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Principle of levelling

Height of Collimation is the height of the horizontal plane


through the telescope. In order to see the staff on the BM the
instrument must be higher. To find the Height of Collimation
(Instrument Height) add the staff reading to the level of the
Bench Mark.

Height of Collimation = BM + staff reading

The survey station is below the horizontal plane hrough the


instrument, so to find reduced level, or ground height, take the
staff reading away from Height of Collimation.

Reduced level = Height of Collimation - staff reading

Principle of the automatic level


The automatic level has a compensator mechanism
that uses a combination of fixed prisms or mirrors
and a moving prism suspended on a pendulum to
give a horizontal reference.

Parts of the tripod

Setting up the tripod


Aim - to set up the tripod so that:
1. it is secure
2. the head is approximately
level
3. the instrument telescope will
be at eye level
4. you will be able to see the
staff through the telescope

Setting up the tripod


1. Undo carrying straps
2. Extend legs
3. Set tripod in position - if the
ground is sloping place two legs
on the down hill side
4. Firmly press the two tripod feet
on the down hill side into the
ground using your own foot on
the tripod's foot plate. (This will
tilt the head)
5. Move the third leg so that the
head looks level and the
instrument telescope will be at a
comfortable height when this leg
is firmly pushed into the ground.
Fine adjustments can be made by
changing the length of each leg.
Make sure that the clamp or locking
screw is tight when finished.

Attaching the instrument to the tripod


Tripod Head has a polished level
surface for the instrument to stand
on. Some tripods have a cover to
protect the head when not being
used. Take care not to damage the
surface.
The Tripod Screw is captive and
mounted on a movable bracket to
allow the instrument to be centred
over a station if necessary.
The instrument base plate (trivet
stage) is threaded to take the tripod
screw. The three raised 'feet' are
machined to give a stable contact
with the tripod head.

Typical parts of an automatic level


Top of Level:
Spherical level is a bubble spirit level attached to the tribrach and
referenced to the axis of the telescope. In use the bubble must be
within the circle for the instrument to give a horizontal sight line
(Collimation).
The eye piece is adjustable and should be set for each observer to
bring the cross hairs in to sharp focus.
The instrument can be rotated by hand, using the 'gun sight' on top
of the telescope to find the staff.
Tangent screws (one on each side) allow fine adjustment when
aligning the telescope on the staff, or setting out a horizontal angle
using the horizontal circle.
The Telescope is focussed using the object focus screw on the
right side of the instrument.

Typical parts of an automatic level


Top of Level:

Typical parts of an automatic level


Right side of Level:
The levelling head has three parts:
A top plate or tribrach which carries a spirit level and the
instrument
Three levelling screws or foot.
A foot plate or trivet that attaches to the tripod head
The horizontal circle, which allows the instrument to be used to
measure horizontal angles to an accuracy of 1 (Not found on all
instruments)
The object focusing screw, which is used to bring the staff or
other image in to focus.

Typical parts of an automatic level


Right side of Level:

Typical parts of an automatic level


Left side of level:
The only new
component in this
view is the mirror
over the spherical
level.
This mirror allows the
observer to see the
bubble and confirm
that the instrument is
correctly levelled
before taking a
reading.
Not all instruments will
have a mirror.

Typical parts of an automatic level


Linear bubble level

This automatic level has a linear bubble level.


It only has one tangent screw.
The horizontal circle is replaced by marks at 90 intervals to allow
setting out of right angles.
Eye piece focusing of the cross hairs.
Object focus screw are usually provided on all instruments.

Levelling an instrument with a linear bubble tube

Align the bubble tube parallel to two foot screws.


Facing the instrument rotate both foot screws in opposite directions
at the same time. Either thumbs moving inwards or thumbs moving
outwards.
The bubble moves in the direction of the left thumb.
When the bubble has settled in the exact centre of the tube the
instrument is level on this axis.

Levelling an instrument with a linear bubble tube

Rotate the telescope through 90 so the bubble tube is aligned with


the third levelling screw. The first two screws are level so they must
not be touched.
Using the left hand adjust the third levelling screw to centre the
bubble. Again the bubble will move in the same direction as the left
thumb. With the bubble centred the instrument should be level. As a
check rotate the instrument through 90.

Levelling an instrument with a spherical spirit level

Align the telescope parallel to two foot screws.


Facing the instrument rotate both foot screws in opposite directions
at the same time. Either thumbs moving inwards or thumbs moving
outwards.
The bubble moves in the direction of the left thumb.

Levelling an instrument with a spherical spirit level

When the bubble has settled opposite the centre mark the
instrument is level on this axis.
The bubble will probably be against the side of the circular spirit
level, and needs moving in to the centre.

