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When the bubble has settled opposite the centre mark the
instrument is level on this axis.
The bubble will probably be against the side of the circular spirit
level, and needs moving in to the centre.
The first two screws are level so they must not be touched.
Using the left hand adjust the third levelling screw to centre the
bubble. Again the bubble will move in the same direction as the left
thumb.
Levelling staff
Two "E" pattern staffs are shown
on the right, note slight
differences in the marking and
numbers. The "E" pattern is
designed to make it easy to read
a small section of the scale when
seen through a telescope.
The staff is simply a large ruler,
available in lengths of 3, 4 or 5
metres and usually made of
aluminium with telescopic
sections. The sections have
locking buttons to ensure
accurate length is maintained.
Some staffs also have an
extended length scale in mm on
the back.
Levelling staff
Measurements are in metres and
cm (10mm blocks) which enable
heights to be estimated to 1 mm.
Alternating colours are used to
differentiate each metre length,
the most common being black and
red on a white background.
Major graduations occur at 100
mm intervals and are denoted by
figures. Minor graduations are at
10 mm intervals and form
coloured squares or intervening
spaces. The lower 50 mm of any
100 mm block are joined by a
band to form the distinctive E
pattern which is designed to make
reading a small section of the staff
in the telescope easier.
The reticule (or diaphragm) is a glass plate with fine lines etched on
it to provide the horizontal reference and stadia marks.
Rotate the eye piece to bring the reticule in to sharp focus.
Failure to do so will cause parallax.
The middle horizontal line marks the horizontal plane through the
telescope (height of collimation) and is the reference for all height
readings.
Stadia are used for measuring the distance to the staff by multiplying
the difference between the two stadia readings by a constant (usually
100).
Staff vertical
lowest reading
Leveling Procedures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Leveling Procedures
7.
Leveling Procedures
Field Procedures
Booking Levels
There are two main methods of booking levels:
1. rise and fall method
2. height of collimation method
The rise and fall method may take a bit longer to complete,
but a check on entries in all columns is carried out.
The Reduced Level's are easier to calculate with the height of
collimation method, but errors of intermediate Reduced
Level's can go undetected.
For this reason students should use the rise and fall method
for all leveling exercises.
Booking Levels
Table 1
Backsight
Intermediate
Foresight
Rise
Fall
2.554
Distance
50.00
Remarks
Datum RL+50 m
1.783
0.771
50.771
14.990
0.926
0.857
51.628
29.105
1.037
50.591
48.490
1.624
48.967
63.540
D / change point 1
0.127
48.840
87.665
0.859
49.699
102.050
F / change point 2
1.325
51.024
113.285
0.496
1.429
52.453
128.345
H / change point 3
0.780
2.235
54.688
150.460
1.963
1.305
3.587
1.432
3.250
0.573
1.925
3.015
Reduced
level
7.476 2.788
54.688
-5.436
-2.788
-50.000
4.688
4.688
4.688
10.124
5.436
Booking Levels
Table 2 Height of collimation method
BackIntersight mediate
2.554
52.554
Remarks
50.00
1.783
50.771
14.990
0.926
51.628
29.105
1.963
50.591
48.490
48.967
63.540
D / change point 1
48.840
87.665
49.699
102.050
F / change point 2
51.024
113.285
52.453
128.345
H / change point 3
0.780
54.688
150.460
5.436
54.688
-5.436
-50.000
4.688
4.688
1.305
3.587
50.272
1.432
3.250
0.573
52.949
1.925
3.015
10.124
0.496
55.468
Datum RL+50 m
Difference should be
Profile leveling
Procedure:
Profile leveling
Table 3. Reduction Level of Longitudinal Section
Pegs
Distance
Direction
(m)
I.S
F.S
Difference in
Elevation (m)
Rise
Fall
3.005
108.620 105.615
0+00
2.285
0.720
106.335
0+10
1.560
0.725
107.060
0+20
1.785
0.225
106.835
0+30
2.105
0.320
106.515
0+40
1.000
108.390 105.515
0+50
3.465
0.590
104.925
0+53.35
3.955
0.490
104.435
0+60
3.120
0.835
105.270
0+70
3.015
0.105
105.375
0+80
2.580
0.435
105.810
0+90
1.955
0.625
106.435
1+00
0.490
106.925
2.875
3.105
1.465
B.M.
T.P.1
T.P.2
Profile leveling
Plotting:
Profile leveling
Calculation of reduced level (Table 3.):
B.S. - F.S. = 5.880 4.570 = 1.310m
Rise - Fall = 3.935 2.625 = 1.310m
Last R.L. - First R.L.= 106.925 - 105.615 = 1.310m
Profile leveling
Table 3. Reduction Level of Cross section along stake 4
Pegs
Distance
Direction
(m)
Difference in
elevation (m)
H.I (m)
108.620
105.615
B.M.
106.515
0m
1.850
106.770
2m left
1.725
106.895
4m left
1.680
106.940
6m left
1.985
106.635 2m right
1.875
106.745 4m right
1.780
106.840 6m right
I.S.
F.S.
Rise
Fall
3.005
:
4
B
:
0+30
0+40
2.105
2.875
0.320
3.105
1.000
108.390
105.515
T.P.1
Profile leveling
Plotting: