I.

TheNatureofScience
A.ScientifictheoryTestedandacceptedhypothesis.
B.NaturalLawAdescriptionofwhatweseehappeningagainandagaininthesame
way.
C.Reasoning
InductiveReasoningUsingspecificobservationsandmeasurementstodraw
conclusions/testhypothesis
DeductiveReasoningUsinglogictoarriveatconclusionsbasedon
generalizations.
D.ParadigmShiftsWhenscientistsagreethatannewtheoryisbetterthananoldone.
E.Science
FrontierSciencepreliminaryanduntestedtheories,usuallycontroversial.
SoundSciencescienceconsistingofdataandlawsthatarewidelyacceptedmy
expertsandotherscientists.
JunkSciencethisissciencethatisseeminglysoundscience,butisdisproven
whenpeerscientistsanalyzethescience.
II.ModelsandBehaviorofSystems
A.FeedbackLoops
PositiveFeedbackLoopcausesasystemtochangefurtherinthesamedirection.
NegativeFeedbackLoopcausesasystemtochangeintheoppositedirection.
Instantresponsesarerare.

B.Synergyoccurswhentwoormoreprocessesinteractsothatthecombineseffectis
greaterthanthesumoftheirseparateeffects.
III.TypesandStructureofMatter
A.ElementsandCompounds
Matterisanythingthathasmass
Elementsaredistinctivebuildingblocksofnaturethatarematter.
Compoundstwoormoreelements
B.Atoms
Protons,Electrons,andNeutrons
Allatomshaveanucleus
C.IonsandpH
Ionsareunbalancedatoms
ThepHisameasureofacidity
D.Organicvs.Inorganic
Organiccompoundshaveatleasttwocarbonatoms.
Inorganiccompoundsareanythingthatisnotorganic.
E.Eukaryoticvs.Prokaryotic
Eukaryoticcellsarecomplexandhaveacellmembrane
Prokaryoticcellshavenomembraneandareverysimpleorganisms.
F.LifesBuildingBlocks
Macromoleculesarethebasisofalllivingthings
Weallcontaingenesthatmakeusdifferentfromoneanother.

 ChromosomesarecombinationsofgenesthatmakeupasingleDNAmolecule.
G.Threephysicalstates:liquid,solid,gas.
H.MatterQuality
I.Highqualitymatterishighlyconcentrated,whilelowqualitymatterisdilute.
IV.ChangesinMatter
1. PhysicalChangewhenthechemicalmakeupdoesnotchange
2. ChemicalChangeAchangeinthechemicalcompositionoftheelementsor
compounds.
3. LawofConservationofMatterMattercannotbecreatedordestroyed.
4. Pollutants
DegradablePollutantsbrokendownpollutantsthatareacceptableinthe
environment
BiodegradablepollutantsComplexchemicalpollutantsthatlivingorganisms
breakdownintosimplerchemicals.
SlowlydegradablePollutantstakesalongtimeforthesepollutantstobreak
down.
NondegradablePollutantspollutantsthatneverfade.
V.Energy
TheAbilitytodowork
Kineticenergymovingenergy
Heat
Potentialenergystoredenergy

 EnergyQuality
highqualityenergyisconcentrated,lowqualityenergyisdilute.
VI.EnergyLaws
Energycannotbecreatedordestroyed
Energyqualityalwaysdecreases.
VII.SustainabilityandMatterandEnergyLaws
A.Highthroughputeconomies
attempttoboosteconomicgrowthbyincreasingtheonewayflowofmatterand
energyresources.
B.MatterRecyclingandReuseEconomies
Recyclingandreusingmostofourmatteroutputsinsteadofdumpingtheminthe
environment.
Summary:
Thischaptersinformsusonwhatrolescientistsplayandhowtheyusetheobservationand
developtheoriesinordertomakelawsabouthownatureworks.Thechapterintroducesusthe
conceptofcreatinghypothesisandtestingthem.MatterandEnergyarealsodiscussedinthis
chapterandwelearntheimportanceofeach.Matterisanythingthathasmassandtakesup
space,andtherearetwotypesofmasselementsandcompounds.Energyistheworkneededto
movematterandtheheatthatflowsfromhottocoolersamplesofmatter(transferheat.)

Themajorfiguresofthechapter:

Figure211(page43)Theelectromagneticspectrumistherangeofelectromagneticwaves,
whichdifferinwavelength(thedistancebetweensuccessivepeaksandtroughs)andenergy
content.

Figure213(44)Thequalitiesofdifferentsourcesofenergyrangeinquality.Highquality
energyisconcentratedandveryusefulinwork.Lowqualityenergyisdispersedandisnotvery
usefulinwork.