Levelling an instrument with a spherical spirit level

The first two screws are level so they must not be touched.
Using the left hand adjust the third levelling screw to centre the
bubble. Again the bubble will move in the same direction as the left
thumb.

Levelling an instrument with a spherical spirit level

With the bubble centred the instrument should be level.


As a check rotate the instrument through 90. If necessary re-level
the original two foot screws and repeat the rotation to check the
third one.
The tube is engraved with a calibration circle to show the centre.
The bubble must remain within this circle for the compensator to
work.

Levelling staff
Two "E" pattern staffs are shown
on the right, note slight
differences in the marking and
numbers. The "E" pattern is
designed to make it easy to read
a small section of the scale when
seen through a telescope.
The staff is simply a large ruler,
available in lengths of 3, 4 or 5
metres and usually made of
aluminium with telescopic
sections. The sections have
locking buttons to ensure
accurate length is maintained.
Some staffs also have an
extended length scale in mm on
the back.

Levelling staff
Measurements are in metres and
cm (10mm blocks) which enable
heights to be estimated to 1 mm.
Alternating colours are used to
differentiate each metre length,
the most common being black and
red on a white background.
Major graduations occur at 100
mm intervals and are denoted by
figures. Minor graduations are at
10 mm intervals and form
coloured squares or intervening
spaces. The lower 50 mm of any
100 mm block are joined by a
band to form the distinctive E
pattern which is designed to make
reading a small section of the staff
in the telescope easier.

Focus the reticule

The reticule (or diaphragm) is a glass plate with fine lines etched on
it to provide the horizontal reference and stadia marks.
Rotate the eye piece to bring the reticule in to sharp focus.
Failure to do so will cause parallax.
The middle horizontal line marks the horizontal plane through the
telescope (height of collimation) and is the reference for all height
readings.
Stadia are used for measuring the distance to the staff by multiplying
the difference between the two stadia readings by a constant (usually
100).

Focus the staff


Align the telescope on the staff using the
gun sight on the top of the instrument
and gently rotating the telescope by
hand.
Using the side focussing screw bring the
staff in to sharp focus.
Fine adjustment of the alignment can be
made with the tangent screw.
Check that the spirit level bubble is within
the central portion of the scale before
reading the staff.
In this view the staff reading is 2.993
Upper stadia = 3.040
Lower stadia = 2.946
Stadia difference = 0.094
Distance to staff = 0.094 x 100 = 9.4 m
Stadia distances have a low level of
accuracy, one mm error in staff reading
gives a distance error of 0.1 metre

Check that the staff is vertical


It is essential that readings
are taken when the staff is
vertical. If the staff is not
vertical the reading will be
larger than it should be, as
you are measuring a slope
distance, and will give errors.
Staff leaning forward
reading high

Check that the staff is vertical


To read the staff when vertical
the surveyor use the vertical
reticule line to direct the staff
person to move the top of the
staff left or right of the sight
line.
The staff person then slowly
tilts the top of the staff
towards and away from the
instrument so that it will pass
through the vertical.
The staff will appear to move
up and down in the telescope
field. The lowest reading is
recorded as this is the point at
which the staff is vertical.

Staff vertical
lowest reading

Check that the staff is vertical

Staff leaning back


reading high

Using a surveying instrument effectively is a


practical skill.
It is not difficult, but does require practice, care
and patience.
You now need to go outside and practice what
you have learnt here using a level and staff.

Leveling Procedures
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

Set up the leveling instrument at Level position 1.


Hold the staff on the Datum (RL+50 m) and take a
reading. This will be a backsight, because it is the first
staff reading after the leveling instrument has been set
up.
Move the staff to A and take a reading. This will be an
intermediate sight.
Move the staff to B and take a reading. This also will be
an intermediate sight.
Move the staff to C and take a reading. This will be
another intermediate sight.
Move the staff to D and take a reading. This will be a
foresight; because after this reading the level will be
moved. (A changeplate should be placed on the ground to
maintain the same level.)

Leveling Procedures
7.

The distance between the stations should be measured


and recorded in the field book (see Table 1)
8. Set up the level at Level position 2 and leave the staff at
D on the changeplate. Turn the staff so that it faces the
level and take a reading. This will be a backsight.
9. Move the staff to E and take a reading. This will be an
intermediate sight.
10. Move the staff to F and take a reading. This will be a
foresight; because after taking this reading the level will
be moved.
11. Now move the level to Leveling position 3 and leave the
staff at F on the changeplate.
Now repeat the steps describe 8 to 10 until you finished at
point J.

