idudkH f;dr;=re ;dCIKh

Ih ksfoaYh

12 jk fY%aKsh
^2009 jIfha isg l%shd;aul f&

f;dr;=re ;dCIK fomd;fka;=j

oHd yd ;dCIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
Y%S ,xldj

1'0 yekau
fodf<dia jk fY%aKsh i|yd m.Kl wOHdmkh yd neKq Ihhla h<s ykajdu msKsi wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u`.ska .kq ,enQ ;SrKhla u; 2002 jif
m<uq jrg idudkH f;dr;=re ;dCIKh (GIT) ykajd fokq ,eh' 2005 yd 2006 jirj, idudkH f;dr;=re ;dCIKh Ihh inkaOfhka cd;sl
ugf Nd. fojrla mj;ajkq ,eh' fuu Ihh ykajdu inkaOfhka bm;aa lrkq ,enQ wm%ldYs; mfhaIK jd;d folla kg mj;S' idudkH
f;dr;=re ;dCIKh Ihh ykajd jir y;rlg miqj tk 2006 jif cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska o fuu Ihh ms<sn| j wOHhkhla lrk ,'
fuu Ihud,d ixfYdaOkh i|yd Ihud,d ixjOk lgqj iska by; wOHhkfha wkdjrK yd Wla; mfhaIK jd;d foflys wkdjrK o
ie,ls,a,g .kq ,eh'
Ihud,dj h,s ieliSf my; lreKq ms<sn| j ie,ls,a,la laKs'

1'
2'
3'
4'

idudkH f;dr;=re ;dCIK Ihh b.ekau i|yd mj;sk uq ld,h ld,fo ixLHdj 60ls'
^meh 40 hs&
w'fmd'i ^id'fm& f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dCIK Ihh yeu fkdl< isiqka idudkH
f;dr;=re ;dCIKh Ihh i|yd i,ld ne,sh hq;=h'
w'fmd'i ^W'fm& O Ih Odrdjka yodrk isiqkaf.a wjeis;d imqrd,k wdldrfha fmd
Ihhla f,i idudkH f;dr;=re ;dCIK Ihh ie,iq l< hq;=h'
oDYH l%uf,aLk mirhla fj;g mshke.=u i|yd mQj-ksjpkh lrk ,o l%uf,aLk
NdId w;=ka tlla f;dard .ekSf myiqlu .=rejrekag yd isiqkag" idudkH f;dr;=re ;dCIKh Ihh u.ska ,ndh hq;=h'

2'0 Ih ksfoaYfha wruqKq yd wNsu;d:

fuu mdGud,dj 12 jk fY%aKsfha isiqkag

jer bf.kqu i|yd fhda.H f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dCIKh mdGud,djla f;dard .ekqu i|yd Wmld f'
tfkod jev lghq;= i|yd fhda.H m.Kl fh ykd.ekSu i|yd Wmldf'
tfkod l%shdldrl i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKh Nd;d lsf yelshdj ,nd fohs'
tfkod f,dalfha isoa" f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKh weiqka w: .ekaug Wmld f'
f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIK fuj, we.hSu i|yd Wmldf'
ixjOkfha f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dCIKfha N+ldj w.h fldg ie,lSu i|yd Wmld f'
iodpdrd;aul yd iudh iu;hkag ksisf,i .re lrka f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dCIK fuj, Nd;dj i|yd Wmld f'
2

Ih ksfoaYh mdi,a jdrj,g fnod.ekSug fhda; ie,eiau

ld,fo ixLHdj
jdrh

m<uq jdrh

fojk jdrh

f;jk jdrh

ksmqK;d ugu

1.1, 1.2,1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7,1.8

11

2.1, 2.2

02

3.1, 3.2

04

10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4

06 ( ld,fo 23 )

4.1, 4.2

04

5.1, 5.2, 5.3

05

6.1, 6.2

04

7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4

04

8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4

06 ( ld,fo 23 )

9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6

14

3.0 Ih ksfoaYh

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;dj 1 :
ld,Sk m%;s,dN fk<d .ekSu
i|yd m.Klh yd tys
Njh .fIKh lrhs'

ksmqK;d ugu

1'1

1'2

m.Klfha mKduh tys m%Odk

wj i,ld n,ka .fIKh lrhs'

m.Kl moaO;sh fmkakq lsu

i|yd uQ,sl fldgq igyka Nd;
lrhs'

Ih wka;.;h

x
x
x

m.Kl mrmrdjka
o la; lmdgh
o g%dkaisiagrh
o wkql,s; mm:
^Yd, mudKfha"
b;d Yd, mudKfha&
m.Klh ms<sn| ixl,amh
o;a; yd f;dr;=re
m.Klhl fldgia yd tajdfha ldhhka
o wdodkh
o ilikh ^wxl .Ks;
yd ;lk tallh"md,k
tallh&
o u;lh (iiNd m%fY
RAM)
o m%;sodkh
o oa;shsl wdphkh
u;l wdphk wdldr

ld,fo

01

02

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

1'3

m.Kl moaO;sj, o;a; ksrEmKh

i|yd ixLHd moaO;s Nd; lrhs'

Ih wka;.;h

1'4 oYuh ixLHd" oauh ixLHd njg iy

oauh ixLHd" oYuh ixLHd njg
mj;kh lrhs'

1'5

;lK fodrgq ^f.agq& i|yd

i;H;d j.= whs'

m.Kl tys ,dlaIKsl u; mok

j j.SlrKh lrhs'

1'6

ixLHd moaO;s
o oYuh
o oauh
o wIagl
o fidf<dia oYuh

ld,fo

01

fhda.H mj;k l%u

o oYuh ixLHd oauh njg
o oauh ixLHd oYuh njg

01

x
x

uQ,sl ;lk fodrgq (AND, NOT, OR)

i;H;d j.=

01

m.Kl j.SlrKh
o iqms$uyd $uOHu$laIq ^fm!oa.,sl
m.Klh" jfgdr u;" w;a, u;&
o wxls;^ixLHdxl&$m%;siu
^wkq,l=re&$fouqyq
o fmd wjYH;d$ fYaI wjYH;d
o ,dlaIKslj,g wkqrEm fjkial
m%udKh
Od;dj
f.h
ksrjoH;dj
ldhlaIu;dj
msjeh

02

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

1'7

mYS,l wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd

uDldx. f;dard .kshs'

Ih wka;.;h

x
x

1'8 mYS,l wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd

f;dr;=re moaO;s f;dard .kshs'

moaO;s uDldx.
o fufyhq moaO;s
o imdolhka$w: kHdilhka
jHjydl uDldx.
o wjYH;d u; ieliQ
.KldlrK
lghq;=
mqia;ld,
l<ukdlrK lghq;=
o , .; yels ^weiqre.;&
ldhd,
iajhxlrKh
;%l
ffjoH$ffcj
oHd;aul
bxfkare$ie,iq
(CAD)
f;dr;=re moaO;s j.SlrKh
o w;ahqre$m.Kl.;
o moaO;sfha ldhhkag wkqrEmj
o l<uKdld;ajfha O ug iy
f;dr;=rej, Nd;h wkqj

ld,fo

02

01

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;dj 2:
tfkod ;fha
f;dr;=re ikaksfokh
M,odhS j yd ldhlaIu j
Nd; lrhs'

ksmqK;d ugu

2'1

o;a; ikaksfokh i|yd ksh;

udOH f;dard .kshs'

Ih wka;.;h

x
x

2'2 wjeis m iqiq cd,

j.h f;dard .kshs'

ksmqK;dj 3:
f;dr;=re m%fYh yd
ikaksfokh i|yd
wka;cd,h ldhlaIu j
yd M,odhS j Nd; lrhs'

3'1 wod< f;dr;=re m%fYh i|yd

wka;cd,h Nd; lrhs'

udOHh iydh we;sj

o ;U
o m%ldY ;ka;=
udOHh iydh fkdue;s j
o .=jka,s ;rx.
o wfOdarla; ;rx.
o laIq ;rx.
ikaksfok udOHj, jdis yd wjdis

cd, j.
o ia:dkSh fmfoi cd, (LAN)
o mqrjr fmfoi cd, (MAN)
o mq,a fmfoi cd, (WAN)
cd, i|yd Nd;d jk wdmkak
o fudavuh
o rjqgrh
o cd, w;=reuqyqK;a ld m;
o iaph
o y
o fkd/yeka uQ,sl ia:dkh

m.Kl cd,j, jdis yd wjdis

x
x
x

wka;cd,h yd tys fiajd

fj w;laiq (Web Browsers)
fj ,smskh^fhduqj& yd fijq hka;% Nd;fhka
f;dr;=re fiu
nd.ekSu

ld,fo

01

01

02

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;dj 4:
fufyhq moaO;sh ms<sn|
oekqj;alu u`.ska
m.Klh ldhlaIuj yd
M,odhSj Nd; lrhs'

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h

3'2 M,odhS ikaksfokh i|yd oHq;a

udOH Nd; lrhs'

x
x
x

b-;eme,a .sKqula idod .ekSu

b-;eme,a heu yd ,eu
laIKsl mKsv heu

4'1

x
x

fufyhq moaO;shl wruqK

fufyhq moaO;shla i|yd WodyrK
^kafvdaia" ,sklaia" fvdia&
fufyhq moaO;shl uQ,sl ldhhka
o w;=re uqyqK; ,ndu
o osil l<ukdlrKh
o im;a l<ukdlrKh
o kdudj,s yd f.dkq l<ukdlrKh
o h;=remqjrej" uQislh jeks wdmkak
yeisru

m.Klfha
l%shdld;ajh i|yd
fufyhq moaO;sfha
odhl;ajh uYkh
lrhs'

4'2 fufyhq moaO;sj, ldhhka Nd;

lrhs'

fufyhq moaO;sfha ldhhka

o kdudj,s jHqyh
o mYS,l .sKq
o moaO;s fuj,
o md,k mqjrej

ld,fo

02

02

02

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;dj 5:
O wdldrfha f,aLk
ieliSu i|yd joka
ieliq uDldx. Nd;
lrhs'

ksmqK;d ugu

5'1

joka ieliq uDldx.j, ixrpl

ykd .ekSu i|yd tu
uDldx.j, wkql,s; ixjOk
mirh(IDE) Yaf,aIKh lrhs'

