Prestressed Concrete

Ad
AdvancedConcreteStructures
dC
S
Lecture8:IntroductiontoPrestressed
Concrete
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2012
Dr. Naveed Anwar

Executive Director, AIT Consulting
Affiliated Faculty, Structural Engineering
Director, ACECOMS
Prestress isamethodinwhichcompressionforceisappliedto
the reinforced concrete section prior dead and live load is
thereinforcedconcretesectionpriordeadandliveloadis
acting.
CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2012,Dr.Naveed Anwar
Principleofprestressing appliedtobarrelconstruction.
InMaterials
Highstrengthconcrete,Highstrengthsteel
High strength concrete High strength steel
InBehaviorandPerformance
Lesscracking,lessdeflection,betterdurability
g,
,
y
Longerspans,thinnerdepth,higherloads
InDesign
Considernewconcepts:Losses,LoadBalancing,Prestressing
Important:Shrinkage,Creep,Supportsettlement,Loadingsequence,
InConstruction
In Construction
Specialtechniquesandequipmentneeded
Specialconstructionproceduresandsequence
ReinforcedConcrete(R.C)
Prestressed Concrete(P.C)
ConcreteandSteelbarsact
together
together.
Highstrength concreteandhigh
strength steel are combined in an
strengthsteelarecombinedinan
activemanner(prestress)
In ordinary reinforced members, cracking is essential to transfer

loads from concrete to steel.
steel (Steel can only contribute to
strength if cracking occurs)
In prestressed members, cracking is considered as an onset of

failure. i.e there is not a big difference between cracking stress
and yield stress.
stress
Pre-stressingg is a successful attempt
p
of
overcoming concrete's natural weakness in
tension
tension.
FromDr.Songkiat Notes
TotransformconcreteintoanElasticMaterial
TolimitandcontrolcrackinginConcrete
To limit and control cracking in Concrete
TheGrosssectionpropertiescanbeused
Nearlinearelasticbehaviorcanbeattained.
ToachieveLoadBalancing
Tobalancetheappliedloadsbyprestressing
Thetendonisreplacedbyaseriesofexternalloads
Verysmallnetloadremainstoberesistedbycapacity
Tousea
To use a High
HighStrengthReinforcedConcrete
Strength Reinforced Concrete
SameconceptasRC.Onlyusehigherstrengthforsteelandconcrete
ThisconceptisusedforUltimatedesign
Cables(Tendons)
Madeofstrands,strandsmadeofwires
Made of strands strands made of wires
Ducts
Sheaths,conduitsarepipescontainingthecables
,
pp
g
Pretensioned
Wiresarestressedbeforecastingtheconcrete)
PostTensioned
Tendonsstressedafterhardeningofconcrete
BondedorInternal:Whenthesheathsaregroutedaftertensioning
B d d I t
l Wh th h th
t d ft t i i
UnBondedorExternal:Onlyanchoredattheendsorthedeviators
TypicalTendons (Dr.Songkiat)
14
Anchorage
Wheretendonforcestransferredtoconcrete
Where tendon forces transferred to concrete
PrestressingLosses
Decreaseineffectiveprestressingforceovertimeoroverlength
p
g
g
ImmediateLosses
Longtermlosses
LoadBalancing
Balancinggravityloadsbyforcesgeneratedbytheprestressinginin
determinate structures
determinatestructures
yt
CG
yb
xL
xR
Prestressconcretedesignisnothingmorethanastresscheck
process
Generallythesectionisassumedtobeuncrackedso:
Thecombinedstressequationisapplicable
q
pp
Thelinearelasticanalysisisacceptable
Thedesigniscontrolledbymaximumcompressiveand
generallyzerotensioninconcrete
EffectsofCreep,Shrinkage,RelaxationandElasticShortening
are important
areimportant
18
Suppose we want to see difference in Axial force Axial Strain

response of 4 members having same material and cross
cross
sectional properties but different patterns of prestressing and
conventional steel.
Member A: Conventional Reinforcement Only

