Answers to revision questions

Overhead 1
Title page only
Overhead 2
D, A, C, B, E (see lecture notes for actual viscosities at each of these standard
points)
Overhead 3
You do not know the viscosity at the liquidus temperature. Viscosity is a physical
property of the melt; liquidus depends on thermodynamics. So the two are
unrelated. However being a good glass former it is normally true to say that the
viscosity at the liquidus will be high.
Overhead 4
C is correct answer. This is definition of forming range by convention but it also
corresponds to temperature range where most of the forming process takes
place.
Overhead 5.
5% of the Na is introduced as sodium sulphate (D). 95% as sodium carbonate.
Too much sodium sulphate leads to phase separation.
Overhead 6.
C. It has a dual role.
Overhead 7.
B.
Overhead 8.
A. X=1 by balancing equation. Each sodium ion is associated with one nonbridging oxygen.
Overhead 11.
Good glass formers are SiO2, B2O3, P2O5
Overhead 12.
Conditional glass formers are: Al2O3, PbO
Overhead 13.
Network modifiers are: Na2O, K2O, CaO, MgO
Overhead 14.
Silica (SiO2)
Overhead 15.
Maximum width is 11m. If wider then the stresses are too high and will lead to
mechanical failure.

Overhead 16.
Bottle making machines can produce 1000/minute.
Overhead 17
It takes around 10-15 sec to extract sufficient heat from the bottle. Time is
limited by low thermal diffusivity of glass.
Overhead 18.
Fe2+ absorbs strongly near 1 micron in the infrared. This influences heat transfer
by radiation. See graphs of effective thermal conductivity in a hot melt.
Overhead 19.
Oxygen (D)
Overhead 20.
First calculate the temperature for a log(viscosity)=13 i.e. for Tg.
Re-arranging Fulcher equation: T-T0 = B/(13-A). So T= 550C. NB T and T0 are
usually given in C, NOT K.
The maximum temperature in the lehr is normally set 5 above Tg to allow stress
relaxation in a short time without a risk of deformation.
So answer is 555C
Overhead 21.
If we take the furnace hot spot as 1600C then corresponding log viscosity is
A+B/(T-T0) i.e.
-1.849+4794/(1600-227) = 1.64.
So actual viscosity is 101.64 poise (dPa s)
Overhead 22.
Answer is chemical toughening. See notes for actual values.
J M Parker
07.01.15