkU tcef;ay;awmh ESpfxyfrSm ay;vdkU&Sd&if cifAsm;u tdkufwwfvdkU atmufxyfrSm
rtdyfvdk? oHk;xyfrSm tdyfvdkaMumif;ajym? tu,f olwdkU vifr,m;u oHk;xyfu taMumif;udk
ajymjycJhvdkU &SdvQif onf[mrsdK; t,HktMunf r&SdwJh taMumif;ajym? Mum;vm;}
uRefawmf/ /]aumif;ygjyDAsm? ekdU cifAsm;uaum}
&Sm;/
; /]usKyfuvJ wpfenf;enf;ESifh a&mufatmif vmr,fayghAsm}
xdkaeUnae uRefawmfonf &Srf;abmif;bD? *GrfwHk;tus? pD-tdkif-'D OD;xkyf tp&Sdaom
rdk;ukwfom;rsm; 0wfqifwwfaom t0wftpm;rsm;udk armifpH&Sm; oifMum;jyoonfU twdkif;
usepGm 0wfqifjyD;aemuf vufqGJom;a&tdwf? oHaowm? tdyf&mvdyfrsm;yg jrif;&xm; ay: odkU
wif u&dvrf;&Sd a': odef;&if\ wdkufodkU oGm;a&mufav\/
tdrfodkU a&mufaom tcg a': odef;&ifonf tjyifodkU xGufoGm;cdkufjzpfonfESifh
udkbarmfonf rdk;ukwfrS qdkufa&mufvmaom ausmufukefonf wpfa,mufjzpfonf[k
Mum;&onfESifh wjydKifeuf aumif;rGefpGm c&D;OD;BudKjyKjyD;vQif uRefawmfwdkU arQmfvifhonfUtwdkif;
oHk;xyf &Sdaom tcef;wpfcef;odkU uRefawmf\ ypnf;rsm;udk tapcHomOD;tm; onfydk;
a&TUajymif;apav\/ odkU&mwGif if;tcef;rSm BudK;qGJcsaoaom tcef;r[kwf? if;ESifh
,SOfvsuf&Sdaom tcef;rQom jzpfavonf/
if;aemuf a': odef;&if a&mufvm tdrf&SifwdkUonf uRefawmftm; npmxrif;rsm;udk
aumif;rGefpGm wnfcif;auR;arG;vsuf &SdMuonf/ tdrfa&SU um;wpfpD; qdkufa&mufvmojzifh
udkbarmfonf oGm;a&mufMunfUIav\/ wpfcPrQMumvQif tapcHomOD;onf w&kwfaumfaZm
BuD;jzifh vdyfvsuf&Sdaom tdyf&mBuD;rsm;? om;a&aowmBuD;rsm;? w&kwfaq;Al;rsm; tp&Sdaom
axmifuJBuD;rsm;\ cefUjim;aom toHk;taqmifrsm;udk oGif;vmav&m if;aemufum; ydk;abmif;bD?
a&ToD;wyf ouvyftus? ouvyfOD;xkyf tp&SdonfwdkUudk 0wfqifvsuf &Sdaom aygufazmfBuD;
wpfa,mufonf 0ifvmav\/ xkdolrSm tjcm;r[kwf? uRefawmf\ rdwfaqG armifpH&Sm;yif
jzpfavonf/ wdkufwGif;odkU a&muf ukvm;xdkif xkdifrdavvQif
&Sm;/
; /]yJES,fvJAs? yGJpm;uD;aum b,fpGm;ovJ}
&if/ /]yGJpm;BuD; qHk;&SmjyD&Sif? axmifuJBuD;u b,fuvJ}
&Sm;/
; /]armfvNrdKifuyJ As? jzpf&avAsm? yGJpm;uD;ESifh tm;uD; cifwmyJ? b,favmuf MumyD;vJ
qHk;wm}
&if/ /]wpfESpfausmfausmfavmuf &SdygjyD&Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]tdk rodbl;As? jzpf&av tm;uD; 0rf;enf;w,f? armfvNrdKif a&mufwJhtcgrSm yGJpm;uD;
uRefawmfwdkU tdrfrSm wnf;wmyJ? uRefawmfvnf; ausmufaumif;aumif; av;ig;vHk;avmuf
vdkcsifwmESifh 0,fzdkUvmcJhw,f? rdk;ukwfu ausmufukefonfrsm; ra&mufbl;vm;}
&if/ /]&ekdifygw,f&Sif? &ekdifygw,f? tcefUoifhyJ rdk;ukwfu ausmufukefonf wpfa,muf
vnf; tckyJ a&mufygw,f? axmifuJBuD; onfrSmyJ wnf;zdkUayghaemf}
158

a&TOa'gif;

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; /]vrf;rawmfrSm rdwfaqG wpfa,mufawmh &SdwmyJ? yGJpm;uD; r&Sdawmh tm;emvdkU}
&if/ /]tdk b,fu tm;em&rvJ? 0efrav;ygbl;&Sif? uRefrwdkU wdkuf tus,fBuD;yg}
xdkcP udkbarmfonf axmifuJBuD; odkUr[kwf udkpH&Sm;\ ypnf;rsm;tm; wkdufay: odkU
omOD;tm; ,loGm;ap udk,fwdkif ae&mcsxm;vsuf &Sdav\/
if;aemuf a': odef;&ifonf armifpH&Sm;tm; npmxrif;udk uRefawmfESifh twl0if
pm;aomuf&ef wdkufwGef;av&m? armifpH&Sm;u rdrdrSm rD;&xm;[kdw,frS pm;aomufcJhjyD; jzpf&m
onf;cH&ef awmif;yefav\/
xrif;pm;aomuf NyD;Muaomf uRefawmfonf tusab;tdwf aqmif ,lcJhaom
ausmufeDrsm;udk a': odef;&if\ a&SUwGif armifpH&Sm;tm; jy&m armifpH&Sm;onf ausmufeD
oHk;av;vHk;udk qpfjyD;aemuf aps;wnfUonfESifh aiGrsm;acs 0,f,lvdkufav\/ xdkUaemuf yGJpm;BuD;
OD;zkef;ausmf\ taMumif;rsm;udk qufvufajymqdkMu twefi,f nOfUeufaomtcg omOD;onf
uRefawmfwdkU ESpfa,muftm; oHk;xyfodkU vdkuf ydkUav\/ armifpH&Sm;\ tcef;rSmrl BudK;qGJcs
aoaom tcef;yif jzpfav\/
tapcHomOD; qif;oGm;aomfvnf; wkdufay: "mwfrD;rsm; xGef;vsuf &Sdao;onf jzpf
armifpH&Sm;onf uRefawmfESifh &if;ESD;pGm pum;rajymao;bJ ,ckrS awGUMuaom oluJhodkU
[efvkyfum pum;ajymvsuf &Sd&m 10 em&D xkd;onfU tcgwGif armifpH&Sm;onf "mwfrD;rsm;udk
jidrf; tdyfcef;odkU 0ifav\/ uRefawmfvnf; armifpH&Sm;\ rsufESmuJ udk &dyfrd uRefawmf\
tcef;odkU r0ifbJ if;\ tcef;odkU 0if vdkufoGm;av\/ tcef;wGif;odkU a&mufvQif
armifpH&Sm;onf wHcg;udk ydwfvsuf "mwfrD;udk zGifhjyD;vQif wD;wdk;avoHjzifh
&Sm;/
; /]usKyf wGufudef;uav; udkufw,fAsdKU}
uRefawmf/ /]bmwGufudef;vJ Asm}
&Sm;/
; /]vifBuD;taMumif; vifi,fa&SUrSm ajymvkdU&Sd&if usKyfudk onftcef; ydkUvdrfhr,fqdkwm
usKyfwGufjyD;yJ As? 'gaMumifh usKyf a&mufa&mufcsif; OD;zkef;ausmf taMumif; pjyD; ajymw,f
r[kwfvm;? tJ'g onftcef;udk usKyfudk ydkUatmif ajymwmAs}
uRefawmf/ /]ae&musygayhAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]wdk;wdk; q&ma&U? onfavmuf rus,fapESifh? udkif; udkodef;armif anmif;w,fvdkU
ratmif;arhESifh? cifAsm; onfuaeU usKyfukwifatmufrSm 0ifjyD;apmihf&vdrfhr,f? ajymaeMuma&mh?
0ifayawmhAsm? awmfawmf nOfUeufoGm;jyD? aeOD; usKyfay;xm;wJh ajcmufvHk;jyL;yg&JUvm;? usKyf
rxrcsif; cifAsm; onfatmufu rxGufcJhESifhaemf}
uRefawmf/ /]aumif;ygjyDAsm}
&Sm;/
/]aMomf aeOD;AsdKU? uHaumif;vdkU arhvdkufwm MunfUprf;? tcef;wGif;rSm
;
teHUwpfrsdK;wpfrnf xl;xl;qef;qef; &cJhvdkU&SdvQif teHU&&csif; a[m'gESifh ESmacgif;0rSm qdkUxm;jyD;

159

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

touf&SLwJhtcgrSm yg;pyfESifh r&SLESifh? ESmacgif;ESifh &SLaemf Mum;vm;} [k ajymjyD;vQif

armifpH&Sm;onf pdrf;a&Ta&TteUH&Sdaom 0g*Grf;tenf;i,fudk uRefawmftm; ay;tyfav\/
uRefawmfonf 0g*Grf;udk tustdwfwGif xnfUjyD;vQif ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewfudk udkifvsuf
armifpH&Sm;apcdkif;onfU twdkif; ckwifatmufodkU 0if 0yfwGm;rdonfESifh wjydKifeuf armifpH&Sm;onf
"mwfrD;udk jidrf;vdkufojzifh wpfcef;vHk; arSmiftwdusjyD;vsuf &Sdaeav\/
xkdtcg uRefawmfrSm rnfodkUaom ab;&efrsdK;onf rnfonfUt&yfrS vmrnfudk rod&SdbJ
armifpH&Sm;udkom tm;xm;vsuf rsufpdrdSwfum apmifhae&onfjzpf&m wpfcgwpf&H uRefawmf\
ajcaxmufudk qGJudkifawmhrnfuJhodkU vnf;aumif;? ausmudk vufat;BuD;ESifh prf;vkdufawmh
rnfuJhodkU vnf;aumif; pdwf xifrSwfrdav\/ yxrrlum; wkdufa&SUvrf;ay:rS vloGm;vlvm
wdkdU\ toHrsm;udk Mum;&ao;onf jzpf&m wpfem&DcefUrQMumvQif wpf&yfvHk; wdwfqdwfvsuf
tdrfoltdrfom;wdkdUrSmvnf; vIyf&Sm;jcif;r&Sd jzpfav&um; uRefawmfwdkU\ touf&SLoHrsm;udk
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pufoHudkvnf;aumif; xif&Sm;pGm Mum;&av\/
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ae&mudkrQ a&TUajymif;jyifqifjcif;iSm r0HhbJ jidrf0yfpGm ukyfvsuf&SdcJh&m wpfcPrQMumvQif tcef;eH&HrS
acsmufceJ jrnfoHwpfckudk Mum;&ojzifh uRefawmf\ &ifxJ 'def;ceJ jzpf oGm;av\/ xdktcg
uRefawmfrSm vufay: ar;wifvsuf armifpH&Sm;&Sd&modkU cefUrSef;MunfU&SKvsuf&Sd&m armifpH&Sm;\
rsufESmonf &kwfw&ufvif; oGm;jyD;vQif ESm0um; 0g*Grf;qdkUvsuf &Sdonfudk awGUjrif&av\/
aemufwpfcP
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uJhodkU
cyfoif;oif;&Sdaom
teHUwpfrsdK;udk
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rsufESmudk pdkuf MunfUaepOf armifpH&Sm;rSm rsufpdrsm;arS; oGm;jyD;vQif tdyfcsifaomolwpfa,muf
uJhodkU OD;acgif;onf a&SUodkU wjznf;jznf; nGwf oGm;av\/ xkdtjcif;t&mudk
uRefawmfawGUjrifaomtcg uRefawmfonf ukwifatmufrS xGufvdkvSaomf vnf; armifpH&Sm;u rdrd
rxrcsif; ukwifatmufrS rxGuf&ef rSmxm;onfESifh rxGuf0HhbJ &dSaecJhav\/
xkdcP armifpH&Sm;\ wpfudk,fvHk;onf vif;onfxufvif; vmcJh&m uRefawmfonf
tvif;a&mifvm&m t&yfodkU arQmfMunfUonfwGif tvif;a&mifonf tkwfx&H&Sd&m t&yfrS
vma&muf tkwfx&HrSm tvsif;r&SdawmhonfU tjzpfudk awGUjrif&ojzifh yg;pyf[um
tHhtm;oifhvsuf&Sdav\/ xkdtcg uRefawmfonf armifpH&Sm;udk rMunfUbJ tvif;a&mif
vm&mt&yfodkU pdkufai;um MunfUaerd&m abmif;bDyG tusyGBuD;rsm;udk 0wfqifvsuf&Sdaom
w&kwfvlrsdK; wpfa,mufonf ajcum;,m; vufum;,m; vkyfvsuf rnDnmaom oGm;rsm;udk
NzJjyNyD;vQif txufoGm;ESifh atmufoGm;wdkU wqwfqwf jrnfatmif &dkufvsuf ta&mif
wvufvufxGufaom rsufpdrsm;ESifh armifpH&Sm;udk jyL;vkru jyL;atmif NzJMunfUjyD;vQif
armifpH&Sm;\ teD;odkU wjznf;jznf; wa&GUa&GU avQmufvmcJh&m armifpH&Sm;rSm pdwfSdKUjcif;
cH&olwpfa,muf uJhodkU rwkefrvIyf &Sdaeav\/ xkdol\ aemufum; w&kwfvlrsdK; oHk;a,muf
av;a,mufwdkUonf wpfa,mufaom ol\vufum; ydk;BudK;jzifh uspfxm;aom uGif;avQm
wpfckyg&Sdvsuf tjcm;olwdkU\ vufum; vufESdyf"mwfrD;rsm; yg&dSav\/ uGif;avsmudk
udkifvsuf&Sdaom olonf armifpH&Sm;\ teD;odkU a&muf vnfyif;udk uGif;pGyfrnf jyKonfESifh
wjydKifeuf armifpH&Sm;onf vufacgufudk ajcmufvHk;jyL; taESmifhESifh aqmifh xkdif&mrS xav&m
uRefawmfvnf; ukwifatmufrS wdk; xGufvmav\/
160

a&TOa'gif;

xkdtcg rlum; wpfcef;vHk; arSmif oGm;jyD;vQif armifpH&Sm;\ c&mrIwfoHwdkUudk

vnf;aumif;? ajcmufvHk;jyL;rS usnfqHrsm; xGufonfUtoHudk vnf;aumif;? Murf;ay:
vltajrmuftrsm; ajy;vTm;onfU ajcoHwdkUudkvnf;aumif;? wHcg;udk ajcESifh uefaMumuf
zGifhonfUtoHwdkUudk vnf;aumif; w&TD&TD w0D0D w'kef;'kef; w'dkif;'dkif;ESifh qlnHpGm &SdaeonfUtwGif;
uRefawmfonf zrf;rdzrf;&m qGJrdqGJ&m vlwpfa,muf\vufudk qGJ zrf;xm;&m wpfa,mufaom
olonf uRefawmf\ajcESpfbufudk qGJ vSJjyD;aemuf wpfa,mufu vufrS ajcmufvHk;jyL;udk
vk,lonfudk od&Sdvdkuf&av\/ xkdcP tcef;wHcg;onf jzKef;ceJ yGifhvmjyD;vQif
vufESdyf"mwfrD;ta&mifonf wdk;0ifvm armiftkef;az\ toHjzifh ]q&m q&m} [k ac:
vloHk;av;a,muf 0ifvmMu&m rMumrDtwGif;wGif w&kwfav;a,mufwdkUonf ykvdyfwdkU\
vufwGif; csKyfaESmifjyD; jzpfMuav\/ xkdcP awmifbufrS w&kwfwdkufa&SUwGifvnf;
qlnHpGm&Sdaom
toHwkdUudk
Mum;&av&m
armifpH&Sm;u
]ulacsOD;rS
xifw,f?
vmAsm udktkef;az} [k ajym armiftkef;azESifh ESpfa,muf qif; oGm;MuonfwGif uRefawmfESifh
ykvdyfom;wdkUrSm w&kwfrsm;udk apmifhMuyf ae&pf&av\/ ig;rdepfcefU Mumaomtcg armifpH&Sm;ESifh
armiftkef;azwdkUonf w&kwfav;a,mufudk ESpfa,mufwpfwGJ csKyfvsuf tcef;wGif;odkU
oGif;vmMuavownf;/

NyD;ygNyD/

161

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

8/ / ajrydkif&Sif vifr,m;trI

wpfaeUo uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;wdkUonf wkdufa&SU{nfUcef;wGif xkdifvsuf rsufpdwpfzuf

vyf toif;trIwGif pHkaxmufcJh&yHk taMumif;udk pum;pyfrdMuojzifh ajymqdkwkdifyifvsuf
&SdaeMu&mrS
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; /]tckwavmjzifh trIrsm;vJ w,fjyD; yg;&Sm;aejyefjyDAsm? trIopf ray:vmavawmh
ta[mif;awG jyefjyD; pNrHKUjyefaeMu&awmhwmyJudk; udkodef;armifa&U}
uRefawmf/ /]jypfrIjyKr,fhvl r&SdvdkU pHkaxmufp&m r&Sd&ifvJ wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;rSm
jidrf;csrf;MuvdkUrdkU 0rf;ajrmufMuzdkUyJ r[kwfzl;vm;Asm}
&Sm;/
; /]'gawmh [kwfyg&JUAsm? odkUaomfvnf; usKyfrSmawmh [dktxuf jrefrmjynfu
v,form; qifrypf&vdkU v,fudkpGefUjyD; qifaemufvdkufMuovdk jzpfaejyDAs}
uRefawmf/ /]b,fyHk vdkufwmvJ ajymprf;ygOD;Asm}
&Sm;/
; /]onfvdkAs? [kdtxuf jrefrmjynf uome,frSm awmifolbm0 vkyfudkifpm;aomuf
Mu&wJh v,form;rsm;rSm v,fawGudk qif&dkif;awGu 0ifjyD; zsufqD;avawmh qifrsm;udk ajcmufzdkU
aoewfrsm; ay;xm;owJh? onfawmh nwkdifus&if qifawG0ifvmrSjzihf v,form;awGu
aoewfESifh apmifhjyD; ypfowJh ? emwJh qifvJ em ? aowJh qifvJ aooGm;wmayghAsm? 'gESifh
onfvdk ypfzefrsm;awmh v,form;awGrSm aoewfypfzdkU 0goemygjyD; v,fxJudk qifr0if&if
wrifvdkufjyD; acsmufoGif;owJhAs}
uRefawmf/ /]aumif;vSjyDaumAsm? cifAsm;rSmvJ vlowfrjzpf&if jzpfatmif vlqdk;awGudk
vdkufjyD; tm;ay;csifao;w,f rSwfw,f} [k ajymaomtcg armifpH&Sm;rSm [uf[ufyufyuf
&,farm ]rajymwwfygbl;Asm? tvH&SL;rsm; xm;&OD; rvdkvdk jzpfaeygjyD} [k ajymqdk
ysif;ysif;&d&dESifh aq;wHudk rD;Sdav\/
xdktcg uRefawmfonf owif;pmwpfapmifudk aumuf,l xll;jcm;aom trIrsm; ygcJhvQif
armifpH&Sm;tm; jy&ef tBuHtpnfESifh vSefavSm &SmazGvsuf&SdpOf wkdufa&SU um;wpfpD;
&yfoHMum;&jyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkU Budrfzefrsm;pGm Mum;aeMujzpfaom ajcoHonf wkdufay: odkU
wufvmonfudk Mum;&aomtcg
uRefawmf/ /]udkif;Asm? cifAsm; qkawmif;jynfUygjyD? wkdufay: wufvmwm udktkef;az
ajcoHESifh wlw,f? ajcvSrf;yHk Mum;&wmvJ wkdifyifp&m trIwpfck &SdyHk vuPmwlw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]udkodef;armif awmfawmf wdk;vmjyD AsdKU}
uRefawmf/ /]q&maumif; wynfUyJAsm}
xkdcP pHkaxmuftifpydwfawmf armiftkef;azonf ysm,dysm,mESifh tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvm
162

a&TOa'gif;

az/
az /]tm;aeovm; q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]tm;wmawmh bmajymaumif;rvJAsm? tm;vGef; tm;BuD;vdkU ysif;rsm;awmif aejyDaum
udk,fhvl&JU? bmudprsm;vJ Asm}
az/
az /]'gjzifh? uRefawmfESifh uefBuD;axmifh&Gmudk vkdufcJhprf;ygvm; q&m}
&Sm;/
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az/
az /]vlwpfa,mufawmh aowmyJ q&m? owfvdkUyJ aoovm;? bmomtavsmufyJ
aoovm;awmhjzifh rajymwwfbl;? onfreufyJ aMu;eef;&vdkU rif;BuD;u uRefawmfhudk
vTwfaew,f q&m? udkif; odkUaomf vrf;usrSyJ tusdK;taMumif; ajymyg&apawmh? uRefawmhum;ESifh
wpfygwnf; vkdufcJhMuygawmh cifAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]b,fhES,fvJ udkodef;armif? vkdufedkifyrvm;}
uRefawmf/ /]pdefvdkufAsm vkdufr,f}
if;aemuf uRefawmfwdkUonf vsifjrefpGm t0wftpm;rsm; vJvS,fMujyD;vQif wkdufay:rS
qif;vmMu armiftkef;az\ um;ESifh xGufvmMuojzifh vlolxlxyfaom vrf;rsm;udk
ausmfvGefMujyD;aemuf jynfvrf;wavQmuf armif;ESifrdMuaom tcg
az/
az /]onfvdk q&m&JU? uefaxmifhBuD;&Gmu yifpiftjidrf;pm; ajrpm&if; tifpydwfawmf
a[mif; OD;pHx,fqdkwJh tbdk;BuD;[m raeUu olUtdrfu txGuf wHwm;ay: wufvdkuf&mrSm
wHwm;usdK;NyD; acsmif;xJusvdkU ao&Smw,fwJh q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]'geJUjzifh bmrS rxl;jcm;ao;aygif Asm}
az/
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ysOfjym;uav; wpfcsyfxJyJ q&m? tbdk;BuD;u trSwfrJh avQmufvmawmh ysOfjym;usdK;NyD; acsmif;xJ
tusrSm ausmufpGef;ESifh acgif;ESifh &dkufrdNyD; aoyga&mwJh q&m&JU}
&Sm;/
; /]ysOfjym;u aqG;aevdkUvm;}
az/
az /]ysOfjym;u aqG;vdkU r[kwfbl;wJh q&m? wJwJuav;aeatmif vTeJUwdkufNyD;
wrifaxmifxm;w,fwJh q&m&JU}
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aewmvJ}
az/
az /]tbdk;BuD;u rkqdk;zdkBuD;wJh q&m&JU? olUrSm orD;ysdKuav; wpfa,muf&Sdw,f? om;tz
ESpfa,mufxJyJ aeMuowJh? olwdkUESifh tdrfeD;csif;uawmh udkbaX;qdkwJh ajrydkif&Sif vifr,m;
ESpfa,muf &SdMuw,f? olwdkUtdrf ESpftdrfrSm acsmif;jcm;aeavawmh ckeifu ajymwJh ysOfjym;wpfcsyfudk
wHwm;vkyfNyD; cif;xm;owJh q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]qdkprf;ygOD;Asm}
163

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

az/
az /]'gESifh tJonfaeU reufuawmh udkbaX;uvJ &efukefu olUtrrsm;xH
tvnfoGm;aecdkuf jzpfvdkU olUr,m; rjr&ifu OD;pHx,f&JU orD; rvGef;ar tdrfrSm
vufzuf&nfaomuf zdwfxm;vdkU wHwm;udk ul;r,fvdkU tvmrSm wHwm;usdK;NyD; OD;pHx,fvnf;
a&pyfrSmvJaewm awGUowJh q&m? onfawmhrS rjr&ifu tdrfa&SUu ac:NyD; orD; rvGef;arudk
tusdK;taMumif; ajymjyvdkU tapcHawG bmawGESifh tbdk;BuD;udk q,fwifawmh tbdk;BuD;rSm
acgif;uGJNyD; toufvHk;vHk; r&dSawmhbl;wJh q&m? onf[mESifh tkwfatmf aomif;eif; jzpfaewkef;
jzKef;qdk udkbaX;u &efukefu um;ESifh tjyif;armif;vmNyD; a&mufa&mufjcif; ] b,fhES,fvJ
b,fhES,fvJa[h? aemufrsm;usoGm;NyDvm;uG,f? ig rdkufwmyg? igudku rdkufrdwmyg} vdkU ajymNyD;
tl;vdk awmifajym ajrmufajymESifh olUr,m;rsufESmudk jrifawmhrS ]ig rdkufouGJU jrjr&,f? ighaMumifh
ao&Sm&ouGJU} vdkUajymowJh q&m&JU}
&Sm;/
; /]'gjzifh cifAsm; Opm vufonfay:aerifhyJ ? usKyfvdkufvdkU bmvkyfOD;rSmvJ Asm}
az/
az /]r[kwfao;bl; q&m&JU? wpfcku onfvdk &Sdaejyefw,f? OD;pHx,f raorD naeu
onfwHwm;ay:udk tapcH wpfa,muf avQmufao;owJh? onfwkef;uvJ taumif;BuD;yJ
&Sdao;owJh? onfawmhum wHwm;udk vTeJUwdkufwJh vl[m ntcgusrS wdkuf&r,f r[kwfvm;
q&m? onfnu udkbaX;vJ &efukefu olUtrrsm; tdrfrSmyJ tdyfw,f q&m? uRefawmf reufu
oGm;NyD; ar;jref;pHkprf;MunfUawmh udkbaX;[m [dknu tdyfcef;udk 0ifoGm;wm tapcHwpfa,mufu
aoaocsmcsm jrifvdkuf&aMumif;? tdyfcef;xJudk a&mufjyD;aemuf pmzwfaewJh vuPmESifh
"mwfrD;udk rjidrf;bJ aejyD;aemuf oef;acgifausmfausmfavmufrSm "mwfrD; cvkyfESdyfjyD; rD;jidrf;
vdkufwmudk oludk,fwdkif Mum;vdkuf jrifvdkufwJh taMumif; wyfwyftyftyfBuD; xGufqdkaew,f
q&m&JU? onfawmh yJcl;e,frSm &SdwJh wHwm;udk udkbaX;u nwGif;csif;oGm;jyD; wdkufjzwfzdkU&ef
tifrwef cJ,Of;aew,f q&m&JU}
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az/
az /]bmwpfckrS ar;vdkUr&bl;wJh q&m&JU? yg;pyfudk a&iHkxm;ovdk wpfcgwnf;
ydwfxm;wmyJwJh q&m? odkUaomfvnf; olUrdef;ruawmh b,fenf;ESifhrS udkbaX;vkyfwm r[kwfbl;
vdkU ajymaew,f q&m&JU? cufaejyDaum q&m}
&Sm;/
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onfawmh onftcsufudk olUrdef;ru b,fhES,fxkacsowJhvJ? &efukefu tpfrrsm;uaum
olb,fenf;ESifh jyefoGm;w,fvdkU ajymovJ}
az/
az /]eHeufapmapm tdyf,mu xxcsif; jzKef;qdk pdwful;&jyD; olUtpfrrsm;udkawmif EId;jyD;
EIwfrqufekdifbJ wpfcgwnf; armfawmfum;ESifh xGufoGm;w,fvdkU ajymw,f q&m}
&Sm;/
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bmvJ qdkawmh wpfpHkwpfckudk &vkdaomfvnf;aumif;? oufoufrJh rkef;aomfvnf;aumif;? rESifh
ywfouf remvdkaomaMumifh vnf;aumif; wpfckck jzpfwwfw,f? onftrIrSm b,fvdk
&nf&G,fcsufrsdK;ESifh owfw,fvdkU cifAsm; xifovJ}
az/
az /]tckjzifh rxifwwfekdifatmif &Sdaeao;wmyJ q&m}
164

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/
; /]udkbaX;uvGJjyD; onfUjyif b,folUudkrS xifp&m r&Sdbl;vm;? rjr&ifaum
b,fhES,fvJ}
az/
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&Sm;/
; /]onfUjyifaum bmrsm; cifAsm; ajymp&m &Sdao;ovJ}
az/
az /]ukefygjyD q&m? r&Sdygbl;}
xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;onf aq;wHudk aq;xnfU rD;Sdum aomufzGm&if; pOf;pm; pdwful;
vsuf&Sd&m armiftkef;azrSmvnf; um;udkomvQif vsifjrefpGm armif;ESifvsuf &Sdav\/
uefBuD;axmihf&GmodkU qdkufa&mufMuaomtcg awme,frS Xmemtkyfvnf; BudKqdkapmihfqdkif;
vsuf &Sd&m uRefawmfwdkUonf OD;pHx,f\ aetdrfteD; um;udk qdkuf&yf XmemtkyfESifh awGUqHkae
MuonfwGif
az/
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wif/ /]udkbaX;udkawmh csKyfxm;NyD;NyD cifAs}
az/
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wif/ /]r[kwfbl; q&m? &efukefudk w,fvDzkef; qufNyD; ar;awmh [kdnu udkbaX;u
oef;acgifausmfavmufrSm tdkufvGef;vdkU rtdyfekdifbl; qkdNyD; um;ESifh xGufoGm;ao;w,f q&m&JU?
b,ftcsdefrS jyefvmw,f qdkwm b,folrS trSefrajymekdifbl; wJh? onfawmhum um;udk
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&Sm;/
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cyf&Suf&Suf rsufESmxm;ESifh &Sdav\/ if;aemuf
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? 300d wef csufrsm; a&;jyD; cPcP ay;&zl;owJh q&m}
az/
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rcHekdifwmESifh udkbaX;u tqHk;pD&ifvdkufwmESifh wlw,f q&m}
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az/
az /][kwfNyDAsdKU? [kwfNyD ? 'gaMumifh owfwmudk;As}

165

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

]rowfygbl;&Sif? uRefra,mufsm; owfwm r[kwf&ygbl; &Sif} [k ajymoHMum;Muojzifh

aemufodkUvSnfU MunfUvdkufMuonfwGif toufoHk;q,fausmf t&G,fcefU&Sd tom;jzLjzL
ao;ao;oG,foG,fESifh kyfqif;t*Fg jynfUpHkvSpGmaom rdef;rwpfa,mufonf teD;odkU a&mufvsuf
&SdaMumif; awGUjrifMu&av&m if;rSm udkbaX;\ ZeD; rjr&ifyif jzpfav\/
xkdtcg Xmemtkyf udkarmifwifonf rjr&if\ teD;odkUcsOf;uyf ]uRefawmfwdkUvnf;
0w&m;&SdvdkUom aqmif&Guf&ygw,f cifAsm? udkbaX;udk zrf;qD;&wmawmif tifrwef tm;emyg&JU?
vGJygap z,fygapvdkUyJ qkawmif;rdygw,f? wu,fvdkU udkbaX; owfwm r[kwfcJh&ifvnf;
rowfaMumif;udk xif&Sm;atmifvkyfekdifrJh yk*dK vf[m a[monfu OD;pH&Sm;tjyif r&Sdygbl; cifAsm ?
&efukefu pHkaxmufBuD; OD;pH&Sm;qdkwm olygyJ} [kajym armifpH&Sm;eSifh todtuRrf; zGJUay;avvQif
rjr&ifonf armifpH&Sm;\ rsufESmudk wpfcPrQ pdkuf MunfUjyD;aemuf ,HkMunftm;xm;onfU
vuPmESifh
]u,fawmfrlyg OD;pH&Sm;&Sif? b,folu b,fvdkyif ajymaomfvnf; uRefra,mufsm;udk
onftrIu vGwfatmif EIwfay;ekdifcJhvdkU &Sd&if &Sifvdkcsifoavmuf uRefr csD;jrifh ygr,f &Sif}
&Sm;/
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aqmif&GufzdkUrSm uRefawmfh wm0ef&Sdygap Asm ? pdwfcsyg}
&if/ /]aus;Zl;BuD;vSygw,f &Sif? edkU .. }
xdkcP ykvdyfwpfa,mufonf Muufaygif zdeyfwpf&Hudk udkifvsuf uRefawmfwdkU &Sd&modkU
ajy;vm&m
az/
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awGUw,f cifAs}
zdeyfrSm
pdkvsufyif&Sdao;aom
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t&yf
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jrifaomtcg rjr&if rsufESmysuf oGm;onfudk armifpH&Sm;u jrifvdkufojzifh
&Sm;/
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Asm}
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&yfvsuf&SdMupOf armifpH&Sm;onf ykvdyfom;\ vufrS Muufaygifzdeyfudk vSrf;,l acsmif;wGif;odkU
qif;oGm;av\/
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wufvm&m
166

a&TOa'gif;

az/
az /]b,fhES,fvJ q&m ? awGUcJhovm;}
&Sm;/
; /]onfu Muufaygifzdeyf&mawG awmhjzifh awGUcJhw,fAsdKU}
az/
az /]'gjzifh xif&Sm;aeNyDaum q&m? bmvdkawmhovJ? udkbaX; owfwm trSefyJaygh? udkif;
uRefawmfuawmh tpdk;& 0w&m;twdkif; aqmif&Gufp&m udpuav;awG &Sdao;w,f q&m?
udkodef;armifESifh q&mESifh &efukefudk jyefcsif&ifvJ uRefawmhfum;ESifh jyefESifhMu&if aumif;r,f
xifw,f? q&m qufvufNyD; aqmif&Gufp&m udp r&Sdawmhygbl;q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]b,fhES,f udp r&SdovJ? rjr&ifu usKyfudk iSm;xm;wm &Sdao;oaum}
az/
az /]iSm;ayr,fh bmvkyfawmhrSmvJ q&m? onfavmuf xif&Sm;aeNyD; Opm ? olUbufu
q&m aqmif&Gufp&m b,fudp &SdawmhovJ q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]&Sdonfjzpfap r&Sdonfjzpfap? usKyfodorQu usKyfudk trIonfwpfa,mufu
iSm;vdkU&Sd&if qHk;cef;wkdifa&mufatmif raqmif&Guf&rcsif; ypfxm;cJhwJh xHk;pHr&Sdbl;As}
az/
az /]'gjzifhvJ q&mhoabmyAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; 'gjzifh vmAs? udkpHx,ftdrfudk wpfqdwfavmuf 0ifMunfUvdkufMuOD;pdkU} [k
ajym uRefawmfwdkUonf aovGefol OD;pHx,f\ tdrfwGif;odkU 0ifMurnftjyKwGif armifpH&Sm;onf
wpfpHkwpfckaom t&m0wKudk pmtdwfwGif xnfUydwfNyD;aemuf armiftkef;az\ vufodkU ay;tyf
vsuf
]a&mh udktkef;az? a[mhonf[muav; wpfck odrf;xm;prf;Asm? usKyf awmif;awmhrS
xkwfNyD;ay;ayawmh }
az/
az /( ydwfxm;aom pmtdwfudk ,liif prf;oyfMunfUvsuf ) ]bmrsm; ygovJ q&m }
&Sm;/
; /]tzdk;wef ypnf;wpfck ygav&JUAsm}
if;aemuf uRefawmfwdkUonf OD;pHx,f\ tdrfodkU oGm;a&mufMu twGif;odkU
a&mufMuonfwGif tcef;qD;rsm; pm;yGJrsm; ukvm;xkdifrsm;rS p tdrfaxmifypnf;rsm;udk awGUjrif
&aomtcg aovefol OD;pHx,frSm yifpifaiGuav;ESifh ravmufri&Sd eJeJESifh BuJBuJ0dkif; [laom
pum;uJhodkU jcpfcsKyfukwfuyf [efvkyfum aexkdif&aMumif; xif&Sm;av\/
{nfUcef;um; toufESpfq,fausmf t&G,fcefU&Sd &kyf&nfacsmarm vSyvsuf wif;rmaom
rsufESmxm; &SdonfU oli,frwpfa,mufonf uRefawmfwdkUtm; {nfUcHpum;ajymqdkav&m if;rSm
OD;pHx,f\ orD; rvGef;aryif jzpfav\/ rvGef;aronf uRefawmfwdkU vlpktm; wpfcPrQ
pdkufMunfU rnfolonf tBuD;trSL;jzpfonfudk tuJ cwfNyD;aemuf armifpH&Sm;tm;
ar/
ar /]raeUu vkdufvmwJh pHkaxmufBuD; OD;pH&Sm;qdkwm rSwfygw,f&Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]rSefygw,f rdef;uav;&,f? rdwpfqdk; jzpf&wJh txJrSm zcifu ,ckvdk &kwfw&uf
ysufpD;oGm;jyefawmh tifrwef 0rf;enf;zdkU aumif;ygayw,fAsm}
167

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

ar/
ar /]rSefygw,f&Sif? rdcifqHk;NyD;wJhaemuf arG;ozcifuvJ t*d&wfbufrSm odyf0goemygNyD;
aeUa&m na&m t*d&wfwJxJu rxGufygbl;&Sif? [kdwkef;u pkaqmif;xm;wJh ypnf;uav;awG
qdk&ifvJ rD;aoG;ESifhyJ ukefygNyD&Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]aMomf OD;pHx,fu onfbufu 0goem ygoudk;}
ar/
ar /]0goemygwmawmh rajymygESifhawmh? a[m[dk 0if;axmifhu wJ[m zdkxkd;wJh wJygyJ&Sif?
&orQ yifpifuav;[mvJ pm;&aomuf&w,fvdkU onfavmufr&Sdygbl;? vHkbdk; rD;aoG;bdk; 'kwmbdk;
vufcsm;bdk;ESifhyJ ukef&wmygyJ &Sif? wpfaeUaomfvnf; "mwfaygufvkNyDwJh ? wpfaeUaomfvnf;
udpNyD;vkNyDwJh? b,fawmhrS NyD;ekdifw,fvJ r&Sdygbl;&Sif? a[m tck &kwfw&uf aoqHk;oGm;jyefawmh
uRefrzdkU wpfjym;wpfcsyfrS xm;cJhw,fvdkU r&Sdygbl;&Sif} [k rdrd\ 'kursm;udk nnf;nLwkdifwef;
av\/ xkdtcg armiftkef;azonf tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaom pum;rsm;udk ajymqdkjcif;tm;jzifh tcsdefrukef
vdkonfU vuPmESifh pum;jzwf
az/
az /]OD;pHx,fudk owfwJh w&m;cH udkbaX;udk zrf;xm;wm rvGef;ar odw,f r[kwfvm;}
ar/
ar /]Mum;ygw,f&Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]ypnf;uvJ cdkifvHk? olUr,m;uvJ acsmygbdoESifh b,fvdkrsm; &efpvdkU owfw,f
xifovJ rvGef;ar}
ar/
ar /]rajymwwfygbl;&Sif? olUr,m; rjr&if cjrmrSmawmh 'kuygyJ ? udk,fcsif;pmNyD;
oem;vkdufyg&JU&Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]b,folu b,folUudk oem;zdkU aumif;ovJAs}
ar/
ar /]aMomf uRefrrSmawmh aoNyD;om;rdkU pdwfcsvufcs yl&vdkU awmfygao;w,f&Sif?
cjrmrSmawmh aorSmvm;[Jh? vGwfrSmvm;[Jh? waEG;aEG;ESifh aeUrat; nrat; ? awmifajy;&rvdk
ajrmufajy;&rvdk? omNyD;awmh qdk;vdrfhr,fvdkU xifygw,f&Sif}
[k ajymaomtcg armifpH&Sm;onf
rvGef;artm; xl;qef;aom rsufESmxm;eSifh pdkufMunfUum &Sdaeav\/ if;aemuf armifpH&Sm;onf
xkdif&mrS &kwfw&ufx
&Sm;/
; /]OD;pHx,f zdkxkd;wJh t*d&wfwJudk wpfqdwfavmuf MunfUyg&ap rdef;uav;&,f} [k
ajymonfESifh rvGef;aronfvnf; &kwfw&ufx uRefawmfwdkUtm; 0if;axmifh&Sdaom wJi,fodkU
ac:iif
oGm;av\/
wJtwGif;um;
vHkBuD;vHki,fwkdUonf
<uufavQmufay:
oyf&yfaumif;rGefpGm pDpOfxm;vsuf vkyf&yfbufqdkif&m ud&d,mwdkUrSmvnf; ae&mwus odkrSD;
xm;onfudk awGU&Sd&av\/ wpfckaom cHk&Snfuav;ay:um; &THUEGHrsm; aypGef;vsuf&Sdaom
tuswpfxnf wifvsuf&Sd&m armifpH&Sm;onf if;udk vufId;Tefvsuf
&Sm;/
; /]onftusu b,hfES,f[mvJ}
ar/
ar /]aMomf tazhtavmif;udk acsmif;xJu wifvmwkef;u toufrsm; ygOD;rvm;vdkU
cHkay:rSmwifNyD; tusudk cRwfay;Muwm rSwfygw,f&Sif? uRefrvJ pdwfnpfwmESifh bmrS rodrf;rd
rqnf;rdbJ onfUtwdkif;yJ xm;vdkuf&ao;wmyJ&Sif} [k ajymNyD;aemuf jywif;aygufteD;odkU
oGm;a&muf vufaxmufNyD;vQif tjyifodkU arQmfMunfU&if; pdwfnpfnL;onfU trlt&mESifh &Sdae&m
168

a&TOa'gif;

armiftkef;azvnf; if;\teD;odkU csOf;uyf ylyefjcif; ajyaysmufapatmif pum;wdkUudk azsmfajz

ajymqdkvsuf &Sdav\/ armifpH&Sm;onf uRefawmhftm; trSwfrJh vuf,yfac:
]tjyifodkU cPuav; oGm;vdkufOD;r,f? usKyfoGm;rSef; olwdkU rodatmif cifAsm;u pum;udk
trQifrjywfatmif ajymae&pfprf;ygAsm } [k ajymajymqdkqdkESifh xGufoGm;&m uRefawmfonf axG&m
av;yg; pum;wdkUudk tvQifrjywfatmif ajymqdk ae&pf&av\/
ESpfrdepfcefUMumaomtcg armifpH&Sm;onf wJtwGif;odkU wpfzefjyef 0ifvmNyD;vQif
rvGef;artm; wJtwGif;odkU 0ifa&mufMunfUIcGifh jyKonfudk aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum;
EIwfqufNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwdkUonf tjyifodkU xGufvmcJhMuav\/
rvGef;arrSm tdrfwGif;odkU 0ifoGm; uRefawmfwdkUonf 0if;aygufteD;odkU a&mufaomtcg
Xmemtkyf armifwifarmifonf vTwpfpif;udk ,ll
]a[m'gESifh wkdufNyD;jzwfwmyJ q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]b,ftem;u &cJhovJ}
tkyf/ /]wHcg;ESifh reD;ra0; csHKwpfckxJrSm xkd;NyD; 0Sufxm;w,f q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]b,fholUvTvdkU ajymovJ }
tkyf/ /]udkbaX;&JU tapcHwpfa,mufuawmh olwdkU tdrfu vTyJvdkU ajymw,f q&m?
OD;pHx,fwdkUtdrfrSm oHk;p&m udp&Sd&ifvJ ,lNyD;oHk;MuwmyJwJh q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]awmfygayw,fAsm udkarmifwif? 'gxuf cifAsm; b,frSm wnf;ovJ}
tkyf/ /]olBuD;tdrfrSmyJ wnf;w,f}
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; 'gjzifh olBuD;tdrfudk oGm;vdkufMuOD;pdkUAsm}
az/
az /]q&m vkdufzdkU rvdkygbl;rSwfw,f q&m? onfudprSm uRefawmfwdkU aqmif&GufzdkUyJ
&Sdygawmhw,f? q&mwkdUESpfa,muf &efukefudk jyefESifh&if aumif;vdrfhr,f xifw,f q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]usKyfwdkU Iyfw,fvdkU xif&ifvJ vrf;cGJcsif cGJMuwmayghAsm? usKyfuawmhjzifh rjr&if
iSm;xm;vdkU wpfykdif;wpfpESifh jyefvdkU rjzpfao;bl;As}
az/
az /]Iyfw,fvdkUawmh rxifygbl; q&m? ydkaevdkU ajymrdwmyg? rjyefcsifao;vdkU &Sd&ifvJ
q&mhoabmaygh q&m}
xkdn uRefawmfwkdUonf &GmolBuD;tdrf tdyfpufMu&av&m eHeufvif;ojzifh tdyf&mrS
xMuaomtcg armifpH&Sm;rSm tdrfr&SdawmhbJ aysmufoGm;av\/ armiftkef;azESifh XmemtkyfwdkUrSm
twefMumatmif apmifhqkdif;Muaomfvnf; armifpH&Sm; ray:vmbJ &SdavvQif armifpH&Sm;udk &SmazG&ef
rjr&if\tdrfodkU uRefawmfESifhtwl xGufvmcJhMuav\/ 0if;aygufodkUa&mufvQif rjr&ifESifh
armifpH&Sm;wdkUonf
pm;yGJwpfckteD;wGif
wpfpHkwpfckaom
t&m0wKudk
aocsmpGm
iHkUMunfUaeMuonfudk awGUjrifMu&av\/
169

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

uRefawmfwdkUonf tdrfjyifrS ac:iifNyD;aemuf tdrfwGif;odkU 0ifoGm;Muaomtcg rjr&ifrSm

{nfUcef; r&SdawmhbJ armifpH&Sm;wpfa,mufwnf; tjyif&Sdvsuf armifpH&Sm;url xkdtdrfrSm
rdrd\tdrfydkif jzpfonfUtaersdK;ESifh uRefawmfwdkUtm; {nfUcHNyD;vQif rjr&ifrSm OD;acgif;udkufojzifh
tdyf&modkU 0ifoGm;aMumif;ESifh ajymqdkav\/
xkdtcg armiftkef;azu armifpH&Sm;rSm rjr&ifbufrS BudwfBudwfe,f aqmif&Gufvsuf
&SdaMumif;udk &dyfrdonfjzpf ,if;uJhodkU aqmif&Gufjcif;onf tcsnf;ESD; jzpfaMumif;udk
xif&Sm;azmfjyawmhtHh[k tBuHESifh
az/
az /]q&muawmhjzifh w&m;cHbufu vHk;vHk;jzpfaeNyDudk; q&m? odkUaomf owif;wpfck
q&m Mum;&&if tHhMooGm;vdrfhr,f q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]bmrsm;vJ As}
az/
az /]w&m;cH udkbaX;&JU tdrfxJrSm 'dkif,m&Dpmtkyf wpftkyf awGUw,f q&m?
pmtkyfxJrSmvJ OD;pHx,fudk ay;&wJh aiGawG rSwfNyD;xm;wm awGU&w,f? awmfawmfyJ rsm;aeNyDaum
q&m ? aemufqHk;wpfcg aiG 100 ay;vkdufwkef;uawmh olUpmtkyfxJrSm ola&;xm;wJh
rSwfwrf;uav; wpfckudkawmif awGU&w,f q&m&JU}
&Sm;/
; /]b,fvkdrsm; rSwfwrf;a&;om;ygovJ Asm}
az/
az /]onfwpfcg aemufqHk;ay;jcif;yJ vdkU a&;om;w,f q&m&JU? onfawmh olUudk
tBudrfBudrf aiGSpfvdkU owfypfaMumif; onfavmufxif&SmaeNyD[m ? q&m vufavsmhvkdufygawmh
q&m&,f}
&Sm;/
; /]reufpm pm;zdkU tcsdefwefNyD xifw,f? cifAsm;wdkU NyD;cJhMuNyDvm;}
xkdtcg
armiftkef;azrSm
armifpH&Sm;tm;
jyefoGm;&ef
wkdufwGef;ygaomfvnf;
r&awmhrnfUtaMumif;udk od&Sdojzifh xyfavmif; rwdkufwGef;bJ olBuD;tdrfodkU xrif;pm;aomuf
&ef jyefvmcJhMuav\/
if;trIudk jrdKUe,fw&m;olBuD;Hk; a&S;OD;pGm ppfcsuf,l&ef wifoGif;onfUaeU jrdKUe,f&Sd
vltaygif;wdkUvnf; w&m;cH\ <u,f0csrf;omaMumif;udk od&Sdojzifh tajrmuftjrm; pk&Hk;vma&muf
em;axmifMuav\/
ykvdyfom;ESpfa,mufwdkUvnf; vufxdyfcwfvsuf&Sdaom w&m;cHudkbaX;udk &Hk;cef;odkU
oGif;vmcJh&m vltaygif;wdkUvnf; t&G,fvnf; aumif;? Opm"evnf; <u,f0ol w&m;cHtm;
oem;u&kPm &SdMuojzifh jzpfrS jzpf&avjcif; ponfjzihf NiD;wGm;Muav\/ w&m;cHrSmrl rsufESmudk
ajrodkUcsvsuf OD;acgif;axmifrQ rMunfUbJ ykvdyfwdkU\ tv,frS vkdufygvmcJhav\/ if;aemuf
rjr&ifonf &Hk;cef;odkU 0ifvm&m if;\ aemufrSrl armifpH&Sm;onf uyfvdkufygcJhav\/
rjr&ifrSmrl rsufESmId;i,fpGm &Sdaomfvnf; vGefpGm 0rf;enf;vS[ef r&Sdojzifh arQmfvifhzG,f&m
&Sdao;onf[k uRefawmf\ pdwf rSwfxifrdav\/

170

a&TOa'gif;

aemufqHk; OD;pHx,f\orD; rvGef;aronf &Hk;cef;odkU 0ifvm&m y&dowfwdkUvnf;

&kwfw&uf tkwftkwfusufusuf jzpfoGm;vsuf w&m;cHrSmrl wkefvIyf oGm;onfUtrlt&m
&Sdav\/
if;aemuf q&m0efonf oufaocef;odkU a&S;OD;pGm 0ifNyD;vQif aovGefol OD;pHx,frSm
wHwm;ay:rS usaom 'Pf&mjzifh aoqHk;&jcif;rSefaMumif;udk tppfcHav\/
xkdUaemuf w&m;cHudk avSmiftdrfwGif;odkU oGwfoGif; ppfaq;av&m
]vGefcJhaom we*FaEGaeUnu armifrif; armfawmfum;udk xkwf armif;ovm;}
]armif;ygonf}
]b,fudk armif;ovJ}
w&m;cHonf wdwfqdwfaeav\/
]ar;cGef;udk ajzyg}
]uRefawmf rrSwfrdyg}
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]ay;&zl;ygw,f}
]b,ftwGufay;&ovJ}
w&m;cHonf aeSmifhaES;awG;awm aeNyD;aemuf
]t*d&wfxkd;&ef twGuf p&dwfrvHkavmuf acs;iSm;&ygonf}
]rSefrSefajymyg? acsmufvSefUNyD; aiGSpfvdkU ay;&w,f r[kwfvm;}
]r[kwfyg}
]ysOfjym;udk armifrif; vTESifh wkdufxm;ovm;}

w&m;cHonf qdwfqdwfom aeav\/

]zdeyfrsm;aum rif;zdeyfvm;}
]rSefyg\}
xdkcP armifpH&Sm;onf xdkif&mrS x w&m;olBuD;xH tcGifhyefNyD;vQif txkyfi,f wpfckudk
ajz pdefem;uyf wpfzufudk xkwfjyvsuf
]onf&Gmom;rsm;teuf onfem;uyfudk b,folrsm; jrifzl;MuygovJ}

171

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

xdktcg vlESpfa,muf oHk;a,mufwdkUu rdrdwdkU jrifzl;aMumif;? if;rSm OD;pHx,f\ orD;

rvGef;ar\ em;uyfjzpfaMumif;ESifh xGufqdkMuaom tcg armifpH&Sm;onf rvGef;artm; [kwfyg
oavm[k ar;ojzifh rvGef;aronf [kwfygaMumif; 0efcHav\/
xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;onf tifpydwfawmf armiftkef;az&Sd&modkU vSnfU
&Sm;/
; /]udktkef;az ? cifAsm;udk uRefawmf [kdwpfaeUu tyfxm;wJh pmtdwf[m yg&JUvm; ?
xkwfjyprf;Asm}
xdktcg armiftkef;azonf tustdwfrS pmtdwfudk xkwfNyD;aemuf zGifhMunfUvdkuf&m
armifpH&Sm;\ vufrS em;uyfESifh wpfpHkjzpfaom tjcm;em;uyf wpfzufudk jrifMu&ojzifh
vltm;vHk;wdkUonf pl;pdkufum MunfUaeMuav\/
xkdtcg rvGef;aronf rsufvHk;rsm; jyL;vsuf
ar/
ar /]onf[mawG &Sifb,fu awGUovJ}
&Sm;/
; /]wpfzufuawmh OD;pHx,f\tavmif;teD; acsmif;xJrSmawGUw,fAs? wpfzuf uawmh}
ar/
ar /]&Sifu PfqifNyD; uRefrudk trIywfatmif}
&Sm;/
; /]onf;cHyg rvGef;ar? usKyf yHk wpfck ajymjyyg&ap? a&S;a&S;wkef;u yifpiftjidrf;pm;
t*d&wform;BuD; wpfa,muf &SdowJhAs? olUrSm orD;acsm wpfa,muf &Sdw,f? olwdkU tdrfem;rSmvJ
ajrydkifolaX; vifr,m;ESpfa,muf &SdMuw,f? vifjzpfolu tzkd;BuD;udk tifrwefcspfcifwJh twGuf
t*d&wfxdk;zdkU rD;aoG;bkd;? vHkbdk; rSp aiGrsm; cPcP acs;&SmowJhAs? onfvdkESifh aeMuawmh
tzdk;BuD;&JU orD;[m ajrydkif&Sif olaX;udk pHkruf cspfcifyga&m Asm}
xkdcP rvGef;aronf xkdif&mrS x tjyifodkUxGufoGm;awmhrnf jyKav&m
Xmemtkyfudkarmifwifu ycHk;ay: odkU vufESifh zdESdyf xm;aomaMumifh wpfzefjyef xkdif&av\/
xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;u qufvuf
&Sm;/
; /]odkUaomfvnf; olaX;uav;u olUr,m;udk tifrwef jrwfedk;cspfcifwJh twGuf
zsm;a,mif;vdkU r&bl;wJAs? odkUaomfvJ rdef;uav;u tBudrfBudrf tzefzef rdatmif zrf;avawmh
ykxkZOfom; jzpfvdkUrdkU aemufqHk;wpfaeUrSm pifppf arwm r[kwfaomfvJ }
ar/
ar /]wefyg&Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]onfvdk jzpfrdMuawmh aemufqHk;wpfaeUrSm a,mufsm;jzpfolu aemifw w&m;&NyD;
a&S;uuJhodkU armifvdk ESrvdk oabmxm;MuzdkU ajym&mrSm rdef;uav;u pdwfqdk;NyD; pmawmh
twefwefa&;? yxrawmh a,musfm; jzpfolu jyefNyD; pma&;ygao;&JU? awmfawmfMumawmh
vHk;vHk;yif jyefra&;bJ aeyga&m? onfawmh rdef;uav;u b,fhES,f tBuHjzpfovJ qdkawmh
r,m;BuD;&SdaevdkUom ighudk vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; rcspfBudKufbJ aew,f? r,m;BuD; r&Sd&if
ae&musav&JUvdkU tBuHjzpfwmudk;As? onfawmh b,fhES,fvkyfovJwJh? olUa,mufsm; r&SdcdkufrSm
r,m;udk vufzuf&nfaomuf zdwf? eufjzefvmr,f qdk&if onfuaeU nvdku wHwm;udk vTESifh
wkdufNyD;xm;? vifjzpfoludkvJ tcspfBuD;vGef;vdkU jyKvkyf&wJh taMumif;udk pmESifh a&;NyD;
172

a&TOa'gif;

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owdarhNyD; jy'g;vHk; jycsifvdkU toGm;rSm ]],kefaxmif aMumifrd}} qdkwJhpum;vdk pyfMum;u 0ifNyD;
taocH&&Smwmudk;As}
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a[m'gu a,musfm;u a&;wJh pmawGAs? onfawmh rdef;uav;u nOD;u oGm;NyD; olUajc&m
rxif&atmif udkbaX;&JU zdeyfa[mif; wpf&HESifh oGm;NyD; vTudk,l? wHwm;udk vTESifhwdkuf? vTa&m
zdeyfa&m zGufNyD;xm;? vTwdkuf&mrSm udkbaX; 0,fNyD; ay;xm;wJh em;uyfwpfzuf uRwfuscJh}
xkdtcg w&m;cHonf rnfolrQ rajrmfvifhbJvsuf &kwfw&uf x
]aeprf;ygOD; ? cifAsm;u uRefawmhftaMumif;awG b,fhES,faMumifh onfavmufawmif
odae& wmvJAsm} [k ar;aomtcg rjr&ifu
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xdkcP w&m;olBuD;u ]ekdU aeygOD;Asm? 'dkif,m&D pmtkyfxJrSm a&;xm;wJh aemufqHk;
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oufao rjyekdifonfU twGuf yxrar;pOfu rajzbJaecJhygonf}
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&&if b,favmufrsm; ae&musr,fvdkUuG,f? onfavmufawmif cspfcsifvSwJh vifr,m;? wapb0
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udkarmifwif oGefoifcsuft& rvGef;artm; zrf;qD;Muav\/
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173

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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cHvkdufawmhr,fvdkU atmufarhrdygw,f cifAsm}
w&m;olBuD;/ /]awmfygayhAsm? onfu OD;pH&Sm; ra&mufvm&ifawmh usKyfwdkUwpfawGvJ
txifvGJNyD; {uE rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; jzpfukefMuawmh rSmyJAsdKU}
uRefawmfwkdUonf uefBuD;axmifh&GmrS um;ESifh jyefvmMu&m vrf;c&D;wGif armiftkef;azu
az/
az /]aeygOD; q&m? b,fvkdvkyfNyD; ajc&maumufvkdufw,f qdkwm wpfqdwfuav;
&Sif;vif;NyD; ajymjyprf;ygOD; q&m}
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wdwfwdwf0ifNyD; &SmazGwJhtcgrSm em;uyfwpfzufa&m pmawGa&m awGUjyefwmudk;As? em;uyfwpfzuf
[mvJ tavmif;em;rSm awGUjyefawmh rvGef;ar tay:rSm awmfawmf ouFmruif;zdkU jzpfvmcJha&mAs?
onfUaemuf rjr&ifESifhtwl olUtdrfxJ&Smjyefawmh rvGef;aru udkbaX;xH a&;zl;wJh pmawGudk
awGU&jyefwmudk; ? onfawmhrS usKyfwkdUu ]],kefaxmif aMumifrd}} qdkwJh pum;vdk rjr&ifudk
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az/
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tustdwfrS pm&Gufwpf&Gufudk jy&m if;rSm aiG 500d wef csufvufrSwf wpfckjzpfaMumif;
awGU&SdMuavownf;/

NyD;ygNyD/

174

a&TOa'gif;

9 / / xl;qef;aom ajrbkwfbDvl; trI armifpH&Sm;pHkaxmufyHk

uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;wkdUonf jyefay;trIESifh ywfouf jynfjrdKUodkU armfawmfum;ESifh

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Mum;od&onfESifh xdwfvefUwkefvIyfjcif; jzpfMuNyD;vQif zrf;,loGm;aom oli,fuav;udk a&G;EIwf
atmif rapmihfqkdif;bJ jyef vTwfvdkufMuonf jzpfaomaMumifh armifpH&Sm;rSm udpNyD;ajrmufvQif
Mum&SnfpGm raevdkonfU oabmtwkdif; nwGif;csif;yif armfawmfum;ESifh &efukefodkU jyefvmcJh
Muav\/ xkdnonfum; tvGefw&m csrf;at;vSaom njzpfav&m uRefawmfrSm um;\aemufrS
auG;vsuf? armifpH&Sm;rSmrl csrf;at;jcif;udk yrmPrjyKbJ um;udk vsifjrefpGm armif;ESifvsuf
&SdcJhav\/
q,fem&DtcsdefcefUwGif uRefawmfrSm 'kdif;ceJ toHwpfckudk Mum;&ojzifh rSdef;ae&mrS
&kwfw&uf vefUekd;NyD;vQif tjyifodkU arQmfMunfUvkduf&m um;onf vrf;ab;odkU acsmfqif;NyD;aemuf
opfyifwpfyifESifh wkdufcgeD; qJqJwGifrS &kwfw&uf &yfoGm;av\/
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uRefawmf/ /]zmvdkU r&bl;vm;Asm}
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uRefawmf/ /]'gjzihf um;ay:rSm tdyfMu&HkyAsm}
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pHkprf;acsOD;r,f}
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ysif;ysif;&d&dESifh um;ay:rS qif;NyD;vQif armifpH&Sm;eSifh twl vdkufoGm;&av\/
twefi,favQmufrdMuvQif c&D;tawmftwef a0;aomt&yfrS rD;a&mifuav;rsm;
wvufvuf xGufaeonfudk jrifojzifh armifpH&Sm;u &GmESifhwlonf[k ajym if;odkU a&S;I
avQmufoGm;Muav\/
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cefUomvQif usefawmhonfjzpf&m uRefawmfwkdUonf a&;a&;ay:aeaom vrf;uav;twkdif;
vkdufoGm;MupOf uRefawmfrSm armifpH&Sm;\ aemufodkU vdkuf&jcif;onf tdrf auG;
tdyfae&oavmuf pnf;pdrfr&Sd [l idkufidkufrsOf;rsOf;ESifh awG;rdawG;&m awG;awm oGm;qJwGif
]tr,fav;AsmwdkU} [k vdyfjympifxGufrwwf eufus,faom toHBuD;jzifh aMumuftm;BuD;pGm
atmf[pfvkdufonfudk Mum;Mu&av\/

175

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

xdktcg armifpH&Sm;onf a&SUu avQmufoGm;&mrS &kwfw&uf wefU&yfum em;axmifvsuf&Sd&m

uRefawmfrSmvnf; rsufpdrsm;us,f toHMum;&modkU em;pGifhum &Sdavonf/ ,if;odkU&SdpOf
uRefawmfwdkU\ vuf,mbufrS vsifjrefpGm ajy;vmaom ajcoHrsm;udk Mum;Mu&av&m
ajcoHrsm;onf eD; eD; vmonfwGif
&Sm;/
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apmifhaeyg ? a&mufvmygvdrfhr,f} [k ajymNyD;onfESifh wjydKifeuf vlwpfa,mufonf aMumuftm;
BuD;vSojzifh rsufvHk;rsm; aygufxGufvkrwwf jyL;vsuf toufudk dIufum dIufum SLNyD;vQif
vufESpfzufudk udk;,dk;um;,m; tay: odkU ajrmufum vsifjrefpGm uRefawmfwdkU &Sd&modkU ajy;vm
onfudk va&mifatmufwGif jrifMu&av\/ xkdolonf uRefawmfwdkUudk jrifvQif
]u,fMuygOD;cifAsm? tr,fav; aMumufvScsnf&JU cifAs}
&Sm;/
; /(xkdol\ ykcHk;udk udkifum tm;ay;vsuf) ]raMumufygESifhav? usKyfwdkU &Sdom;uyJ?
bmjzpfwmvJAs? ajymprf;ygOD;}
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&Sm;/
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xdkolrSm tom;rsm; qwfqwfwkef ar;csif;&kdufatmif cdkufcdkufwkefrQ aMumuf&GHUvsuf &Sdae
ao;&um; armifpH&Sm;onf xkdol\ ausmudk vufjzifh oyf wkefvIyfjcif;uif;aom toHjzifh
at;at;aq;aq; tm;ay; aeav\/ xkdtcgrS xkdolonf wajz;ajz; taMumufajyvmcJh
armifpH&Sm;\ rsufESmudk armhMunfUNyD;vQif
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&Sm;/
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q,f&ufavmufu aow,f? olaoNyD;uwJu wpfa,mufuvJ tpdrf;obuf jzpfovkdvdk?
wpfa,mufuvJ o&J jzpfovdkvdk ajymMuw,f cifAs? 'DuaeUnawmh vlom;pm;aewmudk
uRefawmfh rsufaphESifhudk jrifcJh&ygw,f cifAsm}
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vdkU cifAs}
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&Sm;/
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176

a&TOa'gif;

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xkdol/ /]trav; rvkyfygESifh ? vkdufygawmhr,f cifAsm}
xkdUaemuf uRefawmfwdkUonf tvGefw&m aMumuf&GHUwkefvIyfvsuf&Sdaom xkdoludk
tv,frSxm;jyD;vQif jrifcJhonf qdkaomae&modkU oHk;a,mufom; oGm;a&mufcJhMu\/ ig;rdepfcefU
oGm;rdcJhMuavvQif xkdolonf opfyifwpfyif\ t&dyfudk vufndK;Tef jyav&m uRefawmf
wdkUonf Tefjy&m t&yfodkU MunfUvkdufonfwGif vlwpfa,mufonf ajray:wGif yufvuf
vSefvsuf ajcwpfydkif;onf t&dyfwGif; usaeojzifh wpfydkif;omvQif va&mif jrifMu&av\/
teD;tyg;um; tjcm;ol wpfa,mufrQ rawGUrjrif&acs/ armifpH&Sm;onf xkdolu teD;odkU
roGm;&ef qGJiifxm;onfudk z,f&kef;NyD;vQif teD;odkU csOf;uyfMunfUI&m xkdol\ vnfyif;rSm
jywfvkrwwf&Sdatmif 'Pf&mBuD;wpfckESifh aoqHk;vsuf&dSaMumif; awGU&Sd&av\/ aoqHk;onf
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jzpfjzpf vdkufydkUMuygOD; cifAsm}
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tdrftdkBuD;wpfaqmifudk awGU&SdMuav&m armifaygufpu if;tdrfBuD;onf OD;ay:odkif; \ tdrfjzpf
aMumif;? OD;ay:odkif; rSm atmufvrf;q&m wpfa,mufjzpfonfU twkdif; o&Jobufrsm;udk arG;jrL
177

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

onfjzpf &GmtwGif; raexkdifbJ okomefESifh eD;eD;aexkdifaMumif;rsm;udk ajymqdkNyD;vQif

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ajymqdkav\/
&Sm;/
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xGufvmcJhovJ }
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xef;&nfaomufNyD; zJ0dkif;rSm nOfUeufrSef;rod nOfUeufoGm;ygw,f cifAsm}
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armifaygufp xGufoGm;vQif
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uRefawmf/ /]yg ygao;w,f}
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aezl;aom tdrfBuD;odkU xkd;MunfU&m tdrfa&SUwHcg;rSm raphwaph ydwfxm;onfudk awGUjrif&onfwGif
&Sm;/
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r[kwfvm;}
uRefawmf/ /(cyfaMumufaMumufjzpfaomfvnf; &JcsifjyK) ]uRefawmfhudk armifaygufp
rSwfaeovm;? MunfUcsifvdkU vkdufwmayghAsm? bmudpvJ}
&Sm;/
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[kdrSm tavmif;awGUwJh twGuf pHkaxmufcsifvdkUygAsm? udkif; vm 0ifMur,f}
uRefawmfwkdUonf 0if;twGif;odkU 0ifMuNyD;vQif tdrfa&SUavSum;rS tdrfay: odkU wufoGm;
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&yfvsuf vufESdyf"mwfrD;udk twGif;odkU xkd;MunfU&m tdyfcef;wpfcef;? {nfUcef;wpfcef;ESifh
rD;zkdaqmifuav;twGuf wpfcef;? aygif; oHk;cef;rQom &SdaMumif; awGUjrif&av&m tdrfaxmifrI
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wkdif vG,ftdwfuav; wpfckcsdwfvsuf ? tcef;\ tv,f oHk;ausmif;axmuf cHkuav; wpfck
rQomvQif &Sdonfudk awGUjrifMu&av\/
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vkdufoGm;cJh&m armifpH&Sm;onf "mwfrD;a&mifudk wpftdrfvHk;tESHYtjym; vSnfUywfum xkd; MunfUNyD;
aemuf oHk;acsmif;axmuf cHkteD;odkU oGm;NyD;vQif ]tvdk 'gu bmawGvJAsdKU} [k ajym zsmay: odkU
Tefjyav&m ol&d,owif;pm ig;apmifrQwdkUudk uRefawmfjrif&avonf/ owif;pmwdkUrSm ywfxm;
aom puLrsm;udk zGifh zwfNyD;jzpf[ef vuPm&Sdav&m armifpH&Sm;onf &ufpGJrsm;udk aocsmpGm
MunfUINyD;aemuf
178

a&TOa'gif;

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uRefawmf/ /]owif;pmawGu vlaoNyD;wJhaemufrS a&mufwJh owif;pm rdkUvkdUvm;?
vydkif;ESifh rSmNyD; zwfwJhvljzpfawmh vlaoayr,fh &ufraphrcsif; owif;pmwkdufu qufNyD;
ydkUaerSmayghAs}
&Sm;/
; /]cifAsm; ajymyHkawmh owif;pmydkUwJh ukvm;u tdrfxJ0ifjyD; owif;pmawGudk
azmufazmufNyD;rS csxm;w,fayghav}
uRefawmf/ /][kwfw,fAsdKU? 'gawmhvJ xl;qef;w,f}
&Sm;/
; /]'gjzifh onf[mawGudk b,folazmufMunfUovJ}
uRefawmf/ /(aemufqHk;&ufpGJudk MunfUNyD;aemuf)] wpfa,mufa,mufawmh onfuaeU
onftdrfxJudk trSef0ifw,fAsdKU? 0ifNyD; owif;pmawG awGUwmESifh azmufMunfU[ef &Sdw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]onfuaeU wpfaeUwnf; rubl;As? aeUwkdif; 0ifNyD; MunfU[ef&Sdw,f}
uRefawmf/ /]b,fhES,faMumifhvJAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]onfwpfaeUwnf; 0ifNyD; MunfU&if owif;pmawG[m azmufrdazmuf&m azmufzwf
vdkU a&maeSmNyD; ae&r,fAs? tckawmh olU&ufpGJ ESifh ol Murf;ay:rSm tpOfvkduf xyfNyD; xm;wm
awGU&w,f? aeUwkdif; zwf[ef oPmefwlw,f? odkUaomf aeOD;} [k ajym armifpH&Sm;onf
rdrdaqmifNrJjzpfaom rSefbDvl;udk xkwfNyD;aemuf owif;pm wpfapmifpD aocsmpGm MunfUINyD;vQif
&Sm;/
; /]usKyfxifwJh twkdif;yJ udkodef;armif? owif;pm tzHk;wkdif;rSm jrLuav;awG wifNyD;ae
w,f? wpfapmifzwfNyD; csxm;&if jrLwifae&if wpf&ufyJ ? tm;vHk;azmufNyD; zwf&if tay:qHk;
owif;pm rSmom jrLwif&r,f r[kwfbl;vm;Asm}
uRefawmf/ /][kwfygayw,fAsm}
&Sm;/
/]odkYaomf bmowif;rsm; awGUcsifvdkU aeUwkdif;rSefrSefvmNyD; zwfovJ
;
MunfUprf;&atmifAsm} [k ajym armifpH&Sm;onf owif;pmrsm;udk wpfckpD vSefavSm MunfUINyD;vQif
&Sm;/
m; /]tvdk MunfUprf;AsdKU udkodef;armif? a[m'gu OD;ay:odkif; tedpa&mufaMumif;udk
m;
"mwfyHkESifhwuG xnfUxm;yguvm;} [k ajymNyD;aemuf owif;pmudk uRefawmhftm; vSrf;
ay;ojzifh MunfUIonfwGif OD;ay:odkif; \ "mwfyHkwpfjcrf;ESifh wuG tedpa&mufonfU taMumif;udk
tusOf;csKyf a&;om;xm;&SdaMumif; awGU&\/ "mwfyHkwGif awGU&Sd&onfU twkdif; axmufcsifh&aomf
OD;ay:odkif; onf ESmacgif;cRefcRef rsufcHk;wkwfwkwf em;&Gufum;um; yg;pyfNyJNyJ &Sd\/
tawmftwef cufxefonfU vuPmvnf; &Sd\/ uRefawmfonf "mwfyHkudk MunfUNyD;aemuf
ocFg&oabmw&m;udk rvGefqefekdifonfU taMumif; awG;awmvsuf &dSpOf avSum;rS vQdKU0SufpGm
qif;oGm;aom ajcoHrsm;udk Mum;&ovdkvdk &Sd\/ OD;acgif;rsm; BuD;NyD; MuufoD;rsm;xvsuf
armifpH&Sm;\ rsufeSmudk MunfUvkduf&m armifpH&Sm;vnf; uRefawmfuJhodkU Mum;&[ef&Sd em;pdkufum
&Sdaeav\/

179

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

aemufwpfcP armifpH&Sm;vnf; xkdif&mrS &kwfw&uf x wHcg;&Sd&modkU ajy;oGm;av&m

uRefawmfvnf; aMumuftm;vefUtm;ESifh aemufrS uyf vkdufygoGm;av\/ wHcg;udk wGef;NyD;
aemuf tjyifodkU arQmfMunfUaomtcg ukwfukwf ukwfukwfESifh 0if;tjyifodkU xGufoGm;aom
vlwpfa,muf\ oPmefudk &dyfceJ jrifvkduf&av\/ xdktcg armifpH&Sm;vnf; avSum;ukd
wpfBudrfvQif ESpfxpfoHk;xpfrQ ausmfqif; vl&dyfjrif&modkU vkdufjyefav&m uRefawmfvnf;
xyfMuyfvdkufygoGm;&av\/
0if;jyifodkU a&mufaomtcg uRefawmfwdkUESifh ay 50 avmufwGif vsifjrefpGm avQmufoGm;
aeaom vlwpfa,mufudk jrifMu&ojzifh ajy;vTm; vkdufMuav&m xkdolonf uRefawmfwdkU
&Sd&modkU wpfBudrfrQ vSnfUrMunfUbJ okomef&Sd&modkU pdkufpdkuf pdkufpdkufESifh oGm;av\/
xkdtcsdefum; vrif;onf 0ifvkqJqJ &SdNyDjzpfav&m uRefawmfwdkUrSm vrf;udk aumif;pGm
rjrifekdifonf jzpf a&mf&rf;um vkdufMu&aomaMumifh &kwfw&uf rrDekdifbJ wjznf;jznf;omvQif
okomefESifh eD; eD; vmcJhav\/
xkdolonf okomefodkU a&mufNyD;aemuf OD;ay:odkif; \ t&dk;tdk; teD;odkU csOf;uyfrdavvQif
uRefawmfwdkUESifh 15 aycefUrQom uGmavonfjzpf&m wdrfrsm; zkHk;tkyfvsuf&Sdaom vrif;onf
0ifawmhrnfUqJqJwGifrS EIwfqufbd ouJhodkUaom taejzifh &kwfw&uf wdrfMum;rS xGufay:cdkufESifh
xkdolonf uRefawmfwdkU &dS&modkU vSrf;MunfUcdkufESifh BuHKBudKufav&um; if;\rsufESmudk xif&Sm;pGm
jrifvkduf&onf jzpf uRefawmfwdkUESpfa,mufpvHk;onf wpfa,mufvufudk wpfa,mufudkifpGJum
Muufaoaovsuf &SdaeMuav\/ xdkolrSm rsufcHk;wkwfwkwf em;&Gufum;um;ESifh &Sdae&um;
uRefawmfwdkU jrifawGU&aom "mwfyHktwkdif; woa0rwdrf; wlnDonf jzpfaomaMumifh OD;ay:odkif;
ygwum;[k rSwfxifrdMuaomaMumifh aywnf;/
xkdolonf ,if;uJhodkU wpfcPrQ vSnfUMunfUNyD;aemuf t&dk;tdk;\ tjcm;bufodkU
avQmufoGm;ojzihf uG,faysmuf oGm;av&m armifpH&Sm;onf tawmftwefyif wkefvIyfvsuf&Sd&mrS
pdwfudkwif; xyfrHvdkufoGm;jyefav\/ t&dk;tdk;\ tjcm;bufodkU a&mufaomtcgum; xkdolrSm
tpteyif rjrifvkduf&awmhacs/ ajrrsdK oGm;bdouJhodkU tvsif;aysmuf oGm;av\/ xkdtcg
uRefawmfwdkUonf t&yfav;rsufESmudk arQmfMunfUygaomfvnf; xkdoludk rjrifojzifh
wpfa,mufrsufESmudk wpfa,muf MunfUNyD;vQif
uRefawmf/ /]b,fhES,fxifovJ udkpH&Sm;? emembm0awG &Sdw,fvdkUom Mum;zl;w,f ?
onfwpfcgjzifh vufawGU jzpfaeNyD xifw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]onfwpfcgawmhjzifh rajymwwfatmif jzpfaeNyDAsdKU? w,fMuyfyguvm; udkodef;armif}
xkdtcg vloHrsm; Mum;ojzifh arQmfMunfU&m &Gmom;wdkUonf rD;pnf;rsm;eSifh vmae
Muonfudk ta0;u jrifMu&av\/ teD;odkUa&mufvmMuaom tcg armifaygufpESifhwuG
&GmolBuD;yg &Gmom;ajcmufa&mufwdkUonf xrf;pifwpfckESifh vmMuaMumif; odMu&av&m
uRefawmfwdkUonf tavmif;udk xrf;pifay: odkU ulnD wifMuNyD;aemuf &Gmom;rsm;eSifh twl
&GmodkU vkdufMu&av\/ vrf;c&D;wGif
olBuD;/ /]cifAsm;wdkU b,fuvJ}
&Sm;/
; /]&efukef uyJ}
180

a&TOa'gif;

olBuD;/ /]emrnf b,fvdk ac: ovJ}

&Sm;/
; /]armifpH&Sm; ac:ygw,f}
olBuD;/ /]r*Zif;awGrSm zwfzl;wJh OD;pH&Sm; qdkwmrsm;vm;}
&Sm;/
; /]rSefygw,f}
olBuD;/ /]'gjzifh onfu udkodef;armifaygh}
uRefawmf/ /][kwfygw,f}
olBuD;/ /]tcefUoifhvkdufav cifAsm? tavmif;udkawGUwmvJ cifAsm;wdkUyJ awGUw,f?
cifAsm;wdkU vlowfrIudk cifAsm;wdkUyJ NyD;pD;atmif pHkaxmufay;cJhygawmh cifAsm}
armifpH&Sm;rSmvnf; xl;qef;aomtrIudk qHk;cef;wdkifa&mufatmif pHkaxmuf&ef qHk;jzwfNyD;
jzpfav&um; uRefawmfwdkUonf &GmolBuD; tdrf wnf;cdk&ef vkdufygoGm;Muav\/
eHeufvif; tdyf&mrS xMuonfESifh wjydKifeuf armifpH&Sm;u uRefawmftm; vrf;avQmuf&ef
ac: oGm;NyD;vQif vrf;c&D; ,refaeUnu if;udk,fwdkif tawmftwef wkefvIyfcJhonf jzpf
xkdol\ ajc&mudk MunfUzdkU&m owdarhavsmhoGm;aMumif;? xdkolonf awG;xifonfUtwdkif;
emembm0 jzpfcJhvQif ajray: ajc&mxifrnf r[kwfaMumif;? odkUjzpf ajray: ajc&m xifrxif
oGm;a&mufpHkprf; MunfUIvkdonf jzpfaMumif;ESifh ajymqdk okomef&Sd&modkU uRefawmftm; ac:
oGm;av\/
uRefawmfwdkUonf a&S;OD;pGm arSmfq&mBuD; OD;ay: odkif; aetdrfodkU a&mufMuaomtcg
avSum;tqif;rS p ajc&mrsm;udk MunfUIMuaomfvnf; jrufyifrsm; xlxyfvsuf &Sdonf
jzpfaomaMumifh uRefawmfwdkU\ ajc&mrsm;udkvJ rjrifekdif? tjcm;ol wpfOD;wpfa,muf\
ajc&mudkvnf; rawGU&SdbJ &SdaecJhMuav\/ if;ae&mrS wpfzef okomefodkU vdkufoGm;Mujyef&m
vrf;c&D;vnf; ajc&mrsm;rawGUekdifMuacs/ taMumif;udk qdkaomf xdkolonf vrf;&dk;rS roGm;bJ
jrufcif;yifrsm; xlxyfaom uGif;jyifwdkUrS jzwfoef; okomefodkU wnfUwnfUavQmufoGm;jcif;
jzpfaomaMumifh uRefawmfwdkU\ ajc&mvnf; rxifekdif? xkdol\ ajc&mvnf; rxifekdifatmif
&Sdaejcif; jzpfavonf/
okomefodkU a&mufMu OD;ay: odkif;\ t&dk;tdk;teD;odkU a&mufMuaom tcgum;
uRefawmfwdkUrSm jrufyifrsm; &Sif;vif;vsuf &Sdaom ajruGufwpfckay: xl;qef;vSaom
tjcif;t&mwpfckudk
awGUMu&ojzifh
wpfa,mufrsufESmudk
wpfa,mufMunfUum
ai;vsuf&SdaeMuav\/ taMumif;aomfum; jrufyifwGif ajc&mwpfck xifvsuf&Sd&m tvsm;
wpfawmifESifh vufav;opf? AsufrSm wpfrdkufcefU &Sdonfudk awGUMu&aomaMumifhwnf;/ tHhMojcif;
ajyaysmufaomtcg
uRefawmf/ /]b,fhES,fvJ udkpH&Sm;? vlom;pifppf qdk&if ajcaxmufajc&m onfavmufawmif
BuD;ekdifyghrvm;}

181

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/
; /]rSefw,f? 'Dajc&mavmufBuD;wJh vl[m tenf;qHk; tjrifh 15 ayavmuf &Sd&r,f?
usKyfwdkU jrifwJhvl[mvJ omrn t&yftarmif;yJ jzpfr,f}
uRefawmf/ /]'gjzifh emembm0 aygh}
&Sm;/
; /]emembm0 qdk&ifvJ ajc&mxifzdkU raumif;bl;As}
uRefawmf/ /]acsmufjcm; csifwJh twGuf ajc&mudk wrif xifatmif vkyfxm;csif xm;ekdif
wmayghAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]rSefw,f? acsmufjcm;vdkwJh twGuf ajc&mvkyfxm;cJhw,f qdkwm usKyf oabmwl
w,f} [k ajymNyD;aemuf armifpH&Sm;onf rsufESmwpfrsdK;ESifh &Sdae&m uRefawmfrSm rnfonfU
twGufaMumifh xkdodkUaom rsufeSmxm;rsdK; &Sdaeonfudk xdktcgrawG;awmwwfbJ &SdaecJhav\/
if;aemuf uRefawmfwdkUonf &GmolBuD;tdrfodkU jyefvmcJh&m vrf;c&D; armifpH&Sm;onf
uRefawmftm; pum; wpfcGef;rQ rajymbJ if;\ xHk;pHtwkdif; aq;wHudk jyif;xefpGm SLdIufum
pOf;pm;pdwful;vsuf vkdufygvmcJhav\/
&GmolBuD;tdrfodkU a&mufMuaomtcg ausmif;q&mruJhodkU oyf&yfpGm 0wfqifxm;aom
rdef;rwpfa,mufonf apmifhqdkif;vsuf&Sd&m &GmolBuD;u if;oli,frrSm aovGefol OD;ay: odkif; \
tarGpm; tarGcH jzpfaMumif;? &efukefNrdKUu rdef;uav;ausmif; q&mrtvkyfudk vkyfudkif
trnfrSm rBuD;a&TjzpfaMumif;eSifh todtuRrf;zGJU ay;avonf/
a&T/ /]onfuaeU ausmif;ydwfwmESifh armfawmfum;ESifh a&mufvmcJhygw,f&Sifh? OD;pH&Sm;
a&mufaew,f Mum;vdkU uRefrrSm 0rf;omrdygw,f&Sif? tvum;yg&Sif ? awmom;awG[m xifr
xif&m avQmufavQmufNyD; ajymwwfMuygw,f? uRefrwdkU OD;av;udk atmufvrf;q&mqdkNyD; o&J
jzpfoav;? obufjzpfoav;ESifh oGm;ykwfavvGifh ajymaeMuwm yaysmufatmif wqdwf
vkyfay;cJhyg&Sif}
&Sm;/
; /(oli,fr\ rsufESmuJ udk cwfvsuf)] OD;ay:odkif; [m touftmrcHrsm; xm;ovm;}
a&T/ /]5000d xm;w,fvdkU ajymygw,f&Sif? uRefrudkyJ tarGcH tarGpm; tjzpfESifh tmrcH
ukrPDrSm trnfoGif;NydD;xm;cJhygw,f? tckawmh cufaewmu olvJ aoa&m ukrPDpmcsKyf
awGuvJ b,frSmxm;cJhrSef; rodvdkU tckxufxd aiGrxkwf&ao;atmif &Sdaeygw,f&Sif? 'gaMumifh
tdrfxJrSm wpfcgxyfNyD; &Smr,fvdkU uRefr vmcJhjcif; jzpfygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]OD;ay:odkif; aoqHk;pOf tcgu rdef;uav; vmao;ovm;}
a&T/ /]uRefru acgif;oGif;NyD;rS a&mufygw,f&Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]bma&m*gESifh tedpa&mufovJ}
a&T/ /]avoifwkef;rdvdkU &kwfw&ufqHk;w,fvdkU ajymMuygw,f&Sif? &Gmom;awGu OD;ay:
odkif; qdk&if b,favmuf raMumufwwfw,f? aMumufwwfw,f rajymESifhawmh? aowmawmif
tdrfay:udk rwufMubl;? okb&mZm vuftyfNyD; acgif;oGif;cdkif;Muygw,f&Sif}
182

a&TOa'gif;

&Sm;/
; /]'gjzifh tavmif;udk q&mrvJ rjrif? &Gmom;xJuvnf; b,folrS rjrifvdkuf
Mu&bl;vm;}
a&T/ /]rSefygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]oN*K[fNyD;aemuf pmcsKyfawG &Sma&m qdkygawmh}
a&T/ /]rSefygw,f ? toufaygifxm;w,f qdkvdkU pmcsKyfudk &Smvdkufwm? wpftdrfvHk;ESUH
aeyga&m&Sif? b,frSmrS rawGUbl;? 'gaMumifh pdwfrauseyfao;vdkU ,cktcg xyfNyD; &SmzdkU
vmcJhygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]tavmif;udk rD;oN*K[fNyD;rS *loGif;ovm;? onftwdkif; oGif;ovm;}
a&T/ /onftwdkif;yJ uRefr *loGif;xm;ygw,f &Sif? udkif; OD;pH&Sm;ESifh pum;ajymae&wmawmh
aumif;yg&JU? odkUaomf uRefrudpav; NyD;pD;atmif tcsdef&Sdcdkuf oGm;NyD; &Smprf;yg&apOD;&Sif} [k
ajymNyD;aemuf rBuD;a&Tonf &Gmom; oHk;av;a,mufwdkUESifh OD;ay: odkif;\ aetdrfodkU oGm;av\/
&GmvlBuD;vnf; ,refaeUnu tavmif;eSifh ywfouf aqmif&Guf&ef&Sdaom udprsm;udk
aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sd&m
uRefawmf/ /]b,fhES,fvJ udkpH&Sm;? b,fvdkxifovJ}
&Sm;/
; /]uRefawmfawmh OD;ay: odkif; aow,f rxifbl;}
uRefawmf/ /]touftmrcH ukrPDudk vdrfvnfNyD; aiGxkwfzdkU BuHpnfMuw,f xifoaygh
av}
&Sm;/
; /]tppfyJ}
uRefawmf/ /]'gjzifh aiGxkwf&if OD;ay: odkif; xkwfrSmaygh}
&Sm;/
; /]olrxkwf&if b,folxkwfrvJ ? 'gaMumifh pmcsKyfawG rawGYbJ jzpfaewmaygh}
uRefawmf/ /]'gjzifh touftmrcH ukrPDudk taMumif;Mum;zdkU rvkdbl;vm;Asm}
&Sm;/
; /]bmqdkifovJ ? usKyfwdkUudk touftmrcH ukrPDu iSm;xm;wmrS r[kwfbJ?
odkUaomfvnf; ,ck vlowfrIrSm vufo,f[m b,folb,f0g jzpfw,f? OD;ay:odkif; \
tavmif;xifrSwfNyD; *loGif;xm;wJhol[m b,foljzpfw,f qdkwmudkawmh usKyfwdkU pHkaxmuf
Mu&vdrfhr,f}
uRefawmf/ /&kwfw&uf tBuH& ]aMomf wefawmhAsdKU? acgif;xJrSm tavmif; ygw,f rygbl;
qdkwm b,folrS trSefrajymekdifbJ? wu,fvdkU cyfav;av;&Sdatmif wpfckck xnfUNyD;xm;&ifvJ
&Gmom;awG ,HkMunf&r,f r[kwfvm;Asm}
&Sm;/
; /]rSefw,f}
uRefawmf/ /]'gjzifh *lazmufNyD; MunfUMu&if raumif;bl;vm;Asm}
183

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/
; /]usKyfvJ onfvkdyJ BuHpnfaew,f? odkUaomf azmufMunfUzkdU qdk&if trdefUawG bmawG
cHaeMu&vdrfhr,f? trdefUcHaew,f qdk&if Mumaevdrfhr,f? usKyfwdkUvJ rapmifhekdifbl;}
uRefawmf/ /]'gjzifh b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ Asm}
&Sm;/
; /]onfuaeUn ESpfa,mufxJ wdwfwdwfuav; zGifhNyD; MunfUvkduf&atmif}
uRefawmf/ /]vkyfavAsm}
*****
aeUvnftcsdefcefU q&mr rBuD;a&Tonf uRefawmfwdkU&Sd&m olBuD;tdrfodkU vmNyD;vQif OD;ay:
odkif; \ aetdrf wpftdrfvHk; tESHYtjym; &SmazGcJhaomfvnf; rnfonfUae&mrS pmcsKyfudk
rawGU&SdaMumif;? rdrdrSmvnf; Mum&SnfpGm raeedkifonf jzpf jyef&rnf jzpfaMumif;ESifh ajymqdkNyD;vQif
uRefawmfwdkUtm; EIwfquf armfawmfum;jzifh jyefoGm;av\/
if;nOfU 12 em&Dausmf tcsdefcefUwGif wpf&GmvHk; tdyfaysmfvsuf &SdMuonf jzpf&m
uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;wdkUonf vufESdyfrD;wpfckESifh &GmolBuD;\ tdrfrS vQdKU0SufpGm qif;vmNyD;vQif
okomefodkU oGm;Muav\/ OD;ay: odkif; \ *lodkU a&mufMuaomtcg uRefawmfwdkUonf
vufESdyf"mwfrD;eSifh *l0odkU xdk;MunfUonfwGif *lrSm oHwHcg;jzifh ydwfxm; aomhcwfvsuf&SdaMumif;
awGU&Sd&av\/ xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;rSm ydwfxm;aom aomhcavmufudk zGifhonf t&mXme
olcdk;rsm;xufyif uRrf;usifol wpfa,mufjzpfav&um; rdrdygaom vufeuf ud&d,mrsm;ESifh
prf;oyfzGifhvSpf&m em&D0uftwGif; aomhyGifhav\/
xkdtcg uRefawmfwdkUonf oHwHcg;udk qGJzGifh twGif;odkU "mwfrD;jzihf xkd; MunfUonfwGif
omrnopfom;jzihf oifhavsmfatmif jyKvkyfxm;aom acgif;wpfckudk awGU&Sd&av\/ if;aemuf
ESpfa,mufom;wdkUonf acgif;udk vufudkifrS udkif qGJxkwfMu&m tawmftwefyif
av;vHonfjzpf wpfckck xnfUoGif; xm;aMumif;udk ,HkrSm;zG,f&m r&Sdacs/
acgif;udk ajray: odkU csNyD;aemuf armifpH&Sm;onf acgif;zHk; pkyfxm;aom 0uftlrsm;udk
0uftlvSnfUjzifh vSnfU zGifh&m 0uftlwpfacsmif;udk zGifhrdyifvQif ykyfa[mifaom teHUwdkUonf
acgif;twGif;rS axmif;ceJ xGufvmonf jzpf wpfpHkwpfa,muf\ tavmif;yg&SdaMumif;udk
od&SdMu&av\/ 0uftlwpfacsmif;NyD; wpfacsmif; zGifhavav? ykyfpyfaom teHUwdkUonf wdk;wdk;
vmavav &SdcJh&m uRefawmfwdkUrSm vufudkifyk0grsm;jzifh ESmacgif;yg;pyfwdkUudk vHkNcHKatmif
Muyfwnf;pGm pnf;Mu&av\/
aemufqHk;0uftl zGifhNyD;aomtcg armifpH&Sm;onf acgif;udk acgif;&if;zufodkU wGef;z,f
vufESdyf"mwfrD;jzifh xdk;MunfUaomtcg ESpfa,mufom;wdkUrSm tHhMopGmESifh ai;vsuf&SdaeMu&av\/
uRefawmfwdkU\ xifjrifcsufrSm xkdtavmif;onf OD;ay: odkif;\ tavmif; r[kwf[k
aumif;aumif;BuD; awG;xifMuNyD; jzpf&m uRefawmfwdkU jrifMu&aom tavmif;rSm
q,f&ufcefUMumNyD jzpf ykyf&dvsuf &Sdaomfvnf; ESmacgif;cRefjcif;? rsufcHk;wkwfjcif;? yg;pyfNyJjcif;?
em;&Gufum;jcif; tp&Sdaom tjcif;t&mwdkUudk xif&Sm;pGm awGUjrif&onf jzpfaomaMumifh OD;ay:
odkif;\ tavmif;ppfppf jzpfaMumif; od&Sd&av\/
184

a&TOa'gif;

xdktcg armifpH&Sm;u ]usKyfwkdU onfwpfcsuf tawG;acsmf jyefjyDAsdKU} [k ajymjyD;aemuf

acgif;udk wpfzef jyef ydwfjyD;vQif 0uftlrsm;udk rlvtwdkif; jyef pkyfMu&av\/
0uftlig;acsmif;cefU pkyfrdMuvQif reD;ra0;rS cRwfceJ jrnfoH Mum;Mu&av&m uRefawmfwdkUrSm
,cifurl OD;ay: odef; aoonfr[kwf[k ,HkMunfxm;jyD; jzpf&m aMumuf&GHUjcif; uif;vsuf&Sd&mrS
,ckwpfzef OD;ay: odef; trSefwu,f aoqHk;aMumif; od&Sd&jyD;aemuf xdktoHrsm;udk Mum;&&HkrQESifh
,refnOfUu tjzpftysuf rsm;ESifh wuG wpfawmifausmf cefUrQaom ajc&mMuD;udk owd&NyD;vQif
MuufoD;rsm; x acgif;rsm;BuD; cwfwa&mfaom udk,f&Sd zsOf;ceJ jzpfoGm;av\/ armifpH&Sm;
vufESdyf"mwfrD;ESifh toHMum;&mudk xdk;MunfU&m rnfonfUt&mrQ rjrif t&dk;tdk;a[mif;rsm;udk
omvQif awGUMu&av\/
xkdUaemuf 0uftlrsm;udk qufvufydwfMuNyD;vQif NyD;pD;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf oHwHcg;udk
zGifh armifpH&Sm;u acgif;udk ae&m jyef rxm;ao;rD *ltwGif;odkU vufESdyf"mwfrD;jzifh xdk;
MunfUvkduf&m ]tvkd w,fae&musyguvm;? MunfUvSnfUprf;AsdKU udkodef;armif} [k ac:iifojzifh
uRefawmfvnf; if;\ aemufrS wGif;xJodkU qif;vkdufav\/
*ltwGif; wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom olu csJUxGifxm;onf jzpf tawmfyifus,f0ef;vsuf
&Sd&m atmufodkUvnf; OrifvIdPfacgif;ozG,f wl; xm;av\/ armifpH&Sm;vnf; "mwfrD;udk
udkifvsuf a&SUrS oGm; uRefawmfvnf;aemufrS vkdufNyD;vQif vdIdPfacgif;udk MunfUaeMuqJwGif
tjyifrS acsmif;ueJ toHwpfckudk Mum;&NyD;aemuf oHwHcg;vnf; ydwfoGm;av\/ if;aemuf
aomhcavmufudk tjyifrS ydwfvkdufonfU toHudk Mum;Mu&av\/
uRefawmfrSm wHcg;ESifh teD;qHk; &Sdaeonfjzpf wtm;wGef; zGifhygaomfvnf; ryGifhbJ &Sd&m
armifpH&Sm; udk,fwkdifu ulnD ESpfa,mufom; wGef;Muygaomfvnf; tenf;i,frQ vIyf&Sm;
a&GUvsm;jcif; r&SdbJ NrJckdifpGJNrJpGm &Sdaeav\/
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; wpfcgjzifh *lxJrSm ydwfNyD;om; jzpfaeNyD? reufvif;rS &Gmu zGifhay;rSyJ
xGufMu&awmhrSmyJ AsdKU}
uRefawmf/ /]vlydwfwmvm; wapydwfwmvm;}
&Sm;/
; /]wapqdkwm ydwmayghAs}
uRefawmf/ /]r[kwfbl;Asm? vlvmNyD; ydwfovm;? wap vmNyD; ydwfovm; ar;ygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]vlpifppfyg udkodef;armif? wapr[kwfygbl;? udkif; udkif; rxGufedkifr,fh twlwl
vdkPfacgif;xJudk pHkprf;MutHk;pdkUAsm}
if;aemuf armifpH&Sm;onf vufESdyf"mwfrD;eSifh atmufodkU oGm;aom tacgif;udk xkd;
MunfUonfwGif vlwpfa,muf acsmifcsdpGm ykef;atmif; aeekdifaom ae&mvyfwpfckudk awGUonfU
tjyif "mwfyHkwpfckESifh pmtdyfav;ig;vHk;udk awGU&Sd&av\/
armifpH&Sm;onf "mwfyHkudk ,lMunfU&m rdef;rwpfa,mufonf uav;ESpfa,mufudk
'l;wpfbufwpfcsufwGif wif &dkufxm;aom yHkjzpfaMumif; awGU&SdMu&av\/ armifpH&Sm;onf
"mwfyHkudk twefMumatmif pkduf MunfUNyD;aemuf ]atmifr,fav; tckrS &dyfrdawmhw,fAsm } [k
185

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

ajym uRefawmfu ]bmrsm; &dyfrdwmvJ Asm} [k ar;aomtcg armifpH&Sm;onf rdef;r"mwfyHkudk

qHxHk;a&m udk,fyg vufjzifh uG,fNyD;vQif rsufvHk; rsufcHk;wkdUudkom ay:apvsuf
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; MunfUprf;? b,folESifh wlovJ}
uRefawmf/ /]OD;ay: odkif; "mwfyHkESifh wlw,fAsdKU? rdef;rvkd 0wfNyD; &kdufxm;wmvm;}
&Sm;/
; /]w,ftwJh vlyJ? OD;ay: odkif; r[kwfbl;As? OD;ay: odkif; &JU taryHkyJ? a[monf
uav; ESpfa,mufu t&G,fvJ wlw,f? &kyf&nfvJ wlw,f? tjrTmarG; jzpf&r,f? tJ'gaMumifh
OD;ay: odkif; u olUnDudk owfNyD; touftmrcH ukrPDu aiGudk vdrfxkwfwm jzpf&r,f}
uRefawmf/ /]aMomf &dyfrdNyDAsdKU? 'gjzifh ckeifu tavmif;u OD;ay:odkif; tavmif;
tppfr[kwf? olESifh nDtpfudk trTmarG;ayghAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]tppfyJ}
uRefawmf/ /]ckrSyJ &Sif;ayawmhw,fAsm? 'gjzifh OD;ay: odkif;udk &SmzdkU &Sdawmhwmyav}
&Sm;/
; /]wHcg;udk tjyifu ydwfwm olayghAsm? reufvif;vdkU &Gmu usKyfwkdUudk vkduf&Sm&if
awmfyg&JU? rawmfvdkUrsm; OD;ay: odkif; udk aMumufwmESifh okomefudk rvm0HhbJ &SdaeMu&if
usKyfwdkUawmh rGwfwmayghAsm}
uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm;ES,fAsm? aMumuf&wJh txJrSm rvSefUprf;ygeJUAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; oifhawmfovkd MunfUNyD; awG;MuOD;pdkUAsm? tdyfaysmfr,fawmh r[kwfygbl;?
udkodef;armif usKyf aq;vdyfraomuf&bl;vm;AsdKU}
uRefawmf/ /]rvkyfygESifh q&mMuD;&,f? av0ifayguf r&SdbJESifh rGef;NyD; aoMuygr,f}
if;aemuf uRefawmfwdkUonf eH&Hudk rSDum ikdufrsOf;vsuf &SdaeMuav\/ uRefawmfrSm
arS;ueJ jzpf oGm;pOf oHwHcg;udk ]'Hk; 'Hk; 'Hk; 'Hk;} eSifh wD;acgufoH Mum;ojzifh rsufpdudk
zGifhMunfUaomtcg armifpH&Sm;onf tjyifu vlrsm; Mum;atmif wD;acgufvsuf &SdaMumif;
od&Sd&av\/ xkdtcg tjyifrS toH ]b,folvJ txJu}
&Sm;/
; /]usKyfwkdUyg}
toH/ /]usKyfwkdU qkdwm b,folvJ}
&Sm;/
; /]armifpH&Sm;yg olBuD;&JU? &efukefu pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;av}
toH/ /]MuHMuHpnfpnfAsm? b,fhES,f txJ a&mufaeMuovJ}
&Sm;/
; /]aemufawmh ajymygr,f? zGifhprf;ygOD;As}
if;aemuf vloHrsm;eSifh oHwl&Gif; uvefUoHrsm;udk Mum;&NyD;vQif ig;rdepfcefU Mumaomtcg
oHwHcg; yGifhoGm;av\/ xdktcsdefum; rkd;aumif;pGmvif; 7 em&D tcsdefcefU &SdNyD jzpfavonf/
186

a&TOa'gif;

tjyifodkUa&mufaomtcg olBuD;u ajymjyonfrSm v,fxGeform;wpfa,mufonf okomefteD;rS

jzwf oGm;aomtcg acgif;BuD; tjyifodkU a&mufaeonfudk jrifojzifh xl;qef;aom tjcif;t&mudk
rdrdtm; vma&mufwdkifwef;aMumif; ? rdrdu &Gmom;rsm; pkaqmif; taMumif;rnfodkU &Sdonfudk
pHkprf;jcif; jzpfaMumif;? wkdifwef;pOftcguyif armifpH&Sm;wkdU aysmufoGm;aMumif; odojzifh if;wkdU
vufcsufjzpfonfudk awG;xifrdaMumif;rsm;eSifh jyefajymav\/
if;aemuf uRefawmfwkdUonf &GmolBuD;tdrfodkU a&mufoGm;MuNyD;vQif armifpH&Sm;onf
,refnOfUu *lwGif;rS awGUcJhaom pmrsm;udk zwfMunfU&m if;wkdUrSm OD;ay: odkif; xH if;\
nDtpfudk awmfol OD;oHcJ ay;vkdufaom pmrsm;jzpfaMumif;? vuPmrSm OD;oHcJ qkdolonf
&mZ0wfjypfrIjzpf 0g;&rf;ajy;vsuf&SdpOf OD;ay: odkif; u pm;&dwf axmuf&aMumif;? if;xHodkUvnf;
rMumrMum vma&muf aMu;aiGrsm; Sif;avh&SdaMumif;? OD;ay: odkif;u ray;ekdif[k
jiif;qefaomtcg twif;t"rawmif;cH[ef &SdaMumif;rsm;udk if;pmrsm;udk zwfjcif;tm;jzifh
&dyfrdekdifay\/
uRefawmf/ /]ekdU aeygOD;Asm ? OD;ay: odkif; udk rdatmif b,fhES,fzrf;rvJ}
&Sm;/
; /]rcufygbl;Asm? b,frS rajy;ygbl;? 'Dtem;wif &Sdygw,f}
uRefawmf/ /]b,fhES,faMumifh cifAsm; odovJ}
&Sm;/
; /]touftmrcH ukrPDrS pmcsKyfawGu usKyfqD a&mufaew,f? ol b,frS rajy;ekdif
bl;}
uRefawmf/ /]ekdY aeygOD;As? ajc&mBuD; wpfawmifavmufawGUumu b,fhES,fvJAs}
&Sm;/
; /]OD;ay: odkif; u olUudk bDvl;jzpfaMumif; &Gmom;rsm;u xifrSwfaMumif; odavawmh
aMumufonfxuf aMumufNyD; olU t&kd;tkd;em; roGm;0Hhatmif opfom;ajcaxmufBuD; vkyfNyD;
ajc&mcsxm;wmygAs}
xrif;pm;aomuf
NyD;MuvQif
armifpH&Sm;onf
&GmolBuD;eSifhwuG
&Gmom;
av;ig;a,mufwkdUudk ac:iifNyD;vQif OD;ay: odkif;\ aetdrfodkU oGm;a&mufMuav\/ if;aemuf
armifpH&Sm;vnf; xif;rsm;udk ckwfap tdrf\ ywf0ef;usif vSnfUywfum 0kdif;&HNyD;vQif rD;dIUap&m
rD;rsm; twefi,f ylvmonfESifh wjydKifeuf tdrfrdk;ay:rS vlwpfa,muf azmufxGif;
ay:vmav\/ xkdtcg &Gmom;wkdUvnf; ]wapacsmufw,f wapacsmufw,f} [k
atmf[pfvsuf&Sd&m
&Sm;/
; /]wapr[kwfygbl; AsmwkdU? OD;ay:odkif; pifppfyg? b,fhES,fvJ OD;ay:odkif;
tvG,fwuleSifh tzrf;cHrvm;? rD;dIUNyD; owf&rvm;}
odkif;/ /]tzrf;cHygawmhr,fAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; rD;awG jidrf;Muprf;Asm}
OD;ay: odkif; udk zrf;qD;&rdaomtcg
187

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/
; /]OD;ay: odkif; ? rSefrSef tppfcHrvm;}
odkif;/ /]cHygawmhr,fAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]udkoHcJudk owfwm cifAsm;awmh r[kwfbl; [kwfvm;}
odkif;/ /]r[kwf&ygbl;Asm? t&ufrl;NyD; aowmyg}
&Sm;/
; /]cifAsm; 0Sufxm;wm b,favmufMumNyDvJ}
odkif;/ /]wpfvavmuf &SdygNyD}
&Sm;/
; /]olaooGm;awmh cifAsm;ESifh &kyfqif;wlavawmh touftmrcHaiGudk cifAsm;
vdrfvnfzdkU BuHpnfw,f [kwfp}
odkif;/ /]rSefygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]'gavmufESifhrsm; vlwpfa,mufudk aemufxyfNyD; owfypfygayw,fAsm}
odkif;/ /]onfvlu aocsifawmh usKyfESifh yufyif;yg awGUNyD; cifAsm; aow,fqdk
bmvkyfaeovJwJh ar;awmh usKyfu usKyftrI ay:rSm pdk;wmESifh vkyfrdvkyf&m vkyfvkdufrdygayw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; udkodef;armif? usKyfwkdU jyefzdkU &Sdawmhw,f}

NyD;ygNyD/

188

a&TOa'gif;

10/ / OD;atmif'Gef;udk b,folowfovJ

tcsdKUaom olwkdUonf vlwpfOD; wpfa,muf\t*Fg&kyfudk MunfUItuJcwfjcif;tm;jzifh
xkdol\ tusifhpm&dwESifh wuG pdwfaeoabmxm;udk cefUrSef;ekdifMuonfjzpf&m uRefawmf\
rdwfaqG armifpH&Sm;rSm if;twwfynm wpfzufurf;cwf wwfajrmufonf[k uRefawmf
xifjrifoabm &&SdapcJhygaMumif;? if;ynmudk toHk;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh armifpH&Sm;onf xkdolum; jypfrI
usL;vGefaomol jzpf\/ xdkolum; jypfrIusL;vGefaomol r[kwfekdif&m ponfjzifh
qHk;jzwfajymqkdekdifcJhonf jzpf&m atmuf a&;om; azmfjyvwHhaom tjzpftysuf taMumif;t&m
wkdUrSm armifpH&Sm;onf if;twwfynmudk toHk;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh vlwpfa,mufrSm BudK;rdefUusvkqJqJ
&Sd&mrS toufcsrf;om &cJhzl;aom twKywdjzpfavonf/
uRefawmfwkdUonf txufjrefrmjynfrS &efukefjrdKUodkU qkdufa&mufMuNyD;aemuf uRefawmfrSm
cGifh&uf raphukefao;onf jzpf armifpH&Sm;eSifhtwl &mZ0wf&Hk;rsm;odkU armifpH&Sm;\
jyKjrJxHk;pHtwkdif; oGm;a&mufvnfywf MunfUIMuonf/ puf&Sif&Hk;odkUa&muf w&m;cHwpfa,muf
tm; w&m;olBuD;\ a&SUodkYoGif;vmonfudk awGUjrifMu&av\/ xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;onf w&m;cH\
trlt&m t*Fg&kyfudk aphaphMunfUNyD;aemuf trIvkduf tifpydwfawmftm; rnfonfUtrIESifh
pGyfpGJxm;aMumif; ar;jref;&m trIvkduf tifpydwfawmfu abmif'&Dvrf; vlowfrIeSifh pGyfpGJxm;aom
w&m;cH armifxGef;pdef jzpfaMumif;eSifh jyefajymav\/ if;aemuf uRefawmfwkdUonf w&m;vkdbufrS
wifjyaom oufaorsm; xGufqkdcsufudk tenf;i,f &yfwefUem;axmifvsuf &SdMupOf
pHkaxmuftifpydwfawmf armiftkef;azonf &Hk;ay: odkU wufvm uRefawmfwdkUudk jrifonfESifh
az/
az /]tvkd q&mwkdU jyefa&mufvmMuNyDvm;? b,fwkef;u a&mufvmMuovJ q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]onfreufyJ a&mufw,f udktkef;az? 'gxuf onftrIrSm
vufqkyfvufudkif rdwmvm;? odkUr[kwf pHkaxmufvkdU &wmvm; udktkef;az}

w&m;cHudk

az/
az /(EIwfcrf;arG;udk owfvsuf) ]pHkaxmufvkdU ay:wJh trIyg q&m? q&m r&Sdayr,fh
uRefawmfvJ wpfrIwpfavawmh ay:atmif pHkaxmufekdifygao;w,f}
&Sm;/
; /]tifrwef xif&Sm;ovm;Asm}
az/
az /]xif&Sm;qdk onfUxuf xif&Sm;wJh trI b,frSm &dSao;ovJ q&m? w&m;cHawmh
MudK;u b,fvGwfrvJ}
&Sm;/
; /]udktkef;az onfuaeU nae rtm;bl;vm;}
az/
az /]tm;ygw,f q&m? bmjyKvkdUvJ}
&Sm;/
; /]tm;vkdU&Sd&if usKyfwkdUtdrfudk naeavmuf tvnfvmapcsifw,fAsm}
az/
az /]vmwmaygh q&m? ig;em&Davmuf a&mufatmif vmcJhygr,f}
&Sm;/
; /]vmjzpfatmif vmcJhprf;ygAsm}
189

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

if;aemuf uRefawmfwkdUonf &Hk;rS qif; vmcJhMu&m

&Sm;/
; /]r[kwfvQifvJ vGJa&mh? w&m;cH MunfU&wm &mZ0wfaumifESifh rwlygbl; cifAsm?
b,fheS,fxifovJ udkodef;armif}
uRefawmf/ /]bmaMumifhvJAsm? vlyHkuav; oem;urm; rdkUvm;}
&Sm;/
; /]vlacsm&if &mZ0wfrI rjyKbl;vkdU cifAsm;udk b,fol ajymovJ ? q&mr rav;ar
owfwkef;u armifbxGef;xuf b,folacsmOD;rSmvJ}
uRefawmf/ /]ekdU bmaMumifhvJAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]usKyfpdwfu xifvkdU qkdygawmhAsm? vlt*Fg&kyf taMumif;udk aemufrsm;rS
pmtkyfwpftkyf xkwfOD;r,f}
uRefawmf/ /]cifAsm;u t*F0dZmvJ wwfovm;}
&Sm;/
; /]a&S;uvJ ynm&SdawG &Sdw,f udkodef;armif&JU? ynmawG wdrfaumNyD; vlawGu
toHk;rjyKwwfvdkU wpwpuG,faysmufNyD; cifAsm;wdkU aemufaygufawG[m toHk;rus
jzpfukefMuwmAs}
uRef
uRefawmf/ /][kwfuJh tbkd;&,f}
,if;uJhodkU &,farm ajymqkdMuNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdUonf pum;p jywf bk&m;ukef;awmf?
wd&dpmef&Hk ponfwdkU wpfaeYvHk;vnfywfjcif;jzifh tcsdefukefvGefcJhav\/
naetcsdefwGif tdrfodkU jyefa&mufMuNyD;aemuf cPrQ Mumaomtcg tifpydwfawmf
armiftkef;azonf rSmxm;onfYtwkdif; tdrfay: odkU wufvm&m armifpH&Sm;u c&D;a&mufrqkdufyif
aeUvnfu trItaMumif;udk rdrdtm; jyefajym&ef wkdufwGef;ojzifh armiftkef;azonf tprS
tqHk;wkdif jyefajymav\/ tcif;oGm;udk armiftkef;az\ pum;twkdif; a&;om;azmfjy&aomf
tqifrajyrnf pdk;ojzifh uRefawmfu 0wkKoGm;tjzpfESifh atmufygtwkdif; jyifqifa&;om;
azmfjy&aytHh/

****************************************
abmif'&Dvrf; ("rapwDvrf; ) OD;jym;awm&ESifh teD;wGif odkufjrdKufcrf;em;aom
bkdtdrfBuD;rsm;onf pDwef;vsuf&Sd&m wpfckaom wkdufcHtdrfBuD;um; pufolaX; OD;atmif'Gef;eSifh
if;\ ZeD; pufolaX;uawmf rapmNrdKif wkdU aexkdifcJhav\/ OD;atmif'Gef;rSm caemifwkdbuf
qefpufMuD; ESpfvHk; &SdcJhonf jzpf&m rdrd\ yxr r,m;BuD; aoqHk;onfU tcgwGif om;orD;vnf;
rusef&pf? t&G,frSmvnf; 50 eD;yg;rQ &SdcJhNyD jzpf&um; BuD;yGm;wkd;wufvkdaom
pdwfqEukefcrf;cJhNyD;vQif if;qefpufvkyfief;udk rdrd\ nDwpfa,mufrS aygufzGm;cJhaom
armifxGef;pdef qkdol rdrd\ wltm; vTJtyfvkyfudkif apcJhav\/ if;pufrsm;udk armifxGef;pdeftm;
vTJtyfcJhonfUtcg wl0&D;ESpfa,muf y#dnmOfjyKMuonfrSm armifxGef;pdefu qefpufeSpfvHk;udk
190

a&TOa'gif;

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191

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192

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193

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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194

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Mum;MuzdkUaumif;w,f}

ekd;aew,fqdk

r[kwfvm;?

wu,fqkdawmh

pum;rsm;MuvQif

az/
az /]rdk;uvJ &Gm? tdrfBuD;uvJ BuD;awmh wpftdrfvHk;vHk;awmh Mum;aumif;rS Mum;Mur,f
q&m&JU? NyD;awmhvJ wl0&D;eSpfa,mufu enf;enf;rS oifhjrwfMuwm r[kwfbl;? cPcPvJ
&efjzpfMuw,f? NyD;awmh OD;atmif'Gef; ao&ifvJ armifxGef;pdefrSm wpfv aiG 1500 usyf
tay;&Nidrf;oGm;r,f? [kdnuvJ wHcg;udk twefwef acgufvkdacguf ac:vkdac: jyKvsufESifh
zGifhray;vkdU pdwfqdk;NyD; ae&wJhtxJ OD;atmif'Gef;u vmwnfUNyD; rcHcsifatmifajymr,fqkdawmh
jyKrdjyK&m rjyKrdaybl;vm; q&m? NyD;awmh wpfcsufuvJ aiGwkduf0efaxmuftdrfrSm [kdnu
195

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

armifxGef;pdefu npmpm;oGm;wJhtcgrSm taomufuav; enf;enf;vGefoGm;w,fvdkUvJ owif;

Mum;w,f q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]ekdU aeygOD;Asm ? OD;atmif'Gef; aoNyD;wJhaemuf cifAsm; olUtdrfudk a&mufawmh
0if;xJrSm ajc&mawG bmawG cifAsm; MunfUao;ovm;}
az/
az /]uRefawmfu reufvif;rS a&mufoGm;w,f q&m? uRefawmfa&mufawmh nuvJ
rdk;uav;u &Gmxm;avawmh ajc&m&,fvkdU xifxif&Sm;&Sm; bmrS uRefawmf rawGU&bl;}
&Sm;/
; /]OD;atmif'Gef;u xkdnu tdyf&mxJ 0ifNyD;rS xoGm;owJhvm;}
az/
az /]tdyf&mxJ 0iftdyfNyD;rS armifxGef;pdefu tdrfa&SUu awmfawmfMumatmif acgufawmhrS
tdyf&mu aigufueJ xNyD; qif;oGm;w,fvdkU rapmNrdKifu ajymw,f q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]onfUjyif xl;jcm;wJh tcsuf? bmrsm;awGUjrif&ao;ovJ As}
az/
az /]aMomf wpfckawmh&Sdw,f q&ma&U? OD;atmif'Gef;[m aoonfUtcgu olUajcaxmufrSm
zdeyfpGyfvsuf r&Sdbl;? olUzdeyfudk tdyf&mem;rSm awGUvkdU MunfUwJhtcgrSm &THUawGuyfaewm
awGU&w,f? zdeyfudk "mwkaA'q&m &Hk;odkU ydkUwJhtcgrSm zdeyfrSm uyfaewJh &THU[m tdrf0if;xJrSm &SdwJh
ajrMuD;ESifh wlnDaMumif; tppfcHw,f? &THU&SdwmuvJ rkd;&GmNyD;wJhaemufrS &SdwJh&THUjzpfavawmh xkdnu
onfzdeyfrSm b,fenf;eSifh &THUuyfae&w,f qkdwm aumif;aumif;BuD; r&Sif;vif;bl; q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]onfwpfcsufawmh awmfawmfaumif;w,fAsdKU? odkUaomf cifAsm; b,fhES,fxifovJ?
rapmNrdKifu b,fvkdrsm;ajymovJ}
az/
az /]rapmNrdKifu ajymawmh tdyfumeD;rSm OD;atmif'Gef;u tdrfatmufqif;NyD; tdrfudk
ywfywfvSnfU ovkdvdk ajymw,f}
&Sm;/
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MunfUprf; csifw,f}
az/
az /]'gawmh rcufygbl; q&m? olUtdrfoGm;vQif awGUMu&rSmygyJ? tcsdefvJ &Sdygao;&JU?
onfuaeU oGm;csifvQif vkdkufwmaygh q&m}
if;aemuf uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;wkdUonf armiftkef;azESifhtwl abmif'&Dvrf;odkU
um;wpfpD;ESifh oGm;a&mufMuav\/ xkdtcsdefonfum; n 7 em&Dausmf &SdNyDjzpf OD;atmif'Gef;\
tdrfrSm "mwfrD;rsm; xdefxdefvif;vsuf &Sd&m tdrfwGif;odkU 0ifrdMu armiftkef;azu armifpH&Sm;\
trnfudk rapmNrdKiftm; ajymjyonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf rapmNrdKifonf armifpH&Sm;tm;
avmuGwfysLiSm {nfUcHav\/ rapmNrdKifrSm touf eSpfq,fausmfcefU &Sd ao;ao;oG,foG,f
jzLjzLpifpif &Sdvsuf e*dktm;jzifh &Tifjyaom oabm&Sdaom oli,frwpfa,muf jzpfav&m
vifa,mufsm; aoqHk;NyD;p jzpfaomfvnf; rsm;pGm pdwfnpfnL;onfU vuPmr&SdbJ tusyg;ESifh
ZmabmfvD? vHkcsnfvnf; tem;yef;rsm; xkd;vsuf odkufNrdKufwifhw,fpGm 0wfqifxm;onfudk
awGU&Sd&av\/

196

a&TOa'gif;

NrdKif/ /]<uyg&Sif <uyg? OD;pH&Sm;qkdwm emrnfujzifh BuD;ygay&JU? vlcsif; rjrifzl;aomfvnf;

emrnfudkawmh Mum;&wm MumvSygNyD&Sif? ,ck vludk,fwkdif tdrfudk <uvmayvdkU awGU& jrif&wm
trsm;MuD; 0rf;omygw,f &Sif}
&Sm;/
; /(rapmNrdKif\ rsufeSmudk aphaphMunfUvsuf) ]onftrIrSm rapmNrdKif b,fvkd
oabm&ovJ}
NrdKif/ /]uRefrjzifh rxifwwfatmif &Sdaeygw,f}
&Sm;/
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NrdKif/ /(0rf;omtm;&ESifh )]udkif; b,fhES,f&Sdp tifpydwfawmfrif;? uRefru tpuwnf;u
rajymbl;vm;? b,fenf;eSifhrS armifxGef;pdef owfwm r[kwfygbl;vkdU uRefr ajymygw,f&Sif}
az/
az /]armifxGef;pdef rowfvQif b,folu owfOD;rSmvJ cifAsm}
NrdKif/ /]'gawmh b,fajymwwfrvJ&Sif?
owfcsifwJhvlu acsmif;NyD;owfrSmaygh&Sif}

vlqdk;qdkwm

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r[kwfbJ

&Sm;/
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MunfUyg& apAsm}
NrdKif/ /]&THUawGawmh &Sdrxifygbl;&Sif? okwfypfvkdufNyD xifyg&JU? zdeyfawmh MunfUcsif
MunfUekdifygw,f}
if;aemuf rapmNrdKifonf tapcH bkd;rSeftm; zdeyfudk ,lcJh&ef apvTwfvkduf&m bkd;rSefonf
w&kwfcsKyf ywLzdeyf ta[mif;wpf&Hudk tcef;wGif;rS ,lvmcJhav\/ xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;onf
zdeyfudk udkif rSefbDvl;eSifh aocsmpGm MunfUINyD;aemuf ..
&Sm;/
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NrdKif/ /][kwfuJh&Sif? wpfcg wpfcgrS olpD;w,f}
&Sm;/
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NrdKif/ /]zdeyfta[mif;BuD;uyJ &Sif? zsufcsif zsufwmaygh}
xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;onf ywLtxnfudk armif;cs"m;ESifh vSD;jzwfNyD;aemuf twGif;rS
atmufcHom;a&udk aocsmpGm rSefbDvl;ESifh MunfU&m rdrdarQmfvifhonfU twkdif; wpfpHkwpfckudk
awGU&SdonfU vuPmESifh rsufpcsDvsuf &Sdav\/ xkdtjcif;t&mudk rapmNrdKifonf rsufpdvQifol
wpfa,mufjzpf awGUjrif&aomtcg
NrdKif/ /]bmrsm;awGUvkdUvJ &Sif OD;pH&Sm;}
&Sm;/ /]onfzdeyfudk OD;atmif'Gef; rpD;wm MumwJhtaMumif; awGU&vkdU ygAsm? OD;atmif'Gef;
rpD;ay;r,fh [kdnu wpfa,mufa,muf pD;wJh vuPm &Sdw,f}
197

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

NrdKif/ /(&,farmvsuf ) ]BuHBuHpnfpnf&Sif? olU zdeyfudk ol rpD;vkdU b,folu pD;OD;rSmvJ

&Sif}
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NrdKif/ /(rsufESm ysufaomfvnf; [efaqmifum &,farmvsuf ) ]vludkrS rjrif&ao;bl;bJESifh
olUajc&m [kwfr[kwf ajymekdifwm awmfvJ awmfygayw,f&Sif? 'gaMumifhvJ OD;pH&Sm;qdkwm
ausmfMum;aywmyJ}
xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;onf rdrdtm; avSmifajymif ysuf&,f ajymqkdonfudk yrmPrjyKbJ
rdrdar;&ef ar;cGef; av;ig;cGef;udk ar;jref;NyD;aemuf rapmNrdKiftm; EIwfquf uRefawmfwdkUonf
tdrfrS xGufvmcJhMuav\/ rapmNrdKifrSmrl uRefawmfwdkU jyefvmaom tcg vmptcgu uJhodkU
&Tifjyaom trlt&m r&SdbJ tenf;i,fawGa0vsuf usef&Sd&pfav\/ vrf;c&D;wGif
az/ /]b,fhES,fvJ q&m ? zdeyfudk OD;atmif'Gef; rpD;bJ wpfa,mufa,mufu pD;w,f
qdkwm wu,fvm;Asm}
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az/ /]ekdU b,folvJq&m}
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cGJMunfUawmh rdef;rajc&muav; awGUwmayghAs}
az/ /]'gjzifh rapmNrdKif owfwmayghav q&m}
&Sm;/ /]onfvkdvJ usKyfrqkdvkd? zdeyfudk [kdnu rapmNrdKif pD;wJh taMumif;udkom usKyf
ajymvkdw,f}
az/ /]b,fvdk &nf&G,fcsuf &SdvkdUvJ q&m }
&Sm;/ /]aiG 30000 usyf &zdkU &nf&G,fcsuf ayghAs}
az/ /]b,fu aiG 30000 usyfvJ q&m}
&Sm;/ /]touftmrcHxm;wJh aiG 30000 usyf av? touftmrcHxm;wJh Oya' t&rSm
udk,fhudk,fudk owfvQif aiG r&bl;? olwpfyg;u owfvQif aiG&w,f ? onfvkd r[kwfvm;}
az/ /][kwfw,f q&m}
&Sm;/ /]tJ'gaMumifh onfaiGudk &atmif rapmNrdKifu qifwmayghAsm}

198

a&TOa'gif;

az/ /]'gjzihf OD;atmif'Gef;[m olwpfyg; owfvdkU aoonf r[kwf? olUudk,fol owfwmaygh

q&m}
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awGUcsifw,fAsm? raoxkdufbJESifh rao&SmygapESifh? olU a&SUae b,folvJ}
az/ /]0wfvHk OD;xGef;jrifh q&m}
&Sm;/ /]OD;xGef;jrifhudkvJ usKyfawGUcsifw,fAsm? [kdaeUusawmh rapmNrdKifudk ar;cGef;xkwfzkdU
pum;uav;awG oifay;csifw,f}
az/ /]awGU&ygaphr,f q&m}
aemufwpfaeU nae armifpH&Sm;onf NrdKUxJrS jyefvm wkdufay: odkU wufvmcJh&m
uRefawmf/ /]b,fhES,fvJAs? onfuaeU wpfaeUvHk; cifAsm; b,faysmufaeovJ}
&Sm;/ /]0wfvHkudkxGef;jrifhESifh w&m;cHarmifxGef;pdef wkdUudk oGm;NyD;awGUcJhw,fAs? uHaumif;vdkU
udkodef;armif a&U? usKyfwkdU txufu jyefa&mufwm enf;enf;uav; aemufusoGm;&if crsm
wpfa,mufawmh BudK;ay;cH& awmhrSmyJ AsdKU}
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uRefawmf/ /]bmawGrsm; oifcJhovJAsm}
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reufjzefwkdifa&mufaomtcg uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;wdkUonf puf&Sif&Hk;odkU oGm;
w&m;olBuD;onf w&m;vkdbufrS wifjyaom oufaorsm;\ xGufcsufwkdUudk a&;om;onfrsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? ppfaq;ar;jref;csufrsm;udk vnf;aumif; 0ifa&mufem;axmifMuav&m armifpH&Sm;rSm
w&m;cHarmifxGef;pdef\ a&SUae udkxGef;jrifh teD;rS xkdifvsuf uRefawmfrSm {nfUonfrsm; xkdifaom
cHk&Snf xkdif em;axmifav\/
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tpdk;&a&SUaeMuD;u oufaotjzpfESifh wifoGif;cJhaom rapmNrdKifudk ar;cGef;xkwfvkdaMumif;eSifh
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vl*kPfwefrsm;\ trIjzpfaomaMumifh em;axmifol y&dwfowfwkdUvnf; tvGefw&m pnfum;av&m
rapmNrdKifonf ropfvGef; rId;vGef;aom t0wfrsm;udk 0wfqifvsuf Id;i,faom
rsufeSmuav;ESifh oufaocef;odkU 0ifvmonfudk y&dwfowfwkdU awGUjrifMu&aomtcg tcsdKUrSm
oem;*&kPm jzpfMu tcsdKUuvnf; y&d,m,faumif;onf? [efvkyfaumif;onf ponfjzifh
rJh&GJUum uJh&JUMuav\/
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MunfUItuJcwfvsuf &Sd&m rapmNrdKifonf pdefa&T ponfwkdUudk 0wfqifjcif; r&SdbJ a&Smwbuf
199

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

uav;udk jcHKvsuf oufaocef;odkU 0ifNyD;aemuf y&dowfrsm;eSifh wuG a&SUaersm;xkdifaom pm;yGJudk

odrf;BuHK; MunfUojzifh armifpH&Sm;eSifh rsufeSmjcif;qkdifrdonfESifh wpfjydKifeuf tenf;i,f
rsufESmysufoGm;onf[k uRefawmf\ pdwf rSwfxifcJhav\/ if;aemuf w&m;cHbufrS a&SUaeu
xkdif&mrS x
a&SUae/
ae /]trIjzpfyGm;wJhnu trI jzpfyGm;wJh tcsdefxd rapmNrdKif tdyfraysmfao;bl;vm;?
odkUr[kwf tdyfaysmf&mu vefUekd;wmvm;}
NrdKif/ /]tdyfraysmfao;yg}
ae/
ae /]tdrfa&SUu wHcg;udk acgufoHMum;ovm;}
NrdKif/ /]Mum;ygonf}
ae/
ae /]acgufawmh b,folacgufw,f xifovJ}
NrdKif/ /]udkxGef;pdef acgufonf xifygonf}
ae/
ae /]acgufoHMum;&HkESifh udkxGef;pdef jzpfaMumif; trSef ajymekdifovm;}
NrdKif/ /]ac: oHudkvnf; Mum;&ygonf}
ae/
ae /]aemufwpfcg tdrfaemufu vSnfUNyD; acgufoH Mum;ovm;}
NrdKif/ /]Mum;ygonf}
ae/
ae /]OD;atmif'Gef;aum xkdtcgu ekd;aeovm;}
NrdKif/ /]tdyfraysmfao;yg ekd;aeygonf}
ae/
ae /]bmaMumifh wHcg;udk zGifhray;ovJ}
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ae/
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ae/
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ae/
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ae/
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200

a&TOa'gif;

NrdKif/ /]aoewfoH Mum;awmhrS vkdufoGm;ygw,f}

xkdcP armifpH&Sm;onf armifxGef;jrihftm;
armifxGef;jrifhu OD;acgif;ndwfNyD;aemuf

wD;wkd;pum;

ajymMum;vsuf

&Sd&m

ae/
ae /]tdrfay:u qif;oGm;vkdU tdrfatmuf a&mufwJhtcgrSm bmudkawGUovJ}
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ae/
ae /]tavmif;em;rSm bmawGUovJ}
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ae/
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NrdKif/ /]bmrS rawGUyg}
ae/
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NrdKif/ /]r[kwfyg}
ae/
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ae/
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NrdKif/ /]r[kwfyg}
ae/
ae
/]tdrfay:a&mufawmh
wpfzefqif;vmcJhw,f r[kwfvm;}

OD;atmif'Gef;&JU

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udkifNyD;

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ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewfudk ,l? ,lNyD; tdrfaemufuxGuf ? 0if;wHcg;em; oGm;NyD; aoewfudk
vTifhypfcJhw,f r[kwfvm;}
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ae/
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xkdcP rapmNrdKifonf a&SUae\ ar;cGef;udk ajzqkdjcif; rjyKekdifbJ rsufeSmudk vuf0g;eSifh
tkyfum idk,dkvsuf &Sd&m y&dowftm;vHk;wdkUrSm tHhtm;oifhvsuf uRefawmf\ rdwfaqG
armifpH&Sm;rSmrl tm;&0rf;om&Sdaom rsufeSmxm;eSihf uRefawmftm; wpfcsufwpfcsuf vSrf;
MunfUav\/ xkdtcg w&m;olBuD;onf rapmNrdKiftm; rnfonfUtwGufaMumifh idk,kd&ygoenf;[k

201

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

ar;jref;&m rapmNrdKifu [kwfrSefonfU twkdif; ajzmifhcsufay;ygawmhrnf[k ajymNyD;vQif atmufyg

twdkif; tppfcHav\/
OD;atmif'Gef;qif;oGm;pOftcgu vuf ajcmufvHk;jyL; aoewfyg oGm;onfudk rdrdtrSef
rod&aMumif;? tu,f rdrd od&SdcJhygrl wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,muf vGefvGefMuL;MuL; jzpfMurnfudk
pdk;&drf&onfjzpf rdrdu rkcswm;qD;rnf jzpfaMumif;? OD;atmif'Gef; qif;oGm;NyD;aemuf twefMum
aoewfoH Mum;&aomtcg OD;atmif'Gef;onf armifxGef;pdeftm; aoewfeSifh ypfowfNyD [l
rSwfxifvsuf qif;oGm;jcif;jzpfaMumif;? aemufaz;wHcg;odkU a&muf vufESdyf"mwfrD;eSifh
xkd;MunfUaomtcg armifxGef;pdef\ tavmif;r[kwf? OD;atmif'Gef;\ tavmif;udk awGU&Sd&aMumif;?
if;aemuf vufeSdyf"mwfrD;eSifh ta0;odkU xkd;MunfUaomtcg armifxGef;pdefudk rjrif? OD;atmif'Gef;\
vuf ajcmufvHk;jyL; aoewfudk awGUjrif&aMumif;? xkdtcg OD;atmif'Gef;rSm armifxGef;pdef owf
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202

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NyD;ygNyD/

203

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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r&csif&if owdxm;vkdufyg}

204

a&TOa'gif;

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205

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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206

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qkdawmh ESarsmarsm &SdwmeSifh aps;rwJhatmif&,fvkdU wefzdk;xuf aiGoHk;axmifavmufwifNyD;
qkdvdkufoudk;&Sifh? 'Dawmh tdrfyGJpm;u wpfjym;wpfcsyfrS rqpfbJ uRefr awmif;wJh tzkd;ukd
ay;ygr,fwJh? ekdUaomfvJ tdrfwGif; y&dabm* tdrfaxmifypnf;awGudkvJ a&mif;apvkdygw,fwJh?
tzkd;udkom qkdygwJh? 'Dawmh uRefru 0efyJayghao;&JU vkdU atmufarhNyD; tzkd;cyfjrufjrufuav;yJ
wifqkdvkdufw,f? qkdwJh tzkd;twkdif;yJ olu ay;w,f? NyD;awmh uRefrrSmvJ od[dkVfuRef;wkdU?
bk&m;yGifhawmfrl&m Ak'*g,mwkdUudk bk&m;zl;oGm;csifwmESifh tifrweftcefUoifhwmyJ vkdU atmufarh
rdw,f? 'gESifh aemufwpfaeUawmh tdrfyGJpm; a&mufvmNyD; pmcsKyfudk vufrSwfxkd;zkdU ,lvmcJhw,f?
uRefruvJ pmcsKyfay;w,f qkdwm ta&;BuD;rSef; odavawmh uRefrrwf a&SUae armifatmifbudk
oGm;jywmudk;&Sifh? 'Dawmh armifatmifbu pmcsKyfudk zwfMunfUNyD; 'DpmcsKyfa&;yHk[m tifrwef
xl;qef;wmyJ wJh? 'Dtwkdif; vufrSwfxkd;rdcJhvkdU&Sd&if udk,fhcg;u t0wfawmif csefxm;cJh&rvkd
jzpfaeyaum wJh? 'gESifh 'DtaMumif;udk tdrfyGJpm;tm; jyefNyD; tdrfaxmifrIudkom uRefra&mif;aMumif;
ajymawmh yGJpm;u r[kwfbl;? tvHk;pHk a&mif;rS 0,fekdifr,fwJh? 'gjzifh vuf0wfvufpm;awGyg
ay;cJh&rSmvm;vkdU ar;awmh 'Davmuf MuyfMuyfwnf;wnf; MuD;awmh r[kwfygbl;wJh? ,lcGifhjyK
oifhwmawmh jyKygvdrfhr,fwJh? okdUaomfvJ pmcsKyfxJrSmawmh tvHk;pHkqkdwJh pum;udk xnfYNyD;csKyf&rSyJ
0,fekdifr,fwJh? 'Dawmh uRefru 'gjzifh ra&mif;ekdifbl;&SifvkdU ajymawmh yGJpm;vJ jyefoGm;a&m?
oljyefoGm;NyD;wJhaemuf 'DtaMumif;udk awG;avawG;av; xl;qef;avav &SdwmeSifh OD;pH&Sm;udk
wkdifyif&&if....}
xkdcP uRefawmfwkdUonf xl;qef;aom taeSmifht,Suf wpfrsdK;ESifh awGUBuHK&av\/
armifpH&Sm;onf a': pdefcifudk pum;ajym&yfpJ&ef vufjy xkdif&mrS vQifjrefpGm xoGm;NyD;vQif
207

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

rD;zkdacsmifodkU oGm;aom wHcg;udk &kwfw&uf wGef; zGifhNyD;aemuf rdef;rBuD;wpfa,mufudk

tcef;wGif;odkU qGJoGif;vmcJhav\/ rdef;rBuD;vnf; Muufjcif;xJrS qGJxkwf,lvkdufaom
MuufaygufpBuD;uJhodkY udk;&kd;um;,m;ESifh z,f&kef;um ygvmav\/
]vTwfyg vTwfyg usKyfudk rudkifygESifh vTwfyg}
ciff/ /]b,fhES,fvJ rapmwif? tjyifrSm bmvkyfaewmvJ}
wiff/ /]{nfUonfawGudk vufzuf&nf wkdufOD;rvm;vkdU ar;r,f vkyfwkef; a[m'DvlBuD;u
uRefrudk qGJac:ygw,f&Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]rnmygESifh rapmwif? usKyf em;axmifaewm ESpfrdepfavmuf &SdNyD? acsmif;qkd;
wwfwJhvl[m vlrsm; wkdifyifwmudk acsmif;em;axmifwJh tvkyfrsdK; vkyfvkdU r&bl;As}
xkdtcg rapmwifqkdaom tapcHronf a'goBuD;aom rsufESmxm;eSifh armifpH&Sm;\
bufodkUvSnfU...
wif/ /]&Sifu uRefrudk qGJvm; iifvm;ESifh vkyf&atmif &Sifu bmt&m&SdvJ}
&Sm;/
; /]cifAsm;a&SUrSm usKyfar;csifwmav; wpfck&SdvkdYyg? 'gESifh a':pdefcif? uRefawmhfqD pma&;
wJh taMumif;? b,folrsm; ajymrdao;vJ}
cif/ /]b,folrS uRefr rajymrdygbl;&Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]uRefawmhfqD ay;vkdufwJh pmudk b,folU txnf ckdif;ovJ}
cif/ /]rapmwifudk txnfUcdkif;w,f}
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; rapmwif? usKyfqD pma&;wJh taMumif;udk cifAsm; b,folUudk owif;ay;
vkdufovJ}
wif/ /]r[kwfw&kwf bmvkyfzdkU usKyfu owif;ay;&rvJ}
&Sm;/
; /]tqkwfem&SdwJh vl qkdwm touf&Snf&Snf rae&wwfbl;/ vdrfrajymESifhav
rapmwif? rSefrSefajymprf;yg}
cif/ /]aMomf &dyfrdNyD? 'Drdef;r aumif;wJh rdef;r r[kwfbl;? raeUuvJ tdrfaemufaz;rSm ql;csHK
[dkbufvSrf;NyD; b,folESifh pum;ajymw,f rqkdekdifbl;? uRefr jrifvkdufw,f}
wif/ /(rsufarSmifukwfvsuf) ]ajym&ifaum b,folESifh bmqkdifovJ}
&Sm;/
; /]usKyfodygw,f? pdef[kwfESifh wkdifyifMuw,f r[kwfvm; rapmwif}
wif/ /]od&ifvJ bmvdkU ar;&ovJ}
&Sm;/
; /]ckeifu raocsmbl;? tckrS aocsmw,f? udkif; rapmwif pdef[kwfudk b,folu
ckdif;w,f qdkwm ajymvkdU &Sd&if usKyfaiG 50 usyfay;r,f? b,fhES,fvJ}
208

a&TOa'gif;

wif/ /]&Sifu ig;q,fay;&if ig;axmif ay;ekdifwJhvl &Sdw,f}

&Sm;/
; /]aMomf 'gjzifh ? vlcsrf;omBuD; wpfa,mufygvm;? tvdk olu NyHK;w,f? 'gjzifh
a,musfm; r[kwfbl; rdef;ryJ? udkif;Asm rapmwif 'DavmufodaerSjzifh emrnfudkom ajymvkdufyg
awmh ? aiG 50 tacsmif&&if raumif;bl;vm;}
wif/ /]w,f ? ig apm.....}
cif/ /][Jh [Jh}
wif/ /]z,fyg? &SifwkdU tdrfrSm usKyfvJ raeygbl;? oGm;awmhr,f vTwf} [k ajymajymqkdqkdESifh
tapcHr rapmwifonf tdrfjyifodkU xGufoGm;av\/
if;xGufoGm;onfUaemuf armifpH&Sm;onf wHcg;udk vkduf ydwfNyD;vQif a': pdefcif\
teD; xkdifum ajEBuD;aom rsufESmESifh
]rjzpfbl; a': pdefcif? 'DtrI[m ayghawmhawmh vkyfae&if tysuftysufESifh ESmacgif;
aoG;xGuf qkdwmvkd jzpfvdrfhr,f? MunfUprf; olwkdU b,favmuf *&kpdkufNyD; MudK;yrf;tm;xkwf
vkyfaeMuovJ? uRefawmfhqD pma&;vkdufum &Sdao;? owif;ay;wJhvlu ay;? uRefawmfhqD
vmajcmufwJhvlu ajcmuf? a&mufvmawmh acsmif;em;axmifwJh vlu axmif? awmfawmf
ta&;wBuD; &SdyHk&w,f}
cif/ /]olwkdU bmvkdcsifMuvkdUvJ &Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]tJh'g pOf;pm;zkdU ta&;BuD;w,f r[kwfvm;? 'Dtdrf[m aqmuf,lwJh tdrfvm;?
0,folwJh tdrfvm;}
cif/ /]a&SUae OD;apmarmif qkdwJh vlqDu 0,f,lwJh tdrfyg&Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]OD;apmarmifu bmrsm;xl;xl;jcm;jcm; &SdovJAs}
cif/ /]xl;xl;jcm;jcm; bmrS rMum;zl;ygbl;&Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]uRefawmfar;wmu OD;apmarmif jrKyfxm;cJhwJh ypnf;rsm;&Sdovm;vkdU ar;wmudk;
cifAs? ekdUaomf ypnf;jrKyfxm;wmudk owif;&vkdU tdrfudk 0,fcsif&ifvJ tdrfaxmifrIudk 0,fp&m
taMumif;r&Sdbl;? tdrfaxmifypnf;awG teufrSm tzkd;wefrSef;rod jzpfaewJh ypnf;wpfckckrsm;
&Sdava&mhovm; cifAsm? '*Fg;a[mif;rsm; bmrsm; OD;ausmfjidrf; pkwwfovm;}
cif/ /]rpkwwfygbl;&Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]tcsdKUvlawG &Sdao;w,f cifAs? ESpfaygif; oHk;axmif av;axmifu ay:wJh
'*Fg;wpfjym;udk aiG ig;axmif wpfaomif; ay;0,fwJh vlrsdK;awG &Sdao;w,f? 'gaMumifh uRefawmf
ar;wmyg}
cif/ /][kwfygw,f? uRefr Mum;zl;ygw,f}
209

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/
; /]uRefawmf tckawG;vkdU &wmawmh? a': pdefcifvufxJrSm tzdk;wefypnf; wpfpHkwpfck
&Sdw,f? tJh'gudk zGifhajymNyD; aiGESifh 0,fvkdU ra&mif;aybl;qkdwm odwJh twGuf tm;vHk;jcHKNyD;
0,fvdkwJh oabmyJESifh wlw,f}
uRefawmf/ /]uRefawmfvJ 'DvkdyJ xifw,f}
&Sm;/
; /(tenf;i,f NyHK;vsuf) ]udkodef;armifvJ 'DvkdyJ xifowJhAsdKU? olxifawmh
{uE[kwfNyD}
cif/ /]aeygOD;&Sif? b,fvkd ypnf;rsdK;rsm; jzpfekdifrvJ}
&Sm;/
; /]udkif;
b,favmufMumNyDvJ}

udkif;

uRefawmfcGJNyD;

ppfr,f?