Member B: Fully Prestressed 4, Half inch Strands
Member C: Partially Prestressed 2, Half inch Strands
Member D: 4,, Half inch Strands but Not Prestressed
Axialstressesatanylocationinhomogenoussectioncanbe
y
determined as:
determinedas:
P Mx y M yx
fa
A
I xx
I yy
yt
CG
Themaximumandminimumstresses
canbedeterminedas:
P Mx My
f
A Sx
Sy
yb
xL
xR
I yy
I xx
, Sy
where S x
y
x
ForCompositesections,the
basicstressesobtained
fromcombinedequation
needtobemodified
Themodificationisbased
Th
difi i i b d
onthemodularratioof
each material with respect
eachmaterialwithrespect
tobasematerial
P Mxy M yx
f ai ni
I xx
I yy
A
ni
Ei
Ebase
Prestressed concrete deck members are mostly in an uncracked state

at service load levels that means higher moment of inertia for the
same section consequently reducing the depth of the member.
Using a higher grade material means higher modulus of elasticity,
plus increased effectiveness of the cross
crosssectional
sectional area also means
that larger spans can be achieved for a given depth.
Durability is enhanced, this is achieved in two ways, one is thru the
use of higher strength concrete, and secondly prestressed concrete is
relatively free of cracks.
Dense concrete cast in smooth steel forms has smooth surfaces resist
moisture penetration, fungus and corrosion. Accumulation of dust
and dirt is also reduced. All this results in low maintenance costs.
24
The range of surface treatment, patterns, colors etc. provide a

number of possibilities for architectural concrete. Even for
elements which are nonarchitectural, the sturdy formwork imparts
smoother and relatively blemish free surfaces, the sleek lines add to
the appearance.
pp
Plant cast concrete produced under optimum conditions of
forming, placement of reinforcement and inserts, vibrated and
cured under controlled conditions all help to achieve a tighter
quality control. This is reflected in ACI provisions, where cover
requirements for plant cast concrete is reduced.
By telescoping the different activities on the critical path, time is
saved. The substantial reduction of formwork and falsework
required simplifies and eases the construction work at site.
site
25
Technique
Pre-Tensioning
Strands tensioned before pouring
concrete
Post-Tensioning
Tendons tensioned after hardening of
concrete
Cables
Tendon profiles
Constant Eccentricity
Variable
Eccentricity
AddsAxialLoadtotheSection
FunctionofEffectivePrestressing
Function of Effective Prestressing Force
EnhancesMomentCapacitythroughPMInteraction
AddsBendingMomenttoSection
FunctionofEffectivePrestressing Force
FunctionofLocationofPrestressing Force
ReducestheNetMomentonCrosssectionduetootherloads
Load
Reaction
Compression at top
N t l axis
Neutral
i
Tension at bottom
Load
Prestress
Force
Reaction
Mxy
fa
I xx
Mx
fa
P
A
Mx
P Mxy
fa
A
I xx
Mxy
fa
I xx
Mx (+)
y
P
ey
Mp
p = P ey ((-))
P Mpy
fa
A
I xx
P
ey
Mp = P ey (-)
Mx (+)
P Mpy
fa
A
I xx
AtBeamEnd,Mx=0
P M py Mxy
fa
A
I xx
I xx
y
P
P
ey
Mp = P ey (-)
Mx (+)
P M py Mxy
fa
A
I xx
I xx
Steel reinforcement is tensioned against the concrete which

