27 2009

- 20

/,
.
, .
1
...
xe x .

y (x) 2y (x) 3y(x)

(1)

...
y (x) 2y (x) 3y(x) 0 .

(2)

(2) ,

y (x) e x , (2)

:

1,

y (x) c1e x c 2e

3 0.

3 (2)

3x

c1 c 2 .
(1) :

f (x) xex

1,

0, P1 (x)

e1x x cos(0x) 0sin(0x) ,

x, Q0 (x) 0, s 1 .

(2)

1 . (1) :

y (x) x1e1x (Ax B)cos(0x) ( x

)sin(0x)

(Ax 2

x)e x

A, B ( ).
x
y (x)

Ax 2 2Ax

e x , y (x)

Ax 2 4Ax Bx 2A 2B e x .

1
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 y (x), y (x), y (x) (1), ,

8Axe x

(2A 4B)e x

xe x ,

( x) :
A

8A 1
2A 4B 0

y (x) (Ax 2

x)ex

1
(2x 2 x)e x . (1)
16

y (x) y (x) c1e x c2e

y(x)

2
16
.
1
16

3x

1
(2x 2 x)e x ,
16

(3)

c1 c 2 .
y(0) 0, y (0) 1 .
(3) ,

c1 c 2

c1 c 2

c1 3c 2

1
1
16

c1 3c 2

... , y(x)

y (x) y (x)

0
17
16

17 x
e
64

17
64
.
17
c2
64
17 3x 1
e
(2x 2 x)e x .
64
16
c1

2
) ... 2
x 2 y (x) (x + 2)xy (x) + (x + 2)y(x) 0, x
, x.
, y1 (x)

y1 (x) 1

y1 (x)

(1)

0 , (1)

x 2 y1 (x) (x + 2)xy1 (x) + (x + 2)y1 (x) 0 (x + 2)x + (x + 2)x

y1 (x)
, y2 (x)

xex

x (1).

y2 (x) ex

xex

(x 1)ex

y2 (x) 2ex

xex

(x 2)ex (1)

x 2 y2 (x) (x + 2)xy2 (x) + (x + 2)y2 (x)

x 2 (x + 2)e x (x + 2)x(x +1)ex

= x(x + 2)e x (x x 1 1) = 0 y2 (x)

(x + 2)xex

xex (1).

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y1 y 2

Wronski. , W y1 , y 2
y1 (x)

y1 y 2

x y2 (x)

xe x

1 (x +1)e

x 2e x

0 , x

0.

xex (1)

y (x) c1x c2 xe x
c1 , c 2 .
) ... 2
y (x)

x+2
x+2
y (x) + 2 y(x)
x
x

2x, x

0.

(2)

(2) , , x.
(1) x 2 (x

0) .. (2)

, y (x) c1x c2 xe x , ) .
(2), y (x) , y (x) c1 (x)x c2 (x)xex
c1 (x) c2 (x) ,
c1 (x)x c 2 (x)xe

c1 (x) c 2 (x)(x 1)e x

c1 (x)

0
2x

c 2 (x)

2x 2e x
2
x 2ex
2x 2
2e x
2 x
x e

c1 (x)

2x

c 2 (x)

2e

, ,
(2). , (2) ,

y (x)

2x 2 2x .

(2) :

y(x)
c3

y (x) y (x) c1x c 2 xe x 2x 2 2x

c3x c 2 xe x 2x 2 ,

c1 2 c 2 .

3
)

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P(x, y) 1

y2
, Q(x, y)
x2

y2
2y
dx
dy 0
2
x
x

2y
. Py
x

P
y

2y
Qx
x2

Q
x

2y
. Py
x2

Qx

.

x2

P(x, y)

Py

x2

y 2 dx 2xydy

0.

2xy . Py

y2 , Q(x, y)

P
y

2y Qx

Q
x

2y .

Qx .

) :

y xy 1, y 0

(1)

Bernoulli.
(1) y

yy

y2

y2

x.

(2)

(3)

2yy

(2) u(x) :
u

2x .

2u

(4)

(4), ,

(x) e

2dx

e2x

(4) (x) . :

e2x u

2u

2xe2x

d 2x
e u
dx

2xe2x

e2x u

e2x u

2 x

1 2x
e
dx
2

xe2x

e2x dx

e2x u

xe 2x

1 2x
e
2

1
ce
2

2xe2x dx

2x

(3)

y2

1
ce
2

2x

c .
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 4
y(t) 0 t. ,
dy(t)
dt

y(t)

(y 0)

dy(t)
y(t)

y(0) B c

dt

ln y(t)

B y(t)

Be

t c1
t

y(t) ce

, c ec1 .

y(2) 0.8B

Be

y(t) Be

0.8B

0.8

0.1115t

, y(T)
Be

, T

0.1115T

ln 2
0.1115

B
2

0.223
0.1115
2

ln(0.8)

0.1115T

0.693
0.1115

1
2

0.1115T ln

1
2

B
. ,
2
ln 2 .

6.21 .

y(t) 0 , y (t)

y(t)

, .

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