Ih wka;.;h

x
x

5'2

5'3

joka ieliq uDldx. Nd;fhka

f,aLk ieliSu yd uqs;
msgm;a ,nd .ekSu is lrhs'
joka ieliq uDldx. Nd;fhka
j.= idohs'

x
x
x
x

joka ieliq uDldx.

o mdG ilikhka
o joka ilikhka
joka ieliq .=Kdx.
o jD; lsu
o .nvd lsu
o ixialrKh lsu
o uqKh lsu
wkql,s; ixjOk mirh
o fuj,
o f;aud,dj (MENU)
o fl ux h;=re ixfhdack
wef jHhka
f,aLk yev;, .ekau
uqK bje ls
j.=
o ;Sre yd fma<s we;=<;a lsu yd uld oeu
o ixhqla; lsu

ld,fo

01

03

01

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;dj 6:
wdlIKSh nj bje
lr .ekqu i|yd oHq;a
bm;a ls idohs'

ksmqK;d ugu

6'1

6'2

ksmqK;dj 7:
ir, ixLHdkuh .eg
iu iy wkdjrK
bm;a lsu i|yd
me;=rem;a uDldx.
Nd; lrhs'

bm;alsf uDldx.j,
uQ,sl ,laIK Nd;fhka ksol
idohs'

bm;a lsf uDldx. i;= nyqudOH ,laIK ;=<ska bm;a ls

wdlIKSh lrjhs'

7'1 me;=rem;a uDldx.fha uQ,sl

ixrpl ykd .ekSu i|yd tu
uDldx.h Yaf,aIKh lrhs'

Ih wka;.;h

x
x

bm;alsf uDldx.
bm;alsf fh ljqf ixrpl
o ysia bm;alsu
o ms ie,iqu
o oiqka
o kj ksolhla we;=<;a
lsu
o jH we;=<;a lsu
o yev;, .ekau

x
x
x
x

ijk wNsrelrKh
ksol ixl%uKh
ie,iq wpqj
ld,h fmryqre lsu

me;=rem;a uDldx.hl ldhhka ^ksudKh

lsu$.nvd lsu$jD; lsu$wjika lsu&
me;=rem;a fh ljqf ixrpl
jevm;" ;Sre" fma<s yd fldgq
(Cell)
jevm; mqrd ie ieu
o;a; ksfYkhka ^mdG" ixLHd" iQ;%" k&

x
x
x

ld,fo

02

02

01

10

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

7'2 mYS,l wjeis;d imqrd,Su i|yd

jevm;a yev;, .kajhs'

Ih wka;.;h

x
x
x

7'3

.Kkh ls i|yd .Ks; lu iy

wka;.; Y%s; Nd; lrhs'

x
x
x

7'4 bm;a ls w:j;a lsu i|yd

m%ia;dr ksudKh lrhs'

x
x

fldgq yev;, .ekau

o ixLHd
o fm< .eiqu
o uqK wl=re j.h
fma<s yd ;Sre we;=<;a lsu
fldgq" fma<s yd ;Sre uld oeu
jevm;
o h<s k lsu
o we;= lsu
o uld oeu
w.hka yd .Ks; lu Nd;fhka ir,
.Kkh ls (+, -, *, /)
fldgq kdu yd .Ks; lu Nd;fhka ir,
.Kkh ls
wka;.; Y%s;
o iudl,kh i|yd Sum
o idudkHh i|yd Average
o Wmuh i|yd Max
o wjuh i|yd Min
o .Kkh i|yd Count
o ;rdj i|yd Rank
m%ia;dr" m%ia;dr j.h" m%ia;drhl ia;r
wjia:d
;Sre m%ia;dr" jg m%ia;dr" is igyka" fh
m%ia;dr

ld,fo

01

01

01

11

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;dj 8:
f;dr;=re l<ukdlrKh
i|yd o;a; iuqodh
l<ukdlrK moaO;s
uDldx. Nd; lrhs'

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h

8'1 o;a; iuqodh l<ukdlrK moaO;s

uDldx.j, ixrpl ykd .ekSu
i|yd tu uDldx. Yaf,aIKh
lrhs'

x
x

8'2 o;a; l<ukdlrK moaO;s uDldx.

Nd;fhka j.= ksudKh lrhs'

8'3 o;a; l<ukdlrK moaO;s uDldx.

Nd;fhka uiq ksudKh lrhs'

8'4

o;a; l<ukdlrK moaO;s uDldx.

Nd;fhka fmdaru yd jd;d
ksudKh lrhs'

ld,fo

o;a; l<ukdlrK moaO;s

fuu uDldx.fha wkql,s; ixjOk mirh
01

x
x

j.=j, ie,iq oiqk

o o;a; j. (m%rEm)
- mdG i|yd text
- ixLHd i|yd
number
- kh$f,dj i|yd
date/time
- , i|yd Currency
- T$ke; i|yd
yes/no
o m%d:l h;=r
o lafIa;%fha m%udKh"
yev;,h
uiqj, ie,iq oiqk
o lafIa;% fmu
o frfldav fmu
o frfldav f;au
fmdaru udhdlre
jd;d udhdlre

02

02

01

12

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;dj 9:
ir, .eg iu i|yd
f;dard.;a Wiia ugf
m.Kl NdIdjla M,odhS
f,i Nd; lrhs'

ksmqK;d ugu

9'1

.eg if wkql%u jHqy

ksrEmKh i|yd .e,S igyka
Nd; lrhs'

Ih wka;.;h

9'2 ie,iqul md,k jHqy ksrEmKh

i|yd .e,S igyka Nd; lrhs'

x
x
x

9'3

ifudaOdksl md,k jHqy ksrEmKh

i|yd .e,S igyka Nd; lrhs'

.egjla Yaf,aIKh i|yd jQ m%Odk mshjr

o wdodk
o m%;sodk
o l%shdj,sh$we,af.d;u
.e,S igykaj, Nd;djk ixfla;
o wdrNh$wjidkh
o .e,S fLdj
o wdodk$m%;sodk
o l%shdj,sh

.e,S igykaj, Nd;jk ixfla;

o fldkafoaish
o mqklrKh (iteration)
f;a md,k jHqyh
mqklrK md,k jHqyh

ld,fo

02

02

.e,S igykaj, Nd;jk ixfla;

o by; fldgia ;=fkys ixfhdackhka
01

13

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

9'4

Wiia ugf m.Kl l%uf,aLk

NdId Nd; lsf o;a; j.
ksrEmKh i|yd fla; ykd .kshs'

Ih wka;.;h

x
x

9'5 Wiia ugf m.Kl l%uf,aLk

NdId Nd; lsf fldkafoais .;
^wdk& ;lh ksfhdackh i|yd
fla; ykd .kS'

x
x
x
x

9'6 .e,S igyka m.Kl l%uf,aL njg

mj;kh lsu i|yd Wiia
ugf NdId Nd; lrhs'

o;a; j. (m%rEm)
o integer
o real
o boolean
o char
o single
o double
o long
ksh;
p,H
o p,Hhka w: oelau
o w.hhka meju
.Ks; lu
wdodk yd m%;sodk j.ka;s
fldkafoais.; j.ka;s
o If j.ka;sh / case j.ka;sh
mqkrdj;k j.ka;s
o while j.ka;sh
.e,S igyka yd m.Kl l%uf,aL
o ir, .Ks; lu Nd;h
o ,l=Kq fY%aKs.; lsu
o j.c ilrKh iu
o l%udfrdams; ixLHd fiu

ld,fo

03

03

03

14

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;dj 10 :
u. ch.ekqu i|yd
f;dr;=re yd
ikaksfok ;dlaIKh
ldhlaIu yd M,odhS f,i
Nd; lrhs'

ksmqK;d ugu

10'1 cd;sl ixjOkh Wfoid f;dr;=re

yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKfha
odhl;ajh meye,s lrhs'

Ih wka;.;h

wOHdmkh
o bf.kqu$b.ekau
o b-bf.kqu$ria:
bf.kqu
o wOHdmk l<ukdlrKh
fi!LHh
o uYk fuj, MRI Scan, CAT scan
wdh
o fi!LHh wOHdmkfha iurEmK
o fg,s-ffjoH oHdj
lDIsluh
o .%dh lDIs m%cdj inkaO lsu
o mmd,kh iu. ikaksfokh lsu
o ld,.=Kh ms<sn| f;dr;=re
o m.Kl md,s; wdmkak
b-jHdmdr lghq;=
o ixpdrh yd mirh
o ud..; idmamq ijd
o nexl=lrKh i|yd f;dr;=re yd
ikaksfok ;dlaIKh ^fg, hka;%" Kh
m;a&
o ud..; /lshd
b-hymd,kh
o yekq m;a" hre n,m;a" .uka
n,m;a ksl=;a lsu
o Wmamekak" jdy yd urK iy;sl m;a
ksl=;a lsu

ld,fo

02

15

ksmqK;dj

ksmqK;d ugu

Ih wka;.;h

10'2 mYS,l wjeis;d imqrd,k whqka

f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok WmlrK
f;au w.hhs'

10'3 ;udg .e<fmk f;dr;=re ;dlaIK

jD;a;Sh ud. fidhhs'

x
x

10'4 wod< u;jdo ms<sn| oekqj;alka

hq;=j f;dr;=re yd
ikaksfok ;dlaIKfha Nd;dj
m%Yia; whqka is lrhs'

x
x

f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIK

wdmkakj, ms;r
we.hS ksKdhl -msjeh" .=Kd;aul nj
f;dr;=re ;dlaIK iqiqlj, ug
f;dr;=re ;dlaIK jD;a;Skag wod,
O ;k;=re

iodpdrd;aul
o m.Kl uDldx. wdY%s; fld,a,lEu yd
fidrl
o wkjir m%fYh
iudh
o wxls; fnu yd wxls; fia;=j
o ;dlaIKfhka ims /lshd
wdrlaIdj
o oDvdx. wdrlaIKh
o uDldx. wdrlaIKh
o fmr mfriaiu
fi!LHh yd iq/lau
o n,mE - weia reodj" fldkafo wudrej"
wmyiq;dj
o m.Kl mqre
o jevm, jHdhdu