results in a self-equilibrating system of internal stresses
improving the response of concrete to external loads.
=
T
C+
C
=
T
37
HorizontalComponentproducesCompressioninSection
EccentricityofAxialForceproducesBendingMoment
y
p
g
VerticalComponentproducesUpwardLoad
TheCableProfileproducesbalancingloads
Balancingloadsproduceadditionalreactionsonsupportsin
B l i l d
d
dditi
l
ti
t i
continuousbeams
Additionalreactionsgeneratesecondarymomentsinthe
Additional reactions generate secondary moments in the
beam,inadditiontothemomentduetoeccentricityof
prestressing force
TheCableProfileproducesbalancingloads
Balancingloadsproduceadditionalreactionsonsupportsincontinuous
g
p
pp
beams
Additionalreactionsgeneratesecondarymomentsinthebeam,in
addition
tothemomentduetoeccentricityofprestressingforce
ExternallyorInternally
LinearorCircular
Prestressing Classification
Pretensioningor
Post tensioning
Posttensioning
BondedorUnbonded
PartialPrestressingor
F ll P
FullPresstressing
i
Degreesof
Prestressing
Unreinforced
Concrete
Notypeof
N
f
reinforcementto
resisttension
Reinforced
Concrete
SSteelbarsas
lb
reinforcementto
resisttension
Partially
Prestressed
Concrete
Highstrengthsteel,
Hi
h
h
l
pretensionedto
reducetension
Steelbarsas
reinforcementto
resisttension
FullyPrestressed
Concrete
Highstrengthsteel,
Hi
h
h
l
pretensionedto
reducetension
Prestressing Stages
InitialStage
BeforePrestressing
IntermediateStage
DuringTransportetc.
FinalStage
SustainedLoad
DuringPrestressing
WorkingLoad
AtTransfer
CrackingLoad
Ul i
UltimateLoad
L d
PermissibleStressforFlexureMembers(ACI)(Dr.Songkiat)
44
Atservicestage,theprestressedconcretesectionmostly
behaves like a homogenous
behaveslikea
homogenous material
material
Determinationofstressescanbecarriedoutonthebasisof
theCombinedStressEquation
q
Designofprestressedsectionisthereforeagameofstresses
checksforvariousloadsandatvariousstages
Atultimatestage,thebondedprestressedconcretesection
mostly behaves like an ordinary reinforced section
mostlybehaveslikeanordinaryreinforcedsection
Determinationofsectioncapacityiscarriedoutusinggeneral
stressresultantequationsusingprestressingashighstrength
q
gp
g
g
g
reinforcement
Thedesignofreinforced,partiallyprestressedandfully
prestressedsectionscarriedoutconsistently
For precast concrete to be economically viable there should be a certain

minimum number of repetitions of the moulds. Additionally the
components
t mustt be
b amenable
bl to
t mechanized
h i d methods
th d off production
d ti and
d
be reasonable convenient to handle and transport
Concrete is a relatively heavy material, mechanical equipment like overhead
cranes, gantry cranes, mobile cranes etc. are required for demoulding,
stacking and loading the elements.
During transport precast elements are usually supported at two points to
avoid undue strains. The elements need to be securely tied during the
transport phase. It may be pointed out that quite a few cracks in precast
elements form during transport. Further highway restrictions regarding size
and weight should be checked.
Use of precast concrete elements especially the large ones, means that
cranes would be required to hoist these in position. Adequate lifting
equipment and room should be available at site.
47
1. The reactions caused by the post-tensioning forces in continuous slabs or

beams are often referred to as secondary (hyperstatic) reactions.
2. The concept of secondary (hyperstatic) moments (also referred to as parasitic
moments) has been used for 40 years in the design of post-tensioned
members in indeterminate structures.
3. Secondary
3
S
d
d
doesnt
mean that
h they
h are always
l
small.
ll
4. Parasitic doesnt mean that they are always bad.
The calculation of the secondary moments or the determination of the line of

thrust (which are equivalent) can be done in several ways.
The most common method in use today is to determine the forces that the cable
exerts on the concrete and then to analyze the beam under those loads.
This can be done at several levels of detail; if the structure is analyzed as a beam,
the resulting bending moment will be the total effect of the cable (P.e) and the
reactions
reactions (which contribute to the secondary moments M).
M)
Using finite element analysis, the distribution of cables across the width and local
effects of cable profile distribution can also be determined.
determined
Alternatively, for continuous beams, virtual work can be used to derive a set of
equations
ti
f
from
which
hi h the
th secondary
d
moments
t can be
b determined
d t
i d directly
di tl in
i terms
t
of the actual cable profile (see, for example, (Burgoyne 1988)).
SupportDisplacementMethod
EquivalentLoadMethod
E i l t L d M th d
For Load Balancing
M3
M1
M2
Reference: Prestressed Concrete by Edward