Leveling Procedures

Field Procedures

All staff readings should be recorded in the field book.


To eliminate errors resulting from any line of sight (or
collimation) backsights and foresights should be equal in
distance.
Length of sight should be kept less than 100 metres.
Always commence and finish a level run on a known datum
or benchmark and close the level traverse; this enables the
level run to be checked.

Booking Levels
There are two main methods of booking levels:
1. rise and fall method
2. height of collimation method
The rise and fall method may take a bit longer to complete,
but a check on entries in all columns is carried out.
The Reduced Level's are easier to calculate with the height of
collimation method, but errors of intermediate Reduced
Level's can go undetected.
For this reason students should use the rise and fall method
for all leveling exercises.

Booking Levels
Table 1
Backsight

Rise & Fall Method

Intermediate

Foresight

Rise

Fall

2.554

Distance

50.00

Remarks
Datum RL+50 m

1.783

0.771

50.771

14.990

0.926

0.857

51.628

29.105

1.037

50.591

48.490

1.624

48.967

63.540

D / change point 1

0.127

48.840

87.665

0.859

49.699

102.050

F / change point 2

1.325

51.024

113.285

0.496

1.429

52.453

128.345

H / change point 3

0.780

2.235

54.688

150.460

1.963
1.305

3.587
1.432

3.250

0.573
1.925

3.015

Reduced
level

7.476 2.788

54.688

Sum of B-sight & F-sight,


Sum of Rise & Fall

-5.436

-2.788

-50.000

Take smaller from greater

4.688

4.688

4.688

Difference should be equal

10.124

5.436

Booking Levels
Table 2 Height of collimation method
BackIntersight mediate

Fore- Height of Reduced


Distance
sight collimation
level

2.554

52.554

Remarks

50.00

1.783

50.771

14.990

0.926

51.628

29.105

1.963

50.591

48.490

48.967

63.540

D / change point 1

48.840

87.665

49.699

102.050

F / change point 2

51.024

113.285

52.453

128.345

H / change point 3

0.780

54.688

150.460

5.436

54.688

Sum of B-sight & F-sight,


Difference between RL's

-5.436

-50.000

Take smaller from greater

4.688

4.688

1.305

3.587

50.272

1.432
3.250

0.573

52.949

1.925
3.015

10.124

0.496

55.468

Datum RL+50 m

Difference should be

Closed level traverse

Closed level traverse


Series of level runs from a known Datum or RL to a known
Datum or RL.
Misclosure in millimeter: 24 x km
Closed loop level traverse
Series of level runs from a known Datum or RL back to the
known Datum or RL.
Misclosure in millimeter: 24 x km

Open level traverse

Series of level runs from a known Datum or RL.


This must be avoided because there are no
checks on misreading.

Profile leveling
Procedure:

Profile leveling
Table 3. Reduction Level of Longitudinal Section
Pegs

Distance
Direction
(m)

Staff Reading (m)


B.S

I.S

F.S

Difference in
Elevation (m)
Rise

H.I (m) R.L(m) Remarks

Fall

3.005

108.620 105.615

0+00

2.285

0.720

106.335

0+10

1.560

0.725

107.060

0+20

1.785

0.225

106.835

0+30

2.105

0.320

106.515

0+40

1.000

108.390 105.515

0+50

3.465

0.590

104.925

0+53.35

3.955

0.490

104.435

0+60

3.120

0.835

105.270

0+70

3.015

0.105

105.375

0+80

2.580

0.435

105.810

0+90

1.955

0.625

106.435

1+00

0.490

106.925

2.875

3.105

1.465

B.M.

T.P.1

T.P.2

Profile leveling
Plotting:

Profile leveling
Calculation of reduced level (Table 3.):
B.S. - F.S. = 5.880 4.570 = 1.310m
Rise - Fall = 3.935 2.625 = 1.310m
Last R.L. - First R.L.= 106.925 - 105.615 = 1.310m

Profile leveling
Table 3. Reduction Level of Cross section along stake 4

Pegs

Distance
Direction
(m)

Staff reading (m)


B.S.

Difference in
elevation (m)

H.I (m)

R.L (m) Remark

108.620

105.615

B.M.

106.515

0m

1.850

106.770

2m left

1.725

106.895

4m left

1.680

106.940

6m left

1.985

106.635 2m right

1.875

106.745 4m right

1.780

106.840 6m right

I.S.

F.S.

Rise

Fall

3.005

:
4

B
:

0+30

0+40

2.105

2.875

0.320

3.105

1.000

108.390

105.515

T.P.1

Profile leveling
Plotting:

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