ld,fo

01

01

02

16

4'0 bf.kq-b.eka l%fudamdh

fuu mdGud,dj g wod< bf.kq-b.eka l%ufoh ;SrKh lsf .fIKh mok lr f.k isiq ksmqK;d f.dvke`.Sug yels jk m bf.kq b.eka l%shdldrl ie,iq lsu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr we;' ksmqK;d mdol wOHdmkh i|yd fufia iQodk f .=re N+ldf o meye,s
fjkila wfmalaId flf'
wE; w;S;fha isg wfma mka;s ldurj, nyq, j l%shd;aul jQ idm%odhsl ifm%aIK .=re N+ldj (TRANSMISSION ROLE) yd miq ld,Sk j ykajd
fokq ,enQ .kqfokq .=re N+ldj (TRANSACTION ROLE) j;udk mka;sldur ;=< ;j u;a lemS fmfka' mdi,a yer hk orehka f.a ka;k l=i,;d"
mqoa., l=i,;d yd iudc l=i,;dj, wo olakg ,efnk msySu ms<sn| i,ld n,k g bf.kq-b.eka l%ufoh ixjOkh h hq;= nj;a" th is h
hq;= wdldrh;a" ykd .ekSu wmyiq fkdf'
ifm%aIK .=re N+ldf isiqka W.; hq;= ish,a, okakd whl= f,i .=rejrhd ms<s.efkk w;r isiqka ta lsisjla fkd okakd wh f,i i,ld Tjqka fj;
kqu ifm%aIKh lsu .=re ldhh njg m;a ;sf' .=rejrhd f.ka isiqkg kqu .,d hdug muKla iSud jk foaYk uqyqKqjrla .kakd fuu bf.kq
b.eka l%shdj,sh isiq ka;kh wj lsug fyda isiqka f.a fm!oa.,sl yd iudc l=i,;d ixjOkh lsug fyda m%udKj;a j odhl fkd f'
.=rejrhd mka;sh iu. we;s lr .kakd foni .kqfokq N+ldf wdrN wjia:dj hs' .=rejrhd f.ka mka;shg yd mka;sfhka .=rejrhdg .,d hk
woyiaj,g wu;r j isiq-isiq wka; l%shd o miq j we;s u ksid fuu foni l%ufhka ixjdohlg fmrf<a' okakd fohska fkd okakd fohg" ir, fohska
ixlSK fohg fukau ixhqla; fohska hqla; fohg isiqka f.k hdu i|yd .=rejrhd .ska .g u m%YaklrKfha ksr; f'
ksmqK;d mdol wOHdmkfha YsIH ldhhka m%n, ia:dkhla .kakd w;r mka;sfha iEu <uhl= u ta ta ksmqK;dj inkaO j wvq ;rka wdikak m%K;djg
fyda f.k taug uey;a jk im;a odhlhl= f.a (RESOURCE PERSON) ;;a;ajhg .=rejrhd m;a f' is;a .kakd iq wdrNhla iys; j l%shdldrlug
m%fY u bf.kqug wjYH WmlrK yd wfkl=;a myiql iys; bf.kq mirhla ie,iq lsu" isiqka bf.k .kakd whqre im j kslaIKh lsu"
YsIH yelshd yd fkd yelshd ykd .kska o" wjYH b fmdaIK yd m%;sfmdaIK ,nd foka o isiqkaf.a bf.kqu m%jOkh lsu fuka u" mka;s ldurfhka
neyerh bf.kq yd b.eka > lsu i|yd isiqka bm;a lsj,g yd idlPdj,g fhduq jk wjia:djkays Tjqkag uekka ijka u yd we.hSu
fukau" mka;s ldurfhka neyerg bf.kqu yd b.ekau > lsu i|yd iqiq WmlrK ilia lsu o fuys .=rejrhd f.k bgq h hq;= uQ,sl ldhhka
f' hf:dala; .=re ldhNdrh weiqre fldg .;a .=re N+ldj mKduk N+ldj (TRANSFORMATION ROLE) f,i k lr ;sf'
fuu .=reudf.damfoaY ix.%yfha m<uq fldgi u`.ska ykajd fokq ,nk ia;rd;aul Ihud,dj l%shd;aul lsu i|yd fhdod .; yels l%shdldrl
ika;;sh tys fo jeks fldgig we;=<;a lr we;' f iEu ls%hdldrlula u wvq ;rka mshjr ;=kla we;=<;a jk m ixjOhl lr ;sf' l%shdldrlj,
m<uq jk mshjr u`.ska isiqka bf.kqug inkaO lr .ekSug wfmalaId lrkq ,ef' t neka fuh kshqla;slrK mshjr (ENGAGEMENT STEP) jYfhka
k lr ;sf' fuys wdrNhla f,i .=rejrhd .kqfokq N+ldf ,laIK m%oYkh lrka isiqka iu`. fonilg uq, mqrhs' miq j ixjdohlg mj;kh
h yels f foni hgf;a .fIKfha fhfuka isiqka ixjOkh lr .; hq;= uQ,sl ksmqK;d yd inkaO fmr kqu isysm;a lr .ekSug;a" l%shdldrlj,
bh ms<sn| b`.s ,nd .ekSug;a isiqkg wjia:dj ie,fia' fuu woyia yqjudreu i|yd fhdod .; yels Wml%u rdYshla .=rejrhd i;=j we;' m%Yak
bm;a lsu$mska;+r" mqj;am;a ka yd ieK m;a (FLASH CARDS) jeks W;af;acl fhdod .ekSu$.eg m%fya,sld fyda isoa wOHhkh Nd;h$fonia"
N+ld rx.k" l" .S; yd wdoYk (DEMONSTRATIONS) iDcq j fyda Y%jH mg fyda oDYH mg weiqfrka fhdod .ekSu fujka Wml%u lsysmhls' idrdxY
jYfhka my; i|yka wruqKq ;=k idlaId;a lr .ekSu uq,a fldg l%shdldrlj, m<uq jk mshjr l%shd;aul f'