G. Nawy
Effectiveprestress islessthantheJackingForce
Thedifferenceofprestressing
Th diff
f
t
i forcebetweeninitialandfinal
f
b t
i iti l d fi l
prestressing forcesiscalledLossofPrestress
ImmediateLosses
Immediate Losses 10
1020%
20%
Anchorage
Friction
ElasticShortening
LongTermLosses(TimeDependentLoss) 1525%
Creep
C
Shrinkage
Relaxation
Whentheprestressis
transferred to concrete the
transferredtoconcrete,the
prestressingsteelshortens
withtheshorteningofthe
member.
Hence,thereisalossof
prestressduetothemember
shortening.
shortening
64
Theelasticshorteningforprestressingsteelcanbewrittenas:
ES f s nf cir
Es f cir
Eci
Where:
n =modularratioattransfer,Es/Eci
fcir =concretestressduetoprestressforce,Fo.
f cir
Fo FO e 2 M G e
A
I
I
65
Lossduetofrictionistakenplacewhentendonsare
unintended or intended bend/curve in post tensioned PC
unintendedorintendedbend/curveinposttensionedPC.
(Itisfunctionofchangeinangleofcurvatureandlengthof
tendonsandducts)
F2 F1
KL K L
F1
R
66
TypeofTendon
WobbleCoefficient
Kpermeter
CurvatureCoefficient
Tendonsinflexible
Tendons
in flexible metal
metal
sheathing
Wiretendons
7wirestrand
Highstrengthbars
0.00330.0049
0.00160.0066
0.00030.0020
0.150.25
0.150.25
0.080.30
Tendons inrigidmetalduct
7wirestrand
0.0007
0.150.25
Pregreased tendons
Wire tendonsand7wire
strand
0.0010.0066
0.050.15
Masticcoated tendons
Wiretendonsand7wire
strand
0.00330.0066
0.050.15
*ACI Code Commentary

67
Intheposttensioningsystem,whenprestressingtendonis
tensioned and released to transfer the prestress to anchorage
tensionedandreleasedtotransfertheprestresstoanchorage
device(grip)thataresubjectedtostressesatthistransferwill
tendtodeform,thusallwoingthetendontoslackenslightly.
Frictionwedgeemployedtoholdthetendonwillslipalittle
distancebeforethetendoncanbefirmlygripped(theamount
ofslippagedependsonthetypeofwedgesandstressinwires.
f li
d
d
th t
f d
d t
i i
a Es
ANC f s
L
68
69
Creepofconcreteoccursoveralongtimeperiodoftime
under a sustained load or stress
underasustainedloadorstress.
Deformationduetocreep shortentheconcretemember
shorteninginprestressingsteel
g p
g
prestressinsteelreduce.
p
CR K cr
Es
f cir f cds
Ec
Where:
Kcr =2.0forpretensionedmember,1.6forposttensionedmember.
Fcds =stressinconcreteatc.g.softendonsduetoallsuperimposeddead
t
i
t t
ft d
d t ll
i
dd d
loadsthatareappliedtothememberafteritisprestressed.
Es =moduluselasticityofprestressingtendons
Ec =modulusofelasticityofconcreteat28days,correspondingtofc.
70
Forunbondedmemberlossduetocreepis:
CR K cr
Es
f cpa
Ec
Where:
Fcpa =averagecompressivestressintheconcretealongthememberlengthat
c.g.s.ofthetendons.
71
Shrinkageisthevolumechangeinconcretethatoccurswith
time.
time
V
S
sh 550 10 6 1 0.06 1.5 0.015 RH

V
8.2 10 6 1 0.06 100 RH

S
SH 8.2 10 6 K sh Es 1 0.06 100 RH

S
RH=RelativeHumidity
V/S=volumetosurfaceratio
/
f
Timeafterendofmoists curing to
applicationofprestress,days
Ksh
10
20
30
0 92
0.92
08
0.85
0 80
0.80
0
0.77
0 3
0.73
06
0.64
0 8
0.58
72
Relaxationmeansthelossofstressinsteelundernearlyconstantstrainat
constanttemperature.
p
fp
f pi
log t 2 - log t1 f pi
1
0.55
10
f py
Where:ffp istheremainingprestressingstressinsteelafterrelaxation.
Wh
i th
i i
t
i
t
i t l ft
l ti
(logtinhoursistothebase10,fpi/fpy exceeds0.55,andt=t2t1)
Forlowrelaxationsteel,thedominatorofthelogtermintheequationisdividedby45insteadof
10.
Stress relaxation curves for stress-relieved for wire and strands

73
Itisalsovarieswidelyfordifferentsteelsandsuchlossshouldbeprovided
bytestdatafurnishedbysteelmanufacturers.
y
y
Relaxationlosscanbeexpressedasfollows:
RE = [Kre J (SH+CR+ES)] C
74
Pre-tensioned member
Initialprestressing
(jackingstress)
Transferstress
Elasticshortening
losses
Effectiveprestress
forservicestage
ofloading
Creep,shrinkage,
relaxationlosses
Effectiveprestress
forintermediate
stage
f p ES RE CR SH
75
Post-tensioned member
Initialprestressing
(jackingstress)
Lossesdueto
friction
Initialprestress
beforetransfer
stress
Effectiveprestress
f i t
forintermediate
di t
stage
Anchoragesetup
andelastic
d l ti
shorteninglosses
T
Transferstress
f t
Creep,shrinkage,
relaxationlosses
Effectiveprestress
forservicestageof
loading
f p ANC FR ES RE CR SH
76
Post-tensioning
SH
CR
RE
ANC
ES
FR
Jacking
Initial
Effective
Pre-tensioning
ANC
RE
Jackingg
SH
CR
RE
ES
Release
(cutting
(cutting
strands)
Initial
Instantaneous Losses
Effective
Time-Dependent Losses
77
Pre-tensioned member (precast,

steam-cured)
Post-tensioned member
78
Ingeneral,itisdifficulttogeneralizetheamountoflossof
prestress because it is dependent on many factors such as :
prestress,becauseitisdependentonmanyfactorssuchas:
Propertiesofconcreteandsteel
Curingandmoistureconditions
Magnitudeandtimeofapplicationofprestress.
79
ACI-ASCE Committee (Zia et.al, 1979)

MaximumPrestress Loss(Mpa)
Type ofPrestress
Pretensioned
TypesofConcrete
StressrelievedStrand
LowRelaxationStrand
345
380
276
311
g
NormalWeightConcrete
LightweightConcrete
A.E Naaman
Type ofPrestress
TypesofConcrete
Prestress Loss(Mpa)
StressrelievedStrand
LowRelaxationStrand
Pretensioned
LightweightConcrete
345
380
276
311
Posttensioned
Li h
LightweightConcrete
i h C
240
275
205
240
80
TypeofLosses
Pretensioned(%)
Posttensioned(%)
Elastic shortening
Elasticshortening
Creepofconcrete
Shrinkageofconcrete
Steelrelaxation
TotalLosses
25
20
Note : the friction losses are not included in the above loss estimation
Pre-tension has larger loss because prestressing is usually done when
concrete is about 1-2 days old whereas post-tensioning is done at
much later time when concrete is stronger
Useful for preliminary design of prestressing force, sectional properties and

tendon profile of prestressed concrete member
81
=ImmediateElasticShorteningduetoP
=ElasticShorteningduetoPovertimecausedbyCreepofconcrete
=ElasticShorteningduetoselfshrinkageofconcreteovertime
g
g
=ExtensionofCableduetorelaxationofsteelovertime
ForaPrecast,posttensionedI,TGirderandRCSlab
At
AtPrestress
Prestress Transfer,GirderonGround
Transfer Girder on Ground
FromP+Pe +MSL=f1
UsingGirderalone
AfterCastingofSlabandRemovingFalsework
FromP+Pe +MD1+f1
UsingGirderplusSlab
Using Girder plus Slab
ForFullServiceLoad
FromP+Pe +MD1+f1+MD2+ML
UsingGirderplusSlab
83
ForaPrestressedSlabSystem
At
AtPrestressTransfer
Prestress Transfer
FromP+Pe+MSL=f1
AfterImposedDeadLoad
FromP+Pe+MSL+MD1=f2
ForFullServiceLoad
FromP+Pe+f2+ML=f3
From P + Pe + f2 + ML = f3
Highconcentratedforcenearanchorageofprestressingcables
produces high compressive stresses
produceshighcompressivestresses
Highcompressivestressesproducetransversetensileor
splittingstresses
p
g
Both,thecompressesstressesatbearingofanchorsand
tensilestressesaroundanchormustbechecked
Generallyhoopreinforcementisprovidedaroundtheanchor
toresisttensilestresses
85
A Sectionslocatedinzoneof(+)ve
momentscausedbyexternalloadsand
y
upwardequivalentloads
B Sectionslocatedinzoneof()ve
y
momentscausedbyexternalloadsand
downwardequivalentloads
CASE1
CASE5
CompositeXn ,1 stagept
CASE2
CASE6
CASE3
CASE7
PrecastXn ,1 stagept
CASE4
CASE8
ReducetheTensioninConcrete
EffectiveuseofHighStrengthConcreteandHighStrength
Eff ti
f Hi h St
th C
t
d Hi h St
th
Steel
AchieveLoadBalancingbyprestressing
Achieve Load Balancing by prestressing cableprofile
cable profile
ImproveServiceability
ReduceMemberSizes(prestressed
Reduce Member Sizes (prestressedslab
slabistypically30%
is typically 30%
thinner)
LongerSpans
Cannotdrillormakeopeningsintheprestressedslabsections.
If t d
Ifatendonedisdrilled,itwillflyoutofthebuilding.
d i d ill d it ill fl
t f th b ildi
Prestressedconcretesectionscannotbeupgradedorrepaired.
Prestressed structures are not durable
Prestressedstructuresarenotdurable
89
HighstrengthConcrete(2870MPaat28days)
PrestressingTendons
P t
i T d
Highstrengthsteel
Fiberreinforcedcomposite(glassorcarbonfibers)
p
(g
)
PrestressingStrands
91
Pretensionedstructures
92
Posttensionedstructures
Hardwares
Hardwares::
StressingAnchorage
DeadEndAnchorage
Duct/GroutTube
93
Anchorages
94
95
Ducts
(a) Steel duct
(b) Plastic Duct
96
97
98
Placing of anchorhead and wedges
Seating of wedges
Positioning of Jack
Stressing
99
100
101
Bridge,LongSpanStructures
B ildi
Building,posttensionedflatslab,longspancanopy,stadium
tt i
d fl t l b l
t di
Tunnel,largescalePiping,LongPile
Nuclear Power Plant
NuclearPowerPlant
RepairingandStrengtheningStructure
103
FromDr.Songkiat Notes
104
Industrial Hall with Double Tee and

Inverted Tee Beams
Concrete boundary wall made up of narrow

P
Prestressed
d planks
l k
105
Pak Suzuki hall with precast prestressed Double Ts

106
Post-tensioned Cement Silos at DG Cement, Pakistan

107
108
109
110
111
Prestressed Dome Structure

112
Long-span bridge
113
114
Case 1: Dead Load Only
Case 2: Dead + Live Load on Left Side
Case 3: Dead + Live Load on Middle
Case 4: Dead + Live Load on Right Side
Post Tensioning is
designed for Lower
Envelope
TheEntiresystemisconnectedbymeansoftransversepost
tensioning throughthecompletelengthofpiercap.
through the complete length of pier cap
ReinforcingSteelinthetopslabandinthecapimprovesthe
Steel in the top slab and in the cap improves the
Reinforcing
monolithicresponseofthesuperstructurecolumninterface.
Theprincipalmechanismfordevelopingmonolithicresponse
isacombinationoftorsionandshearfrictionthroughthebent
capwhichtranslatesintolongitudinalbendingofthebeams.
hi h
l
i
l
i di l b di
f h b
123

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Ad

Dr. Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2012,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2012,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2012,Dr.Naveed Anwar

In ordinary reinforced members, cracking is essential to transfer

In prestressed members, cracking is considered as an onset of

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2012,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2012,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2012,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2012,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2012,Dr.Naveed Anwar

Suppose we want to see difference in Axial force Axial Strain

Member A: Conventional Reinforcement Only

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2012,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2012,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2012,Dr.Naveed Anwar

CE72.52 AdvancedConcreteStructures August2012,Dr.Naveed Anwar