'DtdrfrSm

a':

pdefcifwkdU

aewm

cif/ /]q,fESpf q,fhwpfESpfavmuf &SdygNyD}

&Sm;/
; /]'DtawmtwGif;rSm 0,fr,fhvl wpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ ray:vm? tckwavmwGifrS
tzdk;wBuD; ay;0,fwm b,fhES,foabm&ovJ}
uRefawmf/ /]olwkdU vkdcsifwJh ypnf;[m rMumrD twGif;wGifrS 'Dtdrfa&mufvmw,fvkdU
awG;&rSmayghAsm}
&Sm;/
; /]udkodef;armif w,fNyD; Pf&Tifaeyguvm;? udkif; a':pdefcif ? rMumrD twGif;u bmypnf;
rsm; a&mufovJ}
ciff/ /]bmypnf;rS r0,fzl;ygbl;&Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]'gjzifh awmfawmf tMuyfom;yguvm;? udkif; odkUaomf cPcP apmifhMunfU&&ifjzifh
uGif;uGif; uGufuGufay:aumif; yg&JUAsm? 'DtdrfrSm apmapmu rapmwiftjyif b,folrsm;
&Sdao;ovJ}
cif/ /]bkd;xl;qkdwJh oli,fav; wpfa,mufvJ &Sdw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]'gjzifh a': pdefcif&JU rwf udkatmifbudk wpfnESpfnavmuf 'DtdrfvmNyD;
apmifhtdyfay;ap cifAsm? ayghayghqq raeMuESifh}
cif/ /]b,folU pdk;&drfzdkU &SdvkdUvJ&Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]ckawmh uRefawmf rajymekdifatmif &Sdaeao;w,f? odkUaomf olwkdU vdkcsifwJh ypnf;udk
awG;vkdUr&&if? vludk awGUatmif vkdufrSmyJ? tdrfyGJpm; qkdwJh vlu b,frSm aeowJhvJ}
cif/ /]OD;bausmfwJh ? 11 vrf;rSmaew,f ajymygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]ae&yfudk rSefrSefajymrJh vlpm; [kwfr,f rxifygbl;? &SmayrJh tvum;ygyJ ? udkif; a':
pdefcif? taMumif;xl;&if uRefawmhfqDudkom owif;a&mufatmif ydkUayawmh ? uRefawmfwkdU jyefvkduf
210

a&TOa'gif;

ygOD;r,f } [k EIwfqufNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdUonf xkdif&mrS xcJh tdrfjyifodkU xGufawmhrnf

jyKonfwGifrS avSum;atmuf oHaowmBuD; eSpfvHk;eSifh xif;&SL;aowm oHk;av;vHk;wkdUudk
awGUjrifojzifh
&Sm;/
; /]aowmrSm wHqdyfawG uyfvkdUyguvm;? b,fu a&mufvmwJh aowmawGvJ a':
pdefcif]
cif/ /]armifnGefUaz&JU ypnf;awGyg&Sif? rD;&xm;ESifh wifydkUvkdufvkdU wpfaeUurS a&muf
vmygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]wpfaeUuqkd? b,fESpf&ufavmuf &SdNyDvJ cifAsm}
cif/ /]oHk;av;&ufavmuf &Sdygao;w,f }
&Sm;/
; /]ekdU 'gESifh ckwpfavmrSm ypnf;awG b,furS ra&mufbl;qdk? 'DtxJrSm tzkd;wef
ypnf;rsm; ygcsifygr,f? zGifhMunfUNyD;yvm;}
cif/ /]tzkd;wefwm rygekdifygbl;&Sif? vc 200 udk ravmufvkdU tdrfu aiGaxmufNyD; ae&wJh
vlrSm b,fu tzdk;wefypnf; ygekdifrSmvJ}
&Sm;/
; /( twefMum pOf;pm; pdwful;aeNyD;rS )]udkif; 'Dypnf;awG tdrfay:rSm wifNyD; vHkvHkNcHKNcHK
xm;yg cifAsm? bmrsm;ygovJ zGifhvkdUvJ MunfUygOD;? reufjzefawmh uRefawmf vmcJhygOD;r,f}
uRefawmfwkdUonf um;ay: odkY wufMuNyD;vQif armif;ESifvmMu vrf;auGUwpfckodkU
a&mufaomtcg oHvufoD;qkdolonf opfyifwpfyifudk uG,f acsmif;aeonfudk &dyfueJ jrifvkduf
&av\/
xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;onf um;udk &kwfw&uf &yfNyD;vQif
&Sm;/
; /]a[hvl xGufcJh ? rif; bmacsmif;aeovJ}
oD;/ /]bmacsmif;acsmif; cifAsm;ESifh bmqkdifovJ}
&Sm;/
; /]o,f ig reufu owday;vkdufwm rif;arhoGm;yvm;}
oD;/ /]rarhygbl; q&m? q&m cdkif;csifwm&Sd ckdif;yg? q&mh wynfUygyJ}
&Sm;/
; /]ckdif;p&mawmh r&Sdbl;? ar;p&m&Sdw,f? rif;wkdU tck BuHpnfaewJh tBuH[m b,fol
yif&if;vJ}
oD;/ /]uRefawmfawmh pdef[kwf odwmyJ q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]onfUjyifaum}
oD;/ /]onfUjyifawmh uRefawmf rod&ygbl; q&m}

211

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

&Sm;/
; /]at; aumif;NyDaemf? owday;vkdufygay&JU? a[m[kd tdrfrSm aewJh a': pdefcifqkdwm igh
trIonfuGJU? wpfckck jzpfvkdU&Sd&if rif;'kuyJ}
oD;/ /]aumif;ygNyD q&m}
if;aemuf uRefawmfwdkUonf qufvufarmif;ESif oGm;Mu&m armifpH&Sm;u
]oHvufoD;qkdwJh taumifawmh usKyf zdef;vkdufwm awmfawmf &dSef;oGm;NyD? taMumif;&Sd&if
usKyfwkdU vlyJ? odkUaomf 'DudprSm oleSifh yl;aygif;zkdU rvdk? yJcl;qm;udk awGUatmif &SmNyD; odcsifwm
uav;awG wpfcGef; eSpfcGef; avmufyJ ar;zkdU vkdawmhw,f}
yJcl;qm; qkdolrSm uvyfaygif;pHk ? toif;aygif;pHk ? [dkw,f aygif;pHk wkdUudk a&muf
&efukefNrdKU tIyftaxG;taMumif;udk a&;om;&rnfqkdaomf qD;jzLoD;udk vuf0g;ay:wGif wif
MunfUbdouJhodkY uGufuGufuGif;uGif; wwfwwftyftyf a&;om;ekdifojzihf yJcl;qm; trnfjzifh
owif;pm ? *sme,f tp&Sdonf wkdUudk a&;om;ay;ydkUavh&Sdaom aqmif;yg;a&;olvnf; jzpf\/
zJorm;vnf; jzpf\/ awav tBuD;pm;vnf; jzpf\/ ta&;MuD;onfU owif;wpffckudk
tvkd&SdonfUtcg ? armifpH&Sm;uvnf; txufwef;pm; vlarmfvl<um;wdkU\ twif;pum;udk
toHk;0ifojzifh Mum;vkdaomtcg xkdol\ xHodkU oGm;&av\/ rnfonfU pufydkif\
r,m;vifi,faeonf? rnfonfU 0wfvHk\ r,m;onf 0wfvHkESifh &pOfu tysdKpifppf r[kwf?
rnfonfU0efaxmufonf rnfonfU t&yf taysmftyg; vkdufpm;onf tp&Sdaom owif;wdkUonf
xkdolonf tpOfrjywf qnf;yl; rSwfom;xm;avh &dS\/
tdrfodkU jyefa&mufMuaomtcg armifpH&Sm;onf xkdaeUwpfaeUvHk; aysmufae nOfUvnf;
b,ftcsdefrS jyef vmonfudk uRefawmf rodacs/
aemufwpfaeU eHeuf uRefawmfESihf armifpH&Sm;wkdUonf aumfzDaomufvsuf &SdMupOf
uRefawmfu armifpH&Sm;tm; trItaMumif;ESifh pyfvsOf; ar;jref;ojzifh armifpH&Sm;u odoifh
odxkdufoavmufudk od&NyD jzpfaMumif;ESifh ajymqkd pum;rqHk;rD aMu;eef;wpfapmif a&muf
vmav\/ if;rSm ...
tjrefvmyg ? tdrfudk nu olckd;rsm; 0ifygonf/
armifatmifb
aMu;eef;udk zwfNyD;aemuf
&Sm;/
; /]usKyfwGufudef;xufawmif jrefaeygao;ovm;? usKyfMum;wJh owif;t&qkd&ifjzifh
jrefr,fqkdvJ jrefxkdufayw,f? aMu;eef;&kdufwJhvlu udkatmifbwJh ? olUrwfyJ ? vwfpowfawmh
cyfzsif;zsif;vleJY wlw,f? nu tdrfudk apmihfzkdU xm;cJhrdwm usKyfrSm;oGm;w,f As? udkif; odkUaomf
oGm;MuOD;pdkUAsm}
uRefawmfwkdYonf a': pdefcif\ aetdrfodkY a&mufMuaomtcg if;tdrfrSm ,refaeUn
uuJhodkU wdwfqdwfpGm r&Sdacs/ &Gmom;av;ig;q,fcefUwkdUonf 0if;a&SU pk&Hk;um MunfUIvsuf
ykvdyfom;ESpfa,mufwkdUonfvnf; 0if;twGif;&Sdyef;O,smOf xJwGif ajc&maumufvsuf &SdMuav\/
212

a&TOa'gif;

uRefawmfwdkU\ um;&yfNyD;aemuf ao;ao;oG,foG,fESifh ykqkd;&Snfudk 0wfvsuf&Sdaom vlwpf

a,mufonf tdrfjyifodkU xGufvm rdrdrSm OD;atmifb jzpfaMumif;ajymqkdNyD; c&D;OD;BudKjyKav&m
if;ESifhtwl 00wkwfwkwf rsufESm0kdif;0kdif; EIwfcrf;arG;aumif;aumif;eSifh Xmemtkyf wpfa,mufvnf;
yg&Sdav\/ Xmemtkyfonf armifpH&Sm;eSifh oda[mif;uRrf;a[mif; jzpfonfUvuPmESifh azmfa&GpGm
EIwfqufNyD;aemuf
]aMomf q&m ? a&mufvmovm;? omrn ckd;rIuav;yg q&m&,f? 'D[mrsdK;avmufawmh
q&m vmzkdUawmif rvkdygbl;? uRefawmfwkdUESifhyJ udpN yD;ekdifygw,f}
&Sm;/
; / ]rSefygw,f ? cifAsm;wkdUESifh vHkavmufaMumif;udkvJ usKyfodygw,f? odkUaomf
omrnqkdwmu b,fvkd omrnvJ As}
tkyf/ /]b,hfES,fq&m ? olckd;[m b,folb,f0g qkdwm odaer,fh[m bmvkdao;ovJ
q&m? pdef[kwfwkdU oHvufoD;wkdU vlpk aygh q&m? 'DtaumifawG 'Dtdrfem;rSm cPcP &pfaew,f
qkdyguvm;}
&Sm;/
; /]awmfayAsm? bmrsm; ygoGm;owJhvJ}
tkyf/ /]rsm;rsm;ygr,f rxifygbl; q&m? a': pdefcifudk arhaq;oGif;NyD; .. a[m a': pdefcif
udk,fwkdif vmygNyD cifAsm}
xkdcP a': pdefcifonf rsufuGif;rsm; ndKvsuf azsmhawmhaom tom;t&nfESifh
{nfUcef;udk ajz;nif;pGm 0ifvmNyD;vQif
]OD;pH&Sm;uawmh owday;&Smom;yJ ? uRefru udkatmifbudk ac:&rSm tm;emwmESifh 'Dvkd
jzpf&wmyJ}
atmif/ /]uRefawmfvJ ckreufrS Mum;ygw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]a': pdefcif MunfU&wm
ajymekdifyghrvm; cifAsm}

tm;enf;yHk&vkdufwm?

nu jzpfyHkudk jyefvkdUrS

tkyf/ /(tusudk ykwfjy) ]uRefawmf ppfcsuf ,lNyD;ygNyD cifAsm}

&Sm;/
; /]odkUaomf tifrwef tm;enf;vdkU &Sd&if }
cif/ /]ajymekdifygw,f ? rsm;rsm;BuD; ajym&rSmrS r[kwfbJ? vuPmrSmawmh apmwifqkdwJh
rdef;ru olvQdKvkyfNyD; 'DtdrfrSm b,fae&m bm&Sdw,f qkdwm tukefvHk; vrf;TefcJhwJh [efwlw,f?
uRefr tdyfaysmfaewkef;udk arhaq;zsef;xm;wJh t0wfESifh ESmacgif;yg;pyfudk ydwfNyD; olwkdU
vkdcsifwmudk arTaeSmuf&SmazGMu[efwlw,f? uRefrvJ b,favmufMumMum arhaew,f rqkdekdifbl;?
owd&vkdU rsufpdudk zGifhMunfUvkdufawmh vlwpfa,mufu ukwifeHab;rSmxkdif? wpfa,mufu
armifnGefYaz&JU oHaowmxJu txkyfBuD;wpfxkyfudk qGJxkyfNyD; ukef;xaewm jrif&wmudk;&Sifh?
'Dawmh uRefru jAKef;qkd xNyD; txkyfudk qGJ,lwmudk;}

213

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

tkyf/ /]&Jygay cifAsm}

cif/ /]'gESifh uRefruqGJ? olu &kef;? a&SUxkd;aemufiif jzpfaeMuwkef;? uRefracgif;udk bmESifh
&kdufvkdufw,f rqkdekdifbl;? rl;vJ oGm;a&m ? 'DawmhrS bkd;xl;u vefUekd;NyD; jywif;aygufu
ukef;atmfvkdufwm &Gmom;awGvJ vma&m? olcdk;awGvJ ajy;a&m}
&Sm;/
; /]bmrsm; ygoGm;ovJ}
cif/ /]tzkd;wef ypnf;qdkvdkU bmrS raysmufygbl; &Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]bmrS ajc&mrcHrdbl;vm;}
cif/ /]olckd;vufxJu uRefr qGJvkvkdufwm puLpkwf wpfckawmh &vkdufw,f? vufa&;
uawmh armifnGefYaz&JU vufa&;yJ}
tkyf/ /]'gu ta&;rBuD;ygbl; q&m? tvum; [myg}
&Sm;/
; /]cifAsm; ta&;rBuD;ayrJh usKyf ta&;BuD;csifBuD;r,f? MunfUyg&apAsm? b,frvJ}
xkdtcg Xmemtkyfonf tustdwfrS zl;puwfpuL wpf&Gufudk xkwf,lNyD;vQif
armifpH&Sm;tm; jyav&m armifpH&Sm;onf puLay:wGif a&;om;yg&Sdaom jrefrmpm tu&mrsm;udk
aocsmpGm zwfMunfUNyD;aemuf
&Sm;/
; /]'D[mudk cifAsm; b,fhES,f oabm&ovJ Xmemtkyf}
tkyf/ /]0wK wpfydkif;wpfpESifh wlyg&JU q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]0wKyJvm; 'kdif,m&D rSwfwrf;yJvm; rajymwwfbl;? eHygwfwyfxm;wm MunfUprf;
245 wJh? usefwJh pmrsufeSm 244 &Guf[m b,fa&mufoGm;yvJ}
tkyf/ /]olckd;vufxJ a&mufoGm;NyD xifyg&JU q&m? aps;xJrSm a&mif;&if wpfydom
wpfrwf&rSmaygh}
&Sm;/
; /]wpfydom wpfrwfESifh a&mif;pm;zkdY puLudk 'Davmuf tyifyef;cHNyD; 0ifcdk;yghrvm;
cifAsm}
tkyf/ /]a': pdefcif owd&vmavawmh qGJrdqGJ&m qGJajy;&wmESifh wlygw,f q&m}
cif/ /]uRefrom; ypnf;udk bmjyKvkdU arTMuygvdrfhrvJ &Sif}
tkyf/ /]tdrfatmufrSm tzkd;wefwJh ypnf; rawGUavawmh tdrfay: wuf&Sm wmaygh ta':&JU?
r[kwfbl;vm; q&m}
&Sm;/
; /]usKyf pOf;pm;&OD;r,f? vmprf;AsdKU udkodef;armif}
[k uRefawmftm; jywif;aygufteD;odkU ac:NyD;vQif pm&Gufudk zwfMunfUMu&m pmrSm
tpkwfjzpfojzifh pmydk'fwpfck\ tv,frS pum;onf atmufygtwkdif; awGU&av\/
214

a&TOa'gif;

rsufESmESifhwuG wpfudk,fvHk; tESYHtjym; 'Pf&m temw& &&SdcJhav\

v\/ odkU&mwGif
udk,fum, xd
xdckdufaom 'Pf&monf raem'Gg& xdckdufaom 'Pf&mESifh EIdif;pm vkdufygu
ta&;rBuD;vSacs/ ,if;uJhodkU 'Pf&mBuD;pGmeSifh ajray: rcsdrqefU wGefUvdrfum jyif;jyaom
a0'emudk cHpm;vsuf &SdpOf toufru cspfvSaom &nf;pm;onfonf oem;u&kPm &SdrnfESifh
a0;pG? avSmifajymifcsif
sifouJhodkU jyHK;&Tifaom rsufESmxm;eSifh xkdoltm; iHkUMunfUvkdufaom
tcgum; xkdolrSm tonf;udk vSHESifh qGvkdufbdouJhodkU qwfqwfcgatmif em&SmvSay\
y\/
xkdcPrSp BuD;vSpGmaom cspfjcif;onf awmufawmufcg;cg; rkef;xm;aom tjzpfodkU
ajymif;vJcJhav\
v\/ aemufaemif tcgrsm;um;
tcgrsm;um; uRefkyfonf ESpfOD;aygif;qHkzdkU vHkUvrjyKawmhbJ
xkdrdef;r toufqHk;IH;atmif vufpm;acs&ef twGufudkom raerem; tm;xkwfawmhrnf
jzpfavonf/
if;pm&Gufudk zwfNyD;aemuf armifpH&Sm;onf XmemtkyfvufodkU jyefay;vsuf ]pma&;yHk
awmfawmf xl;qef;w,f? yxrawmh (ol) qkdwJh pum;oHk;NyD; atmufem;usawmh (uRekfyf) qkdwJh
pum;oHk;w,f? a&;&if; a&;&if;ESifh pdwftm;xufoef onfxuf xufoefNyD; ZmwfvkdufjzpfwJh
tjzpftysufudk udk,frSm jzpfysufbdouJhodkU a&;rd[ef &Sdw,f}
tkyf/ /]tvum;pmyg q&m? bma&;a&; trIESifh rqkdifygbl;? b,fhES,fvJ q&m
jyefawmhrvkdUvm;}
&Sm;/
; /]cifAsm;wkdU &Sdae&ufom;yJ? usKyf'DrSm vkyfp&m tvkyf r&Sdbl;? 'gxuf a': pdefcif ?
oD[kdVfuRef;udk bk&m;zl; oGm;csifovm;Asm}
cif/ /]oGm;csifaewm MumNyDaum&Sif? Ak'*g,ma&m ukodEm&Hka&m? om0wdjynfa&m
oD[kdVfuRef;a&m? ykdufqHrsm;&Sd&if avQmufNyD; oGm;prf;csifw,f &Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]aumif;ygcifAsm? aumif;yg&JU? udkif; udkif; ? uRefawmf jyefOD;r,f? naeawmhrS
pmwpfapmifa&;NyD; taMumif;jyefvkdufygOD;r,f}
[k ajym tdrfjyifodkU xGufvmcJhMu&m Xmemtkyfonf tHhMoaom rsufESmxm;eSifh
armifpH&Sm;tm; MunfUvsuf ol\ pdwfum; OD;pH&Sm;qkdwm awmfw,f awmfw,fESifh emrnfausmfNyD;
&l;aygaygxifyg&JU [k atmufarh[ef vuPm &Sdav\/
um;ay: odkU wufMu &efukefodkU jyefvnfarmif;ESif vmMupOf
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; udkodef;armif? a': pdefcif trIrSm ta&;tBuD;qHk;jzpfwJh aemufqHk;tcsufudk
a&mufaeNyD? wpfcgjzifh tm;vHk;&Sif;vif;awmhr,f? odkUaomf rdef;rqkdwmrsdK;[m? txl;ojzifh
rusifNrdKifvkd rdef;rrsdK;[m y&d,m,frm,m tvGefrsm;avawmh cifAsm;vkd vlwpfa,muf ygwmvJ
aumif;w,fAsm}
if;aemuf armifpH&Sm;onf qufvuf pum;rajymawmhbJ um;udkomvQif vsifjrefpGm
armif;eSifvmcJh&m 0if'grD,mvrf; teD;odkU a&mufumrS
]'gxuf udkodef;armif? 'DtrIudk cifAsm; awmfawmf tuJcwfrd&JUvm;}

215

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

uRefawmf/ /]b,fu tuJcwfrdrSmvJ As? uRefawmfodoavmufjzifh ck uRefawmfwkdU

oGm;awGUr,fh rusifNrdKif qkdwJh rdef;r[m 'DtrIrSm 0efudkif jzpfw,fqkdwm wpfckavmufom
uRefawmf &dyfrdw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]tppfyJ? odkUaomf rusifNrdKif qkdwm Mum;zl;&JU r[kwfvm;? &efukefNrdKUay:rSm &SdwJh
w&kwfujym;rxJrSm tacsmqHk; tvSqHk; ayghAs? [kdwkef;ursm; [kdaxmifuJu vdkcsif? 'Dpufydkifu
vkdcsifESifh w&kwfolaX;csif;udk rkd;rTefaewmaygh? aemufqHk;usawmh a&mfbmjcHawG bmawG trsm;BuD;
&SdvkdUrdkU &efukefrSm tcsrf;omqHk; jzpfwJh olaX;BuD; OD;csdefuefESifh &wmudk;As? &NyD;vkdU
ESpfESpfavmufvJ Muma&m OD;csdefuefvJ aoa&m? rusifNrdKifvJ rlv tacsmqHk; rdef;rwpfa,muf
jzpfwJh tay:rSm ydkufqHt<u,f0qHk; rdef;r wpfa,mufvJ jzpfjyefwmudk;? OD;csdefuef
aoNyD;wJhaemuf
t&G,fuav;uvJ
cyfaumif;aumif;?
&kyfuav;uvJ
cyfacsmacsm?
ykdufqHuav;uvJ cyfaygaygESifh xifovkd aysmfjrL;NyD;aevkdufwmaygh cifAsm? olUudk &csifwJh
vlawG rIdvkdaygufNyD;aewmyJ? if;txJrSm usKyfwkdU rdwfaqG armifnGefUazvJ tygt0if jzpfzl;w,f?
vluav;u &kyfu acsmacsm ? ajyma&; qkdpuav;uvJ &Sdjyef? [efuav;uvJ cyfaumif;aumif;
jzpfjyefawmh ]wpfbD;vSdrfh} rQru rusifNrdKif udk,fwkdifyJ tawmfpGJvrf;oGm;w,f? odkUaomfvJ
rusifNrdKifvkd rdef;rpm;rsdK;[m pdwful;wkdif;aygufvkdU tBuHajrmufNyDqdkrSjzifh 'Dwpfa,mufudk
tDoGm;NyD; [kdwpfa,mufudk pGJvef;jyefwmudk;? cjrmuav;uawmh rEl;reyfao;wJh t&G,frkdUvkdU
cspfrdw,f qkd&ifyJ pGJpGJNrJNrJ tonf;vIduf tlvdIuf cspfBudKufrd&Smwmudk; As}
uRefawmf/ /]aMomf wefawmh? ckeu pm&Guf[m olUtaMumif;ol 0wKvkyfNyD; a&;xm;wmeSifh
wlw,f}
&Sm;/
; /]cifAsm; &dyfrdvmNyDudk;? ckwavmrSm rusifNrdKifu usKyfwkdU jrefrmvlrsdK;xJu
yxrOD;pGm tdkifpDtufpf atmifwJh vlwpfa,mufESifh vufxyfr,fvkdU Mum;w,f? t&G,frSmawmh
rusifNrdKifxuf tyHkBuD; i,foayghav? vluav;u awmfawmfMum&if ta&;ykdif jzpfr,fhvl qkdawmh
ta&;ydkifuawmf[m rkqkd;r jzpfzl;&Hkru olwpfyg;ESifh rSm;,Gif;zl;w,f qkdwm &Sufp&mBuD;jzpfrSm
pdk;&drfonfU twGuf .. a[m ajym&if; qkd&if; a&mufvmNyDAsdKU}
uRefawmfwkdYonf Oa&mywkdufom;rsm; aexkdifaom tdrfBuD;rsm;avmufrQ ru
yef;O,smOfrsm; jcH&Hvsuf odkufNrdKufwifhw,fpGm aqmufvkyfxm;aom wkdufcHtdrfBuD;\ 0if;twGif;
um;udk &yfNyD;vQif armifpH&Sm;onf tapcHwpfa,muftm; rdrd\ emrnf&kdufESdyfxm;aom
um;csyfuav;udk ay;tyfvdkufonfwGif tapcHonf if;udk ,l tdrfay: odkU wufoGm;av\/
wpfcPrQMumvQif tapcHonf jyefqif;vmcJh ocifrrSm rtm;rvyfojzifh {nfUonf
vufrcHekdifaMumif;eSifh jyefajymav\/
&Sm;/
; /]'gjzihf rtm;vyfao;vkdU &Sd&if tm;vyfwJh tcsdefwkdifatmif usKyfwkdU xkdifNyD;
apmifh&Hk&Sdwmy}
tapcH/ /(rsufarSmifukwfvsuf) ]rtm;ao;bl; qkdwm rawGUcsifvkdU ajymwmAs}
&Sm;/
; /]aMomf [kwfvm;? 'gjzifh apmifhaezkdU rvkdbl;aygh? a&mh 'gjzifh a[mh'Dpmuav;
oGm;ay;vkdufprf;yg}
[k ajym pm&Gufwpfckay:wGif pmav;ig;wef;udk a&;NyD;aemuf tapcHtm;
ay;vkduf&m tapcHonf pmudk,l wufoGm;jyefav\/
216

a&TOa'gif;

uRefawmf/ /]bmrsm; a&;ay;vkdufovJ Asm}

&Sm;/
; /]'gjzifh *wfwJudk usKyfwkdU oGm;awmhr,fvkdU a&;vkdufwmygyJ? pdwfcsygAsm?
tawGUcHygw,f}
wpfcPrQMumvQif tapcHonf wpfzef ay:vmcJ uRefawmfwkdUtm; vuf&yfac:iifNyD;vQif
taumif;qHk;aom w&kwftoHk;taqmif? taumif;qHk;aom Oa&mywkdufom;wkdU toHk;taqmif?
taumif;qHk;aom jrefrmtoHk;taqmif tp&SdonfwkdUudk a&m>yef;vsuf tvGefw&m pnf;pdrf&Sdatmif
BuHpnfpdwful; xl;uJpGm qifjyif xm;aom tcef;BuD; wpfcktwGif;odkU ac: oGm;av\/ tcef;\
wpfckaom axmifhwGif qkdzmBuD; wpfcktay: zJrSDtkH;BuD;rsm;\ tv,frS rdef;rwpfa,mufonf
uRefawmfwdkU 0ifvmonfudk jrifojzifh avsmif;vJum ae&mrS xvkdufonfwGif uRefawmfrSm
rQavmuf vSywifhw,faom rsufESm? rQavmuf tcsdK;tpm;use odrfarGU aysmhajymif;onfU
udk,fvHk;udk,faygufudk tb,ftcgrQ rjrifzl; [l pdwfwGif; csD;rGrf;rdav\/ pifppftm;jzifh
qdkaomf if;rusifNrdKifrSm jrefrmvlrsdK;wkdUteuf twifhw,fqHk;aom &kyfvuPmESifh?
w&kwfvlrsdK;wkdUteuf trGefjrwfqHk;aom &kyfvuPmwkdUudk oifhwifhatmif a&mpyfyl;aygif;
xm;onfESifh wlvSay\/ rusifNrdKifonf uRefawmfwdkU ESpfa,mufudk jrifvQif ta&mifwvufvuf
rD;rsm; xGufbdouJhodkUaom rsufvHk;rsm;jzifh uRefawmfwkdUtm; ajcqHk;acgif;qHk; MunfUvsuf
NrdKif/ /]w,fvGefwJh vlawGyguvm;? b,fvkd t"dym,fESifh 'Dpm a&;ay;vkdufMuwmvJ}
&Sm;/
; /]Pf&SdwJh yk*dKvf wpfOD; yJAsm? zGifhajymzkdY rvkdygbl;? odkYaomfvnf;
tckwpfavmrSmawmh ynm&Sd owdjzpfcJ qkdwmvkd cyfacsmfacsmf jzpfaew,f xifw,f}
NrdKif/ /( rsufcHk;csnfvsuf ) ]&Sif tck ajymwm bmajymaewmvJ}
&Sm;/
; /]vlrdkufawG iSm;NyD; usKyfudk tajcmufckdif;&if aMumufvefUoGm;vdrfhr,fvdkU rusifNrdKif
xifwm rSm;wmaygh? ab;tE&m,fqkdwm aMumufwwfwJh vlom aMumufwwfwmAs? usKyfwkdUvkd
vlu ab;tE&m,f xlxyfavav aevkdUxkdifvdkU aumif;avav? 'gaMumifhom 'Dtvkyfudk usKyf
vkyfekdifwmaygh? a': pdefcif trIudk vufcH&aumif;rvm; vkdU pOf;pm;aewkef; cifAsm;
tajcmufckdif;vkdufwmESifh vufcHjzpfwmyJ}
NrdKif/ /]'Dvlu bmawG avQmufajymaeygvdrfhrvJ ? vlrdkufawGESifh uRefrESifh bmqdkifovJ
&Sifh}
&Sm;/
; /( &kwfw&uf wHcg;ayguf &Sd&modkU vSnfYNyD;vQif ) ]udkif; ? rcdkif;vkdU&SdrS jyefygawmh
r,fAsm}
NrdKif/ /]aeygOD;&Sif? b,foGm;rvkdUwkef;}
&Sm;/
; /]*gwfwJ oGm;&Hk &SdwmyJ}
xkdcP rusifNrdKifrSm cufxefaom rsufeSmxm;rS txl;ojzifh csdKomodrfarGUaom
rsufESmxm; tjzpfodkU &kwfw&uf ajymif;vJcJh armifpH&Sm;\ vufarmif;udk udkifqGJvsuf ..

217

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

xkdifMuygOD;awmh&Sif? tvsifwvkd rvkyfMuprf;ygESifh? ajymp&m&Sd&ifvJ ajz;ajz;aq;aq;

ajymMuwmaygh? OD;pH&Sm;qkdwm *kPftoa&&Sd vlBuD;vlaumif; wpfa,mufjzpfaMumif;?
vlwpfzufom;udk oem;SmwmwwfaMumif;udk vljrif&HkeSifh uRefr odygw,f? uRefrudk rdwfaqGvkdyJ
oabmxm;yg&Sif}
&Sm;/
; /(rsufESmxm;wif;wif;eSifh) ]rdwfaqGvkd oabmxm;zkdU awmfawmfMuyfw,f rusifNrdKif?
usKyf[m tpdk;& vcpm; r[kwfaomfvnf; ukd,hfpGrf;tm;&SdorQ w&m;enf;twkdif; jzpfMuapzkdUudk
aqmif&GufaewJh vlwpfa,mufjzpfw,f? w&m;enf;vrf; qkdwm t*Fvdyfw&m;Oya'udk qkdvdkwm
r[kwfbl;Asaemf? [kwfwkdif;rSef&m "rwmoabmw&m;udk usKyf qkdvkdw,f? ukdif; rusifNrdKif
ajymp&m&Sdwm ajym? em;axmifNyD;rS usKyf qHk;jzwfr,f}
NrdKif/
/]OD;pH&Sm;vkd
owdAswdESifh
tjcdrf;ajcmufckdif;wmvJ uRefr rkdufrdwmygyJ &Sif}

jynfUpHkvHkavmufwJh

vlwpfa,mufudk

&Sm;/
; /]'Dxuf rkdufwm &Sdao;w,f? bmvJ qkdawmh udk,fhtaMumif;udk reufjzefay: rvm;?
obufcg ay:rvm; pdwfrcs&wJh vlqkd;awGESifh yl;aygif;NyD; ? awmfawmfMum&if olwkdU aiGSpfwkdif;
xkwfay;ae&atmif pDrHvkdufyHku omNyD;awmh rkduf&musw,f rusifNrdKif}
NrdKif/ /]onfavmufawmif awmhvnf; uRefr rrdkufygbl;&Sif? trSef zGifhajym&rSmjzifh
pdef[kwfESifh rapmwif uvGJvkdU uRefrtaMumif;udk b,folrS rodygbl;? olwkdU qkdwmrSmawmh
wpfwufpm;vJ MuufoGef? ESpfwufpm;vJ MuufoGef qkdwmrsdK;vkd cdkif;apaeMu jzpfaeawmh
rxl;ygbl;&Sif}
&Sm;/
; /]aMomf onfvkdvm;}
NrdKif/ /]rSefygw,f? prf;NyD; oyfNyD;om;awGyg}
&Sm;/
; /]ekdUayrJh vlqkdwm rsdK;[m azmufjyefwwfw,f Asaemf? rawmfvkdU azmfvkdufvQif
b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ? ykvdyfu olwkdUudk azmufxGif;rIESihf tck zrf;awmhr,f Mum;vm;}
NrdKif/ /]zrf;vQifvJ uRefr bmudp& SdovJ ? olwkdU auseyfavmufatmif ay;NyD;om;uyJ?
uRefr ygp&m bmrS r&Sdbl;}
&Sm;/
; /]usKyfu azmfvkdufvQif b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ}
NrdKif/ /]&Sif onfvkd rvkyfaybl;qdkwm uRefr odNyD;om;uyJ? onfavmufawmif
pdwfoabmxm; jrifhjrwfaewJh vlwpfa,muf[m rdef;r wpfa,mufudk t&Suf rcGJaybl; qkdwm
uRefr ,HkMunfNyD; om;uyJ}
&Sm;/
; /]udkif; 'gjzifh pm&GufawG jyefNyD;ay;ygAsm}
xkdtcg rusifNrdKifonf vufckyfvuf0g; wD;um &,farmNyD;aemuf uRefawmfwkdU
ESpfa,mufukd rD;zkdacsmifodkU ac: oGm;NyD;vQif rD;zkdudk jy&m jymrsm;onf txyfxyf &Sdaeonfudk
awGUjrifMu&av\/
218

a&TOa'gif;

NrdKif/ /( armifpH&Sm;\ rsufeSmudk MunfU Mumqefqef NyHK;vsuf ) ]&Sif vkdcsifvQifjzifh

onf[myJ ,loGm;ayawmh}
&Sm;/
; /(rsufESmxm;wif;wif;ESifh) ]udkif; wpfcgjzifh csrf;om ray;ekdifawmhbl;? pm&GufawG
jyef&&if csrf;omay;r,fvkdU[m rD;dIUypfESifhwmudk; rusifNrdKif}
NrdKif/ /]onfvkdvJ r&ufpufygESifh OD;pH&Sm;&Sif? tusdK;taMumif;udk uRefr tukef jyefNyD;
ajymjy&rvm;}
&Sm;/
; /]usKyf odNyD;ygNyD? ajymzkdYrvkdygbl;}
NrdKif/ /]odayrJh OD;pH&Sm;wkdUu a,mufsm; rsufpdESifh MunfUwmudk;? uRefrwkdU rdef;r
rsufpdESifhvJ MunfUOD;rSaygh&Sifh? rdef;rwkdU arQmfvifhcsufBuD; txajrmufvk qJqJ rSmrS wpfa,muf
a,muf vmNyD; aESmifh,Sufr,f qkd&if umuG,fzkdU&m enf;vrf;twkdkif; r[kwfygvm;&Sif}
&Sm;/
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auseyfekdifrSm&Sifh? 0ufom;[if;udk jrifaewJhvl[m iydcsufESifh b,fauseyfekdifrvJ? olu
onftxJrSm wpfaeUxuf wpfaeU acgif;rmNyD; vmw,f? olU xifjrifcsufudk wpfcg ay;rd&if
tpOfrjywf ay;&r,f? olU wpfa,mufxJudkrSvJ ay;&r,f? onfvkdudk;&Sifh? onfawmh uRefr
b,hfES,fwwfekdifrvJ? zGifhajym&awmhwmaygh}
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0wKvJ &a&m olvJ &kwfw&uf ao&Smw,f vkdU uRefr Mum;&w,f? onfawmhum wpftkyf[m
olYypnf;awGxJrSm usefae&pf&r,f? usef&pfvQifvJ olUtarqD ydkU&r,fqkdwm uRefrodawmh ? &Sif
219

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

Mum;NyD; jzpfwJh twkdif; &kd;&dk;enf;ESifh uRefr &atmif 0,f,lygw,f&Sif? 'gayrJh &SifodwJh twkdif;yJ
0,fvkdUr&bl;? r&awmhrS onfUjyifwpfenf;eSifh &atmif uRefr BuHpnf&wmyg&Sif? armifnGefUaz
uav; tay:rSm uRefr qkd;rdwmvJ qkd;rdyg&JU? ekdUayrJh wpfoufvHk; tBuHtpnfawG ysufukefrSm
pdk;avawmh jyKrdjyK&m jyK&awmhwmyJ OD;pH&Sm;&JU}
&Sm;/
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jzpfOD;awmhrSmyJ ? 'gxuf tdEd,jynfudk tazmfwpfa,mufESifh yxrwef;pD;NyD; avQmufvnfvQif
b,favmufukefrvJ} [k ar;aom tcg rusifNrdKifonf tHhMoaom rsufESmxm;ESifh armifpH&Sm;tm;
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vufudk aiGvJNyD; usKyf ydkUvkdufr,f? crsmrSmvJ bk&m;zl; oGm;csifaewm MumvSNyDwJh}
[k ajymNyD;aemuf csufpuLudk &aomtcg armifpH&Sm;onf vufdI;ukdk axmifum
,rf;vsuf
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wpfaeUaeUusawmh vufudk avmifwwfoAsaemf? rusifNrdKif owdxm;vkdufyg}

*********
NyD;ygNyD/

220

uav;[m

a&TOa'gif;

12/ / rif;wkdifyif trwfwpfOD;\ trI armifpH&Sm; pHkaxmufyHk

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ray:aygufbJ wpfaeUo toufav;q,fausmf t&G,fcefU&Sd olaX;[efaygufaom
vlwpfa,mufonf xkdtdrfudk iSm;&rf;NyD;aemuf tdrfaxmifrI ypnf;tajrmuftjrm;ESifh wuG
a&TUajymif;aexkdifvsuf &Sdav\/ xkdol\ trnfrSm OD;ausmfOD;[k ac:wGifcJhav&m teD;tyg;&Sd
tdrf&SifwkdUvnf; rQavmuf tzdk;tcBuD;jrifhaom tdrfBuD;udk iSm;&rf;aexkdifekdifaom olrSm
rnfuJhodkUaom olrsdK; jzpfavoenf;[k tdrfeD;jcif; bm0 wapmif;rS tuJcwfvsuf &SdMupOf
if;ausmfOD;onf &[ef;awmfrsm;tm; qGrf;0wfuGrf;0wf jyKonfUt&mXme vnf;aumif;?
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usyf ponfwkdUudk &ufpufpGm vSL'gef;jcif;tm;jzifh if;&yf&Gm&Sd vlBuD;vlaumif; taygif;wkdUu
xkdolonfum;
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rsm;udk 0,fcsrf;NyD;vQif atmuft&yfa'o wpfESpfcefUrQ jidrf;csrf;pGm aexkdifvkdojzifh vma&muf
wnf;cdk aexkdifaMumif;ESifh ajymqkdonfwGif todtuRrff;wkdUvnf; pdwfauseyfMuav\/
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vdyfpmrsm;eSifh pmwkdufwHqdyfrsm;udk MunfUIvsuf&Sd&m
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pmygvm;? OD;bkd;vS qDu rSwfw,f? rSef;prf;}
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oHk;csyfeSifh pmwpfapmifudk awGU&Sd&av\/ OD;ausmfOD;onf aiGpuLrsm;udk a&wGufMunfUI
z,fxm;NyD;aemuf pmudk zwfMunfU&m if;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfavonf/

aiGonf aemufqHk;ay;jcif; jzpfonf/ uRefawmf\ xHrS aemuf

aemufxyfarQmfvifh&ef r&Sdyg/
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&NyD;jzpf auseyfavmufaumif;ygNyD/
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rsufESmxm; NyHK;NyHK;ESifh ]onfvkdvlrsdK;[m ajymawmhjzifh ray;ekdkifbl;av; aemufqHk;av; bmav;ESifh
awmfawmfMum xyfNyD; Spfjyef&ifvJ &jyefwmyJ? udkif; onfpmuaum b,folUqDuvJ rSef;prf;} [k
221

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

wpfa,mufwnf; wD;wdk; ajymNyD;aemuf pwkwpmwpfapmifudk azmuf zwf&m if;pmrSm a&;ol\

trnfae&yfESifh wuG tvkyftudkifwkdUudk aumif;rGefacsmarGUaom pma&;puLay:wGif aooyfpGm
yHkESdyfyg&Sdav\/ pm&Gufay: a&;om; yg&Sdaom pmrSmum;

cifAsm;onf tvGefw&m odrfi,f,kwfnHUaom

aom oabm&Sdonfjzpf uRefawmf\ xHrS
aiGSpf awmif;jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; ray;cJhvQif uRefawmfwGif ru uRefawmf\ r,m;yg
t&SufuGJ&rnf jzpfaomaMumifh cifAsm;awmif;aom aiG oHk;axmifusyfudk ay;ygawmhrnf/
cifAsm;ajymaom oufaocHpmrsm;udk ,ck wevFmaeUn 9 em&D tcsdefcefUwGifif uRefawmf\
aetdrfodkU ,lcJhvQif uRefawmf\ uwdtwkdif; aiG oHk;axmifusyf ay;ygrnf/ pifppftm;jzifh
ykvdyfudk wkdifwef;vkdaomfvnf; r,m;\
r,m;\ t&Sufudk iJhSmojzifh rnfol wpfOD;wpfa,mufudkrQ
rwkdifyif0Hhyg/ odkUjzpf pdk;&drf&efr&Sd/ vmjzpfatmifvmyg/
if;pmudk
zwfNyD;aemuf
OD;ausmfOD;onf
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rsufESmxm;ESihf
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jzpfvkdufao;w,f? onfvkdvlrsdK; aiGoHk;axmifusyf ay;&vkdU bmjzpf&rSmvJ? igawmif;rdwmawmif
enf;oGm;ao;w,fuG,f?
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aemufvJ
xyfNyD;awmif;ekdifao;wmyJ }
ponfjzifh awG;awm ajymqkdvsuf &Sdav\/
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vkyfukdif tjcm;aomenf;tm;jzifh ypnf;Opm&SmazG pkaqmif;cJhol wpfa,muf jzpfavonf/
xkdol\ enf;rSm olwpfyg;tdrf tapcHvkyfolrsm;? orD;&nf;pm; atmifoG,f ay;wwfaom
tr,fBuD;rsm;eSifh tuRrf;0ifatmif aygif;oif;NyD;vQif olwpfyg;wkdU rodapvkdonfU vQdKU0Sufaom
pmrsm;udk aMu;aiGay; 0,f,lwwfavonf/ vl*kPfwef wpfa,muf\ orD;wpfa,mufonf
tu,f rdrd\&nf;pm;tm; pmwpfapmifay;cJhygrl xkdpmonf OD;ausmfOD;\ vufodkU a&mufcJhvQif
xkdrdef;uav;tm; rdbrsm;udk wkdifMum;rnftaMumif;eSifh acsmufvSefU aiGrsm;udk tpfatmuf
Spf,lwwfavonf/
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aygif;zuf&aom vifa,musfm; om;r,m;onf wpfOD;jzpfcJhwwfavonf/ ,if;odkUjzpf
wpfpHkwpfa,mufaom rdef;ronf rdrd\ &nf;pm;xH orD;&nf;pm;wkdU bm0 cspfBudKufaMumif;
pmwpfapmifudk ay;cJhjim;tHh? xdkrdef;ronf *kPfoa&&Sd tjcm;aom olwpfa,mufESifh
taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm tMuifvifr,m; tjzpfodkU wkdifa&mufonfUtcg ,cifu pmonf
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xdkrdef;r\xHrS aMu;aiGrsm;udk tiftm;ESifh avsmfpGm SpfxkwfajcmufvSefU awmif;,lwwfavonf/
xkdUjyif ukefonfBuD; wpfOD;onf tvkyfESifh ywfouf vQdKU0Sufaom pmwpfapmifudk
wpfpHkwpfa,mufxH a&;om;rd&m if;\ pma&;xHrSwqifh udk,fpm;vS,fcHonfU OD;ausmfOD;xHodkU
qkdufa&mufonfUtcg a&S;uenf;wl ukefonfBuD;xHrS aiGSpf&ef enf;vrf; yGifhjyefavonf/
txufwGif azmfjycJh NyD;onfUtwkdif; OD;ausmfOD;onf tapcHtrsdK;rsdK;? pma&;tajrmuftjrm;?
atmifoG,fBuD; trsm;tjym;wkdUESifh qufoG,fNyD;vQif if;wkdUxHrS pmrsm;udk vlt&nftcsif;eSifh
taMumif;udpudk vkduf tcaMu;aiG ay;urf;0,f,lavh&Sdavonf/ &Hzef&Hcg pmwpfapmifudk aiG
oHk;&musyfrQ tbkd;ay; 0,f,lNyD;vQif OD;ausmfOD;onf ESpfeSpf oHk;eSpf ponfjzifh tcGifhray:ayguf
222

a&TOa'gif;

rjcif; vQdKU0SufpGm apmifhqkdif;odkrSD; xm;&wwfavonf/ odkU&mwGif tcGifhoifhonfU tcgrlum;

xkdaiGxuf q,fq ruaom aMu;aiG &atmif Spf ,lwwfavonf/
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aMumifh jzpfavonf/ xdktcg
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223

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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tckdufwGif &kwfw&uf,l qdk;awudk ypfowfvkduf&aomf tpdk;&u xkwfjyefxm;aom
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owdaumif;ol wpfa,mufjzpf vpfonfUtuGufudk rawGUekdifcJhacs/
qkd;awonf pmrsm;udk zwfINyD;aemuf

224

a&TOa'gif;

aw/
aw /]onfpmavmufESifh aiGoHk;axmifusyf
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udk,hfr,m;uyJ

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225

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

tapcHwpfa,muftm; OD;pHrif;eSifh awGUvkdaMumif; ajymqkdNyD;vQif tdrfOD;cef;&Sd ukvm;xkdifwpfckwGif

tcefUom;xkdifvsuf &Sdav\/
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aw/
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t&SufruGJyg&apESifh?

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udkifvsuf vSefavSm zwfIaeMupOf uRefawmfonf atmufygtjcif;t&mrsm;udk owif;pmwGif
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226

a&TOa'gif;

xl;qef;aomvlowfrItaMumif;
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tavmif;udk AD&dktwGif; awGU&Sd&aMumif;? tavmif;rSm &ifbwf aoewf'Pf&mwpfck
awGUjrifMu&m ykwfodk;zl;a,mifvsuf&SdonfU t&mudk axmufIaomf tenf;qHk;ig;&ufcefUrQ
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aomolESifh wpfOD;wnf;yifjzpfrnf[k awG;xifvsuf&SdMuaMumif;/
uRefawmfonf owif;pmudk zwfjyNyD;aemuf
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xGufajy;wJh aeU r[kwfvm;}
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az/
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227

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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az/
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&Sdygao;w,f}
az/
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q&m&JU?

tdrfwHcg;vnf;

ryGifhbl;?

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if;aMu;eef;rSm atmufyg t"dym,ftwkdif; yg&Sdav\/
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ukefusorQp&dwf uRefawmf\ wm0efjzpfygonf/
pHrif;
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228

a&TOa'gif;

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av&m
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rif;/ /]wu,fqkdawmh udpE Sifh &kwfw&uf xGufoGm;cJhvkdY&Sd&if uRefawmfhudk ajymzkdY
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wif/ /]aeygOD;cifAs? aysmufwmu b,ftcsdefvJ cifAsm}
rif;/ /]b,ftcsdef&,fvdkU b,frSmajymwwfrvJ cifAsm? n 10 em&Davmufwkdifatmif
uRefawmfESifh pum;ajymaeMuNyD; tdyf&m0ifoGm;MuwmyJ ? reufvif;vkdU uRefawmf vufzuf&nf
aomuf&atmif apmihfNyD;aevkdufwm rvmekdifwmESifh tcef;xJ 0ifMunfUawmh r&Sdawmhygbl; cifAsm?
229

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

'gESifh udktkef;az aysmufoGm;vkdU udkpH&Sm; rSmvkdufyg? udkpH&Sm;uvJ onfenf;twkdif; aysmufoGm;

jyefyga&m cifAsm}
if;aemuf uRefawmfwkdUonf tdrfcef;rS xGufvmMuNyD;vQif {nfUcef;odkU 0if trIESifh
pyfvsOf;onfU pum;rsm;udk ajymqkdvsuf&SdMu&m uRefawmf\ pdwf OD;pHrif;onf jzpforQtaMumif;
t&mrsm;udk ukefpifatmif jyefrajymbJ odk0SufcsefvSyf xm;onf[k awG;xifrdav\/
xkdaeUwpfaeUvHk; tifpydwfawmf armifbwifonf NrdKUwGif;odkU oGm;csnfjyefcsnfeSifh pHkprf;
ar;jref;vsuf&Sd&m uRefawmfrSmvJ armifpH&Sm;\ enf;pepfrsm;udk toHk;jyKNyD;vQif wwfoa&GU
rSwfoa&GU pHkprf;axmufvSrf;ygaomfvnf; rnfodkUrQ rxl;jcm;bJ &SdaecJhav\/ olwpfyg;wkdU
aysmufqHk;onfU trIrsm;um; armifpH&Sm;onf ray:vQif ay:atmif pHkaxmufwwfonf jzpf&m
,ck armifpH&Sm;udk,fwkdif aysmufqHk;onfU trIum; rnfolonf vma&mufpHkaxmuf ayawmhtHhenf;
[k atmufarhvsuf armifpH&Sm;onf &efol\ vufwGif;odkU usa&mufqHk;IH;jcif; rjzpfygapESifh [l
omvQif qkawmif;rdcJhav\/
xkdn uRefawmfwkdUonf tdrf&Sif OD;pHrif;tm; EIwfqufNyD;aemuf tdyf&modkU toD;oD;
0ifa&mufMuav&m tifpydwfawmf armifbwifrSm armifpH&Sm;wkdU tdyfoGm;aom tcef;
tdyf&efae&may; uRefawmfrSm if;tcef;ESifh ,SOfvsuf &Sdaom tcef;wpfck tdyf&efae&m
ay;av\/ armifbwifonf if;\tcef;odkU 0ifcgeD;wGif uRefawmfu ] AsdKU udkbwif? cifAsm;
wpfa,mufvnf; aysmufroGm;ygeSifhOD;Asm? Mumawmh vlukef&acs&JU} [k avSmifajymifum ajymrdonf
wGif armifbwifonf rsufESmrsm; ysuf oGm;NyD;aemuf [efaqmifum &,farmvsuf tdyfcef;odkU
0ifoGm;av\/
uRefawmfonf aumif;rGefpGm cif;usif;jyifqifxm;aom tdyf&may: tdyf&if; armifpH&Sm;\
taMumif;rsm;udk awG;awm pdwful;vsuf&SdpOf txl;aumif;rGef qdrfhtDaom npmxrif;udk
pm;aomuf&onfjzpf rMumrDtwGif;yif tdyfaysmf oGm;cJhav\/ ESpfem&DMumonfrod? oHk;em&D
Mumonfrod tdyfaysmfrdaomtcg uRefawmfonf rnfonfUtaMumif;aMumifh rod tdyf&mrS
&kwfw&uf vefUekd; em;pGifhum axmifrdonfwGif tjcm;tcef;rS vlrsm; ajz;Sif;pGm ajczsm;axmuf
vrf;avQmufonfU ajcoHvkdvkd Mum;&onf[k pdwf rSwfxifrdav\/ okdU&SdonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf
uRefawmfonf tdyf&may:rS xxkdifNyD;vQif xkdtjcif;t&mudk vQdKU0SufpGm pHkprf;tHh[k atmufarh
jywif;ayguf&Sd&modkU ajz;nif;pGm oGm;NyD;aemuf zGifhxm;aom jywif;aygufrS atmufodkU iHkYMunfU
vkdufav\/
xkdnonf arSmifrkdufvsuf &SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh uRefawmfonf yxr rnfonfU
t&m0wKudkrQ rjrifekdifbJ arSmifeSifhrnf;rnf; &Sdaeonfudk omvQif awGUjrif&onfjzpf&m twefMum
aom tcgrS vlESpfa,mufonf armifbwif\ tdyfcef;jywif;ayguf\ atmufwnfUwnfUrS
&yfvsuf&SdMuonfudk awGUjrif&av\/ xkdtcg uRefawmfonf jywif;ayguf uefUvefUumudk
uG,fvsuf vQdKU0SufpGm MunfUae&m wpfcPrQMumvQif vlwpfa,mufonf armifbwif\
jywif;aygufrS BudK;ESifhavQm csrdouJhodkU wjznf;jznf; wa&GUa&GU ajrodkU a&mufoGm;av\/
aemufwpfcPrlum; tjcm;wpfa,mufonf if;jywif;aygufrS ajrodkU ckefcsvkdufonfU toHudk
Mum;&NyD;aemuf av;a,mufom;wkdUonf 0if;ayguf&Sd&modkU wa&GUa&GU xGufoGm;Muonfudk
jrifvkduf&NyD;aemuf arSmif&dyfwGif aysmufuG,foGm;Muav\/
230

a&TOa'gif;

xkdtcg uRefawmfonf tifpydwfawmf armifbwiftwGuf pkd;&drfruif;jzpfonfeSifh

if;\tcef;odkU 0ifa&mufMunfUI&m armifbwifudk tdyf&mwGif rawGU&bJ if;\ zdeyfESifh yk0g?
tus ponfwkdUudk omvQif awGU&Sd&av\/ ,if;uJhodkU awGUjrif&onfUtcg uRefawmfonf
rnfodkUjyK&rnfudk wpfcPrQ tBuH,lNyD;aemuf pdwful;wpfckaygufonfESifh jywif;aygufrS
ckefcsNyD;vQif 0if;ayguf&Sd&modkU wdwfwqdwfvkdufoGm;av\/ 0if;aygufteD;um; armfawmfum;
wpfpif;onf pufEId;vsuf&Sdonfudk awGUjrif&av&m vloHk;a,mufwkdUonf vlwpfa,mufudk
um;ay: odkU ayGUcsD wifNyD;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf um;onfxGufpjyKojzifh uRefawmfonf um;\
aemuf wkdufckdufjcif;udk umuG,f&eff wyfqifxm;aom 'efudkif;ay: odkU ckefwufNyD;aemuf
um;udkuG,f vkdufygoGm;av\/ wpfcPrQ armif;ESifrdvQif armfawmfum;onf jynfvrf;BuD;odkU
qkdufa&mufav&m if;odkUa&mufonfeSifh wpfNydKifeuf um;onf jynfNrdKUbufodkU vSnfUNyD;vQif
vsifjrefpGm pufukefzGifh armif;ESifoGm;av&um; uRefawmfrSm vufacsmfajcacsmf jzpfu tenf;qHk;
rvSry temw& jzpf&rnfudk od&Sdojzifh owdESifh wG,f vkdufoGm;cJhav\/
wpfem&DcefUrQ r&yfrem; armif;ESifrdavvQif um;onf tkwfeH&HBuD;jzifh jrifhrm;pGm
um&efvsuf&Sdaom ae&modkU qkdufa&mufonfESifh &yfwefUav&m wpfa,mufaomolonf um;ay:rS
qif;ouf oHwHcg;rS wD;wkd;ac:iifvkdufNyD;aemuf wpfcPrQMumvQif oHwHcg;BuD;onf yGifhoGm;
onfESifh um;onf wHcg;aygufrS twGif;odkU armif;eSif 0ifoGm;av\/ twGif;odkU a&mufvQif
wpfzef&yfwefYNyD;aemuf um;ay:rS vloHk;a,mufwkdUonf wpfa,mufaomoludk wGJvsuf taqmuf
tOD;BuD; wpfck twGif;odkU oGif;oGm;Muav&m uRefawmfonf twefi,fMumatmif um;aemufrSD;rS
apmihfqkdif;aeNyD;aemuf vloHrMum;aomtcgrS ajrodkU qif;oufcJhav\/
xkdtcg uRefawmfrSm wGJoGif;oGm;jcif;udk cH&aomolonfum; tjcm;r[kwf? tifpydwfawmf
armifbwif jzpfonfudk &dyfrdaomfvnf; rnfolwkdUonf if;tm; rnfonfUt&yfodkU ac:aqmif
oGm;Muonfudk rawG;awmwwfojzifh arSmifESifhrnf;rnf; &Sdaom taqmuftOD;BuD;udk MunfUI
tuJcwfvsuf&SdpOf vlESpfa,mufwkdUonf cyfokwfokwf xGufvmMu wpfa,mufaomolonf
]udkif; aumfwmyJ udktkef;az? um;wpfpD;awmhjzifh awGUNyD? "mwfqDukefaevQifawmh usKyfwkdU uHyJ} [k
ajymoHudk Mum;&onfwGif if;toHrSm armifpH&Sm;\ toHjzpfaMumif; od&SdonfESifh uRefawmfu
tm;&0rf;om EIwfqufrdav\/ xdktcg armifpH&Sm;onf uRefawmftm; xkdae&m awGU&onfudk
thHMo[efvuPmESifh um;ay: odkU wuf pufEId;av\/ uRefawmfvnf; if;wkdUonf &efolwkdU\
vufrS vGwfvmMuonfU taMumif;udk &dyfrdonfeSifh oHwHcg;udk zGifhay;NyD;aemuf um;ay: odkU
wufoGm;&m armifpH&Sm;vnf; um;udk vsifjrefpGm armif;eSifcJhav\/
armifpH&Sm;ESifh armiftkef;azwkdUonf tb,fhaMumifh &kwfw&uf aysmufoGm;Mu rnfonfU
enf;ESifh xkdae&modkUa&mufaeMuonfudk armifpH&Sm;u jyef ajymjyojzifh od&Sd&onfrSm ...
armifpH&Sm;onf OD;pHrif;\ aetdrf tdyfcef;okdU 0ifoGm;NyD;aemuf tdyf&mrS ekd;ojzifh
MunfUvkdufaomtcg aerif;onf yljyif;pGm xGef;awmufvsuf &dSonfudk awGU&onfESifh
rQavmufaejrifhatmif tdyfaysmfaerdonfudk yxr tHhMordaMumif;? if;aemuf tcef;wGif;&Sd
y&dabm* toHk;taqmifrsm;udk MunfUrdjyefonfUtcg rdrdrSm oHckwifwpfckay: tdyfaysmfvsuf
acgif;tHk; ? apmif ? arGU&m ponfwkdUrSmvnf; nHUzsif;pGm &Sdaeonfudk awGU&Sd&aMumif;? xkdUjyif
tcef;rSmvnf; usOf;ajrmif;vSonfUjyif? Murf;rSm t*Fawjzifh cif;vsuf &SdonfUjyif rdrd\ zdeyf
tus ponfwkdUrSmvnf; tcef;wGif; r&SdawmhbJ rdrd\ udk,fvnf; axmifom;wkdU 0wfqifaom
t0wfwkdUjzifh 0wfqifxm;onfudk awGU&Sd&aMumif;? xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;rSm igonf rnfonfU
231

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

t&yfodkU rnfonfUenf;ESifh a&mufae&onfudk rawG;awmwwfatmif &Sdaeojzifh tjyifodkUxGuf

pHkprf;OD;rnf[k wHcg;udk zGifh&m tcef;wHcg;udk zGifhr& &Sdaeonfudk awGU&Sd&aMumif;?
xkdtcgarmifpH&Sm;onf ckwifay: odkU wpfzefjyef xkdifNyD;vQif ,refnu tjzpftysufrsm;udk
jyefvSefawG;awmvsuf &SdpOf wHcg;udk zGifhoHMum; ukvm;pEvDwpfa,mufonf tcef;wGif;odkU
0ifvmonfudk awGU&aMumif;? xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;u ukvm;tm; pdwfqkd;qkd;ESifh aigufief;ar;jref;&m
pEvDukvm;onf OD;acgif;udkom ,rf;vsuf NyHK;pdpd vkyfNyD;vQif rnfodkUrQ jyef rajymbJ
&SdaeaMumif;/
xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;onf a&S;uxuf a'goxGufNyD;vQif t&yfonf rnfonfUt&yf
jzpfonf? rnfonfUenf;ESifh rdrdtm; t&yfodkU ac:aqmifcJhonfrsm;udk Budrf;armif;Ncdrf;ajcmuf
ar;jref;jyefav&m ukvm;BuD;onf ar;onfUpum;udk rajzMum;bJ armifpH&Sm;\ausmudk owfNyD;
vQif pdwfqkd;jcif;onf raumif;onfU taMumif;rsm;udk acsmharmhum w&m;a[mvsuf &Sdav\/
xkdtcgum; armifpH&Sm;rSm vufatmufajcpm;rQ jzpfaom ukvm;wpfOD;wpfa,mufu ausmoyf
&ifoyfjyK ta&mw0if jyKvkyfvsuf&Sdonfudk onf;rcHekdifatmif &SdonfESifh wGef;xkd;uefausmuf
rnf jyKonfwGif rdrdonf rnfonfUt&yfa&mufaeonfudk &kwfw&uf awG;awm&dyfrdojzifh
tHhtm; oifhvS ru oifhvsuf pum;xyf rajymekdifbJ ai;vsufomvQif &Sdaeav\/ taMumif;
rlum; armifpH&Sm;onf rdrdrSm t&l;axmifwpfck\twGif;odkU usa&mufaeaMumif;udk od&Sd&aom
aMumifh jzpfavonf/
xkdtcgrS ukvm;BuD;u ]aumif;aumif; vluav; &Sdw,f? rkefUrsm;rsm;ay;r,f? ocifu
awGUcsifw,f ? vkdufcJhyg} [k acsmharmh ac:iifonfwGif armifpH&Sm;onf wpfoufwGif
rtHhMozl;avmufatmif tHhMovsuf pum;wpfcGef;rQ rajymbJ ukvm;BuD;\ aemufodkU
vkdufygoGm;cJhav\/ wpfckaom tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifrdMuvQif pm;yGJwpfck t*Fvdyft&m&Sd
wpfa,mufonf pma&;vsuf&Sd&m if;\ teD;um; acgif;aygif;tkyfaygif;ESifh oyf&yfpGm
0wfqifvsuf&Sdaom jrefrmwpfa,mufonf &yfvsuf&Sdav\/ armifpH&Sm;eSifh ukvm;BuD;wkdU
0ifvmonfudk jrifaomtcg jrefrmonf armifpH&Sm;\ bufodkU vSnfUNyD;vQif ]olygyJ q&mBuD;} [k
t*Fvdyfvkd ajymvkdufojzifh armifpH&Sm;onf if;\ rsufeSmudk MunfUrdonfwGif 0g;&rf;ajy;vlqkd;
iqkd;aw jzpfaMumif; od&Sdkjyefav&mum; jypfcsufrsm;pGmESifh zrf;qD;jcif;cH&NyD;aemuf ykvdyfwkdU\
vufrS rMumrDuxGufajy;oGm;aom qdk;awonf axmif t&m&SdwpfOD;ozG,f tcefUpm;jzpf
aeonfudk awGUjrif&onfrSm igonf wu,fyif l;oGyf xifrdxif&m jrifrdjrif&m xifjrif&av
oavm[k rdrdudk,fudkyif rdrd oHo, ruif;atmif &SdaecJhav\/
if;aemuf tHhMojcif; ? pdwf'Gd[ jzpfjcif; ponfwkdU ajyaysmufonfUtcgrS armifpH&Sm;onf
q&m0efBuD;tm; trI vlrSm; ac:cJh[ef vuPm&SdaMumif;? rdrdrSm tjcm;r[kwf pHkaxmuf
armifpH&Sm;yif jzpfaMumif;ESifh ajymqkdaomtcg q&m0efBuD;onf qkd;aweSifh wpfa,mufudk
wpfa,mufMunfU NyHK;&,fMuav\/ xkdtcg qkd;awu ]uRefawmfajymwJh twkdif;ygyJ q&m0efBuD;
? onfvlu pHkaxmufl;l;NyD; olUudk,fol pHkaxmufBuD; OD;pH&Sm;qkdNyD; [kdvlzrf; onfvlzrf;ESifh
tifrwef &rf;um;aevkdUrkdU NrdKU0efrif; OD;pHrif;u ydkUvkdufjcif; jzpfygw,f} [k ajymavvQif
armifpH&Sm;onf pdwfudk rcsKyfwD;ekdifatmif &Sdonfjzpf qdk;aw\ vnfukyfudk udkifSpfrnf
jyKonfwGif pEvDukvm;BuD;onf armifpH&Sm;\ vufudk csKyfwD;av\/ if;aemuf q&m0efBuD;
vnf; armifpH&Sm;\ vufudk aoG;prf;rnf[k udkifwG,fav&m armifpH&Sm;rSm rcHr&yfekdifatmif
pdwfqkd;vSonfjzpfaomaMumifh aoG;prf;rcHbJ &SdaeonfwGif q&m0efBuD;vnf; OD;acgif;udk ,rf;
232

a&TOa'gif;

vsuf pEvDukvm;tm; vufjyvkdufonfESifh pEvDukvm;vnf; armifpH&Sm;udk ac: oGm; rlvu

tcef;wGif;odkU ydkUNyD;aemuf tcef;udk aomhcwf oGm;av\/
tcef;wGif;odkUa&mufvQif
armifpH&Sm;onf
ckwifay:wGif
yufvufvSefNyD;aemuf
pOf;pm;pdwful;vsuf&Sd&m ig;rdepfcefUMumaomtcg ]] idktm;xuf &,ftm;oef}} [laom pum;yHk
uJhodkU wpfoufwGif rQavmuf vdIufvdIufvSJvSJ &,farmzl;onf r&SdbJ rsuf&nfrsm; awGawGus
atmif [uf[ufyufyuf &,farmvsuf &Sdav\/ xkdUaemufrS ]awmfygay qkd;aw&,f? vlUjynfrSm
rif;wpfa,muf &Sdwm ig tjyif;ajyvGef;vkdU? rif; aooGm;rSmawmif ig pkd;vkdufygao;&JU} [k
a&&Gwf&if; vGwfajrmufa&;udk omvQif tBuHxkwfvsuf &Sdav\/
if;aemuf armifpH&Sm;onf xGufvrf;udk qifjcif&m jywif;aygufrSaomfvnf;aumif;?
tcef;aygufrSaomfvnf;aumif; omvQif xGuf&ef&Sdonfudk awGU&Sd&av\/ jywif;aygufrSm
wpfaycefU jrifhonfUtjyif wpfvufr vHk;ywf&Sdaom oHwkdifrsm;eSifh pkdufxlvsuf&Sdonfudk awGU&
ojzifh rwwfekdifaMumif; od&Sd&av\/ xkdaemuf tcef;aygufudk MunfUI&m wHcg;rSm
oabFmu,fAif tcef;rSmuJhodkU tjyifrSvnf;aumif;? twGif;rS vnf;aumif; aomhcwf&aom
wHcg;rsdK;jzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&av\/ xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;onf aomhrS cvkwf\ tajctaeudk
aocsmpGmMunfUIpHkprf;onfwGif tBuHwpfck &onfeSifh jidrf0yfpGm aeav\/
aeUvnftcsdef pEvDukvm;onf vufzuf&nfESifh aygifrkefUeSpfcsyfudk bGdKifukvm;ESifhtwl
armifpH&Sm;\ tcef;odkU vmykdUNyD;aemuf xGufoGm;&m armifpH&Skm;onf aygifrkefUESpfcsyfudk
vufwGif; nufatmif e,facsNyD;aemuf tdwfwGif; 0Sufxm; vufzuf&nfudkvnf;raomuf
vkdbJ vsuf ,kwd&Sdatmif usdKufcsav\/
xkdaeUnae pEvDukvm;onf armifpH&Sm;\ tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifvmNyD;vQif vufjyac:iif
oGm;ojzifh armifpH&Sm;vnf; vkdufygoGm;&m axmif0if;BuD;twGif; wpfckaom ae&mvyf tl;
ESpfq,fcefUwkdUonf tanmif;ajy vrf;avQmufvsuf&Sd&m teD;um; pEvDwkdUonf wkwfrsm;ESifh
apmifhaeMuav\/ armifpH&Sm;udk ac:cJhaom pEvDukvm;vnf; armifpH&Sm;udk vrf;avQmuf
aponfjzpf&m armifpH&Sm;onf tl;rsm;eSifh tazmfvkyf&rnfudk pufqkyfpGmESifh ckdif;aponfUtwkdif;
jyKrnftvkyfwGif tl;wpfa,mufESifh rsufESmcsif; qkdifrd xkdtl;u ]tvkd q&mvJ a&mufaeNyDudk;}
[k ajym tHhtm;oifhvsuf &Sdav\/ xkdolrSm armiftkef;azyif jzpfavonf/
xkdolESpfa,mufwkdUonf rdrdwkdU\ tjzpftysufrsm;udk wkdifyifajymqkdMurnf jyKqJwGif
qkd;awonf ay:vm pEvDrsm;tm; tl;rsm;udk tcsif;csif; pum;rajymap&ef trdefUay;av&m
pEvDwkdUvnf; ]]cRwfwm;qyf}} \ trdefUtwkdif; wm;jrpfonfESifh armifpH&Sm;wkdUrSm &,farmum
vkdufemMuav\/ em&D0ufcefUrQ vrf;avQmufapNyD;aemuf pEvDukvm;wkdUonf tl;rsm;udk
rdrdwkdU\ tcef;odkU toD;oD; oGwfoGif;NyD;aemuf aomhcwf ydwfxm;vkdufav\/ armifpH&Sm;rSm
ae&m MumMumae&onfjzpfu tu,fyif l;oGmacsawmhrnf[k NyHK;&,fum awG;awmNyD;
aemuf vGwfajrmufa&;udk omvQif tBuHjyKvsuf &Sdav\/
npmxrif;yGJudk bGdKifukvm;u odrf;NyD;aemuf pEvDukvm;onf tcef;tjyifodkU
xGufoGm; tcef;wHcg;udk aomhcwfrnfjyKqJwGif armifpH&Sm;onf tcef;wHcg;&Sd&modkU vsifjrefpGm
ajy;oGm; ,cifu e,facsxm;aom *sHKvHk;udk aomhaygufwGif;odkU xkd;oGif;vkdufav\/

233

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

pEvDukvm;onf aomhukd ydwfaomtcg aomhonfvSnfU vnfaomfvnf; cvkyfonf

uGif;odkUra&mufbJ ab;odkU acsmfvsuf&Sdav\/ okdU&mwGif pEvDukvm;onf xkdtjcif;t&mudk
rod&SdbJ aomhudk tdwfxnfUNyD;vQif xGufoGm;av\/ ukvm;xGufoGm;NyD;aemuf 8 rdepfcefUMum
aomtcg armifpH&Sm;onf wHcg;vufudkifudk vSnfUprf;&m tvG,fwulESifh yGifhoGm;onfudk awGU
ojzifh 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfav\/ okdU&mwGif tcsdefrwefao;onfjzpf wpfzefjyef ydwfxm;
NyD;vQif armifpH&Sm;onf jidrf0yfpGm apmifhqkdif;vsuf&Sdav\/
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wHcg; tqifoifh jyKvkyfxm;aom taygufi,frsm;rS tcef;aphatmif vkdufvHacsmif;ajrmif;
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xGufvmcJhav\/ axmifBuD;twGif;um; rnfonfUtoHudkrQ rMum;&bJ qdwfjidrfpGm &Sdaeonf
jzpf&m armifpH&Sm;onf arS;rSdefpGm xGef;xm;aom rD;tdrfrsm;\ ta&mifwGif xGufvrf;udk rSef;q
vsuf wajz;ajz; avQmufvmcJhav\/ wpfckaom axmifhauGUodkUa&mufvQif cHk&Snfwpfckay:
tdyfidkufvsuf&Sdaom pEvDwpfa,mufonf &kwfw&ufvefUekd; armifpH&Sm;ukd ayGUzufrnfjyKav&m
armifpH&Sm;onf Smwm&rnfUae&m r[kwfojzifh arhavmufaomae&mwGif OD;acgif; &kdufvkduf&m
pEvDukvm;onf pkdufvJoGm;av\/ xkdtcg armifpH&Sm;onf pEvDukvm;\ tdwfudk
prf;oyf&SmazG aomhwGJudk EIwf,lNyD;aemuf armifpH&Sm;onf cGeftm;eSifh jynfUpHkol wpfa,muf
jzpfonfUtwdkif; pEvDukvm;udk ausmydk;NyD;vQif armiftkef;az\ tcef;eHygwfudk rSwfrdonfESifh
oGm;a&muf&SmazG&m tvG,fwulyif awGU&Sdav\/ ukvm;udk Murf;ay: odkU csNyD;aemuf armifpH&Sm;
onf wHcg;udk aomhESifh zGifh tcef;wGif;odkU 0ifoGm;&m armiftkef;azrSm tdyfraysmfao;onf jzpf
tHhtm;oifhvsuf&Sdav\/ if;aemuf eSpfa,mufom;wdkUonf ukvm;BuD;udk tcef;wGif;okdU oGif;NyD;
vQif apmifrsm;udk qkwf wkwfaESmifNyD;aemuf yg;pyfvnf; t0wfqkdUxm;cJh tcef;jyifodkU
xGufMuav\/
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um; wpfpD;udk awGU xGufajy;&yHkrsm;udkrl azmfjycJhNyD; jzpfavonf/
tl;axmifrS xGufvmMuNyD;aemuf uRefawmfESifh armifpH&Sm;? armiftkef;az wkdUonf
teD;qHk;XmemodkU oGm;a&muf Xmemtkyfudk EId;av&m Xmemtkyfonf tl;axmifrS t0wftpm;
rsm;eSifh &Sdaeao;aom armifpH&Sm;eSifh armiftkef;azwkdUudk awGUjrifonfESifh tHhtm;oifhum &SdaeNyD;rS
armifpH&Sm;eSifh armiftkef;azwkdUu tusdK;taMumif;udk ajymjyonfwGif tm;vHk; 0kdif;0ef;&,farm
Mu&jyefav\/ xkdn uRefawmfwkdUrSm tdyfpufjcif; r&SdbJ qkd;awudk vuf&zrf;qD;&ef pDrHvsuf
&SdMu&m eHeufvif;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf tl;axmifodkU ykvdyft&m&Sd tjynfUwifaqmifvsuf
um;ESpfpD;ESifh oGm;a&mufMuav\/ okdU&mwGif qkd;awonf yg;eyfolwpfa,muf jzpfojzifh
<uufonf aMumifeHY&bdouJhodkU armifpH&Sm;vGwfoGm;aMumif;udk odESifh onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf
wdrf;a&SmifxGufajy;av&m vufrwifuav;rQ vGJoGm;av\/
234

a&TOa'gif;

uRefawmfwdkUonf tl;axmifrS wpfzef XmemodkU jyefa&mufMuaomtcg OD;pHrif;onf

,aeYeHeuf apmapmuyif rdrd\ udk,fudk rdrd aoewfESifh ypfowf aoaMumif; owif;
&&SdjyefonfeSifh OD;pHrif;\ tdrfodkY wpfzef oGm;a&mufMujyefav\/
OD;pHrif;\tavmif;rSm OD;acgif;uGJaMuvsuf OD;aeSmufrsm; xGufaeonfudk awGU&Sd&av&m
teD;um; ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewf wpfvufeSifh pmwpfapmifudk awGU&Sd&av\/ if;pmrSm
pma&;cJhygonf rdwfaqGudkpH&Sm;/ uRefawmfonf t&Sufudk iJhrdonfUtwGuf ,cktoufodkU
wkdif&jcif;jzpfygonf/ iqkd;awonf uRefawmf\ toufudk cGJekdifaomol wpfa,mufjzpfonfESifh
if;apckdif;&mudk uRefawmfjyK&jcif; jzpfygonf/ tl;axmif vpfvyfaom axmifrSL;\
;\ ae&mudk
if;tm; uRefawmfu BuHpnfoGwfoGif;NyD; ay;&NyD;aemuf udkpH&Sm;eSifh udktkef;az udkvnf;
uRefawmf\ vufrSwfESifh axmifodkU ydkU&jcif;jzpfygonf/ okdU&mwGif rdwfaqGwkdUvnf;
,ckvGwfajrmufNyD jzpf uRefawmf\ tay: cGifhvTwfMu&ef awmif;yefygonf/ t&Sufudk
iJhrdonfUtwGuf vHkvdrfhedk;ekd;ESifh vlqkd;wpfa,muf apckdif;&mudk jyKcJhrdaom uRefawmf irkduftkd;onf
vlUjynf rQomvQif aexkdufonfjzpf rkdufpwHk;atmif udk,fhudk,fudk pD&ifcJhygawmhonf/
pHrif;
pmudk zwfNyD;aemuf tdrfoltdrfom;wdkYvnf; tavmif;udk aq;&HkodkU ydkY&ef
jyifqifvsuf&SdMupOf uRefawmfwkdUonf tdrfay:rS qif;vmMu &efukefodkU armfawmfum;ESifh
jyefvmMu&m vrf; armifpH&Sm;onf ESpfjcdKufonfU trlt&mESifh pOf;pm;pdwful;&if;
&Sm;/
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rif; zrf;&rSm igjzifh ESajrmajrm ygyJuG,f}
*************************************************

NyD;ygNyD/

235

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

13/ / ,pfrsdK;pHkaxmuf wpfa,muf aoqHk;rI

'kdufOD;NrdKUe,f &Hk;cef;twGif; trIESifh qkdif&m oufaorsm; a&mufMuNyD;aemuf uRefawmfESifh
armifpH&Sm;wkdUonf w&m;olBuD;ESifhtwl 0ifoGm;MuNyD;vQif w&m;olBuD;onf trItaMumif;ESifh
ywfouf tusOf;csKyf ajymjyonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf em;axmifol y&dowfwkdUonf oufaorsm;
xGufqkdrnfudk arQmfvifhapmifhqkdif;vsuf &SdMuav\/ yxroufaorSm toufav;q,fausmf
OD;xGef;ausmf trnf&Sd v,form;BuD; wpfa,mufjzpf&m if;tm;oufaocef;odkU oGif;NyD;onfESifh
wpfNydKifeuf
w&m;olBuD;/ /]tavmif;udk cifAsm;b,fenf;eSifh awGUovJ? ajymprf;yg}
ausmf/ /]vGefcJhwJh Ak'[l;aeU nae 4 em&DcGJ tcsdefavmufrSm EGm;awGudk EGm;NcHxJ
oGif;r,fvkdU armif;vmcJhawmh a&uefxJrSm bGwfzdeyfwpfzuf axmifvsufBuD; ay:aewmudk
uRefawmfrsdK; jrifygw,f? b,fhES,f[m bmvdrfhrvJvdkU teD;uyfNyD; MunfUjyefawmh
aemufxyfzdeyfwpfzuf ay:vsufaewmudk awGU&jyefygw,f? onfawmh uRefawmfrsdK;u
xl;qef;vSyguvm;vdkU a&ay:u arSmfawGudk z,fNyD; MunfUvkdufawmh vlwpfa,muf a&xJrSm
yufvufvSefvsuf aoaewmudk awGU&ygw,f? onfawmhrS aMumuftm;vefUtm;ESifh b,fhES,fh
vkyf&yghrvJvkdU awmifMunfUajrmufMunfU MunfUawmh cyfvSrf;vSrf;u pm&if;iSm; zkd;MuL
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w&m;olBuD;/ /]onfUaemufaum}
ausmf/ /]awmfawmfMumawmh &GmolBuD;eSifh &Gmom; av;ig;a,muf vkdufvmMuNyD;
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if;aemuf &GmolBuD;tm; oufaocef;odkU oGif;jyef&m
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vkdufoGm;NyD; MunfUawmh tavmif;udk urf;ay:rSm awGU&ygonf? a&uefeHab; rnfonfU
ajc&mudkrQ rawGU&yg? vHk;axG;owfykwfMuonfU txdrf;trSwf vuPm wpfpHkwpf&mudkrQ
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pmtdwfwpftdwfrSm OD;omatmif[k trnfyg&Sd twGif;u pmrSm OD;omarmifxHrS ay;ydkYvkdufaom
pm jzpfaMumif; awGU&Sdygonf? emrnfcsif; vkdufaomaMumifh nDtpfudk awmfpyfrnfxif
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236

eufygonf?

tavmif;awGUaom

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a&TOa'gif;

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taMumif; bmrsm;&SdovJ}
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taMumif;

r&Sdyg?

tvG,fwulESifh

if;aemuf q&m0efudk oufaocef;odkU oGif;jyef&m

w&m;olBuD;/ /]tavmif;udk &ifcGJ&HkokdU wifonfUtcg bmrsm; od&Sd&ygovJ}
0ef/ /]aoolrSm touf 45 ESpfcefU &Sdygonf? uREkfyf ppfaq;MunfUIonfU tcg xkdvl
aoonfrSm 10 em&DrS 15 em&DcefU Mum&SdNyD[k xifjrifygonf? xkdolrSm a&m*gvnf;r&Sdyg?
'Pf&m'Pfcsufvnf; r&Sdyg}
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0ef/ /]a&epfNyD; toufao&rnf[k qkdcsifygonf}
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armifpH&Sm;xkdifae&m pm;yGJay: odkU wifxm;vkdufav\/
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237

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

xkdcP armifpH&Sm;u xkdif&mrS x

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awGUygonf}
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jzpfavonf/
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wpf&ufu uRefawmfESifh awGUygao;onf}
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armif/ /]rSefygonf}
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armif/ /]rnfonfUenf;eSifhrQ udk,hfudk,fudk owfrnfU vlwpfa,muf r[kwfyg}
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238

a&TOa'gif;

uRefawmftm; ay;tyf xm;ygonf? tu,f olUudk,fol owfcJhvQif if;aiG oHk;axmifudk

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olUudk,fol owfrnf r[kwfyg}
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armif/ /],pfrsdK;bufrSm txl;pHkaxmuf jzpfonf[k ajymygonf}
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armif/ /]uRefawmfod&oavmufjzifh r&Sdyg}
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&Sdygonf}
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raomufwwfyg}
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armif/ /]rpGJuyfzl;yg}
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xifovJ}
armif/ /]uRefawmf rajymekdifyg}
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uRefawmfwkdUonf &Hk;cef;jyifbufodkU xGufvmcJhMuavvQif uRefawmfu OD;omarmiftm;
uRefawmf/ /]b,fhES,fvJ OD;omarmif? tu,f touftmrcH ukrPDu OD;omatmif[m
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twGufuawmh at;aeygNyD}

239

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

armif/ /]aiGr&wm &wmudk uRefawmfu onfavmuf ta&;rBuD;vSygbl; cifAsm?

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cifAsm}
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0ef/ /]MunfUekdifygw,f}
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q&m0efBuD;}
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240

a&TOa'gif;

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awGUjrif&av\/ armifpH&Sm;onf if;aA'gyifudk tavmif;\vufrS ajz;Sif;pGm ajz,l
pm;yGJay: csxm;NyD;aemuf vusfmbufvufarmif; wHawmifqpf wpfzuf MunfUINyD;vQif
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xifw,f}
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xm;&w,fvkdY olYnDu ajymw,f? a&xJrSm usae&pfw,f xifyg&JUAsm}
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armifpH&Sm;onf if;ypnf;rsm;udk awmif;,lMunfUIonfwGif Muufaygifaq;tdwftwGif;rS
pm&Gufi,fwpfck ay: xGufvsuf&Sdonfudk jrifonfeSifh EIwf,lMunfUI&m rD;&xm; vufrSwfrygbJ
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awGU&Sd&av\/
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wpf&ufuygvm;}
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241

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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if;aemuf uRefawmfwkdYonf aq;&HkrS xGufvmcJhMu tavmif;awGU&m a&uefodkU
oGm;a&mufMuav&m vrf;c&D;wGif &GmolBuD;onf todwpfa,mufESifh awGUojzifh acwrQ &yf
pum;ajymaecdkufwGif uRefawmfu armifpH&Sm;tm;
uRefawmf/ /]ckyHkawmhjzifh q&m0efBuD; ajymwJhtwkdif; udk,fhudk,fudk owfNyD; aoaMumif;
xif&Sm;aeNyD xifw,fAs}
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wpfNydKifeuf arSmfrsm;zHk;tkyfvsuf &Sdaom a&uefwpfckudk awGUjrifMu&av\/
olBuD;/ /]onfuefygyJ cifAsm? tavmif;awGUwmuawmh a[m[kdae&mrSmyJ cifAs}
armifpH&Sm;onf a&uefudk jrifonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf wpfpHkwpfckudk pOf;pmrdonfU
vuPmESifh twefMumatmif wefY&yfawG;awmaeNyD;vQif arSmfrsm;udk wkwfaumufjzifh xkdrS rS
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242

a&TOa'gif;

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jyK&ef ajymqkdav&m armifpH&Sm;onf if;tm; aus;Zl;wifaMumif;udk xyfavmif;um ajymqkd
NyD;aemuf jyefcGifhjyKvkdufav\/ olBuD;xGufoGm;aomtcg
uRefawmf/ /]aomhudk onfavmuf ta&;wBuD; &Sm&atmif[m aomhawGUawmhaum
bmrsm;xl;OD;rSmvJ q&mBuD;&JU}
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aoaocsmcsm usKyfwkdY odatmif vkyf&vdrfhr,fAsdKU}
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243

pHkaxmuf armifpH&Sm;

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arQmfvSa&mhr,f? oGm;vkdufMuOD;pdkYAsm}
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csdef;xm;bdouJhodkY rD;&xm;vnf; 0ifvmojzifh OD;omarmifu 0,f,lxm;ESifhaom
vufrSwfrsm;eSifh uRefawmfwkdYonf vGwfvyfaom 'kwd,wGJ wpfwGJay: odkY ckefwufMuNyD;aemuf
rD;&xm;vnf; xGufoGm;av\/ &xm;xGufonfeSifh wpfNydKifeuf armifpH&Sm;onf aq;wHudk
aq;xnfU pnf;pdrfESifh SLzGm&if;
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cifAs?

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uRefawmfwkdYvnf; vrf; 40 &Sd uRefawmfwkdY aetdrfokdY jyefcJhMuav\/ tdrfokdYa&mufNyD;aemuf
npmxrif; pm;NyD;Muojzifh aq;vdyfudk,fpD aomufSLvsuf &SdMupOf

244