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PROJECT
INDEX
1.Certificate
2.Acknowledgement
3.AIM
4.Apparatus
5.Introduction
6.Theory
7.Procedure
-Colgate
-Pepsodent
-Close-UP
8.COMPARITIVE INFERENCE TABLE
9.Conclusion
10.Precautions
Certificate
This is to certify that Vanditt, student of Class XIIthB,
Navyug School, Sarojni Nagar has completed the
project having aim To Detect The Presence Of
Different Anions And Cations In Different Brands Of
Toothpaste during the academic year 2013-14 towards
partial fulfillment of credit for the chemistry practical
evaluation of CBSE 2014 and submitted satisfactory
report as compiled in the following pages under my
supervision.
Acknowledgement
I owe thanks to many people who helped me in this
project.
AIM
To Detect The Presence Of
Different Anions And Cations In
Different Brands Of Toothpaste.
Apparatus
Toothpaste(s):
Colgate, Pepsodent and Close-UP.
Chemicals:
Hydrochloric acid, dilute Sulphuric acid, concentrated
Sulphuric acid, Barium chloride, Ammonium chloride,
Ammonium hydroxide, Ammonium carbonate, Acetic
acid, Nitric acid, Silver nitrate, Calcium chloride,
Pottasium Ferrocyanide, H2S gas.
Introduction
The invention of toothpaste has brought about a
revolution in the field of dentology. Toothpaste and
tooth powders are the substances used to clean teeth.
Non cleaning of teeth can cause tooth decay, i.e., hole
in the enamel or plaque. The dental enamel is the
hardest material in our body but is formed of calcium
phosphate and it can be dissolved by acid. The
presence of specific bacteria metabolize some sugar to
lactic acid and low resistance of the enamel to bacteria
colonization is caused. Prevention of the dental plaque
protects against the development of caries.
Toothpaste contain a mildly abrasive substance such
as calcium carbonate and a detergent or soap, some
sweetening agent other than sugar and flavouring oils
to make it pleasant to taste and smell. Some
toothpaste contains fluorides which make the enamel
surface of the tooth more resistant to bacterial activity
and act against micro-organisms as a metabolic poison.
Epidemological study in the US in the 1930s and
1940s have revealed an inverse relationship between
the fluoride content of water and rate of dental
carriers. Generally any standard toothpaste contain
calcium carbonate, sodium monofluoro phosphate,
sodium lauryl sulphate, zinc sulphate, alum, some
flavouring oils are also added.
Theory
In qualitative analysis, the given compound is analysed
for the radicals, that is, cations and anions that it
contains. The common procedure of testing on
unknown salt is to make its solution and then test this
solution for the ions present in it. There are separate
procedure for detecting cation and anion.
COLGATE
ANION
S.NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
(i)
(ii)
5.
EXPERIMENT
To the paste add
dilute H2SO4
To the sample add
MgSO4 solution.
To the sample add
concentrated H2SO4
OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
CO32- may be
present
A colourless,
odourless gas
is evolved.
A white ppt. is CO32obtained.
confirmed
No change
Conc. H2SO4
group absent
The ppt.
dissolves
A white ppt. is SO42- present
obtained
CATION
S.NO. EXPERIMENT
6.
To the sample add
NaOH and heat
7.
To the sample add
dilute HCl
8.
To the above test
tube add H2S
9.
To the sample add
NH4OH and NH4Cl
10.
To the above test
tube add H2S
11.
To the sample add
NH4OH, NH4Cl and
Solid (NH4)2CO3
12.
Dissolve the ppt. in
CH3COOH and
divide in to 3 parts
(i)
To the first part add
K2CrO4 solution
(ii)
To the second part
add (NH4)2SO4
(iii)
To the third part
add (NH4)2C2O4
13.
To the sample add
NH4OH and NH4Cl in
excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4
OBSERVATION INFERENCE
No change
Group 0
absent
No change
Group I
absent
No change
Group II
absent
No change
Group III
absent
No change
Group IV
absent
A white ppt.
Group V
is obtained
absent
No change
Ba2+ absent
No change
Sr2+ absent
A white ppt.
is obtained
A white ppt.
is obtained
Ca2+ present
Mg2+
detected
PEPSODENT
ANION
S.NO. EXPERIMENT
1.
To the paste add
dilute H2SO4
2.
3.
4.
Observation
A colourless,
odourless
gas is
evolved
A white ppt.
is obtained
A colourless
pungent gas
is given off
A white ppt.
is obtained
Inference
CO32detected
CO32confirmed
Cl- detected
Clconfirmed
CATION
S.NO. EXPERIMENT
5.
To the sample add
NaOH and heat
6.
To the sample add
dilute HCl
7.
To the above test
tube add H2S
8.
To the sample add
NH4OH and NH4Cl
9.
Dissolved the ppt.
in dilute HCl. Add
blue litmus. Now
add NH4OH
10.
To the above test
tube add H2S
11.
To the sample add
NH4OH and NH4Cl
and Solid
(NH4)2CO3
12.
Dissolve the ppt. in
CH3COOH and
divide it into 3
parts
(i)
To the first part
add K2CrO4 solution
(ii)
To the second part
add (NH4)2C2O4
13.
To the sample add
NH4OH and NH4Cl
in excess. Add
(NH4)2HPO4
OBSERVATION
No change
INFERENCE
Group 0
absent
No change
Group I
absent
No change
Group II
absent
A white ppt. is Al3+
obtained
detected
A blue ppt. is Al3+
obtained
confirmed
No change
Group IV
absent
A white ppt. is Group V
obtained
absent
No change
Ba2+ absent
Close-UP
ANION
S.NO. EXPERIMENT
1.
To the paste add
dilute H2SO4
INFERENCE
SO32detected
2.
SO32confirmed
Conc. H2SO4
group
absent
F- present
3.
4.(i)
(ii)
OBSERVATION
A colourless
pungent gas
evolves which
turns acidified
potassium
dichromate
paper green
To the sample add A white ppt. is
BaCl2 solution
obtained
To the sample add No change
concentrated
H2SO4
To the sample add A white ppt. is
CH3COOH and
obtained
CaCl2
The ppt.
Add dilute HCl
dissolves
CATION
S.NO. EXPERIMENT
5
To the sample add
NaOH and heat
6.
To the sample add
dilute HCl
7.
To the above test
tube add H2S
8.
To the sample add
NH4OH and NH4Cl
9.
Dissolve the ppt. in
dilute HCl and add
Potassium
Ferrocyanide
10.
To the above test
tube add H2S
11.
To the sample add
NH4OH, NH4Cl and
Solid (NH4)2CO3
12.
Dissolve CH3COOH
and divide into
three parts
(i)
To the first part
add K2CrO4 solution
(ii)
To the second part
add (NH4)2SO4
solution
(iii)
To the third part
add (NH4)2C2O4 and
NH4OH
To the sample add
13.
NH4OH and NH4Cl in
excess and add
(NH4)2PO4
OBSERVATION
No change
No change
No change
A brown ppt.
is observed
A prussian
blue colour is
obtained
INFERENCE
Group 0
absent
Group I
absent
Group II
absent
Fe3+
detected
Fe3+
confirmed
No change
Group IV
absent
A white ppt. is Group V
obtained
present
No change
Ba2+ absent
No change
Sr2+ absent
Mg2+ absent
COMPARITIVE INFERENCE
TABLE
NAME OF THE
TOOTHPASTE
COLGATE
PEPSODENT
CLOSE-UP
F-
Ca2+
CO32-
SO32-
Cl-
SO42-
Al3+
Fe3+
Mg2+
CONCLUSIONS
For the ideal toothpaste, sodium, calcium, Magnesium,
chloride and sulphate should be present.
On the basis of comparative inference table _________
is the best of all toothpaste as it contains most of the
essential constituents of toothpaste.
Precautions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.