17

x mka;sfha wjOdkh kd .ekSu

x wjYH fmr kqu isysm;a lr .ekSug isiqkg wjia:dj ,nd u
x l%shdldrlf fojeks mshjr hgf;a isiqka fhduq lsug wfmalaId lrk .fIKfha uQ,sldx. isiqkag ykajd u'
l%shdldrlf fo jk mshjr ie,iq lr we;af;a .fIKh (EXPLORATION) i|yd isiqkag wjia:dj ,ndug h' isiqka .fIKfha fhfokafka ta i|yd
iqfYaI j ilia lrk ,o Wmfoia m%;sldjla mok lr f.k h' .egjg inkaO O me;s lKavdh jYfhka .fIKh lrka iyfhda.S bf.kqf
fhug isiqkag yels jk m fuu .fIKh ie,iq lsug .=rejrhdg is f' imhd we;s im;a jH m%fhdackhg .kska" Yla;su;a nfjka hq;= j
lKavdh idlPd fufyhjka isiqka .fIKfha ksr; u fuu mshjf jeo.;a ,laIKh f' ld,hla ;siafia t n lKavdh l%shdldrlj, ksr; u
ksid iajhx kh" wkHhkag ijka u" wkHhka iu`. iyfhda.fhka jev lsu" Tjqkg Wo u" ld, l<ukdlrKh" .=Kd;aul nfjka by<
ksmehq ,nd .ekSu" wjxl nj wd idudkH ;hg wjYH jeo.;a l=i,;d /ila ixjOkh lr .ekSug o isiqkg yelshdj ,ef'
isiqka .fIKh i|yd fhduq lsf YsIH lKavdhj, kdhl;ajh ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSfuka .=rejrhd je<lS ish hq;= w;r isiqka w;ka kdhlhka u;=
ug wjYH miqu muKla uekeka iQodk l< hq;= h' ie`.ejqKq yelshd mok lr .kska wjia:dfjda; j kdhl;ajh .ekSf jrm%idoh f wkqj
isiqkg ys f'
l%shdldrlf f;jk mshjf iEu lKavdhulg u ;u .fIK m%;sM, wka wh f.a k .ekSu i|yd bm;a lsug wjia:dj ie,fia' fuys .=rejrhd
l< hq;af;a iuQy bm;a ls i|yd isiqka u;a lsu h' iEu idudlhl=g u j.lSu mejfrk m bm;a ls ie,iq lsug isiqka fufyhu o
jevodhl h' isiq wkdjrK meye,s lsu" tk jrKh (EXPLANATION) yd inkaO fuu mshjf jeo.;a ,laIKhla jkafka wfma mka;s ldur ;=<
ks;r wefik .=re l:kh fjkqjg isiq y`v u;= ug wjia:d imdokh ;su hs'
l%shdldrlj, is jk mshjf fidhd .ekS je hqKq lsug ke;ak ia;drKhg (ELABORATION) isiqka fhduq lsu wjYH f' tla tla
lKavdhu Tjqka f.a bm;a ls wjika l< miq ta ms<sn| ixjOkd;aul fhdackd u;= lsug bm;a l< lKavdhf isiqkag m<uqj o" wfkla
lKavdhj, isiqkag fojkqj o" wjia:dj ,nd fuka fuh is flf' flfia fj;;a wjidk iudf,dapkh ndr jkafka .=rejrhdg h' isiqka ksr;
jQ .fIKhg wod< jeo.;a lreKq ish,a, meye,s jk fia;a" ixl,am yd kHdhhka ms<sn| ksjer wjfndaOh isiqka ;=< ;yjqre jk fia;a" fuu
iudf,dapkh is lsu .=rejrhdf.ka wfmalaId flf'
mka;s ldur bf.kq-b.eka l%shdj,sh wfmalaIs; wdldrfhka id:l j bgq jkafka hs ksr;=re j fidhd ne,Su fuu bf.kq-b.eka l%ufoh
hgf;a .=rejreka i;= m%Odk j.lSuls' f i|yd ;lafiarej yd we.hSu fhdod .; hq;= w;r ta i|yd m%udKj;a bvlv bf.kq-b.eka l%shdj,sh ;=<
u ,nd .ekSug ie,iq.; l%shdldrl .=rejrhdg wjia:dj i,id foa' l%shdldrlf fojk mshjr hgf;a issiqka .fIKfha fhfok g ;lafiarejg;a
(ASSESSMENT), l%shdldrlf f; jk mshjr hgf;a isiqka meye,s ls yd ia;drKhg fhduq jk g we.hSlrKhg;a (EVALUATION) .=rejrhdg
bv ;sf'
f olajd ia;r lrk ,o bf.kq-b.eka l%ufoh mKduk N+ldj l%shd;aul lsu i|yd .=rejrhd fhduq lrjhs' fuys lKavdh .fIKhg
uq,a ;ek ,efnk w;r fonia" ixjdo yd fl foaYk i|yd o .=rejrhdg wjldY ie,fia' m%fY mshjf fonig yd ixjdohg wjia:d we;s w;r
wjidk mshjf iudf,dapkh hgf;a fl foiqula u.ska ixl,am ;yjqre lsug .=rejrhdg bv we;' kj iyY%lfha m<uq jk Ihud,d m%;sixialrKh
hgf;a bm;a jk fuu Ihud,dj yd inkaO bf.kq - b.eka l%ufoh ixjOkh lsf mKduk .=re N+ldjg wu;r j ifm%aIK
yd .kqfokq .=re N+ldjkag wod< jeo.;a ,laIK .ek o ie,ls,su;a u fuu l%ufofha fYaI;ajh f,i i|yka l< yels f'

18

;lafiarej yd we.hSu ms<sn| jevms<sfj< je hqKq lsfuka bf.kq - b.eka l%shdj,sh > l< yels h' fu fia bf.kqu yd b.ekau > lsu
i|yd uq,ska u l< hq;af;a l%shdldrl ika;;shg we;=<;a l%shdldrl" ldKav lSmhlg fjka lr .ekSu hs' isiq bf.kqu lis; l< yels m%fNao lSmhla ta
ta l%shdldrl ldKavh yd nef|k Ih ikaOdrh mok lr .kska fojkq j ykd .; hq;= h' f;dard .;a m%fNao mok lr f.k .=rejrhdg yd isiqkag
Wmfoia we;=<;a jk m bf.kq-b.eka l%shdj,sh > flfrk WmlrK ilid .ekSu B <`. Mshjr jk w;r iEu l%shdldrl ldKavhla wdrNfha
u fuu WmlrK isiqkag ykajd u .=rejrhd f.ka wfmalaId flf' f wkqj bf.kqu yd b.ekau > lsu i|yd .=rejrhl=g fhdod .; yels m%fNao
lSmhla u;= laf'
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

ixl,am is;sh
;a;s mqj;am;a
m%Yak pdrd;aul jevigyka
jdo
CIKsl l:d
N+ld rx.k
idlcd uKav,
iuka;%K
YsIH ldh idOk f.dkq
isiq ksudK m%oYk
m%Yak iy ms<s;=re fmd;a
idys;H uiq
fCIa;% fmd;a$iajNdj wOHhk k fmd;a
m%dfhda.sl mlaIK

19

5'0 mdi,a m%;sm;a;s yd jev igyka

fodf<dia jk fYa%Ksfha idudkH f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ihh ykajdug h;ak ork mdi,aj,g wNsfhda. /ilg uqyqK ug isjk nj fmkShhs' uQ,sl
jYfhka m.Kl oHd.drhla fkdue;su fyda wod< ldhhg m%udKj;a m.Kl ixLHdjla fkdue;slu ksid Wiia fm< mx;s iys; ish mdi,aj,g fuu
mdGud,dj wdrN lsug fkdyels we;' f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ihfha iajNdjh u tu Ihh W.kajk .=re ixLHdj ;jrg;a iSud lrjk w;r fuu.ska
mdi,a wldhg Ihh W.ekau i|yd mqyqKqj ,ndug iqiqu .=rejrhd f;dard .ekSu o j,lajkq ,nhs' mdi, ;=, yd wjg Ihh W.ekau i|yd
m<mqre fIaG .=rejreka f.a ys`.lu o kg fuu Ihh W.kajk .=rejrekag wjYH iydh yd WmfoaYl;ajh fkd,eug fya;= we;'
iEu Ih .=rejrfhla u kj iyi%fha m%:u Ihud,d ixfYdaOkh u.ska fhda; Ihud,djka l%shdj ;=<ska bf.kSf oYkh u.ska ykajdh hq;=f'
fuys .=rejrekag Tjqka iska isiqka i|yd ie,iq lrk ,o l%shdldrlj, ffioaOdka;sl fldgia m%dfhda.sl fldgia iu`. inkaO lsula l< hq;= f'
fufia l%shdldrl ;=<ska ,nk bf.kqu w;sfl m%dfhda.sl ieis lsysmhla u.ska wdjrKh l< hq;=f' f i|yd fuu Ih W.kajk iEu mdi,la u nyq
udOH myiql iys; m.Kl oHd.drhlska iuka; u wjYH f' iEu isiqfjl=g u tla m.Klh ne.ska ;su mrudoYS wjia:dj jqjo im;a j,
W!K;dj ksid isiqka fofokl=g tla m.Klhla ne.ska Nd; lsuo iEfya'
m.Kl inkaOfhka we;sjk iq w;ajehd ls yd uDldx. iu; ls i|yd iEu mdi,lgu ldl iylrejl= fyda wvq;rka ta ms<sn|
ksmqK;djla we;s .=rejrfhl= fyda isu jeo.;a f' flfia fj;;a Yd, mudKfha w;ajehd ls i|yd l,dmfha we;s m.Kl im;a uOHia:dkfha
iydh fyda j,x.= j.lS we;s wjia:dj, wod< wf,lref.ka u muKla iydh ,nd.kakd f,i mdi,a m%OdkSkaj Wkka lrjkq ,ef' m.Kl wdmkak
j, ksis kv;a;=j yd w;ajehd lsu u.ska mdGud,d ld,h mqrdjgu l%shdld;ajfha mj;sk m.Kl oHd.drhla isiqkaf.a m%fhdackh i|yd mj;ajd
.ekSu iy;sl lr .; yelsh'
idudkH f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh b.ekau f;dard.;a ishu .=rejreka m.Kl Nd;lrkakl=g jvd Wiia yd by< l=i,;djka ,nd ;sh hq;=h' fuu
.=rejrekag l%uf,aLk ;lKh jgyd .ekSug yelshdjla ;sh hq;=h' f;dr;=re ;dlaIK lafIa;%fha isjk kj ixjOkhkag wkqrEm j" ;uka i;= uq,a
oekqu yd l=i,;d hdj;ald,Sk lr .ekSf leue;a;la yd yelshdjla ;jrg;a fuu .=rejreka i;=j mej;sh hq;=h' f i|yd f;dard.kakd ,o .=reNj;=ka
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha" oHd yd ;dlaIK mSGfha" f;dr;=re ;dlaIK fomd;fka;=j u.ska mj;ajkq ,nk uQ,sl yd jer .=re mqyqKq jev igyka
i|yd iyNd.S l< hq;=f'
idudkH f;dr;=re ;dlaIK Ihh 12 jk fY%aKsfha W.kajkq ,nkafka i;shlg ld, fo fol ne.sks' l%shdldrl yd mqyqKq ieisj,g ld,h fjkalr .ekSu
i|yd .=re udf.damfoaY ix.%yfha olajd we;s l%shdldrl ms<sn| j wOHhkhla .=rejreka iska l< hq;=j we;' mdi,a m.Kl oHd.drh" m.Kl
iyldr bf.kqu (CAL)" f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKh ^id'fm& yd fjk;a m.Kl wjfndaO;d jevigyka i|yd Nd; l< hq;= neka m.Kl
oHd.drh fjkalr .ekSf .eg u`. yrjd .ekSu i|yd oHd.drh ;=< ld, igykla kv;a;= lsu jvd fhda.H f'
bf.kq yd b.eka > lsu i|yd ksmojQ fuj," ;lafiarelrKh yd we.hSug o tlfia Nd; l< yelsh'
l%shdj,sh i|yd Y%S ,xld Nd. fomd;fka;=j fj; o ,nd h yelsh'

fuys ,ndfok ,l=Kq iy;sllrK

20

mdi,a ugf iydh ,nd ug wjYH .=re WmfoaYljreka m;a lrk ;=re Ihfha m%.;sh kshuq lrKhg yd .=rejrekag wjYH m%;sfmdaIKh ,nd .ekSug"
mdi,a u`.ska imfha we;s m.Kl im;a uOHia:dk yd m<d;a f;dr;=re ;dlaIK uOHia:dk iu`. im inkaO;djla mj;ajd .kq ,ef hehs wfmalaId
flf' mdif,a wod< wxY m%OdkSkag yd fcHIaG .=rejrekag m%S;sckl bf.kq wjia:d isiqkag ,nd u i|yd YslaIK oHd lghq;= inkaOj idudkH
f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh W.kajk .=reNj;dg iydh oelah yelsh' fujeks lreKq i|yd" f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIK wOHdmkhg inkaO ishu
mdYjhka l,ska l,g hdj;ald,Sk lrkq ,ef'
mdi,a ugf idudkH f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ihh id:l ugfuka l%shd;aul lsu i|yd mdi,a u.ska f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKhg wkq.; jQ
ixialD;shla oyd oelah hq;=f' ffoksl l%shdldrlj, f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKh mdi,a mmd,khg yd WmfoaYk l%shdj,shg we;=<;a lr
.ekSu fujeks ixialD;shl .=Kdx. folls' mdif,a nyq;r YsIH ixLHdjla f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKhg h ugulska fyda yqre lr ;eu iy
mdi,a m%cdj u.ska f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIK wOHdmkh wkd.;fha /lshd ,nd.ekSu i|yd jQ fuj,ula f,i w.h lsu o jeo.;a f' fuu uq,a
lreK bgq lr .ekSu i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIK iudc msysgqu" m%oYk meje;au yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKh Nd; lrk
ixOdk kerug hdu i|yd mdi,a .kajkq ,ef' ;u m%foaYfha ;sfnk f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKh Nd;d lrk ludka; Yd,d iu.
ine|shdjla we;s lr .ekSu fojkqj lS lreK i|yd u. mdod fokq we;' fujeks wdh;k u.ska mdif,a f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIK tallfha
ixjOkhg iyfhda.h oelau yd mdi,a yerhkakjqkag /lshd ,ndu u.ska mdi,a m%cdj w;f f;dr;=re yd ikaksfok ;dlaIKh ckm%sh lrug
mdi,aj,g yelsjkq we;'

6'0 ;lafiarej yd we.hSu

fuu Ih ksfoaYh mdi,a mdol we.hS l%shdj,sh iu. l%shd;aul lsug wfmalaId flf'

mdi,a ieis yd wkql+, jk m ksudKd;aul bf.kq

b.eka WmlrK .=rejreka iQodk lrkq we;'

fuu Ih ksfoaYh i|yd m%:u mlaIKh 2010 meje;af'
Nd.fha wdlD;sh iy m%Yak j, iajNdjh ms<sn| f;dr;=re we;=<;a ia;r Nd. fomd;fka;=j u.ska ykajd fokq